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Frankenstein Complex",{"id":37,"data":38,"type":39,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":27},"60f60b87-f0cc-4c39-a3ac-0d9f1c4fefc4",{"type":39,"intro":40},10,[41,42],"What is the definition of a robot?","Is it normal to feel uneasy around robots?",[44,49,63,80],{"id":45,"data":46,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":27},"041601b1-c59b-4027-9488-102d58b192dd",{"type":27,"contentRole":25,"markdownContent":47,"audioMediaId":48},"It probably feels like a while ago now. But right at the start of this entire pathway, we talked about Talos – that automated giant, made entirely of bronze, which appeared in Greek mythology.\n\n![Graph](image://1709b7e2-6a74-4ca1-8a57-d5c90365c060 \"An AI generated image.\")\n\nThere's something quite distinct about Talos. Something that really sets him apart from most of the real-life AI models we've discussed in this pathway so far. Models like AlphaGo, and ChatGPT, and Midjourney, and Logic Theorist, and so on.\n\nTalos has a physical body. He can pick up stones, he can walk about, he can tangibly interact with the world. In other words, Talos is a **robot**.\n\nAt least, he would be, if he'd actually existed.","9e4e1e12-2a6c-43ea-a4e9-0070072e0754",{"id":50,"data":51,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":27,"reviews":54},"f7777093-f5a1-4a75-9d5e-9c98f5591dc5",{"type":27,"contentRole":25,"markdownContent":52,"audioMediaId":53},"A modern robot might be defined as follows: a physical machine, performing physical tasks, which impact the physical world. Another popular term is **embodied AI** – that's an AI model with some kind of physical body.\n\nAs we said, a lot of modern models don't fit this definition. ChatGPT lacks a physical body. There's no way for it to physically type, or to use a pen and paper.\n\nBut that doesn't mean that robots don't exist.\n\nJust think of NASA’s Perseverance rover. It's currently using an AI system to physically explore and physically interact with the surface of the planet Mars. Many factories are now using robots too, to assemble products and transport items around.\n\n![Graph](image://52db0336-3711-491d-abf9-bb6f2cd9f680 \"Perseverance rover. Image: (Public domain), via Wikimedia Commons\")","372f1413-33e9-4c50-8fb1-80e44ba2dfdd",[55],{"id":56,"data":57,"type":58,"version":27,"maxContentLevel":28},"c918d6d9-dd02-45a2-8631-49efee144726",{"type":58,"reviewType":27,"spacingBehaviour":27,"activeRecallQuestion":59,"activeRecallAnswers":61},11,[60],"What's the modern definition of a robot?",[62],"A physical machine, performing physical tasks, which impact the physical world",{"id":64,"data":65,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":27,"reviews":68},"625e7c27-0e3a-4264-8260-35c48f6fe939",{"type":27,"contentRole":25,"markdownContent":66,"audioMediaId":67},"Factory robots, and other similar machines, are a relatively modern invention. And if you talk to people, these robots actually make a lot of people nervous.\n\nAccording to Isaac Asimov – a celebrated science fiction writer, who wrote extensively about robots during the twentieth century – humans are intrinsically frightened of intelligent machines. We fear that robots will rise up and attack us, something which a disembodied AI (like ChatGPT) wouldn't possibly be able to do.\n\nAsimov called this the **Frankenstein Complex**: the fear that robots will turn against us, just like the monster in *Frankenstein* turned against his creator.","519602b1-4334-4a71-b7d3-fd07c1fa0bf1",[69],{"id":70,"data":71,"type":58,"version":27,"maxContentLevel":28},"793f6954-c698-4502-971f-c6be2cb98512",{"type":58,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":27,"multiChoiceQuestion":72,"multiChoiceCorrect":74,"multiChoiceIncorrect":76,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[73],"Isaac Asimov theorized that humans are intrinsically frightened of robots. What did he call this fear?",[75],"Frankenstein Complex",[77,78,79],"Talos Complex","Frankenstein Syndrome","Talos Syndrome",{"id":81,"data":82,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":27,"reviews":85},"32d68599-475a-4285-8fe5-be7baf8ec6f1",{"type":27,"contentRole":25,"markdownContent":83,"audioMediaId":84},"Of course, the idea of a robot turning against us isn't really realistic. At least, not with the robots which are currently being used.\n\nEmbodied or otherwise, these are still Artificial Narrow Intelligence models. All they can do is perform the tasks they were originally designed for, like fitting two pieces of metal together, or moving a box from point A to point B. They can't make the leap to 'vengeance' or 'violence' – that's not what they were built to do.\n\nIn other words, it's best to view robotics as an exciting technology, not a worrying one. As things stand, the idea of a robot uprising isn't a valid concern.