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would be capable of human-like thought",1,{"id":36,"data":37,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"55ead02f-241b-43e1-a4db-e45a80e70244",{"type":38,"intro":39},10,[40,41],"What was the world's first computer?","Who is considered the father of modern AI?",[43,57,70,87],{"id":44,"data":45,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34,"reviews":48},"00469471-19ed-4033-9381-a122e3412c34",{"type":34,"contentRole":25,"markdownContent":46,"audioMediaId":47},"For most of this pathway, you'll be learning about the technical details of AI. But before we get into all that, we'd like to set the scene with a little bit of AI history. No, we're not talking about Talos this time. Instead, we're jumping back to a machine called the **analytical engine**.\n\n![Graph](image://e4cf5b2f-2ae9-4f41-8632-aa9ecb3830bb \"Analytical Engine. Label QS:Len,\\\"Babbage's Analytical Engine\\\" by Charles Babbage (CC BY-SA 2.0) \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe analytical engine was the world's first computer. It was invented by Charles Babbage, an English engineer, towards the start of the 1800s. You could feed it punched cards, which functioned like programmes, and it would respond with a printed answer.\n\nAt least, that's what was meant to happen. In the end, Charles Babbage ran out of funding, and never got to finish the project. But the theory behind it was solid. And it got people wondering about something: if the engine had actually been finished, would it have counted as 'intelligent', or not?","bd3afb69-b574-4eec-8e1f-b0bb581a726e",[49],{"id":50,"data":51,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"c2096211-69b7-4eb2-99f6-e7ac913d90e4",{"type":52,"reviewType":34,"spacingBehaviour":34,"activeRecallQuestion":53,"activeRecallAnswers":55},11,[54],"What was the name of the world's first computer?",[56],"Analytical Engine",{"id":58,"data":59,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34,"reviews":62},"89ee0940-a820-4594-b855-26f7486928bb",{"type":34,"contentRole":25,"markdownContent":60,"audioMediaId":61},"While Babbage was working on his analytical engine, he was supported by **Augusta Ada King**: mathematician, writer, computer programmer, and respectable Countess of Lovelace.\n\nAda Lovelace (as she's often known) wrote extensive notes about the analytical engine's capabilities. And in 1843, she made an important observation: \"the analytical engine has no pretensions whatsoever to originate anything. It can do whatever we know how to order it to perform.\"\n\nIn other words, she was touching upon that modern distinction between computing and artificial intelligence. The analytical engine wasn't 'intelligent', because it could only follow pre-programmed instructions, as opposed to taking the human-like step of 'originating' something new.\n\n![Graph](image://e4e4647a-666b-4d99-ae2d-ca58bf6de21f \"Portrait of Ada King, Countess of Lovelace. (Public domain), via Wikimedia Commons\")","89e87643-8ff3-44c9-8e0c-bb0f2eca3008",[63],{"id":64,"data":65,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"d32621e2-d515-43d3-b72c-8db097694057",{"type":52,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":34,"clozeQuestion":66,"clozeWords":68},[67],"1843, Ada Lovelace observed: \"the analytical engine has no pretensions whatsoever to originate anything.\"",[69],"originate",{"id":71,"data":72,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34,"reviews":75},"b8d94c28-feb9-4135-bc78-5d6f5511b729",{"type":34,"contentRole":25,"markdownContent":73,"audioMediaId":74},"Almost a hundred years after Ada Lovelace, a new figure pushed to the forefront of computing, and picked up the question of artificial intelligence. His name was **Alan Turing** – in a lot of ways, we might think of him as the father of modern AI.\n\n![Graph](image://3bbc0879-38da-4e80-8d15-534841dcf4cc \"Alan Turing (1912-1954) in 1936 at Princeton University (b&w) (Public domain), via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nIn 1950, he published a paper titled *Computing Machinery and Intelligence*. In this paper, he wanted to consider the question: are machines capable of thought?\n\nYes, said Turing. In theory, a machine is capable of human-like thought. That technology was still a long way off, but one day, thought Turing, humanity would manage to build an intelligent machine.","bb273777-0022-4aad-b87b-b7944d7cfc7d",[76],{"id":77,"data":78,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"3e16ac7a-2106-4c21-9c1a-cc7501c9dc78",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":79,"multiChoiceCorrect":81,"multiChoiceIncorrect":83,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[80],"In 1950, Alan Turing wondered if machines were capable of thought. What was his conclusion?",[82],"Yes, but the technology was a long way off",[84,85,86],"No, machines would never be capable of thought","Yes, and the technology was already available","The question was impossible to answer",{"id":88,"data":89,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":92},"eaf966e0-124e-490c-80d2-aff581f3d5bc",{"type":34,"contentRole":25,"markdownContent":90,"audioMediaId":91},"In that paper, Turing also suggested a way to check if a machine can think. This check became known as the **Turing Test**. There are a few variations, but one of these tests might look a little something like this.\n\nA human evaluator (C) is told to speak with two participants (A and B) via text. One of these participants is a human; the other is secretly a machine. Afterwards, the evaluator is asked a question: of the two participants, can they tell which one was the machine?\n\n![Graph](image://f2a71601-a499-470f-87b2-e958886ddc71 \"Turing test diagram by Juan Alberto Sánchez Margallo (CC BY 2.5) \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nIf the evaluator struggles to identify the machine, then that machine must have displayed some level of human-like behavior. And in the eyes of Turing, that human-like behavior is evidence of human-like thought.\n\nAt the time, this was all theoretical. No machine could have passed the test. But Turing's writings were still influential. This was the very first time that AI had been discussed in such a detailed, deliberate way.","d7ca40f5-0835-48ef-aa09-37b750c34f65",[93,104,123],{"id":94,"data":95,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":19},"b8b42c8d-2faa-435f-8882-2f98ad057e49",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":96,"multiChoiceCorrect":98,"multiChoiceIncorrect":100,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[97],"In the Turing Test, how is the evaluator meant to tell the difference between human and machine?",[99],"By communicating via text",[101,102,103],"By analyzing their facial expressions","By listening to their voices","By observing their body language",{"id":105,"data":106,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"a78c45c0-bcd1-42a2-b811-a00c3e731f86",{"type":52,"reviewType":107,"spacingBehaviour":34,"matchPairsQuestion":108,"matchPairsPairs":110,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},6,[109],"Match the pairs below:",[111,114,117,120],{"left":112,"right":113,"direction":19},"Charles Babbage","Invented the world's first computer",{"left":115,"right":116,"direction":19},"Ada Lovelace","Argued that computers lack