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1.41783L252.467 2.47876L251.45 2.3637L251.707 0.60165C252.118 0.401088 252.563 0.253475 253.041 0.15797C253.519 0.0529708 253.958 1.99446e-05 254.359 0Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\u003C/g>",{"tile":13,"orbsWithOnlyMarkdownPages":551},{"id":14,"data":15,"type":16,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"orbs":20},"db8d2842-eba2-473c-840e-58a7ff9fe025",{"type":16,"title":17,"tagline":18},9,"The Dangerous Web","Meet the cyber threats that stalk us all",7,[21,117,155,274,405,509],{"id":22,"data":23,"type":24,"version":26,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":27,"introPage":35,"pages":42},"1476bf9f-6ead-463c-8856-1619d8b80c21",{"type":24,"title":25},2,"We're all at risk",3,{"id":28,"data":29,"type":26,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34},"0361bdba-e3b9-47b5-ac42-7da03ede0eae",{"type":26,"summary":30},[31,32,33],"Everyone is a potential target for cyber attacks","Cybercrime is predicted to cost $10.5 trillion annually by 2025","That's higher than the GDP of most countries",1,{"id":36,"data":37,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34},"cf194c79-7a52-4e69-8938-0df2979d9dc2",{"type":38,"intro":39},10,[40,41],"Are you personally at risk of cyber attacks?","What could a cyber attack cost you?",[43,48,86,112],{"id":44,"data":45,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":24},"7a36ee92-b8ee-4891-846a-c3e18479c23e",{"type":34,"contentRole":24,"markdownContent":46,"audioMediaId":47},"The digital age has transformed the world into a global village. The internet has become our home, our workplace, our playground. But the digital world is also a breeding ground for threats.\n\nThe consequences of cyber attacks can be devastating. You could wake up to find your bank account drained, your files deleted, or your photos shared online. Just like that, your entire life could be thrown into disarray.\n\n![Graph](image://f4cd0f73-6b83-4632-87a6-8aa57c4a270f \"Cybersecurity. Image: via Pexels\")\n\nYou might not think you’re at risk of this. But every person who uses the internet is a potential target for cyber attackers, just as every person who owns a home is a potential target for thieves.","f884df18-3d05-4fa9-bd1b-bf2c021bccbe",{"id":49,"data":50,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34,"reviews":53},"2e897e52-84cb-4462-b34b-2469ca0c5aed",{"type":34,"contentRole":24,"markdownContent":51,"audioMediaId":52},"In 2017, about a quarter of a million innocent people were hit by an attack called **WannaCry**. These people discovered a message on their laptops, declaring that all their files had been locked, and wouldn’t be released without payment.\n\nIt affected people all around the world – and it also affected businesses. As they scrambled to recover their computer systems, these businesses made combined losses of about $4 billion.\n\nMost people never got their data back. Not even the ones who paid the ransom. Can you imagine losing your entire computer? Every photo, every file, every byte.\n\n![Graph](image://44c7f996-bab8-4f8a-b699-619749407cbf \"WannaCry attack. Image: 황승환, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")","d20c5877-7a8c-4758-865f-7840b5829ff5",[54,66],{"id":55,"data":56,"type":57,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":26},"4ff7e9a5-9384-4b95-8666-09532be19753",{"type":57,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":58,"multiChoiceCorrect":60,"multiChoiceIncorrect":62,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},11,[59],"What happened to most of the victims of WannaCry?",[61],"They never got their data back",[63,64,65],"They got their data back after paying a ransom","They got their data back when the police got involved","They got their data when the government got involved ",{"id":67,"data":68,"type":57,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":26},"05bf7e9c-8335-4369-aa13-1ba985712cb2",{"type":57,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":34,"collapsingSiblings":69,"multiChoiceQuestion":73,"multiChoiceCorrect":75,"multiChoiceIncorrect":77,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":34,"orderQuestion":81,"orderItems":83},[70,71,72],"7270ec6d-c9fe-4726-83e9-7b7891f1464e","ad226d2f-46d0-41fc-8dfe-ef74d5d5f66d","cacda77f-a771-4ec8-a542-5bdae89b391e",[74],"In what year did WannaCry happen?",[76],"2017",[78,79,80],"2000","2005","2019",[82],"Put the following in order:",[84],{"label":85,"reveal":76,"sortOrder":24},"WannaCry",{"id":87,"data":88,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":26,"reviews":91},"be33f2b7-43ef-42f8-9da3-7aeb7c316a46",{"type":34,"contentRole":24,"markdownContent":89,"audioMediaId":90},"WannaCry wasn’t an isolated incident. Cybercrime is on the rise. According to research by Cybercrime Magazine, the annual cost of cyber attacks will reach a mind-boggling figure of $10.5 trillion by 2025.\n\nTo put that into perspective: that's more than the GDP of most countries. America and China are the only nations that bring in more money than cybercrime.\n\nWith so much at stake, this phenomenon isn’t just a danger to our personal data and systems. It’s also a danger to our global economy, and even our way of life.","5da17ca0-926e-4ad9-a57b-177e7858716c",[92,99],{"id":93,"data":94,"type":57,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":26},"5c7523d1-0736-4081-9ea9-b084689d3c62",{"type":57,"reviewType":34,"spacingBehaviour":34,"activeRecallQuestion":95,"activeRecallAnswers":97},[96],"According to Cybercrime Magazine, what is the projected annual cost of cyber attacks by 2025?",[98],"$10.5 trillion",{"id":100,"data":101,"type":57,"version":26,"maxContentLevel":19},"3fe6915e-9b2f-403f-bedf-89de303027dd",{"type":57,"reviewType":26,"evolvingBehavior":26,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":102,"multiChoiceCorrect":104,"multiChoiceIncorrect":107,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":111,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[103],"Which of these countries make more money (annually) than cyber crime?",[105,106],"China","USA",[108,109,110],"Russia","Japan","UK",true,{"id":113,"data":114,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34},"ae68b727-a163-41f2-9a09-1ef8efc0cf81",{"type":34,"contentRole":24,"markdownContent":115,"audioMediaId":116},"Fortunately, there are plenty of ways to keep our computers safe. That’s the purpose of **cybersecurity** – a set of defenses that keep cyber criminals away.\n\nA computer without cybersecurity is like a house without a door. A thief could easily walk right in, then stroll out again with your belongings piled high in both arms.\n\nWe’re not just talking about passwords, here. You’ll need a lot more than that to hold back cyber attacks.\n\nAnd that’s what this pathway is here for. By the time you’re done, you’ll know exactly how to keep yourself secure.\n\n![Graph](image://1002cc12-07b9-44a2-be51-768dcec6e54d \"Locked door. Image: via Pexels\")","d348ae50-9d95-4997-8631-5e3528695e4a",{"id":118,"data":119,"type":24,"version":121,"maxContentLevel":26,"introPage":122,"pages":127},"c9daa064-a2d3-4a20-9d7b-84a8f1dc5ce0",{"type":24,"title":120},"Case study: WannaCry",4,{"id":123,"data":124,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34},"36684f22-a487-48a7-93b6-7ad0fc3ed247",{"type":38,"intro":125},[126],"Who was affected by WannaCry?",[128,133,138],{"id":129,"data":130,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":121},"06f9ce81-dcf7-4160-9ec8-cdb982c5caae",{"type":34,"contentRole":24,"markdownContent":131,"audioMediaId":132},"*The following text is a fictional interview with a victim of WannaCry.*\n\n![Graph](image://aff2a2e4-77f9-4c9d-9ba4-2e4350c2c15e \" \")\n\n**TIMESTAMP 00:01:30**\\\n**Do you remember how it started?**\n\n\"I sat down at my computer, ready to start my day, and then... there it was.\n\nA ransom note, right on my screen. 'Ooops, your files have been encrypted! If you want to decrypt them, you’ll have to pay $500.'\n\nI just... I couldn't believe it. I felt this wave of panic wash over me. I didn't know what to do, who to call... I felt so helpless.\"","351fab80-41f9-4e1a-a299-46a9d3c2a850",{"id":134,"data":135,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34},"a717650b-18e7-46a0-8538-3ea59cfae6c4",{"type":34,"contentRole":24,"markdownContent":136,"audioMediaId":137},"**Timestamp: 00:03:11\\\nDid you recover your files?**\n\n\"No. I lost everything. My work files. My bank details. Even photos of my son as a baby.\n\nI heard that some people tried to pay the ransom, but they didn't get their data back either.\n\nI just... I never thought something like this could happen to me. The stress, the anxiety... it was a nightmare.\"","00a0c07c-3265-4e16-b258-d586ff1a8b40",{"id":139,"data":140,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34,"reviews":143},"875bc4c9-c838-4487-a2d9-d3232d7d2825",{"type":34,"contentRole":24,"markdownContent":141,"audioMediaId":142},"**Timestamp: 00:04:27\\\nIs there anything else you'd like to tell us?**\n\n\"You know, the biggest lesson I learned from all this is that cybersecurity isn't just for massive businesses.\n\nWe're all at risk. And I wish... I wish I'd known that sooner.\n\nSo yeah, that's what I'd like to say. Protect your data – or regret it, just like me.\"","a4313c2d-e5e5-473a-8d07-a9c0d8ca0637",[144],{"id":145,"data":146,"type":57,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":26},"3522e06c-c12a-4c6c-82d6-718dc1888058",{"type":57,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":147,"multiChoiceCorrect":149,"multiChoiceIncorrect":151,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[148],"Who was impacted by the WannaCry attack?",[150],"Both of these",[152,153,154],"Average people","Major businesses","Neither of these",{"id":156,"data":157,"type":24,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"summaryPage":159,"introPage":167,"pages":173},"36857a38-880c-4033-9e12-b8c75dc61da1",{"type":24,"title":158},"Malware",{"id":160,"data":161,"type":26,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34},"43472fba-2e4e-47b2-a8ad-af66fb6c675d",{"type":26,"summary":162},[163,164,165,166],"Viruses and worms are two types of malware","Worms can spread without user interaction","Ransomware encrypts data, spyware observes activity, adware sends out ads","Malware can also create 'zombie' computers that a hacker can control remotely",{"id":168,"data":169,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34},"d294f6b3-80e2-40dc-9a8a-8bc2983c031e",{"type":38,"intro":170},[171,172],"What’s the difference between a virus and a worm?","When do computers become zombies?",[174,187,204,209,226],{"id":175,"data":176,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34,"reviews":179},"4cf613e9-88a8-4004-8279-d6f4bd6f3f51",{"type":34,"contentRole":24,"markdownContent":177,"audioMediaId":178},"In the shadowy corners of the digital world lurks 'malicious software', or **malware**. Before learning how to defend against it, let’s find out what malware does.