\n\n![Graph](image://6984d3f6-a543-427b-a990-aa883c5285a9 \"Robot non-vengefully sawing. By Luka Peternel (CC BY-SA 4.0) \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")","46c9fb98-ba7c-4af7-ab49-e2056cb58a33",[86,97],{"id":87,"data":88,"type":58,"version":27,"maxContentLevel":28},"1b10426c-347c-4f27-a6b8-618b998313ea",{"type":58,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":27,"multiChoiceQuestion":89,"multiChoiceCorrect":91,"multiChoiceIncorrect":93,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[90],"Which of these is an alternative term for a robot?",[92],"Embodied AI",[94,95,96],"Corporeal AI","Externalized AI","Material AI",{"id":98,"data":99,"type":58,"version":27,"maxContentLevel":28},"09422361-4ec8-43e1-b7b9-56522a681e0f",{"type":58,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":27,"multiChoiceQuestion":100,"multiChoiceCorrect":102,"multiChoiceIncorrect":105,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":109,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[101],"Which of these are real-life examples of robots?",[103,104],"NASA's Perseverance rover","Factory robots",[106,107,108],"Talos","ChatGPT","Midjourney",true,{"id":111,"data":112,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":114,"introPage":121,"pages":127},"c0f4938d-92c0-4c0e-921c-c61e7805610d",{"type":25,"title":113},"Robotic bodies",{"id":115,"data":116,"type":28,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":27},"2366ac52-3383-49e3-80a8-45723271085e",{"type":28,"summary":117},[118,119,120],"Humanoid robots look like humans, while non-humanoid robots can take on various forms","Humanoid robots are mainly used for research and entertainment","Non-humanoid robots include industrial robots and Automated Guided Vehicles",{"id":122,"data":123,"type":39,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25},"1ec01c5e-9344-469a-b925-156b3899104c",{"type":39,"intro":124},[125,126],"What are humanoid robots primarily used for?","What are non-humanoid robots used for?",[128,165,187,204],{"id":129,"data":130,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":133},"cf962ff8-6d5e-407a-a158-24658115f45a",{"type":27,"contentRole":25,"markdownContent":131,"audioMediaId":132},"As we talked about last time, a robot is defined by its physical body. That's what sets it apart from disembodied AIs like ChatGPT or AlphaGo. But we haven't talked about how these bodies actually work.\n\nAn **effector** is the part of a robot's body that actually performs an action. For example, it might have a gripper (for picking up objects), a drill (for cutting through metal), or a wheel (for moving around).\n\nAn **actuator**, on the other hand, provides the physical force that allows an effector to move. For example, it might use an electric motor to turn its wheels, or a pneumatic (compressed air) system that forces its gripper to close.","7aa8f38b-8597-4fed-969d-932474af21d9",[134,154],{"id":135,"data":136,"type":58,"version":27,"maxContentLevel":28},"9ee9668b-96fd-4dd0-9dcf-8f4ab8e40111",{"type":58,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":27,"collapsingSiblings":137,"multiChoiceQuestion":141,"multiChoiceCorrect":143,"multiChoiceIncorrect":145,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":149,"matchPairsPairs":151},[138,139,140],"7e7ae376-1c24-4dfd-863b-9afbebc6a364","ba4e79ac-ecb6-4193-a7e9-dd48e8280af9","1cb45017-3c6a-430b-8344-a2c9984a91af",[142],"What do we call the part of a robot that performs an action?",[144],"Effector",[146,147,148],"Actuator","Manipulator","Controller",[150],"Match the pairs below:",[152],{"left":144,"right":153,"direction":28},"Performs an action",{"id":138,"data":155,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":19},{"type":58,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":27,"collapsingSiblings":156,"multiChoiceQuestion":157,"multiChoiceCorrect":159,"multiChoiceIncorrect":160,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":161,"matchPairsPairs":162},[135,139,140],[158],"What do we call the part of a robot that provides physical force?",[146],[144,147,148],[150],[163],{"left":146,"right":164,"direction":28},"Provides physical force",{"id":166,"data":167,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":27,"reviews":170},"e616603c-041d-4045-ae97-711178b4aacc",{"type":27,"contentRole":25,"markdownContent":168,"audioMediaId":169},"So, a robotic body is just a set of effectors, powered by a set of actuators. But depending on the nature of the robot, these parts can be assembled in totally different ways.\n\nOn the one hand, we have **humanoid robots**. These are mechanical bodies which are put together to look like real humans. One famous example is NASA's Valkyrie, which basically looks like an actual person wrapped up in a high-tech suit.\n\n![Graph](image://8aa27743-07c6-4a6d-950a-7c63e3a408a6 \"Valkyrie. Image: (Public domain), via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nOn the other hand, we have **non-humanoid robots**. These are mechanical bodies which don't look anything like us. Think of the Perseverance rover, or a self-flying drone, or a floor-mounted arm like the ones you might find in a factory.\n\n![Graph](image://8f536a1f-420e-47a5-ba71-6edf73cd0e3e \"Floor-mounted arms. Image: (Public domain), via Wikimedia Commons\")","103bcd56-9d86-4912-ba23-c9cf7c6e2ac0",[171],{"id":172,"data":173,"type":58,"version":27,"maxContentLevel":28},"101c3adf-4e7d-4521-9079-fb2825ba8f64",{"type":58,"reviewType":174,"spacingBehaviour":27,"matchPairsQuestion":175,"matchPairsPairs":176,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},6,[150],[177,179,181,184],{"left":144,"right":178,"direction":28},"Gripping device",{"left":146,"right":180,"direction":28},"Electric motor",{"left":182,"right":183,"direction":28},"Humanoid robot","NASA's Valkyrie",{"left":185,"right":186,"direction":28},"Non-humanoid robot","Self-flying drone",{"id":188,"data":189,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":19,"reviews":192},"da0f9292-c00d-4228-a7bf-c54b8e289499",{"type":27,"contentRole":25,"markdownContent":190,"audioMediaId":191},"It has to be said: humanoid robots don't currently have many useful, real-world uses. For the time being, you won't see one working in a factory, or delivering your morning mail.