intelligence",{"left":118,"right":119,"direction":19},"Alan Turing","Argued that computers could be intelligent",{"left":121,"right":122,"direction":19},"None of these","Invented the world's first AI",{"id":124,"data":125,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"52ab8c70-cd4a-4e83-87fb-351807bfdb15",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":126,"multiChoiceCorrect":128,"multiChoiceIncorrect":130,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[127],"Was the Analytical Engine ever finished?",[129],"No, due to lack of funding",[131,132,133],"No, due to technical difficulties","No, due to stolen parts","Yes, but it was never tested",{"id":135,"data":136,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":138,"introPage":145,"pages":151},"b72fd3bd-b4f6-47dc-b9ac-465fc11aca9f",{"type":25,"title":137},"AI golden age",{"id":139,"data":140,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"d404c46b-eb6a-4ed8-bd7f-e34903e431fd",{"type":19,"summary":141},[142,143,144],"Logic Theorist (the world's first AI) was designed to solve mathematical problems","Logic Theorist was a big leap forward, and led to the formal establishment of the field of Artificial Intelligence","This marked the start of an AI golden age, with the invention of more models like Eliza (the world's first chatbot) ",{"id":146,"data":147,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"9adac52f-3a00-45a3-8368-9dd10cc281d8",{"type":38,"intro":148},[149,150],"What sparked the beginning of the AI golden age?","What was the world's first AI?",[152,188,205,222],{"id":153,"data":154,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34,"reviews":157},"0cc84290-80b3-4772-a431-fcbf2ab7c672",{"type":34,"contentRole":25,"markdownContent":155,"audioMediaId":156},"In 1950, when Alan Turing was writing his paper about machine intelligence, it was mostly theoretical. No AI models had ever been built – but it wouldn't take long for this to change.\n\nIn 1955, a team of American computer scientists collaborated on a cutting-edge project. Its name was Logic Theorist, and it's generally thought of as the world's very first AI.\n\nLogic Theorist was an Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI), which was designed to solve mathematical problems and establish proofs for famous theorems. This was logical reasoning in action – superficially, at least, Logic Theorist was performing a human-like cognitive process.","e0157ea2-8415-44b3-bdfc-44beda9f784b",[158,177],{"id":159,"data":160,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"37029b16-f9d4-43c1-bac7-30c9382ce308",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"collapsingSiblings":161,"multiChoiceQuestion":165,"multiChoiceCorrect":167,"multiChoiceIncorrect":169,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":173,"matchPairsPairs":174},[162,163,164],"42661e37-7495-436b-a519-6b976d7ba479","14a4785e-81f2-43b7-b271-ba31052cd5c3","dae72ea9-487b-4523-84d4-fe9d3e7511be",[166],"Which of these is generally thought of as the world's first AI?",[168],"Logic Theorist",[170,171,172],"Eliza","Mark I Perceptron","Deep Blue",[109],[175],{"left":168,"right":176,"direction":19},"World's first AI",{"id":178,"data":179,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"6d1c0417-7b4d-4b24-9537-b95dd21d5448",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":180,"multiChoiceCorrect":182,"multiChoiceIncorrect":184,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[181],"What specific task was Logic Theorist programmed to perform?",[183],"Solve mathematical problems",[185,186,187],"Simulate human conversation","Play chess","Translate languages",{"id":189,"data":190,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34,"reviews":193},"7ce1441d-8d18-484f-b502-1a7162a78b18",{"type":34,"contentRole":25,"markdownContent":191,"audioMediaId":192},"Logic Theorist was a big leap forward. And it made people realize something. This emerging field of 'intelligent computers' didn't really have a name.\n\nIn 1956, a group of leading scientists in the United States – including the team who had worked on Logic Theorist – decided to meet up at Dartmouth College, New Hampshire. There, they formally established the field of Artificial Intelligence, and the name has stuck ever since.\n\nAt the Dartmouth Conference, as this event became known, the scientists also came up with some goals for the field. Logic Theorist was just the beginning – they wanted to start building Artificial Intelligences which could use language, self-improve, and think creatively.","f4896e33-89c8-4345-879f-6380fc813afe",[194],{"id":195,"data":196,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"6f34f949-038a-41cb-8d21-25d0cfe97c07",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":197,"multiChoiceCorrect":199,"multiChoiceIncorrect":201,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[198],"At which conference, held in 1956, was the emerging field of Artificial Intelligence officially given a name?",[200],"Dartmouth Conference",[202,203,204],"Harvard Conference","Princeton Conference","Stanford Conference",{"id":206,"data":207,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34,"reviews":210},"ed9691da-f512-4066-be96-5ea4e4c5d18c",{"type":34,"contentRole":25,"markdownContent":208,"audioMediaId":209},"The Dartmouth Conference was followed by an exciting couple of decades, which are sometimes referred to as the AI golden age. Inspired by Logic Theorist, more and more scientists started to build AIs.\n\nMost of these AIs were based on an idea called **symbolic programming**. In simple terms, this meant giving a computer a tree of logical rules. The computer would use this tree of rules to simulate 'reasoning', and 'decision making', and other human-like processes.\n\n![Graph](image://90256d62-b5de-42c7-bb66-bf2944ba30fc \"Example of a tree of rules. (CC0) \u003Chttp://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nLogic Theorist was based on this approach. Another famous example was Eliza, the world’s first AI chatbot. Eliza used symbolic programming to simulate the dialogue of a psychoanalyst, basically just spotting key words and patterns in pieces of text, then generating relevant responses.","148258e3-f3fb-466b-908c-844795e5909b",[211],{"id":163,"data":212,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"collapsingSiblings":213,"multiChoiceQuestion":214,"multiChoiceCorrect":216,"multiChoiceIncorrect":217,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":218,"matchPairsPairs":219},[162,159,164],[215],"Which of these is generally thought of as the world's first AI chatbot?",[170],[168,171,172],[109],[220],{"left":170,"right":221,"direction":19},"World's first chatbot",{"id":223,"data":224,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":227},"7673c001-1757-43ec-be79-bef213ed1d57",{"type":34,"contentRole":25,"markdownContent":225,"audioMediaId":226},"You can still find versions of the Eliza chatbot online. Here's an example of a chat with her:\n\n![Graph](image://c821ae03-be7c-4922-b5db-413334d046af \"A conversation with Eliza.