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Doudna",3,[37,150,247],{"id":38,"data":39,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":41},"e788b96d-dfea-4e4f-913d-2b274064871e",{"type":26,"title":40},"Elizabeth Blackburn's Contributions",[42,65,83,107,132],{"id":43,"data":44,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":48},"10c2944f-950e-44ee-937c-b82425ca39be",{"type":25,"title":45,"markdownContent":46,"audioMediaId":47},"Introduction to Elizabeth Blackburn","**Elizabeth Blackburn** is responsible for the groundbreaking discovery of **telomeres**. Derived from the Greek telos (end) and meros (part), these are structures made from DNA sequences and proteins. They act as buffers at the ends of chromosomes, which are the DNA molecules containing the genetic material of an organism. \n\n**Blackburn also discovered telomerase**, an enzyme which contributes to the longevity of cells. These two pioneering discoveries earned Blackburn the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2009 “for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase”.\n\nShe has held numerous prestigious positions, including President of the American Association for Cancer Research in 2010 and President of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies (2016-17). The Salk Institute is a non-profit scientific research institute that explores “the very foundations of life, seeking new understandings in neuroscience, genetics, immunology, plant biology and more.”\n\n ![Graph](image://a6abbcd0-f1f4-4d1a-9cd2-dc67b8abd261 \"A portrait photography of Elizabeth Blackburn\")\n\n","5fb765aa-e63f-4837-af5d-07c4f7b56800",[49,57],{"id":50,"data":51,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"3ec4e7cc-83ab-4666-94d0-98e40e0609be",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":53,"clozeWords":55},11,[54],"Elizabeth Blackburn is responsible for the groundbreaking discovery of telomeres, which are structures made from DNA that act as buffers at the ends of chromosomes",[56],"telomeres",{"id":58,"data":59,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"99c0e6f4-25aa-4e5b-b220-667283a95b72",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":60,"binaryCorrect":62,"binaryIncorrect":64},[61],"Which one of Elizabeth Blackburn's discoveries is an enzyme?",[63],"telomerase",[56],{"id":66,"data":67,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":71},"d2dcd474-7080-4c6a-a55c-0fc1799782a5",{"type":25,"title":68,"markdownContent":69,"audioMediaId":70},"Blackburn’s Early Life & Education","Blackburn was born in 1948, in Tasmania, Australia, to physician parents. The 2nd of 7 children, she grew up in the city of Hobart and, over the years, the family had many different kinds of pets, which Blackburn was very fond of. Her fascination with animals contributed to her interest in biology, and, by the time she was in her late teens, she was confident she wanted to pursue a career in science.\n\nBlackburn attended the Broadland House Girls Grammar School, but, as physics wasn’t offered at the school, she took evening physics classes at the local public high school. She graduated from University High School in Melbourne.\n\nShe earned her BSc (1970) and MSc (1972), both in **biochemistry**, from the University of Melbourne. In 1975, Blackburn obtained her PhD from Cambridge University for her work on **bacteriophage viruses**, which are a specific type of virus that infects bacteria. \n","a3e207cb-902c-411f-9818-ac93a25ffa18",[72],{"id":73,"data":74,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"e09f85d9-96f1-4ea4-af23-3be836c9db25",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":75,"multiChoiceCorrect":77,"multiChoiceIncorrect":79},[76],"Where is Elizabeth Blackburn from?",[78],"Australia",[80,81,82],"America","New Zealand","South Africa",{"id":84,"data":85,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":89},"2c215a30-585b-4b15-8290-ce35a10a2607",{"type":25,"title":86,"markdownContent":87,"audioMediaId":88},"Blackburn’s Discovery of Telomeres","In 1978, Blackburn took up a teaching position at University of California at Berkeley, and, in 1990, she moved to University of California at San Francisco (UCSF) in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology where she served as Chair from 1993 to 1999. \n\nAt UCSF, **Blackburn made the groundbreaking discovery of telomeres in chromosomes and the telomerase enzyme**. Chromosomes are thread-like structures inside living cells, which carry genetic information in the form of genes. As cells in the body divide, chromosomes replicate too, so that each cell contains a complete set of chromosomes. \n\n**Blackburn discovered that at the end of each chromosome there are stretches of DNA called telomeres which act as buffers**, protecting the end of the chromosome from damage or fusing with nearby chromosomes. Each time a chromosome replicates, the telomeres prevent genes from being lost in the process. \n","7ff26d38-152c-4a21-a223-70a41b3bbe3c",[90,98],{"id":91,"data":92,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"2491b881-3daa-421e-9f4b-fe27f0992d00",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":93,"activeRecallAnswers":95},[94],"What two functions do telomeres serve?",[96,97],"They protect the ends of chromosomes from damage","They stop chromosomes from fusing with other nearby chromosomes",{"id":99,"data":100,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"27ecb5f3-d975-4840-9f0d-4dc302a6d6dc",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":101,"clozeWords":103},[102],"Chromosomes carry genetic information in the form of genes, and as cells in the body divide, chromosomes replicate so that each cell contains a complete set. ",[104,105,106],"genes","cells","cell",{"id":108,"data":109,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":113},"7a460e6c-5ba2-4c42-9bbc-10f47c3ec484",{"type":25,"title":110,"markdownContent":111,"audioMediaId":112},"Blackburn’s Discovery of Telomerase ","Following her discovery of telomeres and the fundamental role they play in preserving chromosomes, **Blackburn, along with PhD student Carol W. Greider, also discovered the telomerase enzyme**. \n\nDuring chromosome replication, telomeres shorten. Blackburn and Greider realized that the telomerase enzyme prevents too much wear and tear of the telomeres by adding additional telomere sequences to the end of chromosomes, hence contributing to the longevity of the cell. \n\n**Telomeres** and **telomerase** play central roles in aging and diseases such as cancer, and Blackburn’s work launched entire new fields of research in these areas. For example, shorter telomeres have been found to increase the risk of certain cancers such as bladder and lung cancers, though no one is sure why. \n\nIn a 2016 study, **telomerase was found to be increased in more than 90% of cancers**, which implies that cancer cells have the ability to use telomerase to protect their telomeres and, as a result, delay their deterioration. As a result, **certain new cancer treatments are being developed to target telomerase in order to destroy cancer cells faster**. \n","d38363ca-f6f8-4575-ba3f-e601a8473446",[114,121],{"id":115,"data":116,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"9fd264df-6c75-44d7-9f86-e2b5762ca92d",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":117,"activeRecallAnswers":119},[118],"What adds additional telomeres to the end of each chromosome?",[120],"The Telomerase Enzyme",{"id":122,"data":123,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"ac91b1a3-8076-4b74-8a51-0ae743fba5c3",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":124,"multiChoiceCorrect":126,"multiChoiceIncorrect":128},[125],"What percentage of cancers contain increased telomerase?",[127],"90",[129,130,131],"30","60","100",{"id":133,"data":134,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":138},"672ba542-9c77-452e-a107-e0ef17cc396f",{"type":25,"title":135,"markdownContent":136,"audioMediaId":137},"Blackburn on the President’s Council of Bioethics","In 2002, Blackburn was appointed to the **President’s Council of Bioethics** by then President George W. Bush. Her support of use of human embryonic stem cells in biomedical research did not accord with the White House and, in 2004, she was removed from Council amid heated public controversy. \n\nThe Union of Concerned Scientists published an article soon after Blackburn’s removal going as far as to say that it was a violation of the Federal Advisory Committee Act of 1972: “This action violated the spirit, if not the letter, of the Federal Advisory Committee Act of 1972, which requires balance on such advisory bodies.”\n\nOn the controversy, Blackburn wrote: \"There is a growing sense that scientific research—which, after all, is defined by the quest for truth—is being manipulated for political ends.\"","7b3ee6a0-f6fc-421d-8da7-a3f8f09b951b",[139],{"id":140,"data":141,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"911b6cc9-3131-4f2a-ab38-c9b4c21760a4",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":142,"multiChoiceCorrect":144,"multiChoiceIncorrect":146},[143],"Which President appointed Elizabeth Blackburn to the President's Council of Bioethics?",[145],"George W Bush",[147,148,149],"Barack H Obama","William J Clinton","Donald J Trump",{"id":151,"data":152,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":154},"fc5ae955-6ffd-472e-8b1c-f4af8cd24e90",{"type":26,"title":153},"Jennifer Doudna's Achievements",[155,179,193,208,226],{"id":156,"data":157,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":161},"24da3080-1dec-4f1b-9210-09a8eaab52bc",{"type":25,"title":158,"markdownContent":159,"audioMediaId":160},"Introduction to Jennifer Doudna","**Jennifer Doudna** is a pioneer in genome editing and is known for her discovery of a molecular tool known as **Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats or CRISPR**. Her revolutionary discovery has **allowed researchers to make specific changes to DNA and modify the genome of living organisms**.\n\nDoudna has received numerous awards and distinctions, culminating in the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, which she received in 2020 together with Emmanuelle Charpentier “for the development of a method for genome editing.”\n\nOther honors include the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences (2015) and the Wolf Prize in Medicine (2020). Doudna is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Medicine, the National Academy of Inventors, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. \n\nShe is currently a Professor of Chemistry, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology at University of California, Berkeley and is the founder of 5 different companies that use CRISPR across diagnostics, human therapeutics, and sustainability. \n\n ![Graph](image://a9a87b23-2464-4926-997e-63614cb15c3e \"A photograph of Jennifer Doudna\")\n\n","2714f918-1b98-4d3f-b43b-edd11f447043",[162,170],{"id":163,"data":164,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"630b9014-03aa-44b0-a12b-6fc416010ddd",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":165,"clozeWords":167},[166],"CRISPR allows researchers to make specific changes to DNA and modify the genome of living organisms",[168,169],"DNA","genome",{"id":171,"data":172,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"fb949d18-e9b6-4d2b-bd8d-53a970e3ead6",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":173,"binaryCorrect":175,"binaryIncorrect":177},[174],"Who discovered CRISPR?",[176],"Jennifer Doudna",[178],"Elizabeth Blackburn",{"id":180,"data":181,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":185},"e1dc452d-1553-48d5-a6da-7b192c497b66",{"type":25,"title":182,"markdownContent":183,"audioMediaId":184},"Doudna’s Early Life & Education ","Doudna was born in 1964, in Washington, D.C., and spent much of her childhood in Hilo, Hawaii, due to her father’s teaching position in American Literature at the University of Hawaii at Hilo. Growing up in Hawaii, with its lush nature, greatly influenced Doudna’s fascination with the biological mechanisms of life and her hunger for scientific discovery. \n\nWhen Doudna was in 6th grade, her father gave her a copy of James Watson’s book **The Double Helix**, which focused on the discovery of the DNA structure, and which significantly influenced her future career path. Once in high school, mathematics and chemistry further enhanced her innate scientific curiosity. She spent a summer working at the lab of University of Hawaii at Hilo under the supervision of Don Hemmes, a prominent mycologist, in other words, a biologist who studies fungi. \n\nFollowing her graduation from Hilo High School in 1981, Doudna received her BA in biochemistry from Pomona College in California in 1985 and then went on to Harvard Medical School, where she earned her PhD in Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology in 1989. \n","f31d3a09-191d-41ce-996b-9fe6d2c0df66",[186],{"id":187,"data":188,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"af52fe06-2400-45b4-a5bc-9e509d51f2e4",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":189,"activeRecallAnswers":191},[190],"Who wrote 'The Double Helix', which inspired Jennifer Doudna to investigate DNA structures?",[192],"James Watson",{"id":194,"data":195,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":199},"02d6186e-310c-4be3-a8da-b7b12c11b0e1",{"type":25,"title":196,"markdownContent":197,"audioMediaId":198},"Doudna’s Early Career & Research ","Early in her career, **Doudna held research fellowships in molecular biology** at Massachusetts General Hospital and in genetics at Harvard Medical School, followed by conducting postdoctoral research at the University of Colorado Boulder. \n\nWhile in Colorado, **Doudna studied RNA enzymes called ribozymes** in an effort to determine their 3-dimensional structure and provide an insight into RNA’s catalytic activity. According to Britannica, RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is a “complex compound … that functions in cellular protein synthesis and replaces DNA as a carrier of genetic codes in some viruses.” \n\nIn 1994, Doudna became an assistant professor at Yale’s Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry and in 2000 was promoted to full professor, while also serving as a visiting Professor of Chemistry at Harvard in 2000/01. \n","c7776fd3-73d9-4552-b6b0-69ef92a0ac16",[200],{"id":201,"data":202,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"d0d40b25-895d-48a2-ac48-0c02998b5a16",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":203,"clozeWords":205},[204],"While in Colorado, Jennifer Doudna studied RNA enzymes called ribozymes in an effort to determine their 3-dimensional structure and provide an insight into RNA catalytic activity.",[206,207],"ribozymes","catalytic",{"id":209,"data":210,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":214},"c4e012c2-8097-40d4-800f-973e8b214361",{"type":25,"title":211,"markdownContent":212,"audioMediaId":213},"Doudna as a Professor","In 2002, Doudna moved to University of California, Berkeley, as a professor of biochemistry and molecular biology. Doudna has said that she decided to move to Berkeley because of its “interesting pioneering spirit” but also because of its proximity to the U.S. Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. This is where **high-intensity X-ray beams are produced and assist in probing the complex structure of proteins and other molecules**.\n\nIt was at Berkeley that Doudna made the groundbreaking discovery of CRISPR, and where she currently serves as Professor in the Departments of Chemistry and of Molecular and Cell Biology. ","1f409027-009a-4d01-b3b8-8673e30ba697",[215],{"id":216,"data":217,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"dcf984a8-f8b1-45ab-b508-f31bf99e85e3",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":218,"multiChoiceCorrect":220,"multiChoiceIncorrect":222},[219],"Where are high-intensity X-Ray beams produced for investigating the genome?",[221],"UC Berkeley",[223,224,225],"UCLA","MIT","Harvard",{"id":227,"data":228,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":232},"c0fe040c-4032-448e-8487-55b8bd35438c",{"type":25,"title":229,"markdownContent":230,"audioMediaId":231},"Doudna and CRISPR-Cas9","In 2012, Doudna and French microbiologist Emmanuelle Charpentier discovered a molecular tool known as **Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats or CRISPR-Cas9**. CRISPR-Cas9 has provided the foundation for gene editing which allows scientists to make specific alterations to DNA sequences unlike ever before. **This is possible with the use of an enzyme that acts as a pair of molecular scissors to cut 2 strands of DNA on a specific area so that removal or addition of DNA can be performed**.\n\n**Research into genome editing therapies is already underway**, focusing primarily on ‘monogenic’ diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, which are caused by a single defective gene and thus the simplest to correct by rewriting. Furthermore, **scientists are exploring the use of CRISPR-Cas9 to target bacterial genes that present resistance to antibiotics**, which could lead to a breakthrough against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. \n\nThe possibilities that have arisen from Doudna’s groundbreaking discovery could be limitless. As she has said: “We’ve been able to read and write DNA for a long time…What we haven’t been able to do is to rewrite it—to edit it. And now we have a tool that lets you do something about that… That is incredibly exciting.”","cfcb5668-bc23-428f-82ab-8c52c9c3d8f8",[233,240],{"id":234,"data":235,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"5459a5f8-3d59-4a77-a698-28cd6b4c806c",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":236,"clozeWords":238},[237],"Scientists are exploring the use of CRISPR-Cas9 to target bacterial genes that present a resistance to antibiotics",[239],"antibiotics",{"id":241,"data":242,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"f0c12bce-5b77-467a-8ad7-71be2df599a6",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":243,"activeRecallAnswers":245},[244],"What type of diseases do researchers into genome editing therapies primarily focus on?",[246],"Monogenic",{"id":248,"data":249,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":251},"a60b1d81-fab0-445e-a9d2-6d5b17898b50",{"type":26,"title":250},"Jennifer Doudna's Other Endeavors",[252,268],{"id":253,"data":254,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":258},"32aab7ea-a0a7-427f-b352-277e2ea6b2c5",{"type":25,"title":255,"markdownContent":256,"audioMediaId":257},"Doudna Safeguarding the Human Genome","Despite her groundbreaking discovery, Doudna has become a leading voice of caution for the appropriate use of the technology, urging scientists to be conscious of the ethics surrounding CRISPR and all that it enables. While **the ability to cure genetic and hereditary diseases can be hailed as progress**, using genetic engineering technology to modify non-disease traits, such as intelligence and beauty, raises both **safety and ethical concerns**. \n\nIn 2015, **Doudna led an effort that called for a moratorium on human genome editing using CRISPR**. Together with a group of other leading biologists, she set out the framework for safeguarding human embryos from modification in a way that can be inherited – also called germline gene editing.   \n\nGeorge Q. Daley, a stem cell expert at Boston Children’s Hospital and a member of the group, said at the time: “It raises the most fundamental of issues about how we are going to view our humanity in the future…[and] take control of our genetic destiny, which raises enormous peril for humanity.”","8da183f4-8e40-4903-b430-3638875b1f07",[259],{"id":260,"data":261,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"218f3b35-fd59-4da6-8034-db16755a46c8",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":262,"binaryCorrect":264,"binaryIncorrect":266},[263],"What is the framework Jennifer Doudna set out for safeguarding human embryos from heritable modification?",[265],"Germline Gene Editing",[267],"Mainline DNA Reconstruction",{"id":269,"data":270,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":274},"1fee03fb-d478-4402-9b4e-89c7c29e74d7",{"type":25,"title":271,"markdownContent":272,"audioMediaId":273},"Doudna’s Other Projects","Besides her teaching positions and research at Berkeley, **Doudna is also involved in several other initiatives and research projects**. In 2017, she cofounded Mammoth Industries, a bioengineering tech startup and CRISPR disease-detecting company based in San Francisco. Its aim is to “discover novel CRISPR methods that enable new possibilities for expanding biology” to address challenges across healthcare, agriculture, environmental monitoring, and biodefense. \n\nDoudna has cofounded and is an advisory member on several panels that use CRISPR technology in a unique way. Furthermore, she is the founder and President of the Innovative Genomics Institute, which uses genome engineering to “solve humanity’s greatest problems in health, climate, and sustainable agriculture” while guiding the ethical use of the technology. \n\nDoudna has been an investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute since 1997. In addition, she is a director at Johnson & Johnson, while also heading pivotal research projects with, among others, Biogen, Pfizer, and Roche.\n","432065db-28fd-416d-85ad-1473034d5334",[275],{"id":276,"data":277,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"c55e246b-e5fb-4865-96e2-53aab0c9e6b3",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":278,"activeRecallAnswers":280},[279],"What four industries does Jennifer Doudna see CRISPR-Cas9 having implications for?",[281,282,283,284],"Healthcare","Agriculture","Environmental Monitoring","Biodefense",{"id":286,"data":287,"type":28,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":290},"0f1bc8a2-64e6-4cda-b85d-17bac2cf71cd",{"type":28,"title":288,"tagline":289},"Women in Physics","An introduction to Donna Strickland and Eva Silverstein",[291,395],{"id":292,"data":293,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":295},"b67a896c-3de3-4ee4-908f-799a0f86e789",{"type":26,"title":294},"Donna Strickland's Contributions",[296,321,335,356,389],{"id":297,"data":298,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":302},"21e36519-97e8-4e67-92e6-2f61fd7077b2",{"type":25,"title":299,"markdownContent":300,"audioMediaId":301},"Introduction to Donna Strickland","**Donna Strickland** is a Canadian physicist and a pioneer in **pulse lasers**. She was born in 1959, in Ontario, Canada, and graduated from Guelph Collegiate Vocational Institute. Having a particular interest in lasers and lector-optics and drawn to the field by “gut reaction,” Strickland decided to attend MacMaster University for her BSc because of its engineering physics program. \n\nStrickland then went on to study for her PhD in The Institute of Optics at the University of Rochester, graduating in 1988 with her thesis on Development of an Ultra-Bright Laser and an Application to Multi-photon Ionization.\n\nIn 2010, in an interview with the Canadian newspaper The Record, Strickland called herself a “laser jock” and admitted: \"the most fun part of my day is when I get to play with my lasers.\"\n\nIn 2018, Strickland – together with her PhD supervisor Gérard Mourou – received the Nobel Prize for Physics for “groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics” and the \"method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses.”\n\n ![Graph](image://2f362b74-9e9f-417d-8a56-1198b5bd9071 \"A photograph of Donna Stickland\")\n\n","0baec5c9-df72-48fc-9949-68468baa0f3e",[303,310],{"id":304,"data":305,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"14907eeb-cc70-4f79-a96b-b911ff9ba6e7",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":306,"activeRecallAnswers":308},[307],"What is Donna Strickland's primary area of research focus?",[309],"Pulse lasers",{"id":311,"data":312,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"ab84c4bd-4d12-479d-ba6d-1d435a3b596f",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":313,"multiChoiceCorrect":315,"multiChoiceIncorrect":317},[314],"In what year did Donna Stickland win her Nobel Prize for Physics?",[316],"2018",[318,319,320],"1988","1998","2008",{"id":322,"data":323,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":327},"e25db926-4b27-4681-b706-c68845363c02",{"type":25,"title":324,"markdownContent":325,"audioMediaId":326},"Strickland’s Chirped Pulsed Amplification","By the 1980s, the laser had made numerous technologies possible, from **barcodes to welding and cancer treatment** to name a few. Nevertheless, by the mid-80s, **the intensity of lasers had reached a plateau** because any further amplification in the laser pulse would damage the laser system. \n\nAt the time, Strickland was studying for her PhD at the University of Rochester under the supervision of Gérard Mourou. Together **they developed a method with which a short laser pulse could be stretched out, thus reducing its peak power**. As the stretched pulse has low peak power it can be safely amplified without causing damage. It is then compressed back into a short pulse, increasing its intensity as a result. \n\nThe change the laser light undergoes when the pulse is stretched is called chirp, hence the name **Chirped Pulsed Amplification** (CPA). Strickland and Mourou published their paper on CPA in 1985, and their invention has since led to groundbreaking developments in the medical field, including LASIK eye surgery, as well the industrial field. ","e2d3d81d-2cb4-446a-ae3f-4049ab9b39e7",[328],{"id":329,"data":330,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"a2d36963-22ea-4feb-b9ce-980d0587ade6",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":331,"activeRecallAnswers":333},[332],"What is the term for the change a laser undergoes in the Donna Strickland process? ",[334],"Chirp",{"id":336,"data":337,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":341},"402cb3f6-5d25-45c6-bc32-2123155ce246",{"type":25,"title":338,"markdownContent":339,"audioMediaId":340},"Strickland’s Research Career ","Following her PhD and her pioneering CPA invention, Strickland became a research associate at the National Research Council of Canada from 1988 to 1991. There, she worked in the **Ultrafast Phenomena Section**, which, at the time, had produced the **most powerful short-pulse laser in the world**. The lab was cluttered and full of dust, with a sign at the door warning janitors away, because the dust helped them “see the beams,” as Strickland then said. \n\nAfter a year-long stint in the laser division of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California in ‘91/92, Strickland took a position on the technical team of Princeton’s Advanced Technology Center for Photonics and Opto-electronic materials. \n\nIn 1997, Strickland moved to the University of Waterloo as an assistant professor, where she still teaches as full-time Professor of Physics and Astronomy, becoming **the first full-time female Professor in Physics at the institution**. Strickland leads the Ultrafast Laser Group at the university, which specializes in developing high-intensity laser systems for nonlinear optics investigations.  ","cd079d24-5a82-4cf6-b306-ac874ce23c3d",[342,349],{"id":343,"data":344,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"9ede3f69-3227-4053-a8f4-e0010d29b601",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":345,"activeRecallAnswers":347},[346],"Which section of the National Research Council of Canada did Donna Strickland work in?",[348],"The Ultrafast Phenomena Section",{"id":350,"data":351,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"ae023e9b-1801-4b76-8b95-b056dd7e8578",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":352,"clozeWords":354},[353],"At the University of Waterloo, Donna Strickland leads the Ultrafast Laser Group, which specialises in high-intensity laser systems for nonlinear optics investigations",[355],"nonlinear optics",{"id":357,"data":358,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":362},"99a6e7fc-4470-4c19-ab0d-400f1790ecf5",{"type":25,"title":359,"markdownContent":360,"audioMediaId":361},"Strickland's Spectroscopy & Current Research ","In general, **spectroscopy studies the way matter absorbs and emits light and other radiation based on the radiation wavelength**. To find out what a chemical compound is made up of, we can point radiation at it and measure the absorption. Infrared spectroscopy focuses on the electromagnetic spectrum between the visible (800 nanometers) and the short-wave microwave (0.3 millimeters), and the spectra associated with the internal vibration of molecules. \n\nOne of the current research projects Strickland is involved in at the University of Waterloo focuses on the spectral region, also known as the ‘molecular fingerprint region’. The **spectral region is the distinctive signature of each molecule, defined by its absorption ranges at specific wavelengths**. The spectral region of molecules is becoming increasingly crucial in detecting trace gas of explosives. Strickland’s team is currently working on developing a specific laser system that will generate mid-infrared wavelengths across the spectral region. \n\nAnother area of research for Strickland is **presbyopia**, which is the medical term for age-related farsightedness. Through active study and research of the crystalline lens of the eye, she is trying to determine whether the creation of microbubbles within the lens would improve its elasticity, thus possibly curing presbyopia.","a1c5dae2-2a75-41f4-92c4-da3cf1339489",[363,370,378],{"id":364,"data":365,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"031c3587-6d60-48ec-b607-5536637d67bb",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":366,"activeRecallAnswers":368},[367],"What range does infrared spectroscopy focus on?",[369],"800 nanometers to 0.3 millimeters",{"id":371,"data":372,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"6fb96783-d2a8-4f83-b23c-d82e010a9f49",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":373,"clozeWords":375},[374],"The spectral region of molecular spectroscopy is the distinctive signature of each molecule, defined by its absorption ranges at specific wavelengths",[376,377],"molecule","wavelengths",{"id":379,"data":380,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"a6bf40e9-a97a-4182-8ea8-dd856dfcfbde",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":381,"multiChoiceCorrect":383,"multiChoiceIncorrect":385},[382],"What is the medical term for age-related farsightedness?",[384],"Presbyopia",[386,387,388],"Diphtheria","Bacchanalia","Dysplasia",{"id":390,"data":391,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25},"7be47732-3884-44ec-be77-4e391fcab8aa",{"type":25,"title":392,"markdownContent":393,"audioMediaId":394},"Strickland’s Nobel Prize & Other Recognitions","Strickland’s CPA invention has had a transformative influence on biology research, medical procedures, and manufacturing. **Strickland was the first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physics in 55 years**, joining Marie Curie (1903) and Maria Goeppert-Mayer (1963). \n\nStrickland has received several other distinctions, including the Ontario Premier's Research Excellence Award in 1999 and the Cottrell Scholars' Award in 2000, which recognizes scholars for their research and academic leadership. \n\nFor her pioneering work and contribution in the field of ultrafast laser and optical science she was named a fellow of the Optical Society of America in 2008 and the Royal Society of Canada in 2019. \n","d94eb4b4-b76d-4453-9f79-4a9947c5cf53",{"id":396,"data":397,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":399},"06e381c0-35ba-41ae-9f64-e6cc438244e0",{"type":26,"title":398},"Eva Silverstein's Achievements",[400,415,429,454],{"id":401,"data":402,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":406},"1356b33d-7379-4b4b-985a-730c73bad337",{"type":25,"title":403,"markdownContent":404,"audioMediaId":405},"Introduction to Eva Silverstein","**Eva Silverstein** is an American theoretical physicist and cosmologist and currently a Professor of Physics at Stanford University. Silverstein obtained her bachelor’s degree in Physics from Harvard University in 1992 and her PhD. in Physics from Princeton University in 1996. \n\nSilverstein’s research focuses on the origin of the universe and the nature of the fundamental laws of physics. Her numerous recognitions include the MacArthur Fellowship Award, also known as the ‘genius award,’ and the Arthur P Sloan Fellowship Award, both in 1999. \n\nIn 2020, she was awarded the Bergmann Memorial Award by the Israel-U.S. Binational Science Foundation, and, in 2016, she was granted Fellowship at the American Physical Society. \n\nSilverstein is also on the advisory board of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Gravity, and Cosmology and, in 2020, she was appointed a Member at the American Academy of Arts & Sciences.\n","f9631e6f-0547-48f1-a960-17b924ecf2f6",[407],{"id":408,"data":409,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"603e5cfb-f9f7-45b2-9659-14d1ae24f0ec",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":410,"activeRecallAnswers":412},[411],"What two things does Eva Silverstein concentrate on when it comes to her research?",[413,414],"The origin of the universe","The nature of the fundamental laws of physics",{"id":416,"data":417,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":421},"317ed37c-5386-43a1-87ed-72b13ff83422",{"type":25,"title":418,"markdownContent":419,"audioMediaId":420},"Silverstein’s Background & Education","Born in 1970, Silverstein was raised in Washington, U.S.A., where her father was an assistant professor of philosophy at Washington State University in Pullman. He went on to become Professor Emeritus and co-authored 3 books in the Topics in Contemporary Philosophy series published by MIT Press, which examined the concept of time in relation to identity, and what is knowledge. \n\nAn academically gifted student, Silverstein graduated from Lewis and Clark High School in 1988. Her high school physics teacher, Larry Elsom, remembers her as the “strongest physics student” he ever had. “There was one semester when she never missed a single problem on any test,” he recalls. Silverstein credits Elsom for inspiring her to succeed: “He had a very creative, very serious way of teaching science, which also sparked my interest,” she has said.\n\nIn 1992, Silverstein earned her bachelor’s degree in Physics from Harvard University, and, in 1996, her PhD. in Physics from Princeton University. In 1996-97, she was a Postdoctoral Fellow at Rutgers University. \n","0ac83fc3-13b0-4cd8-b7ae-1ddebafd6f64",[422],{"id":423,"data":424,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"551cdd4e-fd56-4fb6-af26-799ec0d93a87",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":425,"activeRecallAnswers":427},[426],"What subject did Eva Silverstein's father teach as a university professor?",[428],"Philosophy",{"id":430,"data":431,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":435},"33ca2e6d-7177-4eee-bced-e6b4bb5ed5d8",{"type":25,"title":432,"markdownContent":433,"audioMediaId":434},"Silverstein’s Career ","In 1997, Silverstein was appointed an Assistant Professor at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), which is a federally owned particle accelerator laboratory operated by Stanford University. **A particle accelerator is an apparatus that uses electric or electromagnetic fields to accelerate subatomic particles to high velocities for a variety of research purposes**. \n\nFurthermore, when the accelerated particles collide with each other they generate high-energy X-rays and gamma rays. What makes SLAC unique is its **2-mile-long particle accelerator which generates the world’s brightest X-rays**. Scientists from all over the world use this accelerator to probe matter in atomic detail in order to understand the fundamental workings of nature. \n\nSilverstein was promoted to Associate Professor at SLAC in 2001, and full Professor in 2006. In 2009-2010, Silverstein was a visiting Professor at the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of California–Santa Barbara. The Kavli Institute is a scientific research facility where physicists and other theorists come “together to work intensely on a broad range of questions arising from investigations at the leading edges of science.”\n\nIn 1999, she was also appointed a Member of the Institute for Advanced Study.\n\nSilverstein is currently a Professor of Physics at Stanford University, where she focuses on basic problems in several areas of theoretical physics.","f165c8cc-eab9-40d1-8169-70b0991af273",[436,443],{"id":437,"data":438,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"af3fe152-a385-41bd-9eec-4e1fbfbb43fb",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":439,"clozeWords":441},[440],"A particle accelerator is an apparatus that uses electric or electromagnetic fields to accelerate subatomic particles to high velocities for a variety of research purposes",[442],"particle accelerator",{"id":444,"data":445,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"db67f590-22a6-41c0-abf5-263c856a87e7",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":446,"multiChoiceCorrect":448,"multiChoiceIncorrect":450},[447],"How long is the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center's particle accelerator?",[449],"2 miles",[451,452,453],"1 mile","3 miles","4 miles",{"id":455,"data":456,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":460},"648d0e67-a3ca-4dcc-8a95-9ca50d64c885",{"type":25,"title":457,"markdownContent":458,"audioMediaId":459},"Silverstein’s Research ","**Silverstein is interested in the relationship between theories of particle physics and cosmology and questions the fundamental assumptions of physics theory**. She does this through the concept of **string theory**, which is the idea that reality is made up of infinitesimal vibrating strings. These strings vibrate, twist and fold, producing effects in countless, minuscule dimensions which we interpret as everything from particle physics to large-scale phenomena like gravity. \n\nSilverstein’s work focuses on the nature of the fundamental laws of physics, as well as the origin and early evolution of the universe, providing insights into the universe’s age, structure, dynamics, and eventual fate. \n\nOne of Silverstein’s ideas is **monodromy inflation**, a possible explanation as to how and why the Big Bang might have happened. The theory suggests that, prior to the Big Bang expansion, the universe went through a period of extremely rapid exponential expansion. \n\nDuring this earlier expansion, the energy density of the universe was dominated by a cosmological constant-type of vacuum energy; this energy later decayed and turned into the matter and radiation that fill the universe today.