\n\nThey're generally built for research purposes. One well-known example is the iCub robot, which was built in the style of a human child, then encouraged to learn some child-like behaviors, like crawling, playing, and talking.\n\n![Graph](image://616fa92f-4923-45f4-8acf-6fc280ff74c3 \"iCub robot. Image: Xavier Caré / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nHumanoid robots are also built for entertainment. In 2016, Hanson Robotics launched Sophia – a humanoid robot which caught the attention of the world. Sophia is essentially just a chatbot with effectors for facial expressions, but she's given a number of televised interviews, and even spoken at important events.\n\n![Graph](image://49630ac1-0b89-47d7-95c1-3a77daa4258e \"Sophia robot. Image: (cropped) by ITU Pictures (CC BY 2.0) \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")","8d68a9c4-e694-4f76-8549-cec107259ea0",[193],{"id":194,"data":195,"type":58,"version":28,"maxContentLevel":28},"f8f05401-dc0c-4695-8591-62d8c4823903",{"type":58,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":27,"multiChoiceQuestion":196,"multiChoiceCorrect":198,"multiChoiceIncorrect":201,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":109,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[197],"As things stand, what are the two main purposes of humanoid robots?",[199,200],"Research studies","General entertainment",[202,203],"Factory work","Home assistance",{"id":205,"data":206,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":28,"reviews":209},"abdb6785-7b22-4ac4-82c9-58041e86ee9e",{"type":27,"contentRole":25,"markdownContent":207,"audioMediaId":208},"While humanoid robots are mainly just used for research and entertainment, non-humanoid robots have lots of real-world uses.\n\nAn **industrial robot** is a class of robot which is generally used in factories. These often take the form of robotic arms, which use Computer Vision to look at objects, before using their effectors to pick them up and manipulate them.\n\nIn general, these robots are used for long, repetitive tasks which would be difficult for a human to perform. For example, if a factory needed to hammer a million bolts into place, it might be better to give that work to a robot, rather than a human who might tire out.\n\nAnother example of a non-humanoid robot is an **automated guided vehicle (AGV)**. It uses vision or LiDAR to navigate a space, like a factory building, where it carefully transports goods from place to place.\n\n![Graph](image://8df4d5a5-7936-486c-8456-2f5f5c9eeb3e \"AGV. By Raimond Spekking (CC BY-SA 4.0) \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")","dd4d5732-cc6b-44e7-837d-1a19a6bea41f",[210,227,234],{"id":211,"data":212,"type":58,"version":27,"maxContentLevel":28},"1f8a6fe4-29e7-4ce8-9c23-5a6337f42083",{"type":58,"reviewType":174,"spacingBehaviour":27,"matchPairsQuestion":213,"matchPairsPairs":214,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},[150],[215,218,221,224],{"left":216,"right":217,"direction":28},"iCub robot","A research project which learns like a human child",{"left":219,"right":220,"direction":28},"Sophia robot","An AI chatbot with a human-like body and face",{"left":222,"right":223,"direction":28},"Industrial robot","A class of robot used in factories",{"left":225,"right":226,"direction":28},"AGV","A robot which transports goods",{"id":228,"data":229,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":19},"4acaad89-a14c-4ada-a9d7-9351ac795875",{"type":58,"reviewType":27,"spacingBehaviour":27,"activeRecallQuestion":230,"activeRecallAnswers":232},[231],"In the context of robotics, what does AGV stand for?",[233],"Automated Guided Vehicle",{"id":235,"data":236,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":28},"dd6d1d49-dc08-4b28-a657-5bc694b3ffc0",{"type":58,"reviewType":27,"spacingBehaviour":27,"activeRecallQuestion":237,"activeRecallAnswers":239},[238],"What type of task is an industrial robot best suited for?",[240],"Repetitive tasks which might tire a human worker",{"id":242,"data":243,"type":25,"version":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"summaryPage":245,"introPage":252,"pages":258},"bd1f0a03-3cfd-4b2f-bf62-f60a57b9e386",{"type":25,"title":244},"Robotic minds",{"id":246,"data":247,"type":28,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":27},"4ab70c38-c176-444d-a824-034399bdbf75",{"type":28,"summary":248},[249,250,251],"Robots don't always use AI, but the most useful ones usually do","They can use AI for various tasks, like quality assurance or navigation","Building a humanoid robot like Talos would potentially now be possible",{"id":253,"data":254,"type":39,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":27},"fe0710fd-12af-4580-9307-6136ede44cb6",{"type":39,"intro":255},[256,257],"What tasks can robots use AI for?","Is building a humanoid robot like Talos now possible?",[259,274,279,284,289],{"id":260,"data":261,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":27,"reviews":264},"5cef75c7-8776-4904-8260-c2c8c2159f21",{"type":27,"contentRole":25,"markdownContent":262,"audioMediaId":263},"It's time to come clean about something. We know this is a pathway about Artificial Intelligence... but a lot of robots don't actually use AI.\n\nConsider a simple, mechanical arm. It's been programmed to saw a piece of wood. When you press a button, that's exactly what it does.