\")\n\nThis dialogue isn't perfect. But it's convincing enough that some people who used Eliza, in the 1960s, came away with the impression that they were speaking to an actual person. In other words, the Eliza chatbot could have potentially passed the Turing Test.","3703bad9-9974-405c-9ae2-ace33d28a7f8",[228,238],{"id":229,"data":230,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"92c55cfc-0523-453c-b0f4-550f359219bd",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":231,"multiChoiceCorrect":233,"multiChoiceIncorrect":234,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[232],"The 1950s and 1960s are often referred to as what?",[137],[235,236,237],"AI spring","AI winter","AI revolution",{"id":239,"data":240,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"29298782-22a8-448a-b00b-b03f63d92817",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":241,"multiChoiceCorrect":243,"multiChoiceIncorrect":245,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[242],"During the AI golden age, most models were based on what approach?",[244],"Symbolic programming",[246,247,248],"Neural networks","Genetic algorithms","Reinforcement learning",{"id":250,"data":251,"type":25,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":252,"introPage":259,"pages":265},"c9b60bd6-a2a0-4215-b8e0-c6c3e25a249a",{"type":25,"title":236},{"id":253,"data":254,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"9c61f1cf-ac95-4407-9196-3e2017cff901",{"type":19,"summary":255},[256,257,258],"After the AI golden age, scientists struggled to make any meaningful progress","This led to a a period called the AI winter, when interest and funding dried up","In 1996, Deep Blue played chess against Garry Kasparov, and won 2 out of 6 games",{"id":260,"data":261,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"4ce4abf0-2eb0-4445-9c40-f74e0e550b72",{"type":38,"intro":262},[263,264],"Why did the AI golden age collapse?","What was Deep Blue, and how did it shock the world?",[266,279,296,311],{"id":267,"data":268,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34,"reviews":271},"0ad9f918-f096-4aa7-a5ee-e364ef20aca7",{"type":34,"contentRole":25,"markdownContent":269,"audioMediaId":270},"As we've already talked about, the 1950s and 60s were a golden age in the history of Artificial Intelligence. These decades saw the birth of the first AI models, not just Logic Theorist and Eliza, but plenty of others too.\n\nAnd it felt like this was only the start. In 1958, the *New York Times* reported that it was a matter of time before an electronic computer would be able to \"walk, talk, see, write, reproduce itself and be conscious of its existence.\"\n\nPeople were excited. People were hyped. Funding flowed in from all directions. But as it turned out... this boom wouldn't last for long.","d2a65b16-070e-46c2-938c-3b32a53e289f",[272],{"id":273,"data":274,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"fed6f58c-1529-4978-bb08-15bb1dde0b6c",{"type":52,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":34,"clozeQuestion":275,"clozeWords":277},[276],"In 1958, the New York Times reported that it was a matter of time before a computer would be \"conscious of its existence.\"",[278],"conscious",{"id":280,"data":281,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34,"reviews":284},"952c7d31-8d95-4872-b3af-01586ab09426",{"type":34,"contentRole":25,"markdownContent":282,"audioMediaId":283},"The problem with early AI models was that they were painfully limited in scope. These were 'narrow' AIs in the strictest sense of that word – and scientists were struggling to build anything more complex or advanced.\n\nIn one famous example, IBM designed an Artificial Intelligence which could translate Russian sentences into English. But it could *only* translate very simple sentences – this AI knew no more than 6 grammatical rules, and 250 words.\n\nOver the next few years, the US government invested almost $20 million into AI translators like this one. But the work never really got anywhere. In 1966, most of this funding was cut.","71655279-7280-4692-ba3f-f7e369688225",[285],{"id":286,"data":287,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"feb0be09-c0fb-4a50-8b44-4d51c276beec",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":288,"multiChoiceCorrect":290,"multiChoiceIncorrect":292,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[289],"What was the main problem with the models being built in the AI golden age?",[291],"They were limited in scope",[293,294,295],"They were too complex","They were badly trained","They didn't work",{"id":297,"data":298,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34,"reviews":301},"7d6cc894-6a31-454b-9da7-df67f383d6d7",{"type":34,"contentRole":25,"markdownContent":299,"audioMediaId":300},"By the 1970s, a lot of people were starting to think that AI was nothing but a gimmick. These models didn't have any real-world uses. They were basically just high-tech toys.\n\nScientists still strove to build something useful. But as hard as they tried, they couldn't manage it. Computing power became a major bottleneck – even when they *thought* of more advanced ideas, the technology wasn't there to support them.\n\nAs more and more people lost interest, and more and more funding dried up, the field entered a period of time which is often called the **AI winter**.\n\n![Graph](image://5e8549b2-ef38-4b15-8b25-2033ae4975af \" \")","6b0dd1db-a66a-4c85-92e5-d509276e14aa",[302],{"id":303,"data":304,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"25b39fa8-305d-4f1d-8827-256e708cb11d",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":305,"multiChoiceCorrect":307,"multiChoiceIncorrect":308,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[306],"The AI golden age was followed by what, as research into Artificial Intelligence stagnated?",[236],[235,309,310],"AI recession","AI autumn",{"id":312,"data":313,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":316},"1b3c0fda-29f8-4084-ad1d-423deab8995a",{"type":34,"contentRole":25,"markdownContent":314,"audioMediaId":315},"The AI winter continued, on and off, all the way into the early 2000s. Though it has to be said, there were still some pretty exciting moments on the way.\n\nFor example, in the spring of 1996, the current chess GrandMaster, Garry Kasparov, played a series of games against an Artificial Intelligence named **Deep Blue**.\n\n![Graph](image://e9a73af4-b95d-4397-9bd6-32b1b539a4f9 \"Gary Kasparov. Copyright 2007, S.M.S.I., Inc. - Owen Williams, The Kasparov Agency. (CC BY-SA 3.0) \u003Chttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nDeep Blue used symbolic programming to evaluate hundreds of thousands of chess positions in a single second, then decide how to make the best move. It played 6 games against Kasparov, and while it did lose 4 of them, it impressively managed to win 2.