\n\nA common example is a computer virus. This is a malicious code or program that spreads from one computer to another, much like how a biological virus spreads from host to host.\n\n![Graph](image://e500218f-19f8-4799-a166-772b347a10c7 \"Biological virus. Image: via Pexels\")\n\nA Trojan is a type of virus. It’s named after the legend of the Trojan horse. A Trojan masquerades as a regular file, like an email attachment or an update – but when a user innocently clicks that file, a virus installs instead.\n\nOnce it gets inside, a virus can unleash its malicious payload, just like all those soldiers hidden in the horse. This payload might steal important data, corrupt your files, or cause other kinds of damage instead.","3c823c84-1a08-4d95-b6f3-267841af2d96",[180],{"id":181,"data":182,"type":57,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":26},"e116e445-2788-44a6-8b27-cee64e6562a8",{"type":57,"reviewType":34,"spacingBehaviour":34,"activeRecallQuestion":183,"activeRecallAnswers":185},[184],"How would you describe a computer virus?",[186],"A malicious program that spreads from one computer to another",{"id":188,"data":189,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34,"reviews":192},"caf4ac61-e0a8-4823-906c-ea7b8e7987b3",{"type":34,"contentRole":24,"markdownContent":190,"audioMediaId":191},"While viruses require a user to actually click on something – like pressing ‘install’ on a well-disguised Trojan – **worms** are another type of malware that can spread without user interaction.\n\n![Graph](image://b6fc2cb6-9c5c-4141-beb1-de2348cd5bbe \"Biological worm. Image: via Pexels\")\n\nInstead, they slither into systems automatically, exploiting the cracks in your defenses. Their ability to multiply and spread automatically means that worms are often hard to stop.\n\nImagine heading to a cafe, and connecting to the public WiFi. There might be a worm there, lying in wait. And as soon as you join, it slips inside your system.\n\nA notorious worm, by the name of ILOVEYOU, spread itself via email. Whenever it infected a person’s system, it corrupted the hard drive, then automatically forwarded itself on to everyone in that person’s address book.","9b9bdaa8-cc02-4b68-9b89-53e29e760141",[193],{"id":194,"data":195,"type":57,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":26},"260716fb-5b36-4903-82ba-60f022834564",{"type":57,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":196,"multiChoiceCorrect":198,"multiChoiceIncorrect":200,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[197],"How did the ILOVEYOU worm spread?",[199],"Via email",[201,202,203],"Via USB","Via Wi-Fi","Via Facebook",{"id":205,"data":206,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34},"67cb8825-7425-4bcf-bc48-937d959cb97c",{"type":34,"contentRole":24,"markdownContent":207,"audioMediaId":208},"**Ransomware** is another type of malware. It might infect a system in a similar way to a virus or a worm – but once it gets inside, it performs a specific set of behaviors.\n\nIt starts by encrypting all of your files, effectively locking you out of your own data. After that, it will demand a ransom payment, promising to restore the encrypted files as soon as the ransom is paid.\n\nRansomware doesn’t discriminate. Anyone can find themselves at risk. For example, during the WannaCry outbreak in 2017, the UK’s National Health Service (NHS) was attacked.\n\nAs many as 70,000 NHS devices were affected. In some places, patients were turned away, as hospitals scrambled to regain some kind of control.\n\n![Graph](image://e5786385-69a0-44e4-a82b-7e2b3544091e \"NHS computer. Image: via Pexels\")","2234c6c0-7d11-435b-8990-9c7fe298096c",{"id":210,"data":211,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34,"reviews":214},"07d700e9-4bc2-4c97-a3ef-a2dbd8399094",{"type":34,"contentRole":24,"markdownContent":212,"audioMediaId":213},"**Spyware** is another type of malware. After installing itself, it lurks in the shadows of a computer system, spying on user activity. It might collect information, like passwords or bank numbers, then send it back to the person who launched the attack.\n\nThen there’s **adware**. After infecting a computer, it will bombard you with adverts, turning your entire digital system into a nightmare full of pop-ups, banners and clutter.\n\nThe Zlob Trojan, which was first discovered in 2005, is an example of a computer virus that combines elements of both spyware and adware. It used pop-up ads to trick users into downloading fake security software, which then collected their personal data.","877fbeec-b79f-4f7f-8e0c-c1a6a90a232c",[215],{"id":70,"data":216,"type":57,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":26},{"type":57,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":34,"collapsingSiblings":217,"multiChoiceQuestion":218,"multiChoiceCorrect":220,"multiChoiceIncorrect":221,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":34,"orderQuestion":222,"orderItems":223},[67,71,72],[219],"In what year was the Zlob Trojan discovered?",[79],[78,76,80],[82],[224],{"label":225,"reveal":79,"sortOrder":34},"Zlob Trojan",{"id":227,"data":228,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34,"reviews":231},"b8848b90-7dc2-47eb-8914-d3d080d4963d",{"type":34,"contentRole":24,"markdownContent":229,"audioMediaId":230},"Malware can also be used to turn a computer into a **zombie**. A zombie computer can be controlled remotely by another person, almost as though they’re sitting in the room alongside you.\n\n![Graph](image://40b6f808-b0c1-426d-95d8-a70c58559896 \"Zombie. Image: via Pexels\")\n\nThis person might command your computer to send out emails, each one containing links to more malware. Or they might use it to store some illegal files, which they don’t want to keep on their own personal machine.\n\nCryptojacking is another threat associated with zombie computers. It uses your computer as a mining rig for cryptocurrency, which slows down your system and increases your energy bills.\n\nIn other words, there are lots of different types of malware out there. From viruses to zombies, it’s easy to see why the internet is such a dangerous place.","8785574a-e44e-4794-9a91-088c8e15a5c9",[232,250,267],{"id":233,"data":234,"type":57,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":26},"2180003a-c79b-4a05-93fd-69b15a2a6aa9",{"type":57,"reviewType":235,"spacingBehaviour":34,"matchPairsQuestion":236,"matchPairsPairs":238,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},6,[237],"Match the pairs below:",[239,241,244,247],{"left":158,"right":240,"direction":26},"General term for malicious software",{"left":242,"right":243,"direction":26},"Trojan","Pretends to be a regular file",{"left":245,"right":246,"direction":26},"Worm","Spreads without user interaction",{"left":248,"right":249,"direction":26},"Zombie","Remote-controlled computer",{"id":251,"data":252,"type":57,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":26},"6fe33927-2595-4bb0-b066-bcdc9d33ee0b",{"type":57,"reviewType":235,"spacingBehaviour":34,"matchPairsQuestion":253,"matchPairsPairs":254,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},[237],[255,258,261,264],{"left":256,"right":257,"direction":26},"Ransomware","Encrypts your files",{"left":259,"right":260,"direction":26},"Spyware","Watches your activity",{"left":262,"right":263,"direction":26},"Adware","Sends you pop-ups",{"left":265,"right":266,"direction":26},"Hardware","None of these",{"id":268,"data":269,"type":57,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":26},"4f2cccb1-0ebe-4a84-91a0-7f54ac2cf43f",{"type":57,"reviewType":34,"spacingBehaviour":34,"activeRecallQuestion":270,"activeRecallAnswers":272},[271],"What does cryptojacking do to a computer?",[273],"It uses it as a mining rig for cryptocurrency",{"id":275,"data":276,"type":24,"version":121,"maxContentLevel":26,"summaryPage":278,"introPage":286,"pages":292},"626f008b-c0b2-4b8a-9ead-e03717d4e4fd",{"type":24,"title":277},"Hacking",{"id":279,"data":280,"type":26,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34},"e5c033c1-8177-473e-8df2-7db29cd5c226",{"type":26,"summary":281},[282,283,284,285],"White hat hackers use their skills to help people","Black hat hackers use their skills to harm people","Brute forcing is a method of guessing passwords by trying every possible combination","Hackers can also use physical attacks (like shoulder surfing) to steal someone's passwords",{"id":287,"data":288,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34},"0ae5d7db-7513-4221-8751-287d1240b74e",{"type":38,"intro":289},[290,291],"What’s the difference between black hats and white hats?","Why should you look over your shoulder?",[293,329,346,371,388],{"id":294,"data":295,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34,"reviews":298},"338b4396-c4aa-447b-bc21-103a6cb191ab",{"type":34,"contentRole":24,"markdownContent":296,"audioMediaId":297},"Malware doesn’t just pop into existence, or evolve of its own accord. Every piece of malicious software was made by a real-life person. By someone who wants to exploit the weaknesses of other online users.\n\nCollectively, these malware-makers are often referred to as **hackers**. They’re talented and devious, and use their skills to access other people’s machines. Once they’re in, they’ll set up ransomware, or spyware, or whatever else they want to.\n\nNot all hackers are bad. **White hat hackers** are individuals who use their skills for good. They identify weaknesses in computer systems, then help to fix those weaknesses before malware finds its way in.\n\nBut **black hat hackers** are a menace. If your computer is a fortress, then black hat hackers are the invading army who want to force their way inside.