\n\n“Monodromy inflation grew out of an attempt to simplify string-theoretic models of dark energy,” Silverstein says. ","29374560-466d-40de-9b6b-0191ca479733",[461,469],{"id":462,"data":463,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"ec735da9-26d4-4766-9abd-050ce4fcb16e",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":464,"clozeWords":466},[465],"Physicists who are proponents of string theory believe that reality is made up of infinitesimal vibrating strings which vibrate, twist and fold to produce countless miniscule dimensions",[467,468],"string theory","dimensions",{"id":470,"data":471,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"fc307f43-0d19-4c3d-b209-1c733431557c",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":472,"activeRecallAnswers":474},[473],"What is Eva Silverstein's theory on how and why the Big Bang happened?",[475],"Monodromy inflation",{"id":477,"data":478,"type":28,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":481},"69065f18-e4b6-45fd-ad6b-24df6831de09",{"type":28,"title":479,"tagline":480},"Women in Computer Science","Meet the Mother of Software and the Conscience of the AI Revolution",[482,584],{"id":483,"data":484,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":486},"2022b644-cc7b-41d5-9a64-7b946fae0caf",{"type":26,"title":485},"Margaret Hamilton's Contributions",[487,505,520,545,563],{"id":488,"data":489,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":493},"7824a6be-53e1-42cf-bf5a-da1bf8277542",{"type":25,"title":490,"markdownContent":491,"audioMediaId":492},"Introduction to Margaret Hamilton","**Margaret Hamilton** is an American computer scientist and is known as the ‘mother of software,’ in other words, the set of instructions and programs used to operate computers. In 1960, together with her team at MIT, she wrote the computer code and onboard flight software for the Apollo moon landings in the late 1960s and early ‘70s. \n\nHamilton was born in 1936, in Indiana, U.S.A., but grew up in Michigan where she graduated from Hancock High School in 1954. She earned her BA in mathematics with a minor in Philosophy from Earlham College in 1958.\n\nIn 2003, she was given NASA’s Exceptional Space Act Award for her scientific and technical contributions, which included $37,200, the largest sum awarded to any individual in NASA's history. \n\n ![Graph](image://48b1a3c5-5e2b-4af7-b798-0e15d64df27f \"A photograph of Margaret Hamilton\")\n\n","d1852595-c5cb-4ac1-b8dc-e8baf37c3a64",[494],{"id":495,"data":496,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"863ec7b0-b8dd-4370-be3b-8a8f358ff6ef",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":497,"multiChoiceCorrect":499,"multiChoiceIncorrect":501},[498],"Which space missions did Margaret Hamilton write software for in the 1960s and 1970s?",[500],"Apollo",[502,503,504],"Mars","Voyager","Artemis",{"id":506,"data":507,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":511},"188dc4f7-6f4c-4505-b2d4-0b7079bcfdf9",{"type":25,"title":508,"markdownContent":509,"audioMediaId":510},"Hamilton’s Career ","After graduating from Earlham College in 1958, Hamilton accepted a job at MIT, programming software to predict the weather, while doing some postgraduate work in meteorology. \n\nIn the early 1960s, she joined the **Semi-Automatic Ground Environment** project at MIT’s Lincoln Laboratory. SAGE was the first U.S. air defense system and Hamilton wrote software for it aimed at identifying enemy aircraft. From there, Hamilton joined MIT’s Instrumentation Laboratory, which provided aeronautical technology for NASA. \n","f3b0011d-ab10-4e82-90e0-20fd9be48a40",[512],{"id":513,"data":514,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"34bd1f94-eb94-4ca3-a3d5-f715e8a8c0c9",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":515,"clozeWords":517},[516],"In the early 1960s, Margaret Hamilton joined the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment project, attempting to produce software to identify enemy aircraft",[518,519],"1960s","software",{"id":521,"data":522,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":526},"0e06844b-e0f7-47da-94b3-5a9b9dbb8987",{"type":25,"title":523,"markdownContent":524,"audioMediaId":525},"Hamilton & the Apollo Code","In 1961, MIT’s Instrumentation Laboratory entered into a contract with NASA to develop the **Apollo program’s flight software** and guidance system that would eventually land humans on the moon for the first time in 1969. \n\nHamilton led the Software Engineering Division at the Instrumentation Laboratory and, together with her team, developed the on-board flight software for the Lunar Module and Command Module of the Apollo program. Hamilton felt that the work she and her team were doing involved just as much engineering as the other work on the Apollo spacecraft that she coined the term software engineer to describe their work. \n\nUp to that point, the term engineering had purely been associated in science with the design and building of engines, machines, and structures. However, during her work on the Apollo program, Hamilton realized that building data programs for computers to execute specific tasks involved equally complex design and, hence, was a different form of engineering.   \n\nIn a 2009 interview for MIT News, Hamilton described her contribution: “There was no second chance. …We took our work seriously, many of us beginning this journey while still in our 20s. ... Because software was a mystery, a black box, upper management gave us total freedom and trust. We had to find a way and we did.”\n\n ![Graph](image://dd24b140-984f-4ab6-b44a-f17cabb0c064 \"The Apollo Mission, the 11th iteration of which landed on the moon\")\n\n","221e3a71-4f26-444c-80b0-5572b76dc732",[527,534],{"id":528,"data":529,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"15c4407e-d3ba-40d4-9b31-03970c994178",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":530,"activeRecallAnswers":532},[531],"What term did Margaret Hamilton coin to more accurately describe her field after contemplating the complexity of design associated with her lunar guidance missions?",[533],"Software Engineering",{"id":535,"data":536,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"dcffa806-e9c0-416e-a4ff-14f0d2a5472c",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":537,"multiChoiceCorrect":539,"multiChoiceIncorrect":541},[538],"When did man first land on the moon?",[540],"1969",[542,543,544],"1949","1989","2009",{"id":546,"data":547,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":551},"100b4178-5a93-47e4-ace4-c6685ea84984",{"type":25,"title":548,"markdownContent":549,"audioMediaId":550},"Against the Trends & Against the Odds","When Hamilton accepted the job at the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, she was 24 years old, and the plan was to support her husband during his 3 years at Harvard Law. At the time, women were not encouraged to go after intense technical work, let alone lead whole teams of scientists. \n\nTo put it into perspective, this was 10 years before Microsoft. Not only were the technology and engineering fields dominated by men, but computer programming and software were hardly a concept. **The original document outlining the requirements for the Apollo mission didn’t even include software**. As Hamilton once said: “When I first got into it, nobody knew what it was that we were doing. It was like the Wild West. There was no course in it. They didn’t teach it.”\n\nHamilton pioneered the concept of software engineering which has now become a **$400 billion** industry, and her epic success changed the world and what was humanly and digitally possible. ","b479a760-46e7-4a19-a652-383f8b4f61c8",[552],{"id":553,"data":554,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"e7fd7b1c-0308-428c-9245-5d48ad85fd4a",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":555,"multiChoiceCorrect":557,"multiChoiceIncorrect":559},[556],"How much is the software engineering industry worth in 2022?",[558],"$400 billion",[560,561,562],"$3 trillion","$147 million","$64 billion",{"id":564,"data":565,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":569},"e30d72aa-e22f-44df-9c8c-85f224faff6b",{"type":25,"title":566,"markdownContent":567,"audioMediaId":568},"Hamilton’s Post-MIT Career ","Hamilton left MIT in the mid-1970s to start and lead multiple software companies. In 1976, she cofounded a company called Higher Order Software (HOS) whose main goal was to **prevent errors in software and develop fault tolerances**. One of the products created at HOS was called USE.IT which was successfully used by the U.S. Air Force in the Integrated Computer-Aided Manufacturing (ICAM) project. \n\nHamilton left HOS in 1985 and, in 1986, founded Hamilton Technologies, Inc. (HTI) which is headquartered a few blocks from MIT. At HTI, Hamilton developed the Universal Systems Language (USL) in order to combine mathematical perfection with engineering precision. \n\nUSL is different from traditional software approaches because it is **preventive and does not allow errors in the first place**. According to HTI, USL was largely derived from “lessons learned from the Apollo onboard flight software effort” and is based on the company’s Development Before the Fact (DBTF) theory which eliminates errors before the fact. \n\nUSL is currently used by NASA, the U.S. Army/Navy/Air Force, other governments around the world, as well as major banks, companies, and universities. \n","053f2c73-1cfd-433d-8b9e-4b9a40cc14db",[570,577],{"id":571,"data":572,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"c5bf682f-08da-4ca4-a5df-89cb1762f927",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":573,"activeRecallAnswers":575},[574],"What software development language did Margaret Hamilton develop?",[576],"Universal Systems Language (USL)",{"id":578,"data":579,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"fe305f1c-1369-4988-b036-05d48f0acb40",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":580,"clozeWords":582},[581],"USL is based upon the Development Before The Fact (DBTF) theory, which made it more difficult to create problems in the code",[583],"Development Before The Fact",{"id":585,"data":586,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":588},"943c3438-4705-4f6e-9f82-6f22c7295a71",{"type":26,"title":587},"Joy Buolamwini's Impact",[589,605,620,644,660],{"id":590,"data":591,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":595},"c21596ba-ac24-46e5-9e7f-d0c15bfc7d9e",{"type":25,"title":592,"markdownContent":593,"audioMediaId":594},"Introduction to Joy Buolamwini","**Joy Buolamwini** is a Ghanaian-Canadian computer scientist and digital activist based at the MIT Media Lab in Boston. Her research in computer vision systems during her MIT thesis uncovered large **racial and gender bias in AI services** from companies like Microsoft and Amazon. In 2016, Buolamwini founded the Algorithmic Justice League whose goal is to create a world with more ethical and inclusive technology. \n\nBuolamwini is a Rhodes Scholar and Fulbright Fellow and has written several op-eds on the impact of AI for publications such as TIME magazine and the New York Times. She has championed the need for algorithmic justice at the World Economic Forum and the United Nations, with Fortune magazine naming her “the conscience of the AI revolution.”","81572731-276f-4ae1-b366-56966328dd61",[596],{"id":597,"data":598,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"51044ebe-bc63-4fb2-b34f-184a45db13f4",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":599,"clozeWords":601},[600],"In her MIT thesis, entitled Gender Shades, Joy Buolamwini uncovered large racial and gender biases in Artificially Intelligent services",[602,603,604],"racial","gender","Artificially Intelligent",{"id":606,"data":607,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":611},"531fc953-889d-44e6-87ad-0351e063178a",{"type":25,"title":608,"markdownContent":609,"audioMediaId":610},"Buolamwini’s Early Life & Education","Buolamwini was born in Edmonton, Alberta, in 1989 and grew up in Ghana, and then in Mississippi. The Kismet robot developed by MIT in the 1990s inspired her to follow a career in computer science and she taught herself coding, including JavaScript and XHTML.  \n\nHer mother was an artist and her father a professor of medicinal chemistry and pharmaceutical sciences. “Growing up I saw art and science as one, and I think that’s what drew me to computer science,” Buolamwini has said.\n\nShe earned her BSc in Computer Science from the Georgia Institute of Technology graduating as a Stamps President’s Scholar in 2012.  The Stamps President Scholarship is “offered annually to the 1% of high school seniors from across the United States who enroll at Georgia Tech.” \n\nBuolamwini went on to receive her MSc in Education Learning & Technology from the University of Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar. During her years in Oxford, she took part in the first Rhodes Scholar ‘Service Year,’ working on community projects. \n\nNext came an MS in Media Arts & Sciences from MIT in 2017, with Buolamwini’s thesis focused on **large racial and gender biases she discovered in artificial intelligence (AI) services offered by companies including Microsoft, IBM, and Amazon**. \n\nIn 2022, Buolamwini was awarded a PhD in Media Arts & Sciences from the MIT Media Lab for her thesis titled Facing the Coded Gaze with Evocative Audits and Algorithmic Audits which zeroed in on algorithmic bias in computer vision systems.\n\n ![Graph](image://3419bf2e-cb28-4f39-9a81-995eb82a4fab \"A photograph of Joy Buolamwini\")\n\n","31a07396-fefb-42f0-9f6e-8d2897245e91",[612],{"id":613,"data":614,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"d6604a47-f020-431e-bcc9-cc58cd156a08",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":615,"activeRecallAnswers":617},[616],"What two programming languages did Joy Buolamwini teach herself in the 1990s?",[618,619],"JavaScript","XHTML",{"id":621,"data":622,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":626},"340dca9b-5204-4fa0-88a0-a8c0c871754d",{"type":25,"title":623,"markdownContent":624,"audioMediaId":625},"Gender Shades","While researching her MIT thesis, titled **Gender Shades**, Buolamwini’s methodology uncovered large racial and gender biases in AI services. In her initial experiments, she noticed that certain facial recognition software systems didn’t detect her face until she put on a white mask, while others misgendered her. \n\nWanting to understand how classification systems worked and if results changed based on people’s gender and skin type, Buolamwini decided to delve deeper. She gathered a data set of 1000 images of parliament members from the top 10 countries in the world based on their representation of women in power. From those, she then chose 3 African countries and 3 European countries to compare how the classification systems performed with darker and lighter skin tones. \n\nShe decided to evaluate Microsoft, IBM and ‘Face ++’ and run tests on the accuracy of their classification systems. She discovered that, **while these companies appeared to have high accuracy overall, all companies performed better on males than females, and on lighter subjects compared to darker ones**. All companies performed worst on darker females. \n\nFollowing Buolamwini’s discovery and the awareness she raised, these companies stepped back from selling facial recognition technology to law enforcement in 2020.","456ad56d-2542-4a2f-90da-26b4018792b9",[627,636],{"id":628,"data":629,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"4271fc04-1d0c-4e56-8c41-502cfb266350",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":630,"clozeWords":632},[631],"Following Joy Buolamwini discovery that Microsoft, IBM and Face++ recognition softwares performed worse on black females, the companies stopped selling facial recognition technology to law enforcement in 2020",[633,634,635],"black females","facial recognition","law enforcement",{"id":637,"data":638,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"87073cc3-7068-41e3-863a-6fb6089c2ceb",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":639,"clozeWords":641},[640],"To understand how classification systems worked, Joy Buolamwini gathered a dataset of 1000 images of parliament members in 3 African countries and 3 European countries",[642,643],"classification","1000",{"id":645,"data":646,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":650},"b410575c-eb13-4918-a34b-6fdd9e7b5b6a",{"type":25,"title":647,"markdownContent":648,"audioMediaId":649},"Buolamwini as a Poet of Code","While at MIT, and as a result of her thesis research, Buolamwini founded the Algorithmic Justice League (AJL), an organization combining art and research to highlight social implications and harms of artificial intelligence. AJL’s mission is to raise public awareness about the impacts of AI and encourage equitable and accountable AI.\n\nThrough documentaries like **Coded Bias** which investigates the harms that AI can pose  over people's lives, and exhibitions such as The Coded Gaze: Unmasking Algorithmic Bias, which is comprised of 4 video works, AJL attempts to produce actionable critique for the improved use of AI. \n\nBuolamwini is also a ‘poet of code,’ and her spoken word visual audit called _AI, Ain’t I A Woman_ shows fundamental AI failures on facial recognition for iconic women like Oprah Winfrey, Michelle Obama, and Serena Williams. It has been part of exhibitions around the world, including the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston and the Barbican Center in the UK. ","b915ced4-6d34-4f3d-b629-18300e0dd0de",[651],{"id":652,"data":653,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"abfa8641-c0f0-4ab8-b5a5-97d9b7662a57",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":654,"binaryCorrect":656,"binaryIncorrect":658},[655],"What organization did Joy Buolamwini create to highlight the social implications and harms of Artificial Intelligence?",[657],"Algorithmic Justice League",[659],"Algorithmic Avengers Assemble",{"id":661,"data":662,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":666},"4b3e3621-3d01-4065-b423-e8a4cba21dbd",{"type":25,"title":663,"markdownContent":664,"audioMediaId":665},"Fulbright Fellowship & Rhodes Scholar Service","In 2012, Buolamwini went to Zambia as a Fulbright Fellow, where she launched Zamrize, an initiative providing Zambian youth with the expertise to create technology through lab-based experiences. \n\n“I just knew that I saw the power in these computational tools and, being from Ghana, I wanted to use these tools and opportunities to help others,” she said at the time.