\n\nThis was an exciting development for Artificial Intelligence. But again, it was a bit of a gimmick. A chess-playing robot was fun in theory, but just like Logic Theorist and the Eliza chatbot, it didn't really have any useful applications in practice.","3eccc0c5-e7af-4459-8021-9aa0b8d7140b",[317,335,354,365,374],{"id":318,"data":319,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"223d5086-2ea3-46ba-9777-723c9e202ef2",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"collapsingSiblings":320,"multiChoiceQuestion":324,"multiChoiceCorrect":326,"multiChoiceIncorrect":328,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":332,"matchPairsPairs":333},[321,322,323],"03c9194d-374d-4729-8424-6a0b3b4c8d4b","f23209c6-ee2a-4ec9-878f-ceb80bd6ebae","ba8ca3b7-3f63-4310-854b-13d0f5acd9f1",[325],"In simple terms, how would you describe symbolic programming?",[327],"Building AI with a tree of logical rules",[329,330,331],"Using symbols to represent equations","Using equations to represent symbols","Building AI with a web of artificial neurons",[109],[334],{"left":327,"right":244,"direction":19},{"id":336,"data":337,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":19},"ebe7001b-03fa-4e1c-a146-185849d6a729",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"collapsingSiblings":338,"multiChoiceQuestion":342,"multiChoiceCorrect":344,"multiChoiceIncorrect":346,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":350,"matchPairsPairs":351},[339,340,341],"ada192e0-586e-485b-85f7-f1aa3896e776","e97e3df6-3f86-4e78-b7e3-2c0cf09033b4","60c54579-7ff0-4106-8349-2b965cc0f663",[343],"Which Chess Grandmaster played against Deep Blue in 1996?",[345],"Garry Kasparov",[347,348,349],"Bobby Fischer","Anatoly Karpov","Vladimir Kramnik",[109],[352],{"left":345,"right":353,"direction":19},"Played chess against Deep Blue",{"id":355,"data":356,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"705d8441-5dc2-439f-b946-6a29356278a6",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":357,"multiChoiceCorrect":359,"multiChoiceIncorrect":361,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[358],"During the AI golden age, IBM made a Russian-to-English translator. But this model was limited to how many words?",[360],"250",[362,363,364],"500","1000","1500",{"id":366,"data":367,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"75fba60b-4484-41f0-9437-3aad39bdb228",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":34,"binaryQuestion":368,"binaryCorrect":370,"binaryIncorrect":372},[369],"How many games did Deep Blue lose to Garry Kasparov in 1996?",[371],"4",[373],"2",{"id":375,"data":376,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"89e3cc69-4bcd-4a61-80af-1002635c4fb3",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":34,"binaryQuestion":377,"binaryCorrect":379,"binaryIncorrect":380},[378],"How many games did Deep Blue win against Garry Kasparov in 1996?",[373],[371],{"id":382,"data":383,"type":25,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":384,"introPage":391,"pages":397},"d2ece187-aec5-4da0-94dd-7df9307e0b9a",{"type":25,"title":235},{"id":385,"data":386,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"970843fa-20cf-444d-b98e-038c23e2352a",{"type":19,"summary":387},[388,389,390],"In 2016, AlphaGo achieved a 4-1 win against Go master Lee Sedol in Korea","AlphaGo used a neural network, which was a powerful new type of AI","AlphaGo marked the start of the AI spring – a period we're still living through now",{"id":392,"data":393,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"e8cc373a-5050-4c16-bd58-ff83fa74e9e2",{"type":38,"intro":394},[395,396],"What are neural networks, and why are they so important?","What marked the start of the modern AI spring?",[398,419,432,446],{"id":399,"data":400,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34,"reviews":403},"df6c62f4-d211-47ff-91d6-c24cd8769b4d",{"type":34,"contentRole":25,"markdownContent":401,"audioMediaId":402},"In 2016, exactly twenty years after Deep Blue faced off against Gary Kasparov, a research laboratory named Google DeepMind successfully developed an exciting new AI.\n\nThe name of this AI was **AlphaGo** – and it was designed to play the Chinese game of Go. While the world looked on, it went head-to-head against revered Go master, Lee Sedol, in Korea.\n\n![Graph](image://fb1b34d4-f0f5-47ec-9f66-d81810ee0d13 \"AlphaGo playing Go. Image: Axd (CC BY-SA 4.0) \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe game of Go is extremely complex, and much harder to play than chess. Because of this, most people predicted a landslide victory for Lee. But instead, to everyone's general amazement, AlphaGo achieved a stunning 4-1 win.","0d2cda62-2f6e-4902-91e9-115d93acf930",[404],{"id":340,"data":405,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"collapsingSiblings":406,"multiChoiceQuestion":407,"multiChoiceCorrect":409,"multiChoiceIncorrect":411,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":415,"matchPairsPairs":416},[339,336,341],[408],"In 2016, AlphaGo shocked the world when it defeated which revered Go master?",[410],"Lee Sedol",[412,413,414],"Ke Jie","Fan Hui","Cho Chikun",[109],[417],{"left":410,"right":418,"direction":19},"Played Go against AlphaGo",{"id":420,"data":421,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34,"reviews":424},"b78c75b9-eb2b-4afb-ab13-431522e9c793",{"type":34,"contentRole":25,"markdownContent":422,"audioMediaId":423},"Now, it's important to understand that AlphaGo and Deep Blue were two different types of AI. As we've already talked about, Deep Blue relied on symbolic programming – a tree of commands and rules.\n\nBut AlphaGo relied on something called a **neural network**. We'll talk more about these a bit later. But in simple terms, a neural network is a web of artificial neurons. These artificial neurons are linked together by thousands of connections, just like a human brain.\n\nAgain, we'll get into the details later. But here's the important part (for now): this type of AI is a lot more advanced, and a lot more powerful, than traditional symbolic programming.","1c8f73e5-3baa-44e1-9d70-83a454c0ccae",[425],{"id":426,"data":427,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"582bbece-f935-4a73-b7dd-1ee0d482ed51",{"type":52,"reviewType":34,"spacingBehaviour":34,"activeRecallQuestion":428,"activeRecallAnswers":430},[429],"Deep Blue was built around symbolic programming. But what approach was used for AlphaGo?",[431],"Neural network",{"id":433,"data":434,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34,"reviews":437},"58ad7eee-d5c2-464b-a18e-150dc11932d9",{"type":34,"contentRole":25,"markdownContent":435,"audioMediaId":436},"For a lot of people, the success of AlphaGo came to symbolize the end of the AI winter. This was the start of an exciting new period often known as the **AI spring**.\n\nHere's the thing. Neural networks weren't a new idea. Like symbolic programming, they'd been around since the 1950s. But it was only now that computing power was advanced enough to properly unlock their potential.\n\nAlong with AlphaGo, neural networks have also been used to build AI models like ChatGPT. It's like the Eliza chatbot, but *significantly* better – it's so good at generating human-like text that millions of people now use it to help with day-to-day writing tasks.","619d7fb3-b973-44c8-9642-0f6733e22c2b",[438],{"id":439,"data":440,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"bb7c05c7-7d80-4ae1-9f6d-088bec4d2933",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":441,"multiChoiceCorrect":443,"multiChoiceIncorrect":444,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[442],"The success of AlphaGo is often seen as the start of what era?",[235],[445,236,137],"AI summer",{"id":447,"data":448,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34,"reviews":451},"849a3e24-e72a-4b45-abb8-99c88251d708",{"type":34,"contentRole":25,"markdownContent":449,"audioMediaId":450},"Along with ChatGPT, the AI spring has also seen other exciting leaps forward in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Google, for example, is building self-driving cars, which use specialized sensors to 'look' at their surroundings, and make sure that they're driving safely.