\n\nThis arm is a robot: a physical machine, performing a physical task, which impacts the physical world. But does this arm use AI? Not at all. It doesn't need to 'think' or 'make decisions'. It just follows its programming, and moves that saw back and forth, whenever you press the button.\n\nThink of it like this. A robot is a mechanical body. But that body doesn't *necessarily* need a 'mind'.","acf282dc-cc79-4993-9cfc-3dcbfdd0f0ce",[265],{"id":266,"data":267,"type":58,"version":27,"maxContentLevel":28},"338420ac-faf4-414d-80e9-6974c17b0988",{"type":58,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":27,"multiChoiceQuestion":268,"multiChoiceCorrect":270,"multiChoiceIncorrect":272,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[269],"True or false: robots are often controlled by AI, but not always.",[271],"TRUE",[273],"FALSE",{"id":275,"data":276,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":27},"b5f40823-1570-4587-842c-5052c91e54b2",{"type":27,"contentRole":25,"markdownContent":277,"audioMediaId":278},"So, not all robots use AI. But a lot of the best ones do. Let's consider, for example, an AGV which is designed to pick up trash from the factory floor, then deliver that trash to a bin.\n\nFirst of all, that robot will use Computer Vision to spot any objects on the floor. It will also need an image classification system, which helps it to identify whether those objects actually need to be thrown away.\n\nThis image classification system is probably some kind of neural network, which has been trained on a labeled dataset of trash (waste paper, burned wood, sawdust) and not trash (hammers, buckets, screws).\n\n![Graph](image://f6f5d496-e1ef-4718-8d49-87f08ab847cf \"Trash or not trash?\")","eb0d7802-5dc7-464e-b227-109fa9466945",{"id":280,"data":281,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":27},"70e6872c-fd6c-4554-b97a-9bac16a49332",{"type":27,"contentRole":25,"markdownContent":282,"audioMediaId":283},"Once the AI system has identified a piece of trash on the floor, it will send signals to the robot's actuators. These actuators, in turn, power the robot's effectors. It wheels its way over to the piece of trash, and picks it up with a grabber.\n\nNow, the robot needs to make its way to the bin. But the factory is crowded with human workers walking back and forth.\n\n![Graph](image://0ceb56e3-9fc9-4149-bcda-d27c8d304905 \"Factory floor.\")\n\nLuckily, this robot has a LiDAR system. It starts sending out lasers, which bounce off the humans, and give the robot a dynamic, 3D map of all these moving workers. It uses this map to navigate the space, still sending signals to actuators which cause its wheels to steer left and right as required.","a19b8c55-87e2-40d9-9749-28f465838f88",{"id":285,"data":286,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":27},"d76ae1f4-b08f-4f6a-ba1c-0294e7de3fce",{"type":27,"contentRole":25,"markdownContent":287,"audioMediaId":288},"Eventually, the robot reaches the bin. The AI sends a signal to another actuator, which opens the grabber, and drops the trash into the bin.\n\nThe robot is about to turn around, and search the factory for another piece of trash, when its microphones pick up the sound of a voice: \"Hey, robot, that's enough for today. Can you switch into sleep mode?\"\n\nThe AI takes these words, and uses some Natural Language Processing to translate them into numbers. It recognizes these numbers as a command, and responds by sending out a set of signals which shuts its system down.","996355d8-0cbd-4d6d-ab7d-b92159fcfd24",{"id":290,"data":291,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":27,"reviews":294},"2fc17349-4e7c-4e53-9a70-4633b99be41a",{"type":27,"contentRole":25,"markdownContent":292,"audioMediaId":293},"That AGV is just one example of a robot using AI.\n\nAnother robot, which was built to weave colorful rugs, might use Generative AI to come up with new designs. Another might use Computer Vision to perform quality assurance on products. Another might use NLP to give reports and updates to workers. There are honestly countless examples. The list goes on and on.\n\nAnd it makes you wonder... if we wanted to build a robot like Talos, would that actually now be possible?\n\nA humanoid robot which walks back and forth, using Computer Vision to watch the ocean. When it sees an object which resembles a boat, it picks up a rock using actuators and effectors, and throws that rock at the object. When the object sinks, the robot continues its patrol.","0b5cd323-90cd-4c2d-9ebc-4fad2dc14d78",[295],{"id":296,"data":297,"type":58,"version":27,"maxContentLevel":28},"98170b63-0885-4e82-8a34-65fad371fc39",{"type":58,"reviewType":174,"spacingBehaviour":27,"matchPairsQuestion":298,"matchPairsPairs":300,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},[299],"How might a factory robot use these different types of AI?",[301,304,307,310],{"left":302,"right":303,"direction":28},"Computer vision","Checking the quality of products",{"left":305,"right":306,"direction":28},"LiDAR","Navigating the factory floor",{"left":308,"right":309,"direction":28},"Natural Language Processing","Obeying commands from workers",{"left":311,"right":312,"direction":28},"Generative AI","Coming up with product designs",[314,475,650],{"id":23,"data":24,"type":25,"version":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"summaryPage":29,"introPage":36,"pages":315},[316,366,409,445],{"id":45,"data":46,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":27,"parsed":317},{"data":318,"body":321,"toc":364},{"title":319,"description":320},"","It