\n\nWhile at Oxford University as a Rhodes Scholar, Buolamwini piloted the first ‘Service Year’ of the Rhodes project which offered scholars an opportunity to use their residence in Oxford to pilot a community service-oriented project. \n\nDuring her Service Year, Buolamwini launched Code4Rights, a technology education initiative that built upon her work on Zamrize and whose goal was to promote human rights through technology education. One of the first successful projects of Code4Rights was the First Response Oxford App, which was created by over 30 young women to address sexual violence at Oxford University. The app provides survivors of sexual violence with essential information including optional ways to respond, support resources, and critical contact details.","07b99b21-0480-4bf0-ba78-6bf97a0a3eef",[667],{"id":668,"data":669,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"98dae5ef-b9d6-43e3-994d-fb0fe2d14f05",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":670,"activeRecallAnswers":672},[671],"What technology education initiative did Joy Buolamwini create to build upon Zamrise to promote human rights through education technology?",[673],"Code4Rights",{"id":675,"data":676,"type":28,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":679},"85026673-1c67-4ccf-9e61-957a8b502d0c",{"type":28,"title":677,"tagline":678},"Women in Data Security","An introduction to the female hackers securing the internet",[680,741,795],{"id":681,"data":682,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":684},"97a5328c-d396-44d9-953c-d8cc4b653b18",{"type":26,"title":683},"Katie Moussouris: Early Life and Career",[685,699,716],{"id":686,"data":687,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":691},"95a2a220-5946-4ea4-a3c5-228f1c5a4d3e",{"type":25,"title":688,"markdownContent":689,"audioMediaId":690},"Introduction to Katie Moussouris","**Katie Moussouris** is an American computer researcher and hacker who has become a pioneer in cybersecurity. Working as a chief policy officer for HackerOne, a vulnerability disclosure company, Moussouris collaborated with the U.S. Department of Defense to build ‘Hack the Pentagon,’ the government’s first bug bounty program. \n\nShe is the Founder & CEO of Luta security, which advises governments and organizations on vulnerability disclosure and **bug bounty programs.** Moussouris is also a cybersecurity fellow at New America and the National Security Institute.\n\n ![Graph](image://7a239e4f-0adb-4c0e-93f7-f425af0a4879 \"A photograph of Katie Moussouris\")\n\n","7f7c2728-532a-4ddc-9689-7c6050a0f283",[692],{"id":693,"data":694,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"408ad012-c8ae-4b7c-a2aa-95f372f94246",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":695,"activeRecallAnswers":697},[696],"What company does Katie Moussouris work for?",[698],"HackerOne",{"id":700,"data":701,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":705},"f0aaa985-1d71-4ec8-945a-85f6e7f4f045",{"type":25,"title":702,"markdownContent":703,"audioMediaId":704},"Moussouris’ Early Life & Background","Moussouris, who is 47 years old, was born in Boston, Massachusetts, to a Chamorro mother and a Greek father. She attributes her ambitious drive to the culture and heritage of her mother’s native island, Rota in the Northern Mariana Islands.  \n\n“I was raised by a strong single mom… My family were the chiefs of that tiny island in the middle of nowhere, so I am the descendant of the leaders of my own people,” Moussouris has said of her lineage. \n\nHer interest in computers started at a young age, and, when she was 8 years old, her mother bought her a **Commodore 64** – the popular home computer at the time, which came with a manual and one game. As they couldn’t afford any more games, Moussouris learned to program in BASIC so she could write a new game herself.\n\n ![Graph](image://89c33250-2490-492f-96f3-ace5d3c937b9 \"A photograph of a Commodore 64\")\n\n","ba1653d5-8e0a-4463-b96f-bd49c063f832",[706],{"id":707,"data":708,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"59113f87-c057-422d-8a8e-d60804287ac0",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":709,"multiChoiceCorrect":711,"multiChoiceIncorrect":713},[710],"What programming language did Katie Moussouris learn so she could write a new game for her Commodore 64?",[712],"BASIC",[714,618,715],"Python","Ruby on Rails",{"id":717,"data":718,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":722},"f03eea71-2ac5-4938-aa7a-3e9e3dc87e70",{"type":25,"title":719,"markdownContent":720,"audioMediaId":721},"Moussouris’ Education & Early Career ","At high school, **Moussouris was the first girl to take AP Computer Science at her school**. She then studied molecular biology and mathematics at Simmons College in Boston while simultaneously working at the Human Genome Project at the MIT Whitehead Institute, as she wanted to “cure AIDS and cancer.” At the time, the Human Genome Project was an international, collaborative research program whose goal was the “complete mapping and understanding of all the genes of human beings.” \n\nMoussouris, however, found herself going back to the computing world. Eventually she became the systems administrator for the MIT Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics. At the same time, she also worked as the systems administrator for the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. \n\nFrom there, Moussouris moved to California joining **Linux, an open source operating system**, as a developer. She soon realized that Linux didn’t have a formal computer security response program, so she developed one. This steered her career toward security response and vulnerability handling and coordination. \n","74977562-28da-46a7-832d-60a616221597",[723,734],{"id":724,"data":725,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"245896ec-2f19-44f3-ad99-9aec46ab3ddf",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":726,"multiChoiceCorrect":728,"multiChoiceIncorrect":730},[727],"Which operating system did Katie Moussouris develop a computer security response program for?",[729],"Linux",[731,732,733],"Windows Vista","Windows XP","Mac OS X",{"id":735,"data":736,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"2b808608-072f-4947-bc14-748d4e5e049f",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":737,"activeRecallAnswers":739},[738],"Where did Katie Moussouris work while at Simmons College?",[740],"Human Genome Project",{"id":742,"data":743,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":745},"d032d84e-3ead-4d99-81bd-1acaa1271e4a",{"type":26,"title":744},"Katie Moussouris: Professional Achievements",[746,761,775,789],{"id":747,"data":748,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":752},"0b8e5da2-b222-4eac-8207-9cb18eca3f2a",{"type":25,"title":749,"markdownContent":750,"audioMediaId":751},"Microsoft & Bug Bounties","In 2007, Moussouris joined Microsoft as security strategist. Working closely with hackers who found holes in Microsoft’s software, she founded the **Microsoft Vulnerability Research (MSVR) program **which “formalized multiparty vulnerability and supply chain vulnerability coordination across hardware and software.” \n\nMoussouris eventually became Microsoft’s senior security strategist running the company’s Security Community Outreach and Strategy Team whose aim was to ensure the security of Microsoft’s products. \n\nBefore leaving Microsoft in 2014, she also created the company’s first bug bounty program. According to Moussouris, a bug bounty program “is a cash reward offered by a vendor in exchange for vulnerability information. It's typically offered on a per-bug basis: one bug, one bounty.”","19a9cbe3-a494-468e-8b6e-c53a5f7fd6a2",[753],{"id":754,"data":755,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"772e5b0b-d573-4d7f-b2b1-66fc2978c7c6",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":756,"clozeWords":758},[757],"A bug bounty program is a cash reward offered by vendor in exchange for vulnerability information",[759,760],"cash","vulnerability",{"id":762,"data":763,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":767},"790da936-6d31-4e57-9263-8a3e9ddade68",{"type":25,"title":764,"markdownContent":765,"audioMediaId":766},"Moussouris at HackerOne ","In 2014, Moussouris left Microsoft for HackerOne, a vulnerability coordination and bug bounty platform based in San Francisco, California. As a Chief Policy Officer, she oversaw HackerOne’s philosophy and approach to vulnerability disclosure. \n\nIn March 2016, and while still at HackerOne, Moussouris was involved in creating, and led the launch of a pilot program for the U.S. Department of Defense called ‘**Hack the Pentagon**,’  This was first ever bug bounty program of the U.S. government and was soon followed by ‘Hack the Air Force,’ once again under Moussouris’ lead. \n","20d81836-4bc7-46ea-bea5-3d983a3a03e2",[768],{"id":769,"data":770,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"0523ef2c-7baa-4047-b53e-493b2fbeb349",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":771,"activeRecallAnswers":773},[772],"What US Government White House security program did Moussouris found?",[774],"Hack The Pentagon",{"id":776,"data":777,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":781},"5ef2e3d4-1b57-40b9-adf3-ed4f21f70273",{"type":25,"title":778,"markdownContent":779,"audioMediaId":780},"Moussouris at Luta Security ","In April 2016, Moussouris founded Luta Security, named after her native island Rota, which is known as Luta to the locals. **Luta Security advises companies and governments around the world on their vulnerability coordination, helping them work collaboratively with hackers through bug bounty programs**. \n\nAt Luta Security, Moussouris and her team have developed the **Vulnerability Coordination Maturity Model (VCMM)** which evaluates key areas in organizations to gauge and evolve their vulnerability management capabilities. Clients of the company include the U.S. Department of Defense and the U.K. National Cyber Security Center, among others. \n","d40e517d-282f-4a82-8e68-8979f5d9141f",[782],{"id":783,"data":784,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"ce2ec339-560c-42bd-9cab-da79ba0c03f1",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":785,"activeRecallAnswers":787},[786],"What program did Moussouris develop at Luta?",[788],"Vulnerability Coordination Maturity Model",{"id":790,"data":791,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25},"35d6be32-ad4c-45e6-934d-9fdf21401791",{"type":25,"title":792,"markdownContent":793,"audioMediaId":794},"Moussouris’ Other Achievements & Distinctions","In 2018, Moussouris was called to testify as an expert in front of the U.S. Senate on bug bounties and the labor market for security research, and, in 2021, testified in front of the U.S. House Committee about improving the cybersecurity of software supply chains. She has also been called upon as a cyber security expert for European Parliament hearings on dual-use technology.\n\nMoussouris serves in advisory roles in several U.S. government boards and committees and is also a cybersecurity fellow at the National Security Institute. In 2018, Forbes included Moussouris in its ‘World’s Top 50 Women in Tech’ list.","c7300ceb-f1f1-417c-b32d-3ede765abb07",{"id":796,"data":797,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":799},"419b90c3-61b5-4c0b-9bc4-80880a3fef4e",{"type":26,"title":798},"Michelle Zatlyn: Introduction and Early Career",[800,815,837],{"id":801,"data":802,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":806},"6626e12c-9dbf-459b-8f08-63eccafc3e66",{"type":25,"title":803,"markdownContent":804,"audioMediaId":805},"Introduction to Michelle Zatlyn","Michelle Zatlyn was born in 1978, and raised, in Prince Albert, Canada. When she was young, she dreamed of becoming a doctor; it wasn’t long, however, before she discovered her passion for an open and secure internet, which changed her career path. \n\n**Zatlyn received her BSc in Chemistry** from McGill University and then went on to Harvard for her MBA, where she was awarded the Dubliner Prize for Entrepreneurship. She started her career by working for Google, and then Toshiba, before joining startup ‘Achievers,’ a global employee rewards program. \n\nZatlyn was nominated as C100s ‘Icon of Canadian Entrepreneurship’ (ICE) in 2019 for her impact on the world of technology and on the Canadian entrepreneurial community, while, in 2021, she was named a Young Global Leader by the World Economic Forum.\n\n ![Graph](image://8677e433-60c5-4850-aaf9-3276d800af7c \"A photograph of Michelle Zatlyn giving a talk about the future of technology\")\n\n","55b7de2d-1d31-44b6-8ba5-af8b1a7e5e8e",[807],{"id":808,"data":809,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"0e938f77-0ed5-4cce-9f38-de9398d0a0e8",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":810,"multiChoiceCorrect":812,"multiChoiceIncorrect":814},[811],"What country was Michelle Zatlyn born in?",[813],"Canada",[78,81,82],{"id":816,"data":817,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":821},"094139dd-55a4-417b-846b-01a58a672ffa",{"type":25,"title":818,"markdownContent":819,"audioMediaId":820},"Zatlyn at Cloudflare  ","While Zatlyn was at Harvard for her MBA, she became friends with Matthew Prince and Lee Holloway, and eventually the three of them started Cloudflare in 2009, based in San Francisco. Zatlyn is currently President and COO of the company.\n\n**Cloudflare is a leading web infrastructure and security company and one of the world’s largest cloud networks, facilitating companies to build and run their public-facing websites and internal networks securely without compromising on speed and delivery.**\n\nWith integrated firewalls, Cloudflare provides developers with the flexibility to deploy code instantly and securely without the need for extra software or hardware. \n\nIn September 2019, Cloudflare went public and its market cap was recently valued at US$15.4 billion. Today, Cloudflare blocks an average of 87 billion cyber threats each day for its customers, which include approximately 19% of the Fortune 1,000.\n\nIt was named the Wall Street Journal’s Most Innovative Network & Internet Technology Company in 2011 and a Technology Pioneer by the World Economic Forum in 2012. In 2016, Cloudflare was included in CNBC’s Disruptor 50 List. ","3056c0f8-c91f-4469-97ff-69f431d3d218",[822,829],{"id":823,"data":824,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"707bf6b9-9ba0-471e-8daa-57bb7ba4f58c",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":825,"clozeWords":827},[826],"While Zatlyn was at Harvard for her MBA, she became friends with Matthew Prince and Lee Holloway, and eventually the three of them started Cloudflare.",[828],"Cloudflare",{"id":830,"data":831,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"be6e3a63-ea2c-4b22-8f07-0359eb2304ea",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":832,"binaryCorrect":834,"binaryIncorrect":835},[833],"Who runs the world's largest cloud network?",[828],[836],"Oracle",{"id":838,"data":839,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":843},"1ecc1c48-499d-45cd-b56b-230228bb57b8",{"type":25,"title":840,"markdownContent":841,"audioMediaId":842},"Zatlyn’s Other Positions ","In 2021, Zatlyn was appointed to the board of directors of Atlassian Corporation, an Australian provider of team collaboration and productivity software. “We are thrilled that she will bring her experience and perspective as a proven operator at such a mission-driven and disruptive company like Cloudflare to the Atlassian board,” said Mike Cannon-Brookes, Atlassian’s cofounder and co-CEO. \n\nFounded in 2002, and with head offices in Sydney and San Francisco, Atlassian develops products for software developers, project managers and other software development teams. In 2004, Atlassian released Confluence, one of its flagship products, which is a team collaboration platform allowing users to work together on projects, co-create content, and share documents.\n\n**Zatlyn is also a member of the Cybersecurity Group for the Aspen Institute**, an international non-profit organization headquartered in Washington, D.C. that aims to “drive change through dialogue, leadership, and action to help solve the greatest challenges of our time.”\n\nZatlyn also  previously served on The NextGen Advisory Board for the Computer History Museum, as well as The Open Internet Advisory Committee Board for the Federal Communications Commission.\n","94cf3ee3-6c1f-43ff-93a7-d7a06ca4148d",[844],{"id":845,"data":846,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"200f660a-f22a-4289-8033-e1ad77926e9d",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":847,"activeRecallAnswers":849},[848],"What non-profit does Michelle Zatlyn sit on the Cybersecurity Group for?",[850],"The Aspen Institute",{"id":852,"data":853,"type":28,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":856},"c75ca91f-654e-49df-95cf-321101ef1ef7",{"type":28,"title":854,"tagline":855},"Women as Tech Entrepeneurs","Learn about the women who changed entrepreneurship as we know it",[857,919],{"id":858,"data":859,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":861},"f94d8170-9be0-4acb-b997-0c5ca6d1445b",{"type":26,"title":860},"Leanne Kemp's Achievements",[862,876,901],{"id":863,"data":864,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":868},"e8276848-0e39-4a2d-b4f8-37200ef897d3",{"type":25,"title":865,"markdownContent":866,"audioMediaId":867},"Introduction to Leanne Kemp","**Leanne Kemp** is an Australian tech entrepreneur and the founder and CEO of Everledger. She studied at Griffith University in Queensland, Australia, earning a bachelor’s degree in Criminology and Cyber Crime in 2014, and also has a bachelor’s degree in Accounting and Commerce from James Cook University, Australia.  \n\nAs a pioneer in her field and in recognition of her leadership role in technology, Kemp has received numerous awards and honors, including being named in UK Business Insider's 26 Coolest Women in UK Tech in 2016. \n\nShe was awarded the AIM Global Allan Gilligan Award 2019, the Advance Global Australian Award 2018 for Technology Innovation, and Innovator of the Year 2016 and 2018 at the Women in IT Awards (London).\n\n ![Graph](image://4323889e-1006-490c-aa7b-adc5fbf15e4c \"A photograph of Leanne Kemp\")\n\n","b4dd896c-3f99-4a70-a188-e659079e8af3",[869],{"id":870,"data":871,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"4ce181f0-40be-4d99-9903-f531706ae048",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":872,"activeRecallAnswers":874},[873],"What company did Leanne Kemp found?",[875],"Everledger",{"id":877,"data":878,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":882},"29304bb8-5ca0-4b03-ab99-e68e0110ade7",{"type":25,"title":879,"markdownContent":880,"audioMediaId":881},"Kemp at Everledger ","Kemp founded Everledger in 2015. **Everledger is a platform that uses blockchain – an unchangeable electronic database or ledger – and artificial intelligence to help verify valuable assets such as diamonds and other precious stones**. The platform is designed to help insurers, claimants and other stakeholders combat fraud and money laundering with verifiable sourcing, without the need for third parties to oversee transactions. \n\nEverledger provides **clarity and confidence** in markets where transparency is imperative, with technology that creates a secure and permanent digital record of a valuable asset’s origin, characteristics, and ownership.