\n\n![Graph](image://31aa36c5-f9a3-47af-95e7-b474d039df67 \"Waymo self-driving car side view. Image by Grendelkhan (CC BY-SA 4.0) \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nIn the field of medicine, AI can be used to analyze x-rays, to develop new treatments, to invent new vaccines and drugs. In business and banking, it can be used to interpret vast amounts of data.\n\nAnd don't forget about education! At Kinnu, our researchers are investigating ways to use AI to make the learning experience more adaptive, more high quality, and more accessible.\n\nOne thing's for certain: this field has come an awfully long way since the days of Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace. Artificial Intelligence is real, and it's here, and the world won't ever be the same.","c9d90008-5a12-4b1c-ba15-3827aaa4e48c",[452,459],{"id":453,"data":454,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"eb2cb323-e8f2-423b-a3f8-baadfa8b6dbc",{"type":52,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":34,"clozeQuestion":455,"clozeWords":457},[456],"In simple terms, a neural network is a web of artificial neurons.",[458],"neurons",{"id":460,"data":461,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"28c3974a-6ea2-40e0-b9b4-fd1b617499da",{"type":52,"reviewType":107,"spacingBehaviour":34,"matchPairsQuestion":462,"matchPairsPairs":464,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},[463],"Which of these models would you associate with which era?",[465,466,467,469],{"left":170,"right":137,"direction":19},{"left":172,"right":236,"direction":19},{"left":468,"right":235,"direction":19},"ChatGPT",{"left":56,"right":121,"direction":19},[471,645,753,895],{"id":23,"data":24,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":27,"introPage":35,"pages":472},[473,519,557,602],{"id":44,"data":45,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34,"reviews":48,"parsed":474},{"data":475,"body":478,"toc":517},{"title":476,"description":477},"","For most of this pathway, you'll be learning about the technical details of AI. But before we get into all that, we'd like to set the scene with a little bit of AI history. No, we're not talking about Talos this time. Instead, we're jumping back to a machine called the analytical engine.",{"type":479,"children":480},"root",[481,497,507,512],{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":484,"children":485},"element","p",{},[486,489,495],{"type":487,"value":488},"text","For most of this pathway, you'll be learning about the technical details of AI. But before we get into all that, we'd like to set the scene with a little bit of AI history. No, we're not talking about Talos this time. Instead, we're jumping back to a machine called the ",{"type":482,"tag":490,"props":491,"children":492},"strong",{},[493],{"type":487,"value":494},"analytical engine",{"type":487,"value":496},".",{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":498,"children":499},{},[500],{"type":482,"tag":501,"props":502,"children":506},"img",{"alt":503,"src":504,"title":505},"Graph","image://e4cf5b2f-2ae9-4f41-8632-aa9ecb3830bb","Analytical Engine. Label QS:Len,\"Babbage's Analytical Engine\" by Charles Babbage (CC BY-SA 2.0) \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":508,"children":509},{},[510],{"type":487,"value":511},"The analytical engine was the world's first computer. It was invented by Charles Babbage, an English engineer, towards the start of the 1800s. You could feed it punched cards, which functioned like programmes, and it would respond with a printed answer.",{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":513,"children":514},{},[515],{"type":487,"value":516},"At least, that's what was meant to happen. In the end, Charles Babbage ran out of funding, and never got to finish the project. But the theory behind it was solid. And it got people wondering about something: if the engine had actually been finished, would it have counted as 'intelligent', or not?",{"title":476,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":518},[],{"id":58,"data":59,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34,"reviews":62,"parsed":520},{"data":521,"body":523,"toc":555},{"title":476,"description":522},"While Babbage was working on his analytical engine, he was supported by Augusta Ada King: mathematician, writer, computer programmer, and respectable Countess of Lovelace.",{"type":479,"children":524},[525,537,542,547],{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":526,"children":527},{},[528,530,535],{"type":487,"value":529},"While Babbage was working on his analytical engine, he was supported by ",{"type":482,"tag":490,"props":531,"children":532},{},[533],{"type":487,"value":534},"Augusta Ada King",{"type":487,"value":536},": mathematician, writer, computer programmer, and respectable Countess of Lovelace.",{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":538,"children":539},{},[540],{"type":487,"value":541},"Ada Lovelace (as she's often known) wrote extensive notes about the analytical engine's capabilities. And in 1843, she made an important observation: \"the analytical engine has no pretensions whatsoever to originate anything. It can do whatever we know how to order it to perform.\"",{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":543,"children":544},{},[545],{"type":487,"value":546},"In other words, she was touching upon that modern distinction between computing and artificial intelligence. The analytical engine wasn't 'intelligent', because it could only follow pre-programmed instructions, as opposed to taking the human-like step of 'originating' something new.",{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":548,"children":549},{},[550],{"type":482,"tag":501,"props":551,"children":554},{"alt":503,"src":552,"title":553},"image://e4e4647a-666b-4d99-ae2d-ca58bf6de21f","Portrait of Ada King, Countess of Lovelace. (Public domain), via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"title":476,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":556},[],{"id":71,"data":72,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34,"reviews":75,"parsed":558},{"data":559,"body":561,"toc":600},{"title":476,"description":560},"Almost a hundred years after Ada Lovelace, a new figure pushed to the forefront of computing, and picked up the question of artificial intelligence. His name was Alan Turing – in a lot of ways, we might think of him as the father of modern AI.",{"type":479,"children":562},[563,574,582,595],{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":564,"children":565},{},[566,568,572],{"type":487,"value":567},"Almost a hundred years after Ada Lovelace, a new figure pushed to the forefront of computing, and picked up the question of artificial intelligence. His name was ",{"type":482,"tag":490,"props":569,"children":570},{},[571],{"type":487,"value":118},{"type":487,"value":573}," – in a lot of ways, we might think of him as the father of modern AI.",{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":575,"children":576},{},[577],{"type":482,"tag":501,"props":578,"children":581},{"alt":503,"src":579,"title":580},"image://3bbc0879-38da-4e80-8d15-534841dcf4cc","Alan Turing (1912-1954) in 1936 at Princeton University (b&w) (Public domain), via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":583,"children":584},{},[585,587,593],{"type":487,"value":586},"In 1950, he