probably feels like a while ago now. But right at the start of this entire pathway, we talked about Talos – that automated giant, made entirely of bronze, which appeared in Greek mythology.",{"type":322,"children":323},"root",[324,331,341,346,359],{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":327,"children":328},"element","p",{},[329],{"type":330,"value":320},"text",{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":332,"children":333},{},[334],{"type":325,"tag":335,"props":336,"children":340},"img",{"alt":337,"src":338,"title":339},"Graph","image://1709b7e2-6a74-4ca1-8a57-d5c90365c060","An AI generated image.",[],{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":342,"children":343},{},[344],{"type":330,"value":345},"There's something quite distinct about Talos. Something that really sets him apart from most of the real-life AI models we've discussed in this pathway so far. Models like AlphaGo, and ChatGPT, and Midjourney, and Logic Theorist, and so on.",{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":347,"children":348},{},[349,351,357],{"type":330,"value":350},"Talos has a physical body. He can pick up stones, he can walk about, he can tangibly interact with the world. In other words, Talos is a ",{"type":325,"tag":352,"props":353,"children":354},"strong",{},[355],{"type":330,"value":356},"robot",{"type":330,"value":358},".",{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":360,"children":361},{},[362],{"type":330,"value":363},"At least, he would be, if he'd actually existed.",{"title":319,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":365},[],{"id":50,"data":51,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":27,"reviews":54,"parsed":367},{"data":368,"body":370,"toc":407},{"title":319,"description":369},"A modern robot might be defined as follows: a physical machine, performing physical tasks, which impact the physical world. Another popular term is embodied AI – that's an AI model with some kind of physical body.",{"type":322,"children":371},[372,384,389,394,399],{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":373,"children":374},{},[375,377,382],{"type":330,"value":376},"A modern robot might be defined as follows: a physical machine, performing physical tasks, which impact the physical world. Another popular term is ",{"type":325,"tag":352,"props":378,"children":379},{},[380],{"type":330,"value":381},"embodied AI",{"type":330,"value":383}," – that's an AI model with some kind of physical body.",{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":385,"children":386},{},[387],{"type":330,"value":388},"As we said, a lot of modern models don't fit this definition. ChatGPT lacks a physical body. There's no way for it to physically type, or to use a pen and paper.",{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":390,"children":391},{},[392],{"type":330,"value":393},"But that doesn't mean that robots don't exist.",{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":395,"children":396},{},[397],{"type":330,"value":398},"Just think of NASA’s Perseverance rover. It's currently using an AI system to physically explore and physically interact with the surface of the planet Mars. Many factories are now using robots too, to assemble products and transport items around.",{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":400,"children":401},{},[402],{"type":325,"tag":335,"props":403,"children":406},{"alt":337,"src":404,"title":405},"image://52db0336-3711-491d-abf9-bb6f2cd9f680","Perseverance rover. Image: (Public domain), via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"title":319,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":408},[],{"id":64,"data":65,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":27,"reviews":68,"parsed":410},{"data":411,"body":413,"toc":443},{"title":319,"description":412},"Factory robots, and other similar machines, are a relatively modern invention. And if you talk to people, these robots actually make a lot of people nervous.",{"type":322,"children":414},[415,419,424],{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":416,"children":417},{},[418],{"type":330,"value":412},{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":420,"children":421},{},[422],{"type":330,"value":423},"According to Isaac Asimov – a celebrated science fiction writer, who wrote extensively about robots during the twentieth century – humans are intrinsically frightened of intelligent machines. We fear that robots will rise up and attack us, something which a disembodied AI (like ChatGPT) wouldn't possibly be able to do.",{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":425,"children":426},{},[427,429,433,435,441],{"type":330,"value":428},"Asimov called this the ",{"type":325,"tag":352,"props":430,"children":431},{},[432],{"type":330,"value":75},{"type":330,"value":434},": the fear that robots will turn against us, just like the monster in ",{"type":325,"tag":436,"props":437,"children":438},"em",{},[439],{"type":330,"value":440},"Frankenstein",{"type":330,"value":442}," turned against his creator.",{"title":319,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":444},[],{"id":81,"data":82,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":27,"reviews":85,"parsed":446},{"data":447,"body":449,"toc":473},{"title":319,"description":448},"Of course, the idea of a robot turning against us isn't really realistic. At least, not with the robots which are currently being