\n\nThe startup’s technology helps clients demonstrate the lifetime story of an asset with greater efficiency and accuracy by digitally streamlining compliance processes. It was first used to track diamonds and is now being rolled out in further high-value industries including fine wines. \n","31765dd6-065c-4947-a7c6-08aa68fb2862",[883,892],{"id":884,"data":885,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"4291d0be-30ae-45e4-887f-93b6e2095196",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":886,"binaryCorrect":888,"binaryIncorrect":890},[887],"What software system does Everledger use to verify valuable assets such as diamonds or other precious stones?",[889],"Blockchain",[891],"Metaverse",{"id":893,"data":894,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"df2f9476-f179-4bee-ad4f-3cffa6aedd63",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":895,"activeRecallAnswers":897},[896],"What three pieces of information does Everledger store about an asset?",[898,899,900],"Origin","Characteristics","Ownership",{"id":902,"data":903,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":907},"f34ba17e-8ed3-49c4-8f35-20e867c0bd7a",{"type":25,"title":904,"markdownContent":905,"audioMediaId":906},"Kemp's Other Key Positions","A prominent figure in the technology sector, Kemp now co-chairs the **World Economic Forum’s Global Future Council on the Future of Manufacturing** and is involved in the **Global Future Council on Blockchain**. WEF’s Global Future Council, an invitation-only community, is a network of more than 1000 experts around the world, across different disciplines, that come together to promote innovative thinking and share ideas. \n\nFrom 2018 until 2020, Kemp was appointed Queensland Chief Entrepreneur in Australia, the first female entrepreneur to hold this position. In this honorary role of the Queensland Government, Kemp helped to further develop the state’s startup ecosystem, attract investment, and support job creation. \n\nMore recently, Kemp has been appointed an Adjunct Professor in the Institute of Future Environment at the Queensland University of Technology. She has also been appointed Blockchain Advisory Board Member of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).","1f86d1df-7bb6-43dd-ac0d-8fb4f3f3489b",[908],{"id":909,"data":910,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"25006ba3-141f-47e6-bbfe-3e86dd736dcf",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":911,"multiChoiceCorrect":913,"multiChoiceIncorrect":915},[912],"Where was Leanne Kemp appointed Chief Entrepreneur from 2018 to 2020?",[914],"Queensland",[916,917,918],"Maryland","Poundland","Iceland",{"id":920,"data":921,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":923},"516029a6-2cb5-4729-b4e1-8b442643ec71",{"type":26,"title":922},"Neha Narkhede's Journey",[924,938,959],{"id":925,"data":926,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":930},"6b2f35cc-3e3d-4504-b7c1-097fe6ca9352",{"type":25,"title":927,"markdownContent":928,"audioMediaId":929},"Introduction to Neha Narkhede","**Neha Narkhede** was born in Pune, India. Her parents encouraged her to follow her dreams from a young age and ensured that she did 3 things: learned how to use computers, attended the best schools and modeled women leaders. “My parents bought me my first computer when I was 8 years old. Then I began dreaming about working with technology,” Narkhede said in an interview with Forbes in 2017. \n\nShe earned a BSc in Engineering from Pune Institute of Computer Technology (PICT), University of Pune before getting her master’s in technology from Georgia Tech in 2007. \n\nShe is the cofounder and a board member of Confluent, **a streaming data technology company** whose services are used by major companies including Goldman Sachs and Netflix. \n\nIn 2017, MIT Technology Review named Narkhede as one of its ‘Innovators Under 35’ for “teaching companies how to swim” while “the business world is drowning in data,” and, in 2018, she won the Oracle Groundbreaker Award.  In 2022, Forbes ranked Narkhede no.57 in its ‘America’s Self-Made Women’ list with an estimated net worth of US$490 million. ","8f57b228-ad0d-4d56-a8f9-8b07a7d463cd",[931],{"id":932,"data":933,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"037524c7-92f3-4e3b-9657-ebf3e3fefda2",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":934,"activeRecallAnswers":936},[935],"Who founded Confluent?",[937],"Neha Narkhede",{"id":939,"data":940,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":944},"b1d9ff52-2c69-4ada-b34a-0f4a97dbe12a",{"type":25,"title":941,"markdownContent":942,"audioMediaId":943},"LinkedIn & Apache Kafka","Following her graduation from Georgia Tech, Narkhede worked for Oracle as a principal software engineer before joining LinkedIn as the lead of streams infrastructure. While at LinkedIn, Narkhede co-developed Platform Apache Kafka together with Jay Kreps and Jun Rao. The platform became LinkedIn’s open-source messaging system that helps the networking site manage its huge influx of data.  \n\nApache Kafka gathers data from different sources of information including web analytics and social media and funnels it into a single stream that can be used to build and enhance projects. Largely, Kafka accepts **streams of events written by data producers which it then stores chronologically across servers**. The software has become integral in the tech world, so much so that Silicon Valley engineers display their Kafka expertise on their CVs. \n\nInitially conceived as a messaging queue, Apache Kafka has now evolved into a full-fledged streaming platform. Examples of the software’s applications include managing passenger and driver matching at Uber and providing real-time analytics for British Gas smart home. \n\nThe software was named after author Franz Kafka, one of the key figures of 20th century literature, because it is \"a system optimized for writing\" and because Kreps liked Kafka’s work.  ","87b2ca57-0498-41b0-b3b8-f023564fb746",[945,951],{"id":946,"data":947,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"711f290c-b23e-4470-8201-9c68fe436414",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":948,"activeRecallAnswers":950},[949],"Where did Neha Narkhede work as a principal software engineer after graduating from college?",[836],{"id":952,"data":953,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"e35021d2-b288-43fa-a85e-fb2443324b96",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":954,"clozeWords":956},[955],"While at LinkedIn, Neha Narkhede co-developed Platform Apache Kafka as an open-source messaging system which has since been used for passenger driver matching at Uber",[957,958],"Apache Kafka","Uber",{"id":960,"data":961,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":965},"26b26e72-a0b7-4d50-9a15-53bae7c74253",{"type":25,"title":962,"markdownContent":963,"audioMediaId":964},"Confluent ","In 2014, Narkhede, together with Kreps and Rao, left LinkedIn to start Confluent, **a streaming company** based in Palo Alto which helps organizations process large amounts of data on Apache Kafka. Confluent has a **cloud platform** which releases real-time data and acts as a central nervous system for companies, allowing them to connect all their applications around real-time streams and respond accordingly.\n\nOf her decision to move on from LinkedIn, Narkhede said: “A lot of companies began adopting Apache Kafka, so the next step was to create a company around it. I pitched the idea to Jay and Jun, and they both agreed.”\n\nInitially Confluent’s Chief Technology Officer, Narkhede now serves on the company’s board, which went public in June 2021 at a US$9.1 billion valuation. She’s been the driving force behind the platform’s adoption by major clients, including Goldman Sachs that uses it to help deliver information to traders in real-time, and Netflix which relies on it to collect data for its video recommendations. ","6f531ba4-6980-47f4-9414-16b2968700e9",[966],{"id":967,"data":968,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"d1b93f3b-4336-4e7c-a1b7-ae1917276d9a",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":969,"activeRecallAnswers":971},[970],"What is the valuation of Confluent?",[972],"$9.1 billion",{"id":974,"data":975,"type":28,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":978},"b218a81d-b715-45e9-89e9-806184580c23",{"type":28,"title":976,"tagline":977},"Women as Digital Activists","Teaching computers to see and societies to compute ",[979,1052,1111,1164],{"id":980,"data":981,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":983},"019e52ff-fdd9-433a-8596-0bdfaaf7e948",{"type":26,"title":982},"Fei-Fei Li's Journey",[984,1009,1024],{"id":985,"data":986,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":990},"d279a814-1203-49ea-bf63-c48dae10213f",{"type":25,"title":987,"markdownContent":988,"audioMediaId":989},"Introduction to Fei-Fei Li","**Dr. Fei-Fei Li** is a pioneer of **artificial intelligence** and one of today’s most influential women in technology. She is a Professor in the Computer Science Department at Stanford University, and Co-Director of Stanford’s Human-Centered AI Institute. \n\nShe cofounded AI4ALL, a non-profit aimed at improving diversity in the field of AI, and, together with her team at Stanford, is aiming to instill human sensitivity to artificially intelligent algorithms. She is also known for her work on the ImageNet project, which is a database of over 15 million images that help ‘train’ computers to recognize and understand pictures. \t","0b68195d-3496-4aff-a37c-7fb46dfca8ec",[991,1002],{"id":992,"data":993,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"3db3c724-26de-48a7-97d8-19858665e298",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":994,"multiChoiceCorrect":996,"multiChoiceIncorrect":998},[995],"How many images are there in the ImageNet database?",[997],"15 million",[999,1000,1001],"30 million","45 million","60 million",{"id":1003,"data":1004,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"46451c6c-7f43-413c-a0b2-7994e92f6c3f",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1005,"activeRecallAnswers":1007},[1006],"What database is Fei-Fei Li known for working on?",[1008],"ImageNet",{"id":1010,"data":1011,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1015},"6aed46fa-b050-4b6c-8b91-851559ecf2ef",{"type":25,"title":1012,"markdownContent":1013,"audioMediaId":1014},"Li’s Early Life & Higher Education","Fei-Fei Li was born in **Beijing** and grew up in **Chengdu**, southern China, and, as a child, kept mostly to herself. When she was 12, her father emigrated to the US and settled in **Parsippany, New Jersey**; Li and her mother joined him when Li was 16. \n\nWithin a couple of years, Li had very good command of the English language and was excelling at school. She was so advanced in math that her high school math instructor, Bob Sabella, put together an ad hoc version of an advanced calculus class, which he taught Li during lunch breaks. Li graduated from Parsippany High School in 1995; she was inducted in the school’s Hall of Fame in 2017. \n\nAfter graduating from Parsippany High School in 1995, Fei-Fei Li earned a scholarship to study **physics, computer science** and **engineering** at Princeton University, graduating with honors. In 2000, she started her PhD in electrical engineering at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) and graduated in 2005 with her dissertation titled Visual Recognition: Computational Models and Human Psychophysics. ","6a9f78e4-c2a1-4df5-8731-0a2657c2edf3",[1016],{"id":1017,"data":1018,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"57844a21-923a-4c84-91db-f56c3100bf4d",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1019,"clozeWords":1021},[1020],"Fei-Fei Li got her PhD from Caltech in 2005 with a dissertation titled 'Visual Recognition: Computational Models and Human Psychophysics' ",[1022,1023],"Models","Psychophysics",{"id":1025,"data":1026,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1030},"4cd4eda8-709b-416c-9854-f298b6336b2a",{"type":25,"title":1027,"markdownContent":1028,"audioMediaId":1029},"Li’s Career ","Li is currently the inaugural Sequoia Professor in the Computer Science Department at Stanford University, and Co-Director of Stanford’s Human-Centered AI Institute. Her main research areas are in **machine learning, deep learning, computer vision** and **cognitive and computational neuroscience**.\n\nPrior to Stanford and following the completion of her PhD at Caltech, Li worked as an assistant professor in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, and then joined the Computer Science Department at Princeton University. \n\nIn 2009, Li moved to Stanford as an assistant professor, becoming professor in 2017 and serving as the Director of Stanford’s AI Lab from 2013 to 2018. During a sabbatical from Stanford in 2017-18, she worked at Google as Vice President and served as Chief Scientist of AI/ML at Google Cloud.\n","f31e105e-5346-4d1b-b8d3-7161bb6eef72",[1031,1041],{"id":1032,"data":1033,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"79adad0d-eaa5-432d-9d74-b228694c1b5e",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1034,"activeRecallAnswers":1036},[1035],"What are Fei-Fei Li's four main areas of research?",[1037,1038,1039,1040],"Machine Learning","Deep Learning","Computer Vision","Neuroscience",{"id":1042,"data":1043,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"d73a8523-de6b-4f29-95ca-f73692ffc332",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1044,"multiChoiceCorrect":1046,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1048},[1045],"What Google Department did Fei-Fei Li work for at Google?",[1047],"Google Cloud",[1049,1050,1051],"Google Cardboard","Google Pixel","Google Maps",{"id":1053,"data":1054,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":1056},"9e5c6d9f-17b2-44c2-b752-ce536c1b3660",{"type":26,"title":1055},"Fei-Fei Li's Contributions",[1057,1081,1095],{"id":1058,"data":1059,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1063},"1dca77d1-28f6-4978-89ad-bb77d3706283",{"type":25,"title":1060,"markdownContent":1061,"audioMediaId":1062},"Li on ImageNet","Fei-Fei Li is mostly known for her work as a leading scientist and principal investigator on the ImageNet project, which is a database of over 15 million images. ImageNet is a large database that helps ‘train’ computers to identify and comprehend what’s in a picture, thus revolutionizing the field of large-scale visual recognition. \n\nImageNet is a large image dataset organized according to the WordNet hierarchy, which is a large lexical database of English. Each meaningful concept in WordNet, including multiple words or word phrases, is called a ‘synonym set’ or ‘synset.’ WordNet contains more than a 100,000 synsets, with the majority of them being nouns. \n\nImageNet provides an average 1000 images to illustrate each synset. What makes ImageNet so special is that the images of each concept are quality-controlled and human-annotated, aiming to offer tens of millions of cleanly labeled and sorted images for most of the concepts in the WordNet hierarchy.\n\nLi’s work on the project has led to one of the biggest breakthroughs in AI. Her contribution in the field “using learning methodologies based on statistical and neuroscience principles” was recognized by the International Association for Pattern Recognition in 2016. \n","1b749135-6829-4766-882e-20617684d14c",[1064,1072],{"id":1065,"data":1066,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"4f6d1b58-2d94-4f08-9c4a-19a42a6ea99b",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1067,"binaryCorrect":1069,"binaryIncorrect":1071},[1068],"What hierarchy came first?",[1070],"WordNet",[1008],{"id":1073,"data":1074,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"d83898e2-9fe5-429a-8352-4966643e49ff",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1075,"multiChoiceCorrect":1077,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1078},[1076],"How many images does ImageNet provide on average per synset?",[643],[131,1079,1080],"10000","100000",{"id":1082,"data":1083,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1087},"0150afe7-1fd5-4af7-bdbb-20553e8450ba",{"type":25,"title":1084,"markdownContent":1085,"audioMediaId":1086},"Li & AI4ALL","In 2017, with funding from Melinda Gates and Jensen Huang, **Li cofounded AI4ALL** which is a national non-profit summer program aimed at **increasing diversion and inclusion in AI education**. According to AI4ALLs’s website “AI4ALL Opens Doors to Artificial Intelligence for Historically Excluded Talent Through Education and Mentorship.” \n\nAI4ALL’s outreach includes girls, people of color and people from financially disadvantaged backgrounds. The first summer program took place on the Stanford campus and, by 2018, AI4ALL had successfully launched 5 more summer programs including at Princeton University, Carnegie Mellon University, Boston University, University of California Berkeley, and Canada's Simon Fraser University. Today, AI4ALL’s summer programs take place in 16 sites across the U.S.\n","b8b5bf63-10b9-478a-a377-760041a4a2a7",[1088],{"id":1089,"data":1090,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"c668cda5-500b-43d9-ad6d-7b700a5fdcac",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1091,"activeRecallAnswers":1093},[1092],"What outreach national non-profit summer program did Fei-Fei Li fund with funding from Melinda Gates to increase access to AI learning opportunities?",[1094],"AI4All",{"id":1096,"data":1097,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1101},"0c6cae7b-14a2-4eec-9fb5-105924038248",{"type":25,"title":1098,"markdownContent":1099,"audioMediaId":1100},"Li Recalibrating the Field of AI","The field of AI is growing exponentially and, while Li is one of its pioneers, she is also aware of its drawbacks and potential risks if not used wisely. Without proper guidance, she argues, AI technology will widen the wealth divide even further and reinforce social biases, while also making technology even more exclusive. \n\nLi argued her point on Capitol Hill in 2018 at a hearing of the US House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, titled Artificial Intelligence—With Great Power Comes Great Responsibility. In her words: “If we make fundamental changes to how AI is engineered—**and who engineers it**—the technology will be a transformative force for good. If not, **we are leaving a lot of humanity out of the equation**.”","e9ed2854-a6c8-4cbc-9b0f-49979e93bb66",[1102],{"id":1103,"data":1104,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"5317d710-aafa-45f0-84a2-2152f0581664",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1105,"binaryCorrect":1107,"binaryIncorrect":1109},[1106],"What does Fei-Fei Li think AI will do to the wealth divide without proper guidance?",[1108],"Increase",[1110],"Decrease",{"id":1112,"data":1113,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":1115},"7ed460b4-c87a-492e-a8df-ec20d1809c02",{"type":26,"title":1114},"danah boyd's Background",[1116,1132,1150],{"id":1117,"data":1118,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1122},"23183781-e594-4875-8e20-596db6f814c8",{"type":25,"title":1119,"markdownContent":1120,"audioMediaId":1121},"Introduction to danah boyd","**danah boyd** is a technology and social media scholar with particular focus on **social and cultural inequities** stemming from the relationship between technology and society. boyd, who decided to change her name to all lower case for personal and political reasons, has degrees from Brown University, MIT, and Berkeley. \n\nboyd is the founder and president of **Data & Society**, a research institute based in New York whose aim is to address the **ethical and legal implications of emerging technologies**. Her recognitions include the Electronic Frontier Foundation’s Pioneer/Barlow Award and the Young Global Leader of the World Economic Forum in 2011.