published a paper titled ",{"type":482,"tag":588,"props":589,"children":590},"em",{},[591],{"type":487,"value":592},"Computing Machinery and Intelligence",{"type":487,"value":594},". In this paper, he wanted to consider the question: are machines capable of thought?",{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":596,"children":597},{},[598],{"type":487,"value":599},"Yes, said Turing. In theory, a machine is capable of human-like thought. That technology was still a long way off, but one day, thought Turing, humanity would manage to build an intelligent machine.",{"title":476,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":601},[],{"id":88,"data":89,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":92,"parsed":603},{"data":604,"body":606,"toc":643},{"title":476,"description":605},"In that paper, Turing also suggested a way to check if a machine can think. This check became known as the Turing Test. There are a few variations, but one of these tests might look a little something like this.",{"type":479,"children":607},[608,620,625,633,638],{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":609,"children":610},{},[611,613,618],{"type":487,"value":612},"In that paper, Turing also suggested a way to check if a machine can think. This check became known as the ",{"type":482,"tag":490,"props":614,"children":615},{},[616],{"type":487,"value":617},"Turing Test",{"type":487,"value":619},". There are a few variations, but one of these tests might look a little something like this.",{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":621,"children":622},{},[623],{"type":487,"value":624},"A human evaluator (C) is told to speak with two participants (A and B) via text. One of these participants is a human; the other is secretly a machine. Afterwards, the evaluator is asked a question: of the two participants, can they tell which one was the machine?",{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":626,"children":627},{},[628],{"type":482,"tag":501,"props":629,"children":632},{"alt":503,"src":630,"title":631},"image://f2a71601-a499-470f-87b2-e958886ddc71","Turing test diagram by Juan Alberto Sánchez Margallo (CC BY 2.5) \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5>, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":634,"children":635},{},[636],{"type":487,"value":637},"If the evaluator struggles to identify the machine, then that machine must have displayed some level of human-like behavior. And in the eyes of Turing, that human-like behavior is evidence of human-like thought.",{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":639,"children":640},{},[641],{"type":487,"value":642},"At the time, this was all theoretical. No machine could have passed the test. But Turing's writings were still influential. This was the very first time that AI had been discussed in such a detailed, deliberate way.",{"title":476,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":644},[],{"id":135,"data":136,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":138,"introPage":145,"pages":646},[647,669,691,728],{"id":153,"data":154,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34,"reviews":157,"parsed":648},{"data":649,"body":651,"toc":667},{"title":476,"description":650},"In 1950, when Alan Turing was writing his paper about machine intelligence, it was mostly theoretical. No AI models had ever been built – but it wouldn't take long for this to change.",{"type":479,"children":652},[653,657,662],{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":654,"children":655},{},[656],{"type":487,"value":650},{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":658,"children":659},{},[660],{"type":487,"value":661},"In 1955, a team of American computer scientists collaborated on a cutting-edge project. Its name was Logic Theorist, and it's generally thought of as the world's very first AI.",{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":663,"children":664},{},[665],{"type":487,"value":666},"Logic Theorist was an Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI), which was designed to solve mathematical problems and establish proofs for famous theorems. This was logical reasoning in action – superficially, at least, Logic Theorist was performing a human-like cognitive process.",{"title":476,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":668},[],{"id":189,"data":190,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34,"reviews":193,"parsed":670},{"data":671,"body":673,"toc":689},{"title":476,"description":672},"Logic Theorist was a big leap forward. And it made people realize something. This emerging field of 'intelligent computers' didn't really have a name.",{"type":479,"children":674},[675,679,684],{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":676,"children":677},{},[678],{"type":487,"value":672},{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":680,"children":681},{},[682],{"type":487,"value":683},"In 1956, a group of leading scientists in the United States – including the team who had worked on Logic Theorist – decided to meet up at Dartmouth College, New Hampshire. There, they formally established the field of Artificial Intelligence, and the name has stuck ever since.",{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":685,"children":686},{},[687],{"type":487,"value":688},"At the Dartmouth Conference, as this event became known, the scientists also came up with some goals for the field. Logic Theorist was just the beginning – they wanted to start building Artificial Intelligences which could use language, self-improve, and think creatively.",{"title":476,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":690},[],{"id":206,"data":207,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34,"reviews":210,"parsed":692},{"data":693,"body":695,"toc":726},{"title":476,"description":694},"The Dartmouth Conference was followed by an exciting couple of decades, which are sometimes referred to as the AI golden age. Inspired by Logic Theorist, more and more scientists started to build AIs.",{"type":479,"children":696},[697,701,713,721],{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":698,"children":699},{},[700],{"type":487,"value":694},{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":702,"children":703},{},[704,706,711],{"type":487,"value":705},"Most of these AIs were based on an idea called ",{"type":482,"tag":490,"props":707,"children":708},{},[709],{"type":487,"value":710},"symbolic programming",{"type":487,"value":712},". In simple terms, this meant giving a computer a tree of logical rules. The computer would use this tree of rules to simulate 'reasoning', and 'decision making', and other human-like processes.",{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":714,"children":715},{},[716],{"type":482,"tag":501,"props":717,"children":720},{"alt":503,"src":718,"title":719},"image://90256d62-b5de-42c7-bb66-bf2944ba30fc","Example of a tree of rules. (CC0) \u003Chttp://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en>, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":722,"children":723},{},[724],{"type":487,"value":725},"Logic Theorist was based on this approach. Another famous example was Eliza, the world’s first AI chatbot. Eliza used symbolic programming to simulate the dialogue of a psychoanalyst, basically just spotting key words and patterns in pieces of text, then