used.",{"type":322,"children":450},[451,455,460,465],{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":452,"children":453},{},[454],{"type":330,"value":448},{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":456,"children":457},{},[458],{"type":330,"value":459},"Embodied or otherwise, these are still Artificial Narrow Intelligence models. All they can do is perform the tasks they were originally designed for, like fitting two pieces of metal together, or moving a box from point A to point B. They can't make the leap to 'vengeance' or 'violence' – that's not what they were built to do.",{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":461,"children":462},{},[463],{"type":330,"value":464},"In other words, it's best to view robotics as an exciting technology, not a worrying one. As things stand, the idea of a robot uprising isn't a valid concern.",{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":466,"children":467},{},[468],{"type":325,"tag":335,"props":469,"children":472},{"alt":337,"src":470,"title":471},"image://6984d3f6-a543-427b-a990-aa883c5285a9","Robot non-vengefully sawing. By Luka Peternel (CC BY-SA 4.0) \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"title":319,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":474},[],{"id":111,"data":112,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":114,"introPage":121,"pages":476},[477,512,564,602],{"id":129,"data":130,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":133,"parsed":478},{"data":479,"body":481,"toc":510},{"title":319,"description":480},"As we talked about last time, a robot is defined by its physical body. That's what sets it apart from disembodied AIs like ChatGPT or AlphaGo. But we haven't talked about how these bodies actually work.",{"type":322,"children":482},[483,487,499],{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":484,"children":485},{},[486],{"type":330,"value":480},{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":488,"children":489},{},[490,492,497],{"type":330,"value":491},"An ",{"type":325,"tag":352,"props":493,"children":494},{},[495],{"type":330,"value":496},"effector",{"type":330,"value":498}," is the part of a robot's body that actually performs an action. For example, it might have a gripper (for picking up objects), a drill (for cutting through metal), or a wheel (for moving around).",{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":500,"children":501},{},[502,503,508],{"type":330,"value":491},{"type":325,"tag":352,"props":504,"children":505},{},[506],{"type":330,"value":507},"actuator",{"type":330,"value":509},", on the other hand, provides the physical force that allows an effector to move. For example, it might use an electric motor to turn its wheels, or a pneumatic (compressed air) system that forces its gripper to close.",{"title":319,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":511},[],{"id":166,"data":167,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":27,"reviews":170,"parsed":513},{"data":514,"body":516,"toc":562},{"title":319,"description":515},"So, a robotic body is just a set of effectors, powered by a set of actuators. But depending on the nature of the robot, these parts can be assembled in totally different ways.",{"type":322,"children":517},[518,522,534,542,554],{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":519,"children":520},{},[521],{"type":330,"value":515},{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":523,"children":524},{},[525,527,532],{"type":330,"value":526},"On the one hand, we have ",{"type":325,"tag":352,"props":528,"children":529},{},[530],{"type":330,"value":531},"humanoid robots",{"type":330,"value":533},". These are mechanical bodies which are put together to look like real humans. One famous example is NASA's Valkyrie, which basically looks like an actual person wrapped up in a high-tech suit.",{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":535,"children":536},{},[537],{"type":325,"tag":335,"props":538,"children":541},{"alt":337,"src":539,"title":540},"image://8aa27743-07c6-4a6d-950a-7c63e3a408a6","Valkyrie. Image: (Public domain), via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":543,"children":544},{},[545,547,552],{"type":330,"value":546},"On the other hand, we have ",{"type":325,"tag":352,"props":548,"children":549},{},[550],{"type":330,"value":551},"non-humanoid robots",{"type":330,"value":553},". These are mechanical bodies which don't look anything like us. Think of the Perseverance rover, or a self-flying drone, or a floor-mounted arm like the ones you might find in a factory.",{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":555,"children":556},{},[557],{"type":325,"tag":335,"props":558,"children":561},{"alt":337,"src":559,"title":560},"image://8f536a1f-420e-47a5-ba71-6edf73cd0e3e","Floor-mounted arms. Image: (Public domain), via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"title":319,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":563},[],{"id":188,"data":189,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":19,"reviews":192,"parsed":565},{"data":566,"body":568,"toc":600},{"title":319,"description":567},"It has to be said: humanoid robots don't currently have many useful, real-world uses. For the time being, you won't see one working in a factory, or delivering your morning mail.",{"type":322,"children":569},[570,574,579,587,592],{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":571,"children":572},{},[573],{"type":330,"value":567},{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":575,"children":576},{},[577],{"type":330,"value":578},"They're