\n\n![Graph](image://e4b9b42f-d6e4-4b7f-bef0-57b222ca6303 \"Hacker. Image: via Pexels\")","f0428455-ebdd-4b5a-b824-bb001e4e5ddc",[299,318],{"id":300,"data":301,"type":57,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":26},"687ff6f5-3735-403c-a31b-67710bf5fdbc",{"type":57,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":34,"collapsingSiblings":302,"multiChoiceQuestion":306,"multiChoiceCorrect":308,"multiChoiceIncorrect":310,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":314,"matchPairsPairs":315},[303,304,305],"3231fa19-b658-41db-91c3-08660fc0767f","940e6c99-cb4e-4112-8e2c-adc9607172c8","5593bd72-109e-4b8a-91a4-432c79099655",[307],"Which of these is a good description of white hat hacking?",[309],"Using hacking skills to help people",[311,312,313],"Using hacking skills to harm people","A targeted phishing attack","A voice-based phishing attack",[237],[316],{"left":317,"right":309,"direction":26},"White hat hacking",{"id":303,"data":319,"type":57,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":26},{"type":57,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":34,"collapsingSiblings":320,"multiChoiceQuestion":321,"multiChoiceCorrect":323,"multiChoiceIncorrect":324,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":325,"matchPairsPairs":326},[300,304,305],[322],"Which of these is a good description of black hat hacking?",[311],[309,312,313],[237],[327],{"left":328,"right":311,"direction":26},"Black hat hacking",{"id":330,"data":331,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34,"reviews":334},"1d081ba5-f499-4f12-ae2f-9d635aa5bd0b",{"type":34,"contentRole":24,"markdownContent":332,"audioMediaId":333},"When a black hat hacker develops a piece of malicious software, they’ll sometimes take a scattergun approach, just tossing that malware out into the world and waiting for the code to infect any systems it touches.\n\nThis approach was used for famous attacks like ILOVEYOU (2000) and WannaCry (2017). These worms infected millions of computers as they spread across the internet at random.\n\n![Graph](image://3f1572ed-b4bc-4e72-ac61-ea4ed13baf5e \"ILOVEYOU worm. Mario23, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nAt other times, a hacker will take a much more targeted approach. Instead of attacking at random, they’ll specifically identify a person or business that they want their malware to attack.\n\nIt’s the difference between poisoning a local well, and infecting anyone who happens to drink there, versus breaking into a target’s house, and specifically poisoning their cup.","9dbfaf0a-eacd-4354-bd89-008b476c2b61",[335],{"id":71,"data":336,"type":57,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":26},{"type":57,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":34,"collapsingSiblings":337,"multiChoiceQuestion":338,"multiChoiceCorrect":340,"multiChoiceIncorrect":341,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":34,"orderQuestion":342,"orderItems":343},[67,70,72],[339],"In what year was the ILOVEYOU worm released?",[78],[79,76,80],[82],[344],{"label":345,"reveal":78,"sortOrder":4},"ILOVEYOU",{"id":347,"data":348,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":24,"reviews":351},"3fe6946a-9c56-40a3-8c90-a7b0f4f9d05b",{"type":34,"contentRole":24,"markdownContent":349,"audioMediaId":350},"When a hacker targets a specific user, they’ll often try to access their system by guessing that user’s password. A single password can protect a wealth of sensitive data, from social media to online banking.\n\n**Brute forcing** is a hacking technique that involves a hacker trying every combination of letters and symbols until they stumble across a user’s private password. It's like a persistent burglar trying every combination on a lock until a door eventually opens.\n\nIt's a painstaking process, which requires a lot of time and energy, especially for complex passwords. The more complex the password, the more combinations there are to try, and the longer the process takes.\n\nBut for simpler passwords, brute forcing can be quick and efficient. This approach is often an effective way for hackers to enter your system.","d7c19fcf-c1c2-468f-8aa8-50bdeeef24d6",[352],{"id":353,"data":354,"type":57,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":26},"b9751644-11f7-4692-a131-fc5ea8d4ab39",{"type":57,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":34,"collapsingSiblings":355,"multiChoiceQuestion":359,"multiChoiceCorrect":361,"multiChoiceIncorrect":363,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":367,"matchPairsPairs":368},[356,357,358],"37a710b3-9167-4e0c-bedd-f51ea99f7ecb","3722c35c-5052-4c86-8764-43dc8438562b","4e6267bf-cd66-4c21-969b-3e3a2221e9bd",[360],"Which of these best describes brute forcing?",[362],"Used to crack passwords",[364,365,366],"Used to eavesdrop on streams of data","Used to steal information in public places","Used to trick people into clicking links",[237],[369],{"left":370,"right":362,"direction":26},"Brute forcing",{"id":372,"data":373,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":121,"reviews":376},"44306515-ab94-4ea3-8f6f-fe75e8c4bd6b",{"type":34,"contentRole":24,"markdownContent":374,"audioMediaId":375},"Black hat hackers also use an approach called a **man-in-the-middle** (MitM) attack. In this type of attack, the hacker doesn’t enter a system directly; instead, they target streams of data as they flow from one system to another.\n\nFor example, two users might be sending emails back and forth to each other. The hacker latches onto these emails, intercepting the communication without either of the users knowing.\n\nFrom there, the hacker can eavesdrop on the private conversation – an invisible stranger listening in to everything those people have to say. They’ll be hoping to overhear some important information, like a clue to your passwords or bank details.\n\nSometimes, a hacker can actually manipulate the nature of a private conversation, tweaking emails as they pass. For example, they might attach a Trojan to an innocent email you just sent to one of your friends.\n\n![Graph](image://f031fe16-3e45-4f09-8b52-887b21e76292 \"Trudy is the middle man. Image: OSeveno, adaptation of File:Man in the middle attack.svg, created by User:Miraceti, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")","22a73512-3e77-4d6d-98ae-f49b3ccba370",[377],{"id":356,"data":378,"type":57,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":26},{"type":57,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":34,"collapsingSiblings":379,"multiChoiceQuestion":380,"multiChoiceCorrect":382,"multiChoiceIncorrect":383,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":384,"matchPairsPairs":385},[353,357,358],[381],"What's the purpose of man-in-the-middle attacks?",[364],[362,365,366],[237],[386],{"left":387,"right":364,"direction":26},"Man-in-the-middle",{"id":389,"data":390,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34,"reviews":393},"4547e4aa-7d90-4e46-9365-8d9b1fbdc3ce",{"type":34,"contentRole":24,"markdownContent":391,"audioMediaId":392},"Some hackers will also use **physical attacks** to gain access to a user’s system. For example, they might upload a piece of malware onto a USB stick, then deliberately leave that USB stick lying around.\n\nSomeone might find it in a cafe or an office. Out of curiosity, they plug the USB into their laptop. Instantly, the malware flows into the system, bypassing any passwords along the way.\n\n**Shoulder surfing** is another type of physical attack. It’s simple but effective: in a public place, like a cafe or a library, a hacker watches a user's screen over their shoulder. When the user types in their password, the hacker notes down the keys.\n\nATM pin theft is a common example of shoulder surfing. The attacker waits in line behind a target, like a predator watching its prey. When the target enters their pin number, the attacker suddenly has access to that person’s accounts.\n\n![Graph](image://bf6f1509-216b-4223-adaf-8000e49fb2e3 \"Shoulder surfing. Image: via Pexels\")","1448a4ec-6305-4f7e-9a7f-dc03391c8b8c",[394],{"id":357,"data":395,"type":57,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":26},{"type":57,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":34,"collapsingSiblings":396,"multiChoiceQuestion":397,"multiChoiceCorrect":399,"multiChoiceIncorrect":400,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":401,"matchPairsPairs":402},[353,356,358],[398],"Which of these is the main purpose of shoulder surfing?",[365],[362,364,366],[237],[403],{"left":404,"right":365,"direction":26},"Shoulder surfing",{"id":406,"data":407,"type":24,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"summaryPage":409,"introPage":417,"pages":423},"20dcd046-648e-4319-9080-48f9077a8600",{"type":24,"title":408},"Phishing",{"id":410,"data":411,"type":26,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34},"2c3fd2ed-22d5-4723-a110-9f5a6d71b457",{"type":26,"summary":412},[413,414,415,416],"Social engineering manipulates emotions as a way to gain access to systems","Phishing is when hackers pretend to be someone else in order to steal your data","Spear-phishing is a more personalized form of phishing","AI vishing uses AI to mimic voices, making scams even more believable",{"id":418,"data":419,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34},"27cc7516-a1d3-4d3d-b3ce-9ebd29f771bd",{"type":38,"intro":420},[421,422],"What’s the difference between phishing and spear-phishing?","Should you trust a familiar voice?",[424,437,464,481],{"id":425,"data":426,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34,"reviews":429},"ef148292-1c68-4c6d-a88a-100014334f6a",{"type":34,"contentRole":24,"markdownContent":427,"audioMediaId":428},"Hackers are often masters of computer programming. You can’t write an effective piece of malware without knowing a lot about code. But they also have another talent: **social engineering**.\n\nSocial engineering is a catch-all term for manipulative tactics that play on our emotions, and trick us into letting hackers enter our private systems.\n\nLeaving a USB stick lying around is an example of this. It plays on human curiosity – how many unsuspecting people would be tempted to plug that USB in, just to take a peek at what’s on there?\n\n![Graph](image://cc745826-6888-4243-91c7-10bd03b07ce7 \"USB stick. Image: via Pexels\")\n\nOr maybe a hacker will take a different approach, using a childish looking USB with unicorns printed on the side. This time, they’re playing on pity, or guilt. You want to return this USB to the child who must have lost it – so you plug it in, in the hope of finding some contact information inside.","6dca33da-af86-4481-9201-06ac3fc6e592",[430],{"id":431,"data":432,"type":57,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":26},"8f03eb6c-1adb-4c51-a4b5-9c7ff1297e92",{"type":57,"reviewType":34,"spacingBehaviour":34,"activeRecallQuestion":433,"activeRecallAnswers":435},[434],"What term describes the manipulative tactics that hackers use to trick people?",[436],"Social engineering",{"id":438,"data":439,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34,"reviews":442},"edc7c37e-f67f-4077-9114-8f38393caf59",{"type":34,"contentRole":24,"markdownContent":440,"audioMediaId":441},"The most common type of social engineering is something known as **phishing**. This is when hackers contact people while pretending to be someone they’re not.\n\nFor example, they might send you an urgent email posing as your bank. The email warns you that there’s been a security breach, and says that everyone should check their account. Nervous, you decide to follow the link, and try to log in–\n\nThe link was fake. You just typed your password into a decoy webpage, and the hacker now knows your details. Or maybe the link was a Trojan. When you clicked it, a virus installed on your personal system.