generating relevant responses.",{"title":476,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":727},[],{"id":223,"data":224,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":227,"parsed":729},{"data":730,"body":732,"toc":751},{"title":476,"description":731},"You can still find versions of the Eliza chatbot online. Here's an example of a chat with her:",{"type":479,"children":733},[734,738,746],{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":735,"children":736},{},[737],{"type":487,"value":731},{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":739,"children":740},{},[741],{"type":482,"tag":501,"props":742,"children":745},{"alt":503,"src":743,"title":744},"image://c821ae03-be7c-4922-b5db-413334d046af","A conversation with Eliza.",[],{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":747,"children":748},{},[749],{"type":487,"value":750},"This dialogue isn't perfect. But it's convincing enough that some people who used Eliza, in the 1960s, came away with the impression that they were speaking to an actual person. In other words, the Eliza chatbot could have potentially passed the Turing Test.",{"title":476,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":752},[],{"id":250,"data":251,"type":25,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":252,"introPage":259,"pages":754},[755,784,813,855],{"id":267,"data":268,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34,"reviews":271,"parsed":756},{"data":757,"body":759,"toc":782},{"title":476,"description":758},"As we've already talked about, the 1950s and 60s were a golden age in the history of Artificial Intelligence. These decades saw the birth of the first AI models, not just Logic Theorist and Eliza, but plenty of others too.",{"type":479,"children":760},[761,765,777],{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":762,"children":763},{},[764],{"type":487,"value":758},{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":766,"children":767},{},[768,770,775],{"type":487,"value":769},"And it felt like this was only the start. In 1958, the ",{"type":482,"tag":588,"props":771,"children":772},{},[773],{"type":487,"value":774},"New York Times",{"type":487,"value":776}," reported that it was a matter of time before an electronic computer would be able to \"walk, talk, see, write, reproduce itself and be conscious of its existence.\"",{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":778,"children":779},{},[780],{"type":487,"value":781},"People were excited. People were hyped. Funding flowed in from all directions. But as it turned out... this boom wouldn't last for long.",{"title":476,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":783},[],{"id":280,"data":281,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34,"reviews":284,"parsed":785},{"data":786,"body":788,"toc":811},{"title":476,"description":787},"The problem with early AI models was that they were painfully limited in scope. These were 'narrow' AIs in the strictest sense of that word – and scientists were struggling to build anything more complex or advanced.",{"type":479,"children":789},[790,794,806],{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":791,"children":792},{},[793],{"type":487,"value":787},{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":795,"children":796},{},[797,799,804],{"type":487,"value":798},"In one famous example, IBM designed an Artificial Intelligence which could translate Russian sentences into English. But it could ",{"type":482,"tag":588,"props":800,"children":801},{},[802],{"type":487,"value":803},"only",{"type":487,"value":805}," translate very simple sentences – this AI knew no more than 6 grammatical rules, and 250 words.",{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":807,"children":808},{},[809],{"type":487,"value":810},"Over the next few years, the US government invested almost $20 million into AI translators like this one. But the work never really got anywhere. In 1966, most of this funding was cut.",{"title":476,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":812},[],{"id":297,"data":298,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34,"reviews":301,"parsed":814},{"data":815,"body":817,"toc":853},{"title":476,"description":816},"By the 1970s, a lot of people were starting to think that AI was nothing but a gimmick. These models didn't have any real-world uses. They were basically just high-tech toys.",{"type":479,"children":818},[819,823,835,845],{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":820,"children":821},{},[822],{"type":487,"value":816},{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":824,"children":825},{},[826,828,833],{"type":487,"value":827},"Scientists still strove to build something useful. But as hard as they tried, they couldn't manage it. Computing power became a major bottleneck – even when they ",{"type":482,"tag":588,"props":829,"children":830},{},[831],{"type":487,"value":832},"thought",{"type":487,"value":834}," of more advanced ideas, the technology wasn't there to support them.",{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":836,"children":837},{},[838,840,844],{"type":487,"value":839},"As more and more people lost interest, and more and more funding dried up, the field entered a period of time which is often called the ",{"type":482,"tag":490,"props":841,"children":842},{},[843],{"type":487,"value":236},{"type":487,"value":496},{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":846,"children":847},{},[848],{"type":482,"tag":501,"props":849,"children":852},{"alt":503,"src":850,"title":851},"image://5e8549b2-ef38-4b15-8b25-2033ae4975af"," ",[],{"title":476,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":854},[],{"id":312,"data":313,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":316,"parsed":856},{"data":857,"body":859,"toc":893},{"title":476,"description":858},"The AI winter continued, on and off, all the way into the early 2000s. Though it has to be said, there were still some pretty exciting moments on the way.",{"type":479,"children":860},[861,865,875,883,888],{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":862,"children":863},{},[864],{"type":487,"value":858},{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":866,"children":867},{},[868,870,874],{"type":487,"value":869},"For example, in the spring of 1996, the current chess GrandMaster, Garry Kasparov, played a series of games against an Artificial Intelligence named ",{"type":482,"tag":490,"props":871,"children":872},{},[873],{"type":487,"value":172},{"type":487,"value":496},{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":876,"children":877},{},[878],{"type":482,"tag":501,"props":879,"children":882},{"alt":503,"src":880,"title":881},"image://e9a73af4-b95d-4397-9bd6-32b1b539a4f9","Gary Kasparov. Copyright 2007, S.M.S.I., Inc. - Owen Williams, The Kasparov Agency. (CC BY-SA 3.0) \u003Chttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/>, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":884,"children":885},{},[886],{"type":487,"value":887},"Deep Blue used symbolic programming to evaluate hundreds of thousands of chess positions in a single second, then decide how to make the best move. It played 6 games against Kasparov, and while it did lose 4 of them, it impressively managed to win 2.",{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":889,"children":890},{},[891],{"type":487,"value":892},"This