generally built for research purposes. One well-known example is the iCub robot, which was built in the style of a human child, then encouraged to learn some child-like behaviors, like crawling, playing, and talking.",{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":580,"children":581},{},[582],{"type":325,"tag":335,"props":583,"children":586},{"alt":337,"src":584,"title":585},"image://616fa92f-4923-45f4-8acf-6fc280ff74c3","iCub robot. Image: Xavier Caré / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":588,"children":589},{},[590],{"type":330,"value":591},"Humanoid robots are also built for entertainment. In 2016, Hanson Robotics launched Sophia – a humanoid robot which caught the attention of the world. Sophia is essentially just a chatbot with effectors for facial expressions, but she's given a number of televised interviews, and even spoken at important events.",{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":593,"children":594},{},[595],{"type":325,"tag":335,"props":596,"children":599},{"alt":337,"src":597,"title":598},"image://49630ac1-0b89-47d7-95c1-3a77daa4258e","Sophia robot. Image: (cropped) by ITU Pictures (CC BY 2.0) \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"title":319,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":601},[],{"id":205,"data":206,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":28,"reviews":209,"parsed":603},{"data":604,"body":606,"toc":648},{"title":319,"description":605},"While humanoid robots are mainly just used for research and entertainment, non-humanoid robots have lots of real-world uses.",{"type":322,"children":607},[608,612,623,628,640],{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":609,"children":610},{},[611],{"type":330,"value":605},{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":613,"children":614},{},[615,616,621],{"type":330,"value":491},{"type":325,"tag":352,"props":617,"children":618},{},[619],{"type":330,"value":620},"industrial robot",{"type":330,"value":622}," is a class of robot which is generally used in factories. These often take the form of robotic arms, which use Computer Vision to look at objects, before using their effectors to pick them up and manipulate them.",{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":624,"children":625},{},[626],{"type":330,"value":627},"In general, these robots are used for long, repetitive tasks which would be difficult for a human to perform. For example, if a factory needed to hammer a million bolts into place, it might be better to give that work to a robot, rather than a human who might tire out.",{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":629,"children":630},{},[631,633,638],{"type":330,"value":632},"Another example of a non-humanoid robot is an ",{"type":325,"tag":352,"props":634,"children":635},{},[636],{"type":330,"value":637},"automated guided vehicle (AGV)",{"type":330,"value":639},". It uses vision or LiDAR to navigate a space, like a factory building, where it carefully transports goods from place to place.",{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":641,"children":642},{},[643],{"type":325,"tag":335,"props":644,"children":647},{"alt":337,"src":645,"title":646},"image://8df4d5a5-7936-486c-8456-2f5f5c9eeb3e","AGV. By Raimond Spekking (CC BY-SA 4.0) \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"title":319,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":649},[],{"id":242,"data":243,"type":25,"version":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"summaryPage":245,"introPage":252,"pages":651},[652,686,716,746,768],{"id":260,"data":261,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":27,"reviews":264,"parsed":653},{"data":654,"body":656,"toc":684},{"title":319,"description":655},"It's time to come clean about something. We know this is a pathway about Artificial Intelligence... but a lot of robots don't actually use AI.",{"type":322,"children":657},[658,662,667,672],{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":659,"children":660},{},[661],{"type":330,"value":655},{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":663,"children":664},{},[665],{"type":330,"value":666},"Consider a simple, mechanical arm. It's been programmed to saw a piece of wood. When you press a button, that's exactly what it does.",{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":668,"children":669},{},[670],{"type":330,"value":671},"This arm is a robot: a physical machine, performing a physical task, which impacts the physical world. But does this arm use AI? Not at all. It doesn't need to 'think' or 'make decisions'. It just follows its programming, and moves that saw back and forth, whenever you press the button.",{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":673,"children":674},{},[675,677,682],{"type":330,"value":676},"Think of it like this. A robot is a mechanical body. But that body doesn't ",{"type":325,"tag":436,"props":678,"children":679},{},[680],{"type":330,"value":681},"necessarily",{"type":330,"value":683}," need a 'mind'.",{"title":319,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":685},[],{"id":275,"data":276,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":27,"parsed":687},{"data":688,"body":690,"toc":714},{"title":319,"description":689},"So, not all robots use AI. But a lot of the best ones do. Let's consider, for example, an AGV which is designed to pick up trash from the factory floor, then deliver that trash to a