\n\nboyd is also a Partner Researcher at Microsoft and Distinguished Visiting Professor at Georgetown University. \n\n ![Graph](image://f6205ac1-3f86-41a7-a758-d01abe6fa10c \"A photograph of danah boyd\")\n\n","464782f4-e81e-4f87-96c7-df3fcf9ff4f1",[1123],{"id":1124,"data":1125,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"f7c3dfe2-c952-483d-8c4d-20609cc45ac9",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1126,"binaryCorrect":1128,"binaryIncorrect":1130},[1127],"Which of these is the correct stylisation of the founder and president of Data & Society?",[1129],"danah boyd",[1131],"Danah Michele Mattas",{"id":1133,"data":1134,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1138},"cd1bd2ef-c9d9-4233-919e-f4dad0ba6d5f",{"type":25,"title":1135,"markdownContent":1136,"audioMediaId":1137},"boyd’s Early life ","boyd was born in 1977 in Pennsylvania, U.S.A. She grew up in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and attended Manheim Township High School from 1992-1996. While she excelled academically and was active in many extra-curricular activities, including theater and Model UN, she had a difficult time blending in and wasn’t active socially. \n\nboyd had little interest in computers but found them to be a useful escape from school life. She spent a lot of time **creating content, browsing, and conversing with strangers** and was fascinated by the connections she was making. \n\nboyd attributes her survival in high school to her mother’s support, the internet, which opened a door of possibilities, and her determination to succeed. \n\nHer childhood dream was to go to the Naval Academy and become an astronaut, but an accident to her neck when she was 16 put an end to that dream and forced her to switch career paths. \n","657f9a6e-c55e-4c38-a932-92ffacd8dfb3",[1139],{"id":1140,"data":1141,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"e56ac8b8-aa91-4d5c-869a-0b3e3bd9af02",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1142,"multiChoiceCorrect":1144,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1146},[1143],"What did danah boyd want to be before her accident at the age of 16?",[1145],"Astronaut",[1147,1148,1149],"Olympic Swimmer","Mechanical Engineer","Jedi",{"id":1151,"data":1152,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1156},"562b1185-eca6-4a17-a813-870ef5796223",{"type":25,"title":1153,"markdownContent":1154,"audioMediaId":1155},"From Mattas to boyd","**boyd’s name is integral to her identity**. She was born ‘Danah Michele Mattas,’ her mother adding the ‘h’ at the end of her first name because she liked how balanced it looked. When she was young, boyd added her stepfather’s name to her own, making it ‘Danah Michele Mattas Beard.’\n\nFollowing her mother and stepfather’s divorce, boyd decided to take her maternal grandfather’s surname ‘Boyd’ because she felt it represented her **family, culture, and heritage**. \n\nIn 2000, **she legally changed her name** to what she felt fit: ‘danah michele boyd.’ boyd chose to stylize her name in **all lower case** for several reasons. On a personal level, she felt that ‘danah’ is more balanced and elegant, while politically she always questioned the reason why names should be capitalized and follow a certain style. \n\nAs she puts it: “it's my name and i should be able to frame it as i see fit, as my adjective, not someone else's. Why must it follow some New York Times standard guide for naming?” It is worth noting that, as seen in her quote above, boyd also doesn’t capitalize the pronoun ‘i’ as she thinks it’s quite “self-righteous.” ","9e144f9a-18de-45bc-8331-d75567ca6f28",[1157],{"id":1158,"data":1159,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"f2927c0f-108e-428f-8e6d-1505be03b573",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1160,"activeRecallAnswers":1162},[1161],"When did danah boyd change her name?",[1163],"2000",{"id":1165,"data":1166,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":1168},"d9e3079a-4c4c-498a-bc5c-8ee2feff3a78",{"type":26,"title":1167},"danah boyd's Achievements",[1169,1192],{"id":1170,"data":1171,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1175},"5a2f6206-79f3-470f-8287-25c4717d2155",{"type":25,"title":1172,"markdownContent":1173,"audioMediaId":1174},"boyd’s Education ","After graduating from high school, boyd attended Brown University for her bachelor’s degree where she studied computer science. She then obtained a master’s in Media Arts and Sciences from MIT, with her thesis focusing on “how people manage their presentation of self in relation to social contextual information in online environments.” \n\nIn 2008, boyd earned her PhD at the University of California Berkeley School of Information. Her dissertation titled Taken Out of Context: American Teen Sociality in Networked Publics focused on American teenagers and their use of social networking sites at the time, including Facebook and MySpace. ","11f2940f-8c62-420c-8c36-841d09319d18",[1176,1183],{"id":1177,"data":1178,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"64cc0927-1f94-471d-bb84-80c01714d905",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1179,"clozeWords":1181},[1180],"danah boyd obtained a Master’s from MIT, with her thesis on “how people manage their presentation of self in relation to social contextual information in online environments”. ",[1182],"presentation",{"id":1184,"data":1185,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"f591a868-28d2-4c06-860d-d8226f01b0ea",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1186,"binaryCorrect":1188,"binaryIncorrect":1190},[1187],"What did danah  boyd write her PhD on?",[1189],"Social Media",[1191],"The Blockchain",{"id":1193,"data":1194,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1198},"de741890-2f19-4a8e-b118-6ad932f8c875",{"type":25,"title":1195,"markdownContent":1196,"audioMediaId":1197},"boyd's Career","While boyd was at Berkeley for her PhD, she participated in a 3-year ethnographic project examining the use of technology by youths, which was funded by the MacArthur Foundation, and wrote several articles on youth identity and the implications of social networking. \n\nOver the years, she has written many papers examining **media manipulation, algorithmic fairness, social media, privacy, teen drama/bullying**, and other related topics. \n\nIn 2014, boyd published her groundbreaking book titled _It's Complicated: The Social Lives of Networked Teens_, documenting her findings on how young people use social media as part of their daily practices. The book propelled boyd to the forefront of her field, and she has since been recognized as an authority on the intersection of technology and society. \n\nIn 2013, boyd founded **Data & Society**, a research institute that examines sociotechnical vulnerabilities in an effort to remedy structural inequities. At Data & Society, boyd and her team are working on topics such as fairness and accountability in **machine learning, combating bias in data,** and the **cultural dynamics surrounding artificial intelligence**.","6163b5ae-f1db-44c3-8370-1ae037cad638",[1199],{"id":1200,"data":1201,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"279aefc2-0e3c-4edd-ab9d-cfe0a3c15bc6",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1202,"activeRecallAnswers":1204},[1203],"What research institute did danah boyd found?",[1205],"Data & Society",{"id":1207,"data":1208,"type":28,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":1211},"b039ed72-bb40-4539-bf8a-d2c46ddd0dc8",{"type":28,"title":1209,"tagline":1210},"Women in Artificial Intelligence","An Introduction to Jennifer Zhu Scott and Marissa Mayer",[1212,1269,1317],{"id":1213,"data":1214,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":1216},"455d5098-50c4-4d60-9bd3-e19a6b2d3676",{"type":26,"title":1215},"Jennifer Zhu Scott's Background",[1217,1238,1254],{"id":1218,"data":1219,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1223},"dc852964-da75-4fee-aae3-834a0bd05f16",{"type":25,"title":1220,"markdownContent":1221,"audioMediaId":1222},"Introduction to Jennifer Zhu Scott","**Jennifer Zhu Scott** is the cofounder of Radian Partners, a private investment advisory firm for family offices and ultra-high net-worth individuals. Radian Partners specializes in high-tech investments focusing on AI, blockchain, and renewable energy. \n\nPrior to Radian Partners and with a background in Applied Mathematics from Sichuan University, Scott served as an advisor to fintech startups. A trailblazer in her field, she is an inaugural member of the World Economic Forum Blockchain Council.\n\n**‘Blockchain’ is a type of financial network and online ledger** that is increasingly used by companies, replacing their centralized traditional working systems. WEF’s Blockchain Council raises awareness among businesses and developers, ensuring that everyone can benefit from blockchain while simultaneously reducing corruption, increasing trust, and empowering users.\n\n ![Graph](image://3e9e1bc4-27ae-4549-882e-65c29599ad07 \"A photograph of Jennifer Zhu Scott\")\n\n","542fd4f7-4432-4309-863e-2a31196f1403",[1224,1231],{"id":1225,"data":1226,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"18d6d833-25d7-4c32-b41e-894d6ad42404",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1227,"clozeWords":1229},[1228],"Radian Partners is a private investment advisory firm for family offices and ultra-high net-worth individuals founded by Jennifer Zhu Scott",[1230],"Jennifer Zhu Scott",{"id":1232,"data":1233,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"ae994e0e-3500-49b6-b03b-5c9da8dff9e4",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1234,"activeRecallAnswers":1236},[1235],"Jennifer Zhu Scott is an inaugral member of the Blockchain Council of what international group?",[1237],"The World Economic Forum",{"id":1239,"data":1240,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1244},"df463b23-6323-4f15-a88e-b86bf0cfdbe9",{"type":25,"title":1241,"markdownContent":1242,"audioMediaId":1243},"Zhu Scott’s Early Life & Education","Zhu Scott is 51 years old and was born in the Sichuan Province in Southwestern China, where she was raised in extreme poverty. Despite it all, she excelled academically and, following high school, she studied Applied Mathematics and Computer Science at Sichuan University. \n\nShe continued her studies to earn an MBA in Finance from Manchester Business School in 2011, earning a distinction for her research on how private equity and the venture capital sector could play a fundamental role in China’s growth. \n\nFollowing her MBA, Zhu Scott went to Yale University to complete a public policy and leadership program. In 2018, she was chosen to participate in Princeton University’s inaugural executive program focused on advanced energy sustainability and leadership. \n","7ad1d92f-7f2c-42c6-8296-4a21d5a0b883",[1245],{"id":1246,"data":1247,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"08123be5-3f6e-40f9-9ff6-a171badb8703",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1248,"binaryCorrect":1250,"binaryIncorrect":1252},[1249],"Where was Jennifer Zhu Scott raised?",[1251],"In poverty in Sichuan",[1253],"In wealth in Shanghai",{"id":1255,"data":1256,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1260},"f22351f4-d796-4575-a334-08ae0b6c7a5e",{"type":25,"title":1257,"markdownContent":1258,"audioMediaId":1259},"Zhu Scott’s Career ","Zhu Scott’s career is extensive, especially in the **fintech industry**. She is a leading authority in **AI, blockchain and data ownership**, specifically as those relate to the Chinese landscape. \n\nWhile at university in Sichuan, she cofounded one of the first education companies in China, which she sold before moving to the UK. The company’s goal was to facilitate students and parents navigating the prospect of studying abroad and help with the process of applying to universities. “Back then in China…quality overseas education was sometimes the only path for our generation to change our lives completely…I moved to Shenzhen and set up my company to help parents navigate this path,” Zhu Scott has said.\n      \nWhen she was studying for her MBA at Manchester Business School, Zhu Scott was simultaneously the Head of Business Development and Strategy for Thomson Reuters in for the Asia-Pacific region (APAC).\n","db3727f8-27cc-4b67-8da8-a1ac4aaf94fc",[1261],{"id":1262,"data":1263,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"d0ac69be-a6c5-429d-802d-0c94ea434bf0",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1264,"clozeWords":1266},[1265],"Jennifer Zhu Scott is a leading authority on the intersection between AI, blockchain and data ownership with the economic and political landscape in China",[1267,1268],"blockchain","China",{"id":1270,"data":1271,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":1273},"043b6bfc-fac3-48b3-8f03-a7f8139454ca",{"type":26,"title":1272},"Jennifer Zhu Scott's Achievements",[1274,1297,1303],{"id":1275,"data":1276,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1280},"c764539e-11d2-4aec-8f0c-1cc1370d90fc",{"type":25,"title":1277,"markdownContent":1278,"audioMediaId":1279},"Radian Partners & The Common Project","Following her MBA and her time at Thomson Reuters, Zhu Scott founded **Radial Partners** in Hong Kong, a private direct investment firm focusing on **AI, renewable energy, and deep tech**, aimed at large family owners and UHNWIs. \n\nZhu Scott is currently the Executive Chairman of The Common Project Foundation, which uses technology for the public good and focuses on building and operating “shared platforms and health services that neither governments nor tech companies are well-positioned to create.” \n\nKey products of The Common Project include CommonHealth – the Android version of Apple Health, and CommonPass, an app which provides Covid-19 related health data. \n","7e2efd1a-3587-450f-8905-ef23e22e8c59",[1281,1290],{"id":1282,"data":1283,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"903a2be9-0c89-40e3-b171-b01129586e81",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1284,"binaryCorrect":1286,"binaryIncorrect":1288},[1285],"What council did the World Economic Forum appoint Jennifer Zhu Scott to in 2016?",[1287],"Council of the Future Blockchain",[1289],"Data Privacy Council",{"id":1291,"data":1292,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"9c8fad93-4e5f-4522-bd95-a3f1fcb1295f",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1293,"clozeWords":1295},[1294],"Jennifer Zhu Scott is currently the Executive Chairman of The Common Project Foundation, which focuses on building and operating “shared platforms and health services”",[1296],"Executive Chairman",{"id":1298,"data":1299,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25},"762f34af-75a9-4af8-b2aa-0203662ed4d8",{"type":25,"title":1300,"markdownContent":1301,"audioMediaId":1302},"Zhu Scott at the World Economic Forum","**Zhu Scott has been a trailblazer in AI** and has received numerous recognitions, many of them by the World Economic Forum. In 2013, she was honored as Young Global Leader by the WEF and, in 2014, she was appointed as one of the 18 council members of the China Council for WEF’s think tank, the Global Agenda Council. \n\nIn 2016, Zhu Scott was appointed by the WEF as one of the 20 members of its inaugural Council of the Future Blockchain, and, in 2020, she joined WEF’s Data Policy Council as a Council member. \n\nFurthermore, she has authored and co-authored numerous White Papers, i.e., authoritative reports that provide information about a specific issue, for the WEF on business adoptions of blockchain technology. Among them is a practical framework for business leaders called _Blockchain Beyond the Hype_, whose goal is to help executives understand whether blockchain is an appropriate and helpful tool for their business needs. ","f3ab3b28-fbc3-4ff8-b227-aa27aa040176",{"id":1304,"data":1305,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1309},"bd3253b4-94b2-48c2-94ed-9b0afc1769f9",{"type":25,"title":1306,"markdownContent":1307,"audioMediaId":1308},"Zhu Scott’s Other Positions, Recognitions & Activities","Alongside her positions in several Councils of the WEF, **Zhu Scott is a Fellow of the China Fellowship Program of the Aspen Institute**, which is an international non-profit organization headquartered in Washington, D.C. and aims to “drive change through dialogue, leadership, and action to help solve the greatest challenges of our time.”  She is also a member of the Aspen Global Leadership Network. \n\nZhu Scott also holds a dual Fellowship at The Royal Institute of International Affairs at Chatham House, an independent policy institute and a trusted forum for debate and dialogue offering solutions to global challenges. Furthermore, she is a Board Trustee of Web Science Trust, a UK charity that brings together world class thinkers and research in web science.\n\nIn 2018, Zhu Scott was included in Forbes’ ‘World’s Top 50 Women in Tech,’ and, in 2021, Mike Bloomberg named her an inaugural member of the Health Council of the New Economy Forum.\n\nShe is a frequent public speaker in matters of AI and deep tech, and acted as senior technical consultant for the Seasons 5 and 6 of HBO’s show Silicon Valley. ","15537b4d-a62b-4fd7-a477-c6cd5b47e344",[1310],{"id":1311,"data":1312,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"a697d696-cb75-4678-b570-df92257c6d7d",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1313,"activeRecallAnswers":1315},[1314],"What independent foreign policy institute counts Jennifer Zhu Scott as a fellow? ",[1316],"The Royal Institute of International Affairs",{"id":1318,"data":1319,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":1321},"7f2adc1c-0a3d-441a-a3f8-1cfd342f1106",{"type":26,"title":1320},"Marissa Mayer's Early Life",[1322,1347,1373],{"id":1323,"data":1324,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1328},"2863bfef-d832-43d5-9c88-8ffddfb52452",{"type":25,"title":1325,"markdownContent":1326,"audioMediaId":1327},"Introduction to Marissa Mayer","**Marissa Mayer** was born in 1975 in Wausau, Wisconsin. While she was very shy growing up, she was involved in many after-school activities, including ballet, ice-skating, piano, swimming, and the debate team. The variety, which provided her with different opportunities, encouraged her to multitask, “My mom will say she set out to overstimulate me—surround me with way too many things and let me pick. As a result, I’ve always been a multitasker; I’ve always liked a lot of variety,” recalls Mayer.