\n\n![Graph](image://bac283f0-9e78-44fc-8ba7-8ac546017a91 \"Phishing email. Image: gmcgcc, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nEvery day, a staggering 3.4 billion phishing emails are sent out by hackers all across the world. They pose as banks and businesses, as medical professionals, as family members and friends.","b276e3c3-8e55-4caa-802d-b14c76e15116",[443,453],{"id":358,"data":444,"type":57,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":26},{"type":57,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":34,"collapsingSiblings":445,"multiChoiceQuestion":446,"multiChoiceCorrect":448,"multiChoiceIncorrect":449,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":450,"matchPairsPairs":451},[353,356,357],[447],"Which of these is one of the main purposes of phishing?",[366],[362,364,365],[237],[452],{"left":408,"right":366,"direction":26},{"id":454,"data":455,"type":57,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":26},"e1aac8b4-ccc5-4646-ba10-1e41153a4ddd",{"type":57,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":456,"multiChoiceCorrect":458,"multiChoiceIncorrect":460,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[457],"What is the daily estimated number of phishing emails sent out by hackers worldwide?",[459],"3.4 billion",[461,462,463],"1.4 billion","2.4 billion","4.4 billion",{"id":465,"data":466,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34,"reviews":469},"91a9635a-541d-44d6-98e9-ddabbde9a6f2",{"type":34,"contentRole":24,"markdownContent":467,"audioMediaId":468},"A lot of phishing attacks are generic: the same email is sent to thousands of people, with hackers hoping that a few of these people will bite. But sometimes, attacks are targeted. This approach is known as **spear-phishing**.\n\nIn spear-phishing, a hacker will research their victim, and carefully tailor their communication to make it more believable. For example, they might find the victim’s social media page, and discover that their partner’s name is Jake.\n\nThe hacker can proceed to email the victim from an unknown address: “Hey, it’s Jake, I just lost my phone so I’m borrowing a friend’s. Can you send £20 to their bank account for me? They said they’d help me pay for a taxi.”\n\nThe personalized nature of spear-phishing makes the deception more convincing. If you received this email, would you fall for it? A lot of people would.","f7739ccf-c1ce-49fa-a5f6-de6a76b6fada",[470],{"id":304,"data":471,"type":57,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":26},{"type":57,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":34,"collapsingSiblings":472,"multiChoiceQuestion":473,"multiChoiceCorrect":475,"multiChoiceIncorrect":476,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":477,"matchPairsPairs":478},[300,303,305],[474],"Which of these best describes spear-phishing?",[312],[309,311,313],[237],[479],{"left":480,"right":312,"direction":26},"Spear-phishing",{"id":482,"data":483,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34,"reviews":486},"10fcc46e-1336-4ce1-972f-f020c8351bd0",{"type":34,"contentRole":24,"markdownContent":484,"audioMediaId":485},"Phishing isn’t limited to emails. Hackers might also target people via text messages, social media, or even phone calls. To make things worse, these techniques are evolving, becoming more advanced and more dangerous with every passing year.\n\nA new and potentially devastating development is AI voice phishing, or **vishing**. This technique uses artificial intelligence to mimic the voice of a trusted person, making the scam a lot more convincing.\n\nIn 2019, an employee at a UK energy firm received a phone call from his boss. On the call, he was told to transfer a lump of company money to the account of a Hungarian supplier.\n\nThe employee did as he was told – but later found out that the phone call wasn’t from his boss. Instead, a hacker had used deepfake technology to mimic the boss’ voice.\n\n![Graph](image://3646b522-1b6c-47fc-93cf-b93c4e0bd1cb \"Suspicious phone call. Image: via Pexels\")","66c1ab0b-0906-4413-a7fb-cd5be8fc35b3",[487,498],{"id":305,"data":488,"type":57,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":26},{"type":57,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":34,"collapsingSiblings":489,"multiChoiceQuestion":490,"multiChoiceCorrect":492,"multiChoiceIncorrect":493,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":494,"matchPairsPairs":495},[300,303,304],[491],"Which of these best describes vishing?",[313],[309,311,312],[237],[496],{"left":497,"right":313,"direction":26},"Vishing",{"id":72,"data":499,"type":57,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":26},{"type":57,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":34,"collapsingSiblings":500,"multiChoiceQuestion":501,"multiChoiceCorrect":503,"multiChoiceIncorrect":504,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":34,"orderQuestion":505,"orderItems":506},[67,70,71],[502],"In what year was an employee at a UK energy firm caught out by a deepfake vishing attack?",[80],[78,79,76],[82],[507],{"label":508,"reveal":80,"sortOrder":26},"Deepfake vishing at UK energy firm",{"id":510,"data":511,"type":24,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":26,"introPage":513,"pages":518},"a024e0db-aeb8-4f8a-ba43-0e97ecf60c7e",{"type":24,"title":512},"Case study: Phishing",{"id":514,"data":515,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34},"79666fee-42ae-4f3b-a9be-8e50b31caec2",{"type":38,"intro":516},[517],"What do phishing emails actually look like?",[519,524,529,534],{"id":520,"data":521,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":24},"fe78dd81-3c2b-47aa-9e3c-9009f2c4e5c8",{"type":34,"contentRole":24,"markdownContent":522,"audioMediaId":523},"*The following text is a fictional example of a chain of phishing emails.*\n\n**Subject: URGENT!! Account Verification Required\\\nDate & Time: 12/01/2024, 10:33 AM**\n\nDear Mo,\n\nWe've noticed suspicious activity on your bank account. To keep your account secure, we need you to verify your account details.\n\nPlease CLICK HERE to verify your account. Remember, never share your verification code with anyone.\n\nBest,\\\nAlex","25f73cb4-8411-4c94-837a-57047f80527b",{"id":525,"data":526,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34},"693b6e07-5fca-476e-945d-62752cf31530",{"type":34,"contentRole":24,"markdownContent":527,"audioMediaId":528},"**Subject: RE: URGENT!! Account Verification Required\\\nDate & Time: 12/01/2024, 11:08 AM**\n\nDear Alex,\n\nI've just verified my account details as requested. Can you please confirm that my account is now secure?\n\nThank you,\\\nMo","b3f0d453-377a-4335-8e58-d6a2c2d96fcf",{"id":530,"data":531,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34},"fac8fe08-28cf-4248-acaa-ca42617454bb",{"type":34,"contentRole":24,"markdownContent":532,"audioMediaId":533},"**Subject: RE: URGENT!! Account Verification Required\\\nDate & Time: 12/01/2024, 11:15 AM**\n\nDear Mo,\n\nThank you for your prompt response. We've received your account details and your account is now secure. We appreciate your cooperation.\n\nBest,\\\nAlex","b479eb7c-f4fe-4c6b-8aa8-cb2385417832",{"id":535,"data":536,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34,"reviews":539},"57e668b2-ead2-4b00-9d45-0a84f3ea9a65",{"type":34,"contentRole":24,"markdownContent":537,"audioMediaId":538},"**Subject: RE: URGENT!! Account Verification Required\\\nDate & Time: 12/01/2024, 11:27 AM**\n\nDear Alex,\n\nWhat's happening? I just got a message saying a large withdrawal has been made from my account. This wasn't me. Can you please help?\n\nBest,\\\nMo","e90c8d4d-3062-4464-9c79-ac4f5fff33e8",[540],{"id":541,"data":542,"type":57,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":26},"a8eb51b6-1e2b-428c-8a8a-500d18e802a1",{"type":57,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":543,"multiChoiceCorrect":545,"multiChoiceIncorrect":547,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[544],"Why might a spear phishing email be more effective than regular phishing?",[546],"Personal details make it more believable",[548,549,550],"Accurate spelling makes it more believable","Sophisticated language makes it more believable","Actually, regular phishing is usually more effective",[552,694,824,1029,1243,1407],{"id":22,"data":23,"type":24,"version":26,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":27,"introPage":35,"pages":553},[554,591,629,651],{"id":44,"data":45,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":24,"parsed":555},{"data":556,"body":559,"toc":589},{"title":557,"description":558},"","The digital age has transformed the world into a global village. The internet has become our home, our workplace, our playground. But the digital world is also a breeding ground for threats.",{"type":560,"children":561},"root",[562,569,574,584],{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":565,"children":566},"element","p",{},[567],{"type":568,"value":558},"text",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":570,"children":571},{},[572],{"type":568,"value":573},"The consequences of cyber attacks can be devastating. You could wake up to find your bank account drained, your files deleted, or your photos shared online. Just like that, your entire life could be thrown into disarray.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":575,"children":576},{},[577],{"type":563,"tag":578,"props":579,"children":583},"img",{"alt":580,"src":581,"title":582},"Graph","image://f4cd0f73-6b83-4632-87a6-8aa57c4a270f","Cybersecurity. Image: via Pexels",[],{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":585,"children":586},{},[587],{"type":568,"value":588},"You might not think you’re at risk of this. But every person who uses the internet is a potential target for cyber attackers, just as every person who owns a home is a potential target for thieves.",{"title":557,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":590},[],{"id":49,"data":50,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34,"reviews":53,"parsed":592},{"data":593,"body":595,"toc":627},{"title":557,"description":594},"In 2017, about a quarter of a million innocent people were hit by an attack called WannaCry. These people discovered a message on their laptops, declaring that all their files had been locked, and wouldn’t be released without payment.",{"type":560,"children":596},[597,609,614,619],{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":598,"children":599},{},[600,602,607],{"type":568,"value":601},"In 2017, about a quarter of a million innocent people were hit by an attack called ",{"type":563,"tag":603,"props":604,"children":605},"strong",{},[606],{"type":568,"value":85},{"type":568,"value":608},". These people discovered a message on their laptops, declaring that all their files had been locked, and wouldn’t be released without payment.