was an exciting development for Artificial Intelligence. But again, it was a bit of a gimmick. A chess-playing robot was fun in theory, but just like Logic Theorist and the Eliza chatbot, it didn't really have any useful applications in practice.",{"title":476,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":894},[],{"id":382,"data":383,"type":25,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":384,"introPage":391,"pages":896},[897,934,963,998],{"id":399,"data":400,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34,"reviews":403,"parsed":898},{"data":899,"body":901,"toc":932},{"title":476,"description":900},"In 2016, exactly twenty years after Deep Blue faced off against Gary Kasparov, a research laboratory named Google DeepMind successfully developed an exciting new AI.",{"type":479,"children":902},[903,907,919,927],{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":904,"children":905},{},[906],{"type":487,"value":900},{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":908,"children":909},{},[910,912,917],{"type":487,"value":911},"The name of this AI was ",{"type":482,"tag":490,"props":913,"children":914},{},[915],{"type":487,"value":916},"AlphaGo",{"type":487,"value":918}," – and it was designed to play the Chinese game of Go. While the world looked on, it went head-to-head against revered Go master, Lee Sedol, in Korea.",{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":920,"children":921},{},[922],{"type":482,"tag":501,"props":923,"children":926},{"alt":503,"src":924,"title":925},"image://fb1b34d4-f0f5-47ec-9f66-d81810ee0d13","AlphaGo playing Go. Image: Axd (CC BY-SA 4.0) \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":928,"children":929},{},[930],{"type":487,"value":931},"The game of Go is extremely complex, and much harder to play than chess. Because of this, most people predicted a landslide victory for Lee. But instead, to everyone's general amazement, AlphaGo achieved a stunning 4-1 win.",{"title":476,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":933},[],{"id":420,"data":421,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34,"reviews":424,"parsed":935},{"data":936,"body":938,"toc":961},{"title":476,"description":937},"Now, it's important to understand that AlphaGo and Deep Blue were two different types of AI. As we've already talked about, Deep Blue relied on symbolic programming – a tree of commands and rules.",{"type":479,"children":939},[940,944,956],{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":941,"children":942},{},[943],{"type":487,"value":937},{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":945,"children":946},{},[947,949,954],{"type":487,"value":948},"But AlphaGo relied on something called a ",{"type":482,"tag":490,"props":950,"children":951},{},[952],{"type":487,"value":953},"neural network",{"type":487,"value":955},". We'll talk more about these a bit later. But in simple terms, a neural network is a web of artificial neurons. These artificial neurons are linked together by thousands of connections, just like a human brain.",{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":957,"children":958},{},[959],{"type":487,"value":960},"Again, we'll get into the details later. But here's the important part (for now): this type of AI is a lot more advanced, and a lot more powerful, than traditional symbolic programming.",{"title":476,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":962},[],{"id":433,"data":434,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34,"reviews":437,"parsed":964},{"data":965,"body":967,"toc":996},{"title":476,"description":966},"For a lot of people, the success of AlphaGo came to symbolize the end of the AI winter. This was the start of an exciting new period often known as the AI spring.",{"type":479,"children":968},[969,979,984],{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":970,"children":971},{},[972,974,978],{"type":487,"value":973},"For a lot of people, the success of AlphaGo came to symbolize the end of the AI winter. This was the start of an exciting new period often known as the ",{"type":482,"tag":490,"props":975,"children":976},{},[977],{"type":487,"value":235},{"type":487,"value":496},{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":980,"children":981},{},[982],{"type":487,"value":983},"Here's the thing. Neural networks weren't a new idea. Like symbolic programming, they'd been around since the 1950s. But it was only now that computing power was advanced enough to properly unlock their potential.",{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":985,"children":986},{},[987,989,994],{"type":487,"value":988},"Along with AlphaGo, neural networks have also been used to build AI models like ChatGPT. It's like the Eliza chatbot, but ",{"type":482,"tag":588,"props":990,"children":991},{},[992],{"type":487,"value":993},"significantly",{"type":487,"value":995}," better – it's so good at generating human-like text that millions of people now use it to help with day-to-day writing tasks.",{"title":476,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":997},[],{"id":447,"data":448,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34,"reviews":451,"parsed":999},{"data":1000,"body":1002,"toc":1031},{"title":476,"description":1001},"Along with ChatGPT, the AI spring has also seen other exciting leaps forward in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Google, for example, is building self-driving cars, which use specialized sensors to 'look' at their surroundings, and make sure that they're driving safely.",{"type":479,"children":1003},[1004,1008,1016,1021,1026],{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":1005,"children":1006},{},[1007],{"type":487,"value":1001},{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":1009,"children":1010},{},[1011],{"type":482,"tag":501,"props":1012,"children":1015},{"alt":503,"src":1013,"title":1014},"image://31aa36c5-f9a3-47af-95e7-b474d039df67","Waymo self-driving car side view. Image by Grendelkhan (CC BY-SA 4.0) \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":1017,"children":1018},{},[1019],{"type":487,"value":1020},"In the field of medicine, AI can be used to analyze x-rays, to develop new treatments, to invent new vaccines and drugs. In business and banking, it can be used to interpret vast amounts of data.",{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":1022,"children":1023},{},[1024],{"type":487,"value":1025},"And don't forget about education! At Kinnu, our researchers are investigating ways to use AI to make the learning experience more adaptive, more high quality, and more accessible.",{"type":482,"tag":483,"props":1027,"children":1028},{},[1029],{"type":487,"value":1030},"One thing's for certain: this field has come an awfully long way since the days of Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace. Artificial Intelligence is real, and it's here, and the world won't ever be the same.",{"title":476,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":1032},[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":1034,"height":1034,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":1035},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":1034,"height":1034,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":1037},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M4 5h16M4 12h16M4 19h16\"/>",1778179448957]