\n\nShe graduated from Wausau West High School where she excelled at chemistry, calculus, biology, and physics. She applied to 10 different universities including Harvard, Yale, and Stanford, and was accepted by all of them. \n\nInitially, Mayer’s goal was to become a children’s neurosurgeon “who taught at a medical school while taking exceptional cases,” as she described it. However, she changed her mind and went to Stanford, majoring in **symbolic systems, which combined philosophy, cognitive psychology, linguistics, and computer science**. \n\nMayer obtained both her BS. (1997) and MS. (1999) in computer science from Stanford University, specializing in artificial intelligence.\n\n ![Graph](image://880d436a-8831-49c3-b9b3-2c9b690925f8 \"A photograph of Marissa Mayer\")\n\n","e6ccb031-18bc-4f75-a2a9-ae171210d177",[1329,1336],{"id":1330,"data":1331,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"6fe449e3-3421-427c-8bf1-a5e68730f0c2",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1332,"activeRecallAnswers":1334},[1333],"What did Marissa Mayer major in at Stanford?",[1335],"Symbolic Systems",{"id":1337,"data":1338,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"a4d56fd1-f334-4ea5-97c7-6a4f7baec63d",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1339,"multiChoiceCorrect":1341,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1343},[1340],"What job did Marissa Mayer want to pursue while growing up?",[1342],"Children's Neurosurgeon",[1344,1345,1346],"Data Science","Economic Analyst","King of the North",{"id":1348,"data":1349,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1353},"b8698339-b026-4e0b-8685-04263d293187",{"type":25,"title":1350,"markdownContent":1351,"audioMediaId":1352},"Mayer’s Google","Upon graduation from Stanford in 1999, Mayer was offered a teaching job at Carnegie Mellon University, which she turned down in order to join Google. The company had just been launched, and Mayer joined as their 20th employee. She was also Google’s 1st female engineer.\n\nShe started out writing code and overseeing small teams of engineers, eventually becoming Vice President of Search Products and User Experience, during which time **she designed the well-known Google home page**. She did so based on her personal aesthetic: her love for **bold colors against simple, clean lines**. The simple white background with splashes of blue, red, yellow, and green mirrors Mayer’s childhood Wausau home and her then San Francisco penthouse. “It used to be people would come over to my apartment and say, ‘Does your apartment look like Google or does Google look like your apartment?’” Mayer said at the time.  \n\nMayer is credited with increasing the number of daily Google searches from a few hundred thousand to more than a billion during her tenure at the company, all due to the appeal and user-friendliness of her design of Google’s landing page. She was also responsible for supervising the design and introducing **more than 100 products,** including Gmail, Google Images, and Google Maps. ","bdd990e1-d24d-475a-b16a-a0fa1be30a42",[1354,1362],{"id":1355,"data":1356,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"3f7da9a0-2828-4c49-993c-766f9a0f1558",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1357,"clozeWords":1359},[1358],"While at Google, Marissa Mayer designed the google home page based on her love for bold colors against simple, clean designs",[1360,1361],"home page","bold",{"id":1363,"data":1364,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"6db8484f-76da-4e40-a33f-5b5954bdae8f",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1365,"multiChoiceCorrect":1367,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1369},[1366],"Where did Marissa Mayer work after graduating from Stanford?",[1368],"Google",[1370,1371,1372],"Yahoo","Bing","Duckduckgo",{"id":1374,"data":1375,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1378},"7a06d00b-6b47-4162-8836-e2938073cf68",{"type":25,"title":1370,"markdownContent":1376,"audioMediaId":1377},"In 2012, **Mayer was appointed President and CEO of Yahoo!**, one of Google’s biggest competitors. At that point, Yahoo! had been struggling financially for several years, and the expectation was that Mayer would revitalize the company.\n\nMayer oversaw the redesign of Yahoo!’s home page, which was launched in 2013. However, all efforts to keep web traffic and ad revenues from falling weren’t successful and failed to turn around Yahoo!\n\nIn 2016, it was announced that the company’s internet operations were being sold to Verizon Communications for US$4.48 billion, and Mayer resigned from Yahoo! in 2017. \n\nOn November 8, 2017, Mayer testified before the United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation regarding major security breaches at Yahoo! that occurred in 2013 and 2014. Mayer said that she found out about the breaches at full scale in 2016 but learned of a Russian intrusion into the network in Dec. 2014.\n","a41067da-356d-4a83-89f3-7b8df7ef9d54",[1379],{"id":1380,"data":1381,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"9128d08f-4810-4973-9fd0-d70ca98cb589",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1382,"activeRecallAnswers":1384},[1383],"Where did Marissa Mayer work after Google?",[1370],{"id":1386,"data":1387,"type":28,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":1390},"932817e5-066c-45d6-8758-309923c3806c",{"type":28,"title":1388,"tagline":1389},"Women in Space","Raising awareness about satellite technologies and the quest to discover another earth",[1391,1457],{"id":1392,"data":1393,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":1395},"5bccfb79-3b36-44ef-9a39-700da781840b",{"type":26,"title":1394},"Magali Vaissiere's Career",[1396,1410,1436,1451],{"id":1397,"data":1398,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1402},"4d82841d-b84c-4551-bf91-7a453b82a6e8",{"type":25,"title":1399,"markdownContent":1400,"audioMediaId":1401},"Introduction to Magali Vaissiere","**Magali Vaissiere** is an engineer and has been the Director of Telecommunications and Integrated Applications at the European Space Agency (ESA) since 2008. In 2013, she was appointed Head of the European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications (ECSAT). \n\nVaissiere was born 1957, in Montpellier, France. She holds several degrees including an Executive MBA from the Centre de Perfectionnement aux Affaires and a Master of Science in Electrical Engineering from the University of Stanford. \n\n ![Graph](image://995f737c-8993-438b-9fb4-e67d90972c28 \"A photograph of Magali Vaissiere\")\n\n","b48db66c-7d44-4355-b136-39bdaab66292",[1403],{"id":1404,"data":1405,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"5c396841-23cf-4ba9-b6bd-e6b446732566",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1406,"clozeWords":1408},[1407],"Magali Vaissiere is an engineer and has been the Director of Telecommunications and Integrated Applications at the European Space Agency since 2008",[1409],"European Space Agency",{"id":1411,"data":1412,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1416},"01090319-97be-4121-a3ef-6cfe96fcfac1",{"type":25,"title":1413,"markdownContent":1414,"audioMediaId":1415},"Vaissiere’s Early Career ","From 1981 to 1990, Vaissiere worked as a signal processing engineer in the **“Surface Radar Division**” of Thomson-CSF, a French company that specialized in the development and manufacture of electronics mostly focused on aerospace and defense. \n\nIn 1990, following her time at Thomson-CSF, Vaissiere joined Matra Espace as an engineer and was responsible for R&D coordination activities in the technical department. Matra Espace was a French industrial conglomerate primarily focused on cars, aeronautics, and weaponry. In 1995, Vaissiere became responsible for the company’s **satellite network engineering activities** until 2000. \n\nShe then joined the European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company, as head of the R&D and products division in the telecom business department until 2002, and later as marketing manager for major French institutional accounts until 2005.\n","4485c9dd-fd7e-45e9-98de-9015bbdaf354",[1417,1428],{"id":1418,"data":1419,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"462adb04-27ac-40c2-9050-63c3515e896e",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1420,"multiChoiceCorrect":1422,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1424},[1421],"Other than Magali Vaissiere, how many other women have held directorships at the European Space Agency?",[1423],"0",[1425,1426,1427],"1","2","3",{"id":1429,"data":1430,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"dbbe4bca-2fd9-4746-94e6-aaa725e77e80",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1431,"clozeWords":1433},[1432],"At the beginning of her career, Magali Vaissiere developed surface radar, which located other vehicles for the aerospace and defense industries",[1434,1435],"radar","defense",{"id":1437,"data":1438,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1442},"7e212087-8e49-415e-80f7-0d5ca4c357c2",{"type":25,"title":1439,"markdownContent":1440,"audioMediaId":1441},"Vaissiere at the European Space Agency ","In 2005, Vaissiere joined the European Space Agency (ESA) as head of the Satellite Telecommunications Department under the ESA’s Directorate for Telecommunications and Navigation. \n\nIn 2008, she was appointed ESA’s Director of Telecommunications and Integrated Applications. **She was the first woman to act as head of a technical department at ESA** and remains the only one to hold a Directorship. \n\nVaissiere has said, “The major lesson I learnt with the industry is that the market is always moving, and its global nature means that changes are coming faster and faster. Competitiveness is an everyday challenge. Moreover… the space business world is very much driven by institutional policies while the telecom world is global and a place of continuous innovation.\"\n\nIn 2013, Vaissiere was appointed Head of ESA's European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications (ECSAT) based in Harwell, UK. ECSAT focuses on enhancing innovation to keep the European and Canadian industry at the top of the global market for **satellite communications and applications.** ECSAT is also involved in developing new satellite, ground infrastructure and product developments. \n","9de07b6f-dd09-4ae3-99bc-ef2e0e739c60",[1443],{"id":1444,"data":1445,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"e53be0bf-9b76-48ba-8abd-22882c83f095",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1446,"activeRecallAnswers":1448},[1447],"At ESCAT, what two things was Magali Vaissiere responsible for developing?",[1449,1450],"Satellite infrastructure","Ground infrastructure",{"id":1452,"data":1453,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25},"03cc3047-65a4-4c77-89ff-13159b9d58f5",{"type":25,"title":1454,"markdownContent":1455,"audioMediaId":1456},"Vaissiere’s Honors & Distinctions","In 2008, Vaissiere was knighted in the National Order of the Legion of Honor, the highest French order of merit, for her services to telecommunications. \n\nVaissiere was named **UK Space Personality of the Year in 2017** by the Space and Satellite Professionals International (SSPI) network for her “many impactful ongoing contributions to the UK space and satellite sector and the enhancements which she has spearheaded to raise awareness and integration of space and satellite technologies and applications in wider industry and society.”\n\nIn 2018, Vaissiere won the Sir Arthur Clarke Space Achievement Award for “outstanding contributions to all space activities” and for “the major increase in telecommunication activities in today’s world and the new perspectives opened by the rise of ‘New Space’ and the development of Public Private Partnerships between ESA and Industry. This has been achieved in parallel to providing support for the growth of downstream applications in field such **transport, health, energy, and security.**”\n\n","54a05912-935c-4820-b1ac-0b3221a2c70d",{"id":1458,"data":1459,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":1461},"11a76c4a-699b-4249-a96e-56018283408b",{"type":26,"title":1460},"Sara Seager's Contributions to Astrophysics",[1462,1480,1503,1524],{"id":1463,"data":1464,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1468},"bc385c90-3052-4909-85c9-7995a5bf659e",{"type":25,"title":1465,"markdownContent":1466,"audioMediaId":1467},"Sara Seager’s Early Life & Education ","**Sara Seager** was born in 1970 in Toronto, Canada. Among her first memories is a trip with her father to see the moon through a telescope, while, later in her high school years, she was “astounded” to learn that one could be an astrophysicist for a living. Her father however, believed that the best career for her would be to become a doctor or a lawyer and Seager was dissuaded from pursuing a career in astrophysics. \n\nShe earned her BSc degree in Mathematics and Physics from the University of Toronto in 1994. Seager eventually decided to leave pure physics to pursue her “first love” – astronomy, and she attended the PhD program in Astronomy at Harvard University. She earned her PhD in 1999, and then studied at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, NJ, as a postdoctoral fellow. \n\n ![Graph](image://8e44c579-f465-426c-ab4f-780e75ddb1df \"A photograph of Sara Seager\")\n\n","f854577b-a3ad-405a-93cb-fa304ad97cbb",[1469],{"id":1470,"data":1471,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"02947b8b-8490-49ea-a0ae-393bddaf0588",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1472,"multiChoiceCorrect":1474,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1476},[1473],"What career did Sara Seager's father want her to pursue?",[1475],"Law",[1477,1478,1479],"Finance","Engineering","Fashion",{"id":1481,"data":1482,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1486},"9f23e2b8-9518-456d-a808-0a3ce378d9e6",{"type":25,"title":1483,"markdownContent":1484,"audioMediaId":1485},"Space Missions","As a Professor of Physics, Professor of Planetary Science, and a Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics at MIT, **Seager’s primary area of interest and focus is the discovery and analysis of exoplanets – planets outside our Solar System**. Her pioneering research involves the detection of exoplanet atmospheres, innovative theories about life on other worlds, as well as the development of novel space mission concepts.\n\nOne of these missions is called TESS - Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, which is an MIT-led NASA mission to detect and examine transiting exoplanets, and search for planets that are habitable. With 4 identical specialized wide-field cameras, **TESS is capable of finding Earth-sized and super Earth-sized exoplanets** (planets up to 1.75 times Earth’s size) transiting M stars. M stars are significantly smaller, cooler, and more common than our sun.","3e3f2bdd-f7f4-4bc3-8e0d-236219a7dce6",[1487,1494],{"id":1488,"data":1489,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"08f50a32-6d34-4aff-8c81-c0161059d405",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1490,"clozeWords":1492},[1491],"One of Sara Seager's missions is called Transitioning Exoplanet Survey Satellite, which is an MIT-led NASA mission to search for planets that are habitable.",[1493],"Exoplanet",{"id":1495,"data":1496,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"bae95845-d6e0-448d-b55e-932802e2c5b4",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1497,"activeRecallAnswers":1499},[1498],"What three things did Sara Seager's research focus on?",[1500,1501,1502],"Detection of exoplanets","Innovative theories about life on other worlds","Novel space mission concepts",{"id":1504,"data":1505,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1509},"7b2895e4-6d55-4bfa-89ae-34dc37330d14",{"type":25,"title":1506,"markdownContent":1507,"audioMediaId":1508},"The Seager Equation ","Seager has been on a quest to discover the field’s holy grail - another Earth, leading NASA to dub her \"an astronomical Indiana Jones.” \n\nIn 2013, Seager introduced her version of the renowned **Drake Equation**, which estimates the number of habitable planets in the Galaxy. The revised equation, which is now called the **Seager Equation**, focuses on simply the presence of any alien life detectable from Earth. \n\nWhile the Drake Equation was focused on searching for intelligent alien life, the **Seager Equation focuses on the search for planets with biosignature gasses**, in other words, gasses produced by life – intelligent life or simple bacteria. Such gasses can accumulate in a planet’s atmosphere and possibly be detected with remote space telescopes. \n","ad4c4070-01c2-4878-88c6-2226bbad213b",[1510,1517],{"id":1511,"data":1512,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"8ff11e99-d635-4c49-9bec-08e70de36850",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1513,"activeRecallAnswers":1515},[1514],"What equation did Sara Seager revise to calculate the number of habitable planets in the galaxy?",[1516],"The Drake Equation",{"id":1518,"data":1519,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"cb857a02-2fcf-44e9-bcb1-9cac49260044",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1520,"activeRecallAnswers":1522},[1521],"What does the Sara Seager equation focus on?",[1523],"Biosignature Gasses",{"id":1525,"data":1526,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25},"4a9b4967-98af-4b83-8a6c-7192cc01745c",{"type":25,"title":1527,"markdownContent":1528,"audioMediaId":1529},"Seager’s Honors & Awards ","Seager has received numerous accolades including the MacArthur ‘genius’ grant in 2013, and membership in the US National Academy of Sciences. \n\nIn 2007, she received the Helen B. Warner Prize from the American Astronomical Society for developing \"fundamental techniques for understanding, analyzing, and finding the atmospheres of extrasolar planets.”\n\nSince 2012, Seager has been a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2012, while, in 2013, she was elected to the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada as an honorary member.\n\nIn 2020, she was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada, the second-highest honor for merit in Canada.\n","42161e05-b194-46af-9d1a-17f60a0bcb6b",{"id":1531,"data":1532,"type":28,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":1535},"f2bfd249-1688-4a00-8800-6b00ac5026de",{"type":28,"title":1533,"tagline":1534},"Women in Robotics","Helping people one robot at a time",[1536,1597],{"id":1537,"data":1538,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":1540},"487d99bb-d287-45f2-b9ca-534f4f5f3ff8",{"type":26,"title":1539},"Introduction to Marita Cheng",[1541,1561,1575],{"id":1542,"data":1543,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1546},"3e2d47a0-0e6d-47b1-b845-b9831a7e9d82",{"type":25,"title":1539,"markdownContent":1544,"audioMediaId":1545},"**Marita Cheng** is the founder and CEO of Aubot, a startup robotics company. Aubot is responsible for the production of Teleport, a telepresence robot which helps children with cancer attend school and disabled people to attend work. \n\nIn 2008, she founded **Robogals**, an international student-run organization that encourages young women to pursue careers in engineering, for which Cheng received the Global Engineering Deans Council Diversity in Engineering Award in 2014. \n\nIn 2012, Cheng was named Young Australian of the Year and, in 2019, was inducted as the youngest Member of the Order of Australia. In 2018, she was awarded the Australian State Award for Excellence in Women’s Leadership.