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":610,"children":611},{},[612],{"type":568,"value":613},"It affected people all around the world – and it also affected businesses. As they scrambled to recover their computer systems, these businesses made combined losses of about $4 billion.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":615,"children":616},{},[617],{"type":568,"value":618},"Most people never got their data back. Not even the ones who paid the ransom. Can you imagine losing your entire computer? Every photo, every file, every byte.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":620,"children":621},{},[622],{"type":563,"tag":578,"props":623,"children":626},{"alt":580,"src":624,"title":625},"image://44c7f996-bab8-4f8a-b699-619749407cbf","WannaCry attack. Image: 황승환, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"title":557,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":628},[],{"id":87,"data":88,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":26,"reviews":91,"parsed":630},{"data":631,"body":633,"toc":649},{"title":557,"description":632},"WannaCry wasn’t an isolated incident. Cybercrime is on the rise. According to research by Cybercrime Magazine, the annual cost of cyber attacks will reach a mind-boggling figure of $10.5 trillion by 2025.",{"type":560,"children":634},[635,639,644],{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":636,"children":637},{},[638],{"type":568,"value":632},{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":640,"children":641},{},[642],{"type":568,"value":643},"To put that into perspective: that's more than the GDP of most countries. America and China are the only nations that bring in more money than cybercrime.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":645,"children":646},{},[647],{"type":568,"value":648},"With so much at stake, this phenomenon isn’t just a danger to our personal data and systems. It’s also a danger to our global economy, and even our way of life.",{"title":557,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":650},[],{"id":113,"data":114,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34,"parsed":652},{"data":653,"body":655,"toc":692},{"title":557,"description":654},"Fortunately, there are plenty of ways to keep our computers safe. That’s the purpose of cybersecurity – a set of defenses that keep cyber criminals away.",{"type":560,"children":656},[657,669,674,679,684],{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":658,"children":659},{},[660,662,667],{"type":568,"value":661},"Fortunately, there are plenty of ways to keep our computers safe. That’s the purpose of ",{"type":563,"tag":603,"props":663,"children":664},{},[665],{"type":568,"value":666},"cybersecurity",{"type":568,"value":668}," – a set of defenses that keep cyber criminals away.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":670,"children":671},{},[672],{"type":568,"value":673},"A computer without cybersecurity is like a house without a door. A thief could easily walk right in, then stroll out again with your belongings piled high in both arms.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":675,"children":676},{},[677],{"type":568,"value":678},"We’re not just talking about passwords, here. You’ll need a lot more than that to hold back cyber attacks.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":680,"children":681},{},[682],{"type":568,"value":683},"And that’s what this pathway is here for. By the time you’re done, you’ll know exactly how to keep yourself secure.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":685,"children":686},{},[687],{"type":563,"tag":578,"props":688,"children":691},{"alt":580,"src":689,"title":690},"image://1002cc12-07b9-44a2-be51-768dcec6e54d","Locked door. Image: via Pexels",[],{"title":557,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":693},[],{"id":118,"data":119,"type":24,"version":121,"maxContentLevel":26,"introPage":122,"pages":695},[696,752,788],{"id":129,"data":130,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":121,"parsed":697},{"data":698,"body":700,"toc":750},{"title":557,"description":699},"The following text is a fictional interview with a victim of WannaCry.",{"type":560,"children":701},[702,710,718,735,740,745],{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":703,"children":704},{},[705],{"type":563,"tag":706,"props":707,"children":708},"em",{},[709],{"type":568,"value":699},{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":711,"children":712},{},[713],{"type":563,"tag":578,"props":714,"children":717},{"alt":580,"src":715,"title":716},"image://aff2a2e4-77f9-4c9d-9ba4-2e4350c2c15e"," ",[],{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":719,"children":720},{},[721,726,730],{"type":563,"tag":603,"props":722,"children":723},{},[724],{"type":568,"value":725},"TIMESTAMP 00:01:30",{"type":563,"tag":727,"props":728,"children":729},"br",{},[],{"type":563,"tag":603,"props":731,"children":732},{},[733],{"type":568,"value":734},"Do you remember how it started?",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":736,"children":737},{},[738],{"type":568,"value":739},"\"I sat down at my computer, ready to start my day, and then... there it was.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":741,"children":742},{},[743],{"type":568,"value":744},"A ransom note, right on my screen. 'Ooops, your files have been encrypted! If you want to decrypt them, you’ll have to pay $500.'",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":746,"children":747},{},[748],{"type":568,"value":749},"I just... I couldn't believe it. I felt this wave of panic wash over me. I didn't know what to do, who to call... I felt so helpless.\"",{"title":557,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":751},[],{"id":134,"data":135,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34,"parsed":753},{"data":754,"body":756,"toc":786},{"title":557,"description":755},"Timestamp: 00:03:11\nDid you recover your files?",{"type":560,"children":757},[758,771,776,781],{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":759,"children":760},{},[761],{"type":563,"tag":603,"props":762,"children":763},{},[764,766,769],{"type":568,"value":765},"Timestamp: 00:03:11",{"type":563,"tag":727,"props":767,"children":768},{},[],{"type":568,"value":770},"\nDid you recover your files?",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":772,"children":773},{},[774],{"type":568,"value":775},"\"No. I lost everything. My work files. My bank details. Even photos of my son as a baby.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":777,"children":778},{},[779],{"type":568,"value":780},"I heard that some people tried to pay the ransom, but they didn't get their data back either.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":782,"children":783},{},[784],{"type":568,"value":785},"I just... I never thought something like this could happen to me. The stress, the anxiety... it was a nightmare.\"",{"title":557,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":787},[],{"id":139,"data":140,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34,"reviews":143,"parsed":789},{"data":790,"body":792,"toc":822},{"title":557,"description":791},"Timestamp: 00:04:27\nIs there anything else you'd like to tell us?",{"type":560,"children":793},[794,807,812,817],{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":795,"children":796},{},[797],{"type":563,"tag":603,"props":798,"children":799},{},[800,802,805],{"type":568,"value":801},"Timestamp: 00:04:27",{"type":563,"tag":727,"props":803,"children":804},{},[],{"type":568,"value":806},"\nIs there anything else you'd like to tell us?",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":808,"children":809},{},[810],{"type":568,"value":811},"\"You know, the biggest lesson I learned from all this is that cybersecurity isn't just for massive businesses.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":813,"children":814},{},[815],{"type":568,"value":816},"We're all at risk. And I wish... I wish I'd known that sooner.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":818,"children":819},{},[820],{"type":568,"value":821},"So yeah, that's what I'd like to say. Protect your data – or regret it, just like me.\"",{"title":557,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":823},[],{"id":156,"data":157,"type":24,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"summaryPage":159,"introPage":167,"pages":825},[826,869,912,952,986],{"id":175,"data":176,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34,"reviews":179,"parsed":827},{"data":828,"body":830,"toc":867},{"title":557,"description":829},"In the shadowy corners of the digital world lurks 'malicious software', or malware. Before learning how to defend against it, let’s find out what malware does.",{"type":560,"children":831},[832,844,849,857,862],{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":833,"children":834},{},[835,837,842],{"type":568,"value":836},"In the shadowy corners of the digital world lurks 'malicious software', or ",{"type":563,"tag":603,"props":838,"children":839},{},[840],{"type":568,"value":841},"malware",{"type":568,"value":843},". Before learning how to defend against it, let’s find out what malware does.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":845,"children":846},{},[847],{"type":568,"value":848},"A common example is a computer virus. This is a malicious code or program that spreads from one computer to another, much like how a biological virus spreads from host to host.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":850,"children":851},{},[852],{"type":563,"tag":578,"props":853,"children":856},{"alt":580,"src":854,"title":855},"image://e500218f-19f8-4799-a166-772b347a10c7","Biological virus. Image: via Pexels",[],{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":858,"children":859},{},[860],{"type":568,"value":861},"A Trojan is a type of virus. It’s named after the legend of the Trojan horse. A Trojan masquerades as a regular file, like an email attachment or an update – but when a user innocently clicks that file, a virus installs instead.