bin.",{"type":322,"children":691},[692,696,701,706],{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":693,"children":694},{},[695],{"type":330,"value":689},{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":697,"children":698},{},[699],{"type":330,"value":700},"First of all, that robot will use Computer Vision to spot any objects on the floor. It will also need an image classification system, which helps it to identify whether those objects actually need to be thrown away.",{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":702,"children":703},{},[704],{"type":330,"value":705},"This image classification system is probably some kind of neural network, which has been trained on a labeled dataset of trash (waste paper, burned wood, sawdust) and not trash (hammers, buckets, screws).",{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":707,"children":708},{},[709],{"type":325,"tag":335,"props":710,"children":713},{"alt":337,"src":711,"title":712},"image://f6f5d496-e1ef-4718-8d49-87f08ab847cf","Trash or not trash?",[],{"title":319,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":715},[],{"id":280,"data":281,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":27,"parsed":717},{"data":718,"body":720,"toc":744},{"title":319,"description":719},"Once the AI system has identified a piece of trash on the floor, it will send signals to the robot's actuators. These actuators, in turn, power the robot's effectors. It wheels its way over to the piece of trash, and picks it up with a grabber.",{"type":322,"children":721},[722,726,731,739],{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":723,"children":724},{},[725],{"type":330,"value":719},{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":727,"children":728},{},[729],{"type":330,"value":730},"Now, the robot needs to make its way to the bin. But the factory is crowded with human workers walking back and forth.",{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":732,"children":733},{},[734],{"type":325,"tag":335,"props":735,"children":738},{"alt":337,"src":736,"title":737},"image://0ceb56e3-9fc9-4149-bcda-d27c8d304905","Factory floor.",[],{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":740,"children":741},{},[742],{"type":330,"value":743},"Luckily, this robot has a LiDAR system. It starts sending out lasers, which bounce off the humans, and give the robot a dynamic, 3D map of all these moving workers. It uses this map to navigate the space, still sending signals to actuators which cause its wheels to steer left and right as required.",{"title":319,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":745},[],{"id":285,"data":286,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":27,"parsed":747},{"data":748,"body":750,"toc":766},{"title":319,"description":749},"Eventually, the robot reaches the bin. The AI sends a signal to another actuator, which opens the grabber, and drops the trash into the bin.",{"type":322,"children":751},[752,756,761],{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":753,"children":754},{},[755],{"type":330,"value":749},{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":757,"children":758},{},[759],{"type":330,"value":760},"The robot is about to turn around, and search the factory for another piece of trash, when its microphones pick up the sound of a voice: \"Hey, robot, that's enough for today. Can you switch into sleep mode?\"",{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":762,"children":763},{},[764],{"type":330,"value":765},"The AI takes these words, and uses some Natural Language Processing to translate them into numbers. It recognizes these numbers as a command, and responds by sending out a set of signals which shuts its system down.",{"title":319,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":767},[],{"id":290,"data":291,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":27,"reviews":294,"parsed":769},{"data":770,"body":772,"toc":793},{"title":319,"description":771},"That AGV is just one example of a robot using AI.",{"type":322,"children":773},[774,778,783,788],{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":775,"children":776},{},[777],{"type":330,"value":771},{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":779,"children":780},{},[781],{"type":330,"value":782},"Another robot, which was built to weave colorful rugs, might use Generative AI to come up with new designs. Another might use Computer Vision to perform quality assurance on products. Another might use NLP to give reports and updates to workers. There are honestly countless examples. The list goes on and on.",{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":784,"children":785},{},[786],{"type":330,"value":787},"And it makes you wonder... if we wanted to build a robot like Talos, would that actually now be possible?",{"type":325,"tag":326,"props":789,"children":790},{},[791],{"type":330,"value":792},"A humanoid robot which walks back and forth, using Computer Vision to watch the ocean. When it sees an object which resembles a boat, it picks up a rock using actuators and effectors, and throws that rock at the object. When the object sinks, the robot continues its patrol.",{"title":319,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":794},[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":796,"height":796,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":797},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":796,"height":796,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":799},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M4 5h16M4 12h16M4 19h16\"/>",1778179451426]