\n\n ![Graph](image://3ae1fa8e-eb21-46a6-a7cf-2cc6eb0d296a \"A photograph of Marita Cheng doing a presentation\")\n\n","fb431c75-9cf1-4280-8bfe-01cb23ac4e7a",[1547,1554],{"id":1548,"data":1549,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"7b36e2be-a3bc-45f7-b942-93dbf96a8dc6",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1550,"clozeWords":1552},[1551],"Marita Cheng is the CEO of Aubot, a start-up robotics company",[1553],"Aubot",{"id":1555,"data":1556,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"cf4987db-f987-44c3-b9e0-27645d684a63",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1557,"activeRecallAnswers":1559},[1558],"Which robot did Aubot create to help children with cancer attend school?",[1560],"Teleport",{"id":1562,"data":1563,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1567},"b448349a-3c0d-479f-a48c-e31f0cddf949",{"type":25,"title":1564,"markdownContent":1565,"audioMediaId":1566},"Cheng’s Early Life & Education","**Marita Cheng** was born in 1989 in Queensland, Australia, and comes from humble beginnings. She grew up living in a housing commission apartment with her brother and mother, who was a single parent and worked as a hotel room cleaner.\n\nIn school, she was highly academic and graduated high school in 2006 in the top 0.2% of the nation while receiving Cairns Young Citizen of the Year Award for her volunteering and extra-curricular efforts. She won awards for mathematics, piano, and Japanese, which she is fluent in alongside English and Cantonese. \n\nCheng obtained a Bachelor’s in Engineering (Mechatronics) and a Bachelor’s in Computer Science from the University of Melbourne. In 2015, she also attended Singularity University's 10-week flagship Graduate Studies Program, which was funded by a $40,000 scholarship from Google and held in NASA’s Ames Research Center in California. \n","2fc373a8-6a5d-44d2-84a7-531a3912d9fb",[1568],{"id":1569,"data":1570,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"57176544-6374-40b1-a3a3-a736aee89bc3",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1571,"multiChoiceCorrect":1573,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1574},[1572],"Who offered Marita Cheng a $40,000 scholarship to attend Singularity University's Graduate Studies Program?",[1368],[1370,1371,1372],{"id":1576,"data":1577,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1581},"2d409445-3003-4f04-9817-341af282949e",{"type":25,"title":1578,"markdownContent":1579,"audioMediaId":1580},"Cheng’s Career ","Cheng’s pioneering innovations began while she was at university. In 2007, she founded Nudge, a company that helped people manage their prescriptions and drug schedules by sending them reminders by phone or text message. For this, she received an award for the best undergraduate business at the University of Melbourne. \n\nWhile attending Singularity University’s Graduate Studies Program, Cheng cofounded Aipoly, which launched in 2016,  an app that uses AI to help visually impaired people recognize objects through their mobile phones. Since its launch, Aipoly has won the CES Best of Innovation Award twice (in 2016 and 2017) and is now available in 23 languages. \n\nCheng travels around Australia and the world to present her work in high-profile engagements, including appearing on Q&A on ABC beside 2 Nobel Laureates and the Chief Scientist of Australia, and the World Engineering Education Forum in Dubai in 2014. ","2a2ebe09-1c0d-41f3-9673-f1c170722210",[1582,1589],{"id":1583,"data":1584,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"145b07e2-4587-4920-9f30-a1f7674a1927",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1585,"activeRecallAnswers":1587},[1586],"What company did Marita Cheng found to remind people to take their drugs?",[1588],"Nudge",{"id":1590,"data":1591,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"3cee723f-334a-471b-ac87-295d68b3b78d",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1592,"clozeWords":1594},[1593],"In 2016, Marita Cheng founded Aipoly to help visually impaired people recognise objects through their mobile phones",[1595,1596],"visually","mobile phones",{"id":1598,"data":1599,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":1601},"db12e69b-09bd-4556-8aeb-f5a18f1a52c1",{"type":26,"title":1600},"Cheng’s Career and Robogals",[1602,1616],{"id":1603,"data":1604,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1608},"0945f9be-ded1-4ce7-b041-817990c8b5b1",{"type":25,"title":1605,"markdownContent":1606,"audioMediaId":1607},"Cheng & Robogals","When Cheng was attending University of Melbourne studying for her bachelor degrees, she noticed **the low number of girls in her engineering classes**. In 2008, she decided to recruit her fellow engineering peers **Kelly Chiu, Ann Chee Lim** and **Vi Vu**, and travel to schools to teach girls robotics and encourage them to pursue careers in engineering, technology, and mathematics. That was the beginning of Robogals – a non-profit international student-run organization, founded by Cheng.\n\nIn 2009, Cheng built on the idea further by inviting female engineering students from 4 more universities around Australia to a 3-day bootcamp at the University of Melbourne. During the bootcamp, the students were taught how to run a Robogals chapter back at their home university, and the organization grew further. \n\nWhile on a student exchange program at Imperial College in London, Cheng expanded the group there, and eventually throughout **Australia, the U.K., the U.S.A., and Japan**. Through robotics workshops and career talks among other activities, Robogals continues to introduce young women to the world of engineering and has so far taught 100,000 girls from 11 countries. \n\nRobogals has received several international recognitions, including the Global Engineering Deans Council Diversity in Engineering Award (2014) and Grace Hopper Celebration’s Anita Borg Change Agent Award (2011). \n","d811f3fc-4072-430c-b122-30629608d534",[1609],{"id":1610,"data":1611,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"1868e70e-0b43-45c6-b101-70e38b7807e7",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1612,"activeRecallAnswers":1614},[1613],"What non-profit did Marita Cheng found to encourage more women into robotics?",[1615],"Robogals",{"id":1617,"data":1618,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1622},"a23b91dc-bc1d-4b62-9901-7147e68730e8",{"type":25,"title":1619,"markdownContent":1620,"audioMediaId":1621},"Cheng at Aubot ","In 2013, Cheng founded and is CEO of Aubot, which develops products to help people with their daily lives “one robot at a time.” \n\nAubot’s flagship product is the Teleport – a telepresence robot that tracks people’s mind focus through a headset and which users can control remotely. Teleport helps children that are in hospital with cancer attend school, people with disabilities attend work, while also helping monitor and socialize with elderly people. \n\nAubot, which is pronounced ‘our-bot’ ('au' is ‘to meet’ in Japanese), also performs research and development in robotic arms, virtual reality and autonomous mapping and navigation. \n\nCheng has presented about Teleport around the world, including at the M.A.P. International CEO Conference in the Philippines in 2016, the World Entrepreneurship Forum in Lyon France in 2014, and the MIT Technology Review EmTech Singapore in 2015. \n","adeba651-4bd2-4414-91d6-afd78b5d82d5",[1623],{"id":1624,"data":1625,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"6ce1878e-f761-4e61-a34a-e09a5aadbdcb",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1626,"clozeWords":1628},[1627],"Teleport helps children that are in hospital with cancer attend school, people with disabilities attend work and helping monitoring and socialising with the elderly",[1629,1630,1631],"school","work","socialising",{"id":1633,"data":1634,"type":28,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":1637},"310ba1f7-64ef-4a4e-a4ff-ba20607e5dcd",{"type":28,"title":1635,"tagline":1636},"Women in Neuroscience","The story of May-Britt Moser and her burning desire to understand the brain ",[1638,1699],{"id":1639,"data":1640,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":1642},"a94f779c-9aaf-449e-bf4c-52f6ca01ceb1",{"type":26,"title":1641},"Introduction to May-Britt Moser",[1643,1656,1672],{"id":1644,"data":1645,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1648},"3a5a3d9d-c8c6-4096-b1cb-ce3755c2445e",{"type":25,"title":1641,"markdownContent":1646,"audioMediaId":1647},"**May-Britt Moser** is a Norwegian neuroscientist who won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 2014 for her groundbreaking work in **understanding cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain**. Moser’s discovery has allowed new insight into cognitive processes and neurological conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease. \n\nMoser obtained her PhD in neuropsychology from the University of Oslo in 1995 and, together with her husband, Edvard Moser, founded the Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, a leading research center aiming to understand the emergence of high-level brain functions.\n\n ![Graph](image://eb73772b-25bb-41e1-89af-552dbfe8d683 \"A photograph of May-Britt Moser\")\n\n","4a94b5e7-209c-49c4-a44b-c7db2050b8e1",[1649],{"id":1650,"data":1651,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"dba50b60-acce-47fa-8fc6-49d9019b180d",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1652,"activeRecallAnswers":1654},[1653],"Who won the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 2014?",[1655],"May-Britt Moser",{"id":1657,"data":1658,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1662},"e5aba59a-ac8d-464a-aef6-d1d4bdd65d7f",{"type":25,"title":1659,"markdownContent":1660,"audioMediaId":1661},"Moser’s Early Life ","Moser was born in Fosnavåg, Norway, in 1963 and was the youngest of 5 children. Her family owned a small farm, and she spent her summers studying and looking after the animals. \n\nAt school, Moser wasn’t particularly academic but, with the encouragement of her mother and teachers, her talents started coming through. Moser’s dream was to “become a doctor and save the world,” but in high school she didn’t have the drive to get the grades she needed for medical school. However, once her mother warned her that if she didn’t do well, she would end up a ‘housewife,’ Moser was “horrified” and was motivated to succeed.","ae1fabfb-d475-495d-876c-d8c86f2167ca",[1663],{"id":1664,"data":1665,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"c7e21b87-5f15-42de-aabd-a4881e9e9ed7",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1666,"binaryCorrect":1668,"binaryIncorrect":1670},[1667],"Did May-Britt Moser get the grades she needed for medical school?",[1669],"No",[1671],"Yes",{"id":1673,"data":1674,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1678},"c7e309cc-7da5-4932-947b-f0b6094c6ada",{"type":25,"title":1675,"markdownContent":1676,"audioMediaId":1677},"Moser’s Education & Research ","Moser decided to attend Oslo University because her 2 older sisters lived in the city. There she studied **mathematics, psychology**, and **neurobiology**. Still unsure of what to do with her degree, she declined a place at dentistry school. \n\nEverything changed when she met Edvard Moser, who would later become her husband. Their common desire to study and understand the brain brought them together and changed Moser’s trajectory. “I was in heaven,” said Moser. “We simply burned with eagerness to understand the brain.”\n\nMoser decided to pursue the study of **brain-behavior relationships**. In the early 1990s, she worked alongside her husband in the laboratory of Norwegian researcher Per Oskar Andersen to earn her master’s degree.  \n\nMoser’s thesis, which was published in The Journal of Neuroscience, focused on the 2 parts of the **hippocampus – the dorsal part and the ventral part**. The hippocampus is the part of the brain responsible for **emotion, memory**, and **the autonomic nervous system**. \n\nMoser examined how each part of the **hippocampus** affected **spatial learning and memory**, concluding from her studies on rats that it was only the dorsal part that was involved. The dorsal part of the hippocampus is responsible for cognitive function such as memory and learning, whereas the ventral part is involved in emotional behaviors. \n\nMoser continued her research on correlations between hippocampus and learning, earning her PhD in Neurophysiology in 1995. \n","f79e33bb-1e4d-475e-b765-278e6d97c147",[1679,1687],{"id":1680,"data":1681,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"6279e31e-fe7a-42b4-8cc0-03cd4ece1ae6",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1682,"activeRecallAnswers":1684},[1683],"What two parts of the hippocampus did May-Britt Moser focus on?",[1685,1686],"Dorsal","Ventral",{"id":1688,"data":1689,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"c07725b5-2cf1-4b5f-a9f2-fd255def1ba9",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1690,"multiChoiceCorrect":1692,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1694},[1691],"What animal did May-Britt Moser study to understand how each part of the hippocampus affects spatial memory?",[1693],"Rats",[1695,1696,1697,1698],"Goats","Pigs","Sheep","Dogs",{"id":1700,"data":1701,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":1703},"a3fdcc57-4a90-4a8b-9a8e-e312582cad54",{"type":26,"title":1702},"Moser’s Career and Discoveries",[1704,1718,1750],{"id":1705,"data":1706,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1710},"2663a8cb-98a0-4c68-a66b-53ff1c0bdb5b",{"type":25,"title":1707,"markdownContent":1708,"audioMediaId":1709},"Moser’s Career","During her PhD work, Moser and her husband traveled to Edinburgh to train with Richard Morris at the **Center of Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh**. In 1995, they spent time in London as visiting postdoctoral fellows at the laboratory of prominent neuroscientist John O'Keefe at the University College London (UCL). While they only spent a very short time there, Moser said it was “absolutely formative for [their] future.”\n\nIn 1996, she became assistant professor in biological psychology at the Department of Psychology of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in Trondheim and was later made full professor of neuroscience in 2000. \n\nMoser and her husband were instrumental in establishing the Center for the Biology of Memory in 2002, as well as the Institute for Systems Neuroscience in 2007, both within NTNU.\n\nIn 2007, the Kavli Foundation, which supports the “advancement of science for the benefit of humanity” and is based in LA, California, selected the Moser lab as the 4th Kavli Neuroscience Institute. This award would provide them funding for basic research in perpetuity.\n","6ae0286b-9793-4493-8752-4b9271eee1ce",[1711],{"id":1712,"data":1713,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"f9e45860-3402-4f43-83f8-5e92ce312829",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1714,"activeRecallAnswers":1716},[1715],"What foundation sponsored the Moser lab in perpetuity?",[1717],"Kavli Foundation",{"id":1719,"data":1720,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1724},"584f6ddd-cf14-4813-951d-1124f0d2120d",{"type":25,"title":1721,"markdownContent":1722,"audioMediaId":1723},"Moser & Grid Cells","In 2005, Moser and her team discovered **a new type of cells in the entorhinal cortex of the brain, which they named grid cells**. The **entorhinal cortex** is the part of the brain that acts as a hub for memory, navigation, and the perception of time. It is found within the **medial temporal lobe** – the part of the brain that holds anatomically-related structures that are essential for declarative memory, and it connects the hippocampus to the neocortex which is concerned with sight and hearing. \n\nThe significance of this discovery is best described by Moser herself: “…for the first time, we were able to see how the brain takes complex information … to generate its own internal code to make use of that information.”\n\nThe discovery of these grid cells located close to the hippocampus gave scientists access to further knowledge and understanding into the cognitive processes and spatial deficits associated with human neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease.\n","fcd0a493-843d-4515-b6bc-6cdce5d9af73",[1725,1733,1741],{"id":1726,"data":1727,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"2ff5bfcc-b7b6-4657-bf17-02f3ff353389",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1728,"clozeWords":1730},[1729],"The discovery of grid cells close to the hippocampus allowed scientists to understand the cognitive processes and spatial deficits associated with Alzheimer's disease",[1731,1732],"spatial deficits","Alzheimer's",{"id":1734,"data":1735,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"d964b624-070c-44aa-90ed-fff7de751d28",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1736,"clozeWords":1738},[1737],"In 2005, May-Britt Moser discovered a new type of cell in the medial temporal lobe, specifically the entorhinal cortex, which they named grid cells",[1739,1740],"temporal lobe","entorhinal cortex",{"id":1742,"data":1743,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"e9ff8c51-b36b-47a5-af26-ac197e8f6887",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1744,"activeRecallAnswers":1746},[1745],"What three things does the entorhinal cortex act for in the brain?",[1747,1748,1749],"Memory","Navigation","Perception of time",{"id":1751,"data":1752,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25},"073ec466-6db6-46e7-b834-57a62e5f0852",{"type":25,"title":1753,"markdownContent":1754,"audioMediaId":1755},"Moser’s Awards & Recognitions","Moser’s groundbreaking work has earned her memberships with the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters, the American Philosophical Society, and the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences. \n\nShe has received numerous awards, including the 28th annual W. Alden Spencer Award by the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University in 2005 and the Körber European Science Prize in 2014, which honors outstanding scientists working in Europe for their promising research projects. \nIn 2014, Moser, along with her husband, co-received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine “for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain.”\n\n“Through hard work and persistence together with fantastic colleagues, I have worked towards my dreams and vision from my childhood: to understand how the neural activity in the brain generates behavior and cognition,” said Moser following her win.\n","87991c14-85e9-49a4-9bb5-9246f500e68b",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":1757,"height":1757,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":1758},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":1757,"height":1757,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":1760},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M12.586 2.586A2 2 0 0 0 11.172 2H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v7.172a2 2 0 0 0 .586 1.414l8.704 8.704a2.426 2.426 0 0 0 3.42 0l6.58-6.58a2.426 2.426 0 0 0 0-3.42z\"/>\u003Ccircle cx=\"7.5\" cy=\"7.5\" r=\".5\" fill=\"currentColor\"/>\u003C/g>",1778228399986]