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":863,"children":864},{},[865],{"type":568,"value":866},"Once it gets inside, a virus can unleash its malicious payload, just like all those soldiers hidden in the horse. This payload might steal important data, corrupt your files, or cause other kinds of damage instead.",{"title":557,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":868},[],{"id":188,"data":189,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34,"reviews":192,"parsed":870},{"data":871,"body":873,"toc":910},{"title":557,"description":872},"While viruses require a user to actually click on something – like pressing ‘install’ on a well-disguised Trojan – worms are another type of malware that can spread without user interaction.",{"type":560,"children":874},[875,887,895,900,905],{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":876,"children":877},{},[878,880,885],{"type":568,"value":879},"While viruses require a user to actually click on something – like pressing ‘install’ on a well-disguised Trojan – ",{"type":563,"tag":603,"props":881,"children":882},{},[883],{"type":568,"value":884},"worms",{"type":568,"value":886}," are another type of malware that can spread without user interaction.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":888,"children":889},{},[890],{"type":563,"tag":578,"props":891,"children":894},{"alt":580,"src":892,"title":893},"image://b6fc2cb6-9c5c-4141-beb1-de2348cd5bbe","Biological worm. Image: via Pexels",[],{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":896,"children":897},{},[898],{"type":568,"value":899},"Instead, they slither into systems automatically, exploiting the cracks in your defenses. Their ability to multiply and spread automatically means that worms are often hard to stop.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":901,"children":902},{},[903],{"type":568,"value":904},"Imagine heading to a cafe, and connecting to the public WiFi. There might be a worm there, lying in wait. And as soon as you join, it slips inside your system.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":906,"children":907},{},[908],{"type":568,"value":909},"A notorious worm, by the name of ILOVEYOU, spread itself via email. Whenever it infected a person’s system, it corrupted the hard drive, then automatically forwarded itself on to everyone in that person’s address book.",{"title":557,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":911},[],{"id":205,"data":206,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34,"parsed":913},{"data":914,"body":916,"toc":950},{"title":557,"description":915},"Ransomware is another type of malware. It might infect a system in a similar way to a virus or a worm – but once it gets inside, it performs a specific set of behaviors.",{"type":560,"children":917},[918,927,932,937,942],{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":919,"children":920},{},[921,925],{"type":563,"tag":603,"props":922,"children":923},{},[924],{"type":568,"value":256},{"type":568,"value":926}," is another type of malware. It might infect a system in a similar way to a virus or a worm – but once it gets inside, it performs a specific set of behaviors.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":928,"children":929},{},[930],{"type":568,"value":931},"It starts by encrypting all of your files, effectively locking you out of your own data. After that, it will demand a ransom payment, promising to restore the encrypted files as soon as the ransom is paid.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":933,"children":934},{},[935],{"type":568,"value":936},"Ransomware doesn’t discriminate. Anyone can find themselves at risk. For example, during the WannaCry outbreak in 2017, the UK’s National Health Service (NHS) was attacked.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":938,"children":939},{},[940],{"type":568,"value":941},"As many as 70,000 NHS devices were affected. In some places, patients were turned away, as hospitals scrambled to regain some kind of control.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":943,"children":944},{},[945],{"type":563,"tag":578,"props":946,"children":949},{"alt":580,"src":947,"title":948},"image://e5786385-69a0-44e4-a82b-7e2b3544091e","NHS computer. Image: via Pexels",[],{"title":557,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":951},[],{"id":210,"data":211,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34,"reviews":214,"parsed":953},{"data":954,"body":956,"toc":984},{"title":557,"description":955},"Spyware is another type of malware. After installing itself, it lurks in the shadows of a computer system, spying on user activity. It might collect information, like passwords or bank numbers, then send it back to the person who launched the attack.",{"type":560,"children":957},[958,967,979],{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":959,"children":960},{},[961,965],{"type":563,"tag":603,"props":962,"children":963},{},[964],{"type":568,"value":259},{"type":568,"value":966}," is another type of malware. After installing itself, it lurks in the shadows of a computer system, spying on user activity. It might collect information, like passwords or bank numbers, then send it back to the person who launched the attack.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":968,"children":969},{},[970,972,977],{"type":568,"value":971},"Then there’s ",{"type":563,"tag":603,"props":973,"children":974},{},[975],{"type":568,"value":976},"adware",{"type":568,"value":978},". After infecting a computer, it will bombard you with adverts, turning your entire digital system into a nightmare full of pop-ups, banners and clutter.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":980,"children":981},{},[982],{"type":568,"value":983},"The Zlob Trojan, which was first discovered in 2005, is an example of a computer virus that combines elements of both spyware and adware. It used pop-up ads to trick users into downloading fake security software, which then collected their personal data.",{"title":557,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":985},[],{"id":227,"data":228,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34,"reviews":231,"parsed":987},{"data":988,"body":990,"toc":1027},{"title":557,"description":989},"Malware can also be used to turn a computer into a zombie. A zombie computer can be controlled remotely by another person, almost as though they’re sitting in the room alongside you.",{"type":560,"children":991},[992,1004,1012,1017,1022],{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":993,"children":994},{},[995,997,1002],{"type":568,"value":996},"Malware can also be used to turn a computer into a ",{"type":563,"tag":603,"props":998,"children":999},{},[1000],{"type":568,"value":1001},"zombie",{"type":568,"value":1003},". A zombie computer can be controlled remotely by another person, almost as though they’re sitting in the room alongside you.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1005,"children":1006},{},[1007],{"type":563,"tag":578,"props":1008,"children":1011},{"alt":580,"src":1009,"title":1010},"image://40b6f808-b0c1-426d-95d8-a70c58559896","Zombie. Image: via Pexels",[],{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1013,"children":1014},{},[1015],{"type":568,"value":1016},"This person might command your computer to send out emails, each one containing links to more malware. Or they might use it to store some illegal files, which they don’t want to keep on their own personal machine.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1018,"children":1019},{},[1020],{"type":568,"value":1021},"Cryptojacking is another threat associated with zombie computers. It uses your computer as a mining rig for cryptocurrency, which slows down your system and increases your energy bills.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1023,"children":1024},{},[1025],{"type":568,"value":1026},"In other words, there are lots of different types of malware out there. From viruses to zombies, it’s easy to see why the internet is such a dangerous place.",{"title":557,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":1028},[],{"id":275,"data":276,"type":24,"version":121,"maxContentLevel":26,"summaryPage":278,"introPage":286,"pages":1030},[1031,1087,1122,1153,1196],{"id":294,"data":295,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34,"reviews":298,"parsed":1032},{"data":1033,"body":1035,"toc":1085},{"title":557,"description":1034},"Malware doesn’t just pop into existence, or evolve of its own accord. Every piece of malicious software was made by a real-life person. By someone who wants to exploit the weaknesses of other online users.",{"type":560,"children":1036},[1037,1041,1053,1065,1077],{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1038,"children":1039},{},[1040],{"type":568,"value":1034},{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1042,"children":1043},{},[1044,1046,1051],{"type":568,"value":1045},"Collectively, these malware-makers are often referred to as ",{"type":563,"tag":603,"props":1047,"children":1048},{},[1049],{"type":568,"value":1050},"hackers",{"type":568,"value":1052},". They’re talented and devious, and use their skills to access other people’s machines. Once they’re in, they’ll set up ransomware, or spyware, or whatever else they want to.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1054,"children":1055},{},[1056,1058,1063],{"type":568,"value":1057},"Not all hackers are bad. ",{"type":563,"tag":603,"props":1059,"children":1060},{},[1061],{"type":568,"value":1062},"White hat hackers",{"type":568,"value":1064}," are individuals who use their skills for good. They identify weaknesses in computer systems, then help to fix those weaknesses before malware finds its way in.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1066,"children":1067},{},[1068,1070,1075],{"type":568,"value":1069},"But ",{"type":563,"tag":603,"props":1071,"children":1072},{},[1073],{"type":568,"value":1074},"black hat hackers",{"type":568,"value":1076}," are a menace. If your computer is a fortress, then black hat hackers are the invading army who want to force their way inside.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1078,"children":1079},{},[1080],{"type":563,"tag":578,"props":1081,"children":1084},{"alt":580,"src":1082,"title":1083},"image://e4b9b42f-d6e4-4b7f-bef0-57b222ca6303","Hacker. Image: via Pexels",[],{"title":557,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":1086},[],{"id":330,"data":331,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34,"reviews":334,"parsed":1088},{"data":1089,"body":1091,"toc":1120},{"title":557,"description":1090},"When a black hat hacker develops a piece of malicious software, they’ll sometimes take a scattergun approach, just tossing that malware out into the world and waiting for the code to infect any systems it touches.",{"type":560,"children":1092},[1093,1097,1102,1110,1115],{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1094,"children":1095},{},[1096],{"type":568,"value":1090},{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1098,"children":1099},{},[1100],{"type":568,"value":1101},"This approach was used for famous attacks like ILOVEYOU (2000) and WannaCry (2017). These worms infected millions of computers as they spread across the internet at random.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1103,"children":1104},{},[1105],{"type":563,"tag":578,"props":1106,"children":1109},{"alt":580,"src":1107,"title":1108},"image://3f1572ed-b4bc-4e72-ac61-ea4ed13baf5e","ILOVEYOU worm. Mario23, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1111,"children":1112},{},[1113],{"type":568,"value":1114},"At other times, a hacker will take a much more targeted approach. Instead of attacking at random, they’ll specifically identify a person or business that they want their malware to attack.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1116,"children":1117},{},[1118],{"type":568,"value":1119},"It’s the difference between poisoning a local well, and infecting anyone who happens to drink there, versus breaking into a target’s house, and specifically poisoning their cup.",{"title":557,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":1121},[],{"id":347,"data":348,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":24,"reviews":351,"parsed":1123},{"data":1124,"body":1126,"toc":1151},{"title":557,"description":1125},"When a hacker targets a specific user, they’ll often try to access their system by guessing that user’s password. A single password can protect a wealth of sensitive data, from social media to online banking.",{"type":560,"children":1127},[1128,1132,1141,1146],{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1129,"children":1130},{},[1131],{"type":568,"value":1125},{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1133,"children":1134},{},[1135,1139],{"type":563,"tag":603,"props":1136,"children":1137},{},[1138],{"type":568,"value":370},{"type":568,"value":1140}," is a hacking technique that involves a hacker trying every combination of letters and symbols until they stumble across a user’s private password. It's like a persistent burglar trying every combination on a lock until a door eventually opens.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1142,"children":1143},{},[1144],{"type":568,"value":1145},"It's a painstaking process, which requires a lot of time and energy, especially for complex passwords. The more complex the password, the more combinations there are to try, and the longer the process takes.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1147,"children":1148},{},[1149],{"type":568,"value":1150},"But for simpler passwords, brute forcing can be quick and efficient. This approach is often an effective way for hackers to enter your system.",{"title":557,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":1152},[],{"id":372,"data":373,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":121,"reviews":376,"parsed":1154},{"data":1155,"body":1157,"toc":1194},{"title":557,"description":1156},"Black hat hackers also use an approach called a man-in-the-middle (MitM) attack. In this type of attack, the hacker doesn’t enter a system directly; instead, they target streams of data as they flow from one system to another.",{"type":560,"children":1158},[1159,1171,1176,1181,1186],{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1160,"children":1161},{},[1162,1164,1169],{"type":568,"value":1163},"Black hat hackers also use an approach called a ",{"type":563,"tag":603,"props":1165,"children":1166},{},[1167],{"type":568,"value":1168},"man-in-the-middle",{"type":568,"value":1170}," (MitM) attack. In this type of attack, the hacker doesn’t enter a system directly; instead, they target streams of data as they flow from one system to another.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1172,"children":1173},{},[1174],{"type":568,"value":1175},"For example, two users might be sending emails back and forth to each other. The hacker latches onto these emails, intercepting the communication without either of the users knowing.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1177,"children":1178},{},[1179],{"type":568,"value":1180},"From there, the hacker can eavesdrop on the private conversation – an invisible stranger listening in to everything those people have to say. They’ll be hoping to overhear some important information, like a clue to your passwords or bank details.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1182,"children":1183},{},[1184],{"type":568,"value":1185},"Sometimes, a hacker can actually manipulate the nature of a private conversation, tweaking emails as they pass. For example, they might attach a Trojan to an innocent email you just sent to one of your friends.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1187,"children":1188},{},[1189],{"type":563,"tag":578,"props":1190,"children":1193},{"alt":580,"src":1191,"title":1192},"image://f031fe16-3e45-4f09-8b52-887b21e76292","Trudy is the middle man. Image: OSeveno, adaptation of File:Man in the middle attack.svg, created by User:Miraceti, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"title":557,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":1195},[],{"id":389,"data":390,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34,"reviews":393,"parsed":1197},{"data":1198,"body":1200,"toc":1241},{"title":557,"description":1199},"Some hackers will also use physical attacks to gain access to a user’s system. For example, they might upload a piece of malware onto a USB stick, then deliberately leave that USB stick lying around.",{"type":560,"children":1201},[1202,1214,1219,1228,1233],{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1203,"children":1204},{},[1205,1207,1212],{"type":568,"value":1206},"Some hackers will also use ",{"type":563,"tag":603,"props":1208,"children":1209},{},[1210],{"type":568,"value":1211},"physical attacks",{"type":568,"value":1213}," to gain access to a user’s system. For example, they might upload a piece of malware onto a USB stick, then deliberately leave that USB stick lying around.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1215,"children":1216},{},[1217],{"type":568,"value":1218},"Someone might find it in a cafe or an office. Out of curiosity, they plug the USB into their laptop. Instantly, the malware flows into the system, bypassing any passwords along the way.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1220,"children":1221},{},[1222,1226],{"type":563,"tag":603,"props":1223,"children":1224},{},[1225],{"type":568,"value":404},{"type":568,"value":1227}," is another type of physical attack. It’s simple but effective: in a public place, like a cafe or a library, a hacker watches a user's screen over their shoulder. When the user types in their password, the hacker notes down the keys.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1229,"children":1230},{},[1231],{"type":568,"value":1232},"ATM pin theft is a common example of shoulder surfing. The attacker waits in line behind a target, like a predator watching its prey. When the target enters their pin number, the attacker suddenly has access to that person’s accounts.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1234,"children":1235},{},[1236],{"type":563,"tag":578,"props":1237,"children":1240},{"alt":580,"src":1238,"title":1239},"image://bf6f1509-216b-4223-adaf-8000e49fb2e3","Shoulder surfing. Image: via Pexels",[],{"title":557,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":1242},[],{"id":406,"data":407,"type":24,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"summaryPage":409,"introPage":417,"pages":1244},[1245,1288,1331,1365],{"id":425,"data":426,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34,"reviews":429,"parsed":1246},{"data":1247,"body":1249,"toc":1286},{"title":557,"description":1248},"Hackers are often masters of computer programming. You can’t write an effective piece of malware without knowing a lot about code. But they also have another talent: social engineering.",{"type":560,"children":1250},[1251,1263,1268,1273,1281],{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1252,"children":1253},{},[1254,1256,1261],{"type":568,"value":1255},"Hackers are often masters of computer programming. You can’t write an effective piece of malware without knowing a lot about code. But they also have another talent: ",{"type":563,"tag":603,"props":1257,"children":1258},{},[1259],{"type":568,"value":1260},"social engineering",{"type":568,"value":1262},".",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1264,"children":1265},{},[1266],{"type":568,"value":1267},"Social engineering is a catch-all term for manipulative tactics that play on our emotions, and trick us into letting hackers enter our private systems.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1269,"children":1270},{},[1271],{"type":568,"value":1272},"Leaving a USB stick lying around is an example of this. It plays on human curiosity – how many unsuspecting people would be tempted to plug that USB in, just to take a peek at what’s on there?",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1274,"children":1275},{},[1276],{"type":563,"tag":578,"props":1277,"children":1280},{"alt":580,"src":1278,"title":1279},"image://cc745826-6888-4243-91c7-10bd03b07ce7","USB stick. Image: via Pexels",[],{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1282,"children":1283},{},[1284],{"type":568,"value":1285},"Or maybe a hacker will take a different approach, using a childish looking USB with unicorns printed on the side. This time, they’re playing on pity, or guilt. You want to return this USB to the child who must have lost it – so you plug it in, in the hope of finding some contact information inside.",{"title":557,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":1287},[],{"id":438,"data":439,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34,"reviews":442,"parsed":1289},{"data":1290,"body":1292,"toc":1329},{"title":557,"description":1291},"The most common type of social engineering is something known as phishing. This is when hackers contact people while pretending to be someone they’re not.",{"type":560,"children":1293},[1294,1306,1311,1316,1324],{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1295,"children":1296},{},[1297,1299,1304],{"type":568,"value":1298},"The most common type of social engineering is something known as ",{"type":563,"tag":603,"props":1300,"children":1301},{},[1302],{"type":568,"value":1303},"phishing",{"type":568,"value":1305},". This is when hackers contact people while pretending to be someone they’re not.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1307,"children":1308},{},[1309],{"type":568,"value":1310},"For example, they might send you an urgent email posing as your bank. The email warns you that there’s been a security breach, and says that everyone should check their account. Nervous, you decide to follow the link, and try to log in–",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1312,"children":1313},{},[1314],{"type":568,"value":1315},"The link was fake. You just typed your password into a decoy webpage, and the hacker now knows your details. Or maybe the link was a Trojan. When you clicked it, a virus installed on your personal system.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1317,"children":1318},{},[1319],{"type":563,"tag":578,"props":1320,"children":1323},{"alt":580,"src":1321,"title":1322},"image://bac283f0-9e78-44fc-8ba7-8ac546017a91","Phishing email. Image: gmcgcc, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1325,"children":1326},{},[1327],{"type":568,"value":1328},"Every day, a staggering 3.4 billion phishing emails are sent out by hackers all across the world. They pose as banks and businesses, as medical professionals, as family members and friends.",{"title":557,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":1330},[],{"id":465,"data":466,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34,"reviews":469,"parsed":1332},{"data":1333,"body":1335,"toc":1363},{"title":557,"description":1334},"A lot of phishing attacks are generic: the same email is sent to thousands of people, with hackers hoping that a few of these people will bite. But sometimes, attacks are targeted. This approach is known as spear-phishing.",{"type":560,"children":1336},[1337,1348,1353,1358],{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1338,"children":1339},{},[1340,1342,1347],{"type":568,"value":1341},"A lot of phishing attacks are generic: the same email is sent to thousands of people, with hackers hoping that a few of these people will bite. But sometimes, attacks are targeted. This approach is known as ",{"type":563,"tag":603,"props":1343,"children":1344},{},[1345],{"type":568,"value":1346},"spear-phishing",{"type":568,"value":1262},{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1349,"children":1350},{},[1351],{"type":568,"value":1352},"In spear-phishing, a hacker will research their victim, and carefully tailor their communication to make it more believable. For example, they might find the victim’s social media page, and discover that their partner’s name is Jake.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1354,"children":1355},{},[1356],{"type":568,"value":1357},"The hacker can proceed to email the victim from an unknown address: “Hey, it’s Jake, I just lost my phone so I’m borrowing a friend’s. Can you send £20 to their bank account for me? They said they’d help me pay for a taxi.”",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1359,"children":1360},{},[1361],{"type":568,"value":1362},"The personalized nature of spear-phishing makes the deception more convincing. If you received this email, would you fall for it? A lot of people would.",{"title":557,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":1364},[],{"id":482,"data":483,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34,"reviews":486,"parsed":1366},{"data":1367,"body":1369,"toc":1405},{"title":557,"description":1368},"Phishing isn’t limited to emails. Hackers might also target people via text messages, social media, or even phone calls. To make things worse, these techniques are evolving, becoming more advanced and more dangerous with every passing year.",{"type":560,"children":1370},[1371,1375,1387,1392,1397],{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1372,"children":1373},{},[1374],{"type":568,"value":1368},{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1376,"children":1377},{},[1378,1380,1385],{"type":568,"value":1379},"A new and potentially devastating development is AI voice phishing, or ",{"type":563,"tag":603,"props":1381,"children":1382},{},[1383],{"type":568,"value":1384},"vishing",{"type":568,"value":1386},". This technique uses artificial intelligence to mimic the voice of a trusted person, making the scam a lot more convincing.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1388,"children":1389},{},[1390],{"type":568,"value":1391},"In 2019, an employee at a UK energy firm received a phone call from his boss. On the call, he was told to transfer a lump of company money to the account of a Hungarian supplier.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1393,"children":1394},{},[1395],{"type":568,"value":1396},"The employee did as he was told – but later found out that the phone call wasn’t from his boss. Instead, a hacker had used deepfake technology to mimic the boss’ voice.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1398,"children":1399},{},[1400],{"type":563,"tag":578,"props":1401,"children":1404},{"alt":580,"src":1402,"title":1403},"image://3646b522-1b6c-47fc-93cf-b93c4e0bd1cb","Suspicious phone call. Image: via Pexels",[],{"title":557,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":1406},[],{"id":510,"data":511,"type":24,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":26,"introPage":513,"pages":1408},[1409,1462,1503,1540],{"id":520,"data":521,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":24,"parsed":1410},{"data":1411,"body":1413,"toc":1460},{"title":557,"description":1412},"The following text is a fictional example of a chain of phishing emails.",{"type":560,"children":1414},[1415,1422,1435,1440,1445,1450],{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1416,"children":1417},{},[1418],{"type":563,"tag":706,"props":1419,"children":1420},{},[1421],{"type":568,"value":1412},{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1423,"children":1424},{},[1425],{"type":563,"tag":603,"props":1426,"children":1427},{},[1428,1430,1433],{"type":568,"value":1429},"Subject: URGENT!! Account Verification Required",{"type":563,"tag":727,"props":1431,"children":1432},{},[],{"type":568,"value":1434},"\nDate & Time: 12/01/2024, 10:33 AM",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1436,"children":1437},{},[1438],{"type":568,"value":1439},"Dear Mo,",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1441,"children":1442},{},[1443],{"type":568,"value":1444},"We've noticed suspicious activity on your bank account. To keep your account secure, we need you to verify your account details.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1446,"children":1447},{},[1448],{"type":568,"value":1449},"Please CLICK HERE to verify your account. Remember, never share your verification code with anyone.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1451,"children":1452},{},[1453,1455,1458],{"type":568,"value":1454},"Best,",{"type":563,"tag":727,"props":1456,"children":1457},{},[],{"type":568,"value":1459},"\nAlex",{"title":557,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":1461},[],{"id":525,"data":526,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34,"parsed":1463},{"data":1464,"body":1466,"toc":1501},{"title":557,"description":1465},"Subject: RE: URGENT!! Account Verification Required\nDate & Time: 12/01/2024, 11:08 AM",{"type":560,"children":1467},[1468,1481,1486,1491],{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1469,"children":1470},{},[1471],{"type":563,"tag":603,"props":1472,"children":1473},{},[1474,1476,1479],{"type":568,"value":1475},"Subject: RE: URGENT!! Account Verification Required",{"type":563,"tag":727,"props":1477,"children":1478},{},[],{"type":568,"value":1480},"\nDate & Time: 12/01/2024, 11:08 AM",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1482,"children":1483},{},[1484],{"type":568,"value":1485},"Dear Alex,",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1487,"children":1488},{},[1489],{"type":568,"value":1490},"I've just verified my account details as requested. Can you please confirm that my account is now secure?",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1492,"children":1493},{},[1494,1496,1499],{"type":568,"value":1495},"Thank you,",{"type":563,"tag":727,"props":1497,"children":1498},{},[],{"type":568,"value":1500},"\nMo",{"title":557,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":1502},[],{"id":530,"data":531,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34,"parsed":1504},{"data":1505,"body":1507,"toc":1538},{"title":557,"description":1506},"Subject: RE: URGENT!! Account Verification Required\nDate & Time: 12/01/2024, 11:15 AM",{"type":560,"children":1508},[1509,1521,1525,1530],{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1510,"children":1511},{},[1512],{"type":563,"tag":603,"props":1513,"children":1514},{},[1515,1516,1519],{"type":568,"value":1475},{"type":563,"tag":727,"props":1517,"children":1518},{},[],{"type":568,"value":1520},"\nDate & Time: 12/01/2024, 11:15 AM",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1522,"children":1523},{},[1524],{"type":568,"value":1439},{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1526,"children":1527},{},[1528],{"type":568,"value":1529},"Thank you for your prompt response. We've received your account details and your account is now secure. We appreciate your cooperation.",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1531,"children":1532},{},[1533,1534,1537],{"type":568,"value":1454},{"type":563,"tag":727,"props":1535,"children":1536},{},[],{"type":568,"value":1459},{"title":557,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":1539},[],{"id":535,"data":536,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":26,"version":34,"reviews":539,"parsed":1541},{"data":1542,"body":1544,"toc":1575},{"title":557,"description":1543},"Subject: RE: URGENT!! Account Verification Required\nDate & Time: 12/01/2024, 11:27 AM",{"type":560,"children":1545},[1546,1558,1562,1567],{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1547,"children":1548},{},[1549],{"type":563,"tag":603,"props":1550,"children":1551},{},[1552,1553,1556],{"type":568,"value":1475},{"type":563,"tag":727,"props":1554,"children":1555},{},[],{"type":568,"value":1557},"\nDate & Time: 12/01/2024, 11:27 AM",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1559,"children":1560},{},[1561],{"type":568,"value":1485},{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1563,"children":1564},{},[1565],{"type":568,"value":1566},"What's happening? I just got a message saying a large withdrawal has been made from my account. This wasn't me. Can you please help?",{"type":563,"tag":564,"props":1568,"children":1569},{},[1570,1571,1574],{"type":568,"value":1454},{"type":563,"tag":727,"props":1572,"children":1573},{},[],{"type":568,"value":1500},{"title":557,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":1576},[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":1578,"height":1578,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":1579},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":1578,"height":1578,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":1581},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M4 5h16M4 12h16M4 19h16\"/>",1778179457006]