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It helps you visualize the frequency of your continuous data. Each observation in your sample should have a numerical value attached to it. \n\n ![Graph](image://7388046d-dd53-4857-b687-9cff1d571671 \"A typical histogram\")\n\nFor example, a histogram could show the weight of each dog in your neighborhood. The weight is a continuous variable, each dog is an observation in your sample, and the neighbourhood is your population of interest.\n\n","b5dd11f5-df1c-46ec-9d93-0f2f713c6011",[35],{"id":36,"data":37,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"eea69a0f-64f7-4a24-9773-d1a14a97d8c8",{"type":38,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":20,"binaryQuestion":39,"binaryCorrect":41,"binaryIncorrect":43},11,[40],"What type of graph is usually used to show the distribution of continuous variables in a sample?",[42],"Histogram",[44],"Pie Chart",{"id":46,"data":47,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":51},"b5ced7e2-814b-4e70-b9fe-442992697bb2",{"type":20,"title":48,"contentRole":25,"markdownContent":49,"audioMediaId":50},"How does a histogram work?","\nA histogram groups your data into buckets and counts how many of your observations fell into that bucket. First, you set ranges for groups. They might be 0-5kg, 5-10kg, 10-15kg and so on. Then you count the number of dogs that had a weight within that range. \n\nThese buckets need not be of equal width. If they are, then the number on the y-axis is equal to the frequency. If they are not, then the number on the y-axis is not the raw frequency, but the frequency density. Keep that in mind when interpreting your histograms.\n\nWith a histogram you can easily visualize the mean and median of the data, how spread out the data is, and even whether it seems to be normally distributed, or skewed. These are all very important things you need to know about your data! \n","04afb609-df53-4180-afde-679ea3aa8752",[52],{"id":53,"data":54,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"190929c3-fc5c-48ed-b060-8f8d97cd3844",{"type":38,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":20,"binaryQuestion":55,"binaryCorrect":57,"binaryIncorrect":59},[56],"What does a histogram allow us to easily visualize?",[58],"Averages from your data",[60],"The distribution of outliers",{"id":62,"data":63,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":65},"0d826ba5-2004-4c50-a7c8-8e2549490679",{"type":25,"title":64},"Understanding Bar Charts",[66,72,88],{"id":67,"data":68,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20},"34bd61fe-4e50-462d-9181-9e06e4978fe2",{"type":20,"title":69,"contentRole":25,"markdownContent":70,"audioMediaId":71},"Bar charts","\nBar charts are the distant cousin of the histogram. However, bar charts are used for categorical data like the number of ginger cats in your neighborhood, and not continuous data like their weight.\n\n ![Graph](image://aea3b026-7363-4063-a906-9447df826076 \"Two bar charts\")\n\nBar charts are a nice visual way to represent the frequencies of each category, for our categorical data, meaning how many times they occurred, in your dataset. You can see which categories were most commonly found, and which were least common in your data. And you can see how much of each there was. \n\nYour data can be either nominal – where there’s no hierarchy, like car color – or ordinal – where there is a hierarchy, like educational attainment.\n\n","2c475f65-a4bb-444e-bc7d-787b420b8eb3",{"id":73,"data":74,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":78},"db98ea64-63a2-4f83-8d6c-b00ad795c258",{"type":20,"title":75,"contentRole":25,"markdownContent":76,"audioMediaId":77},"Horizontal bar charts ","Generally, on a bar chart the y-axis shows you how many observations you counted within that category. On the x-axis are the different categories in your data. \n\nHowever, you can also have it the opposite way around to make a horizontal bar chart. This is something you can’t do for a histogram, which is used for continuous data, not categorical data. While in a histogram, you can only present the frequency counts on the y-axis, both horizontal and vertical work with a bar chart.\n","2c5f5385-e4ce-4d0b-9f1a-f173f13c2348",[79],{"id":80,"data":81,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"932d15ac-f55d-4f6e-a73d-6a214f784079",{"type":38,"reviewType":82,"spacingBehaviour":20,"clozeQuestion":83,"clozeWords":85},4,[84],"A bar chart can be used to represent categorical data, while a histogram is used for continuous data.",[86,87],"categorical","continuous",{"id":89,"data":90,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":94},"cfad6dbe-4634-43bc-8315-6d884ef9529b",{"type":20,"title":91,"contentRole":25,"markdownContent":92,"audioMediaId":93},"Differences between bar charts and histograms ","\nBar charts are used to count frequencies of things, like the number of blue, red, and white cars you see on the highway. A histogram doesn’t count members of a category in the same way that a bar chart does. It counts observations that have been measured first, like the weight of each dog in your neighborhood. \n\nYou’ll only ever see a gap in a histogram if there’s no observations counted for that range. Otherwise, the bars of a histogram are always right up against one another and always vertical. \n\nValues on a histogram are always ordered from lowest to highest. On the other hand, the bars on a bar chart can be ordered any way you please.\n","177f0368-2a5d-4231-94d3-c3c115c68b6a",[95],{"id":96,"data":97,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"37037c6a-ec04-4de3-bf89-ce25176a6960",{"type":38,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":20,"multiChoiceQuestion":98,"multiChoiceCorrect":100,"multiChoiceIncorrect":102},[99],"How are the bars of a histogram typically ordered?",[101],"From lowest to highest",[103,104,105],"Alphabetically","From highest to lowest","Randomly",{"id":107,"data":108,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":110},"4884a71b-95bf-4b23-8191-dbed7b121424",{"type":25,"title":109},"Interpreting Boxplots",[111,136],{"id":112,"data":113,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":117},"01cf1e66-d35f-4132-9bba-296288469e99",{"type":20,"title":114,"contentRole":25,"markdownContent":115,"audioMediaId":116},"The basics of boxplots","\n ![Graph](image://514b1529-80a7-4120-b96d-0ed90161de14 \"A boxplot chart with the curve illustrated\")\n\n\nA boxplot is a type of chart that is often used in data science to visually display a dataset's distribution. It consists of a \"box\" that is defined by the upper and lower quartiles of the dataset. \n\nThe \"whiskers\" extending from the box represent the range of the data, while the line through the center of the box represents the median. The Interquartile Range (IQR) is the distance between the upper and lower quartiles.\n\nOne of the key things that boxplots are used for is identifying outliers. Outliers are data points that are unusually high or low compared to the rest of the dataset. Boxplots usually depict outliers as points outside the whiskers, and it's important to take note of them as they can skew your analysis.\n\n","287da744-963d-42d9-9826-51651fdab73d",[118,129],{"id":119,"data":120,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"45b9db78-53ba-4a5f-a8c4-c579751c9f48",{"type":38,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":20,"multiChoiceQuestion":121,"multiChoiceCorrect":123,"multiChoiceIncorrect":125},[122],"What is the Interquartile Range (IQR) in a boxplot?",[124],"The distance between the upper and lower quartiles",[126,127,128],"The distance between the upper and lower whiskers","The distance between the median and the upper quartile","The distance between the median and the lower quartile",{"id":130,"data":131,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"67a86893-75d0-4b26-a06c-614682c0ad2e",{"type":38,"reviewType":82,"spacingBehaviour":20,"clozeQuestion":132,"clozeWords":134},[133],"Boxplots are used to identify outliers, which are data points that are unusually high or low.",[135],"outliers",{"id":137,"data":138,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":142},"b42a31a0-1f76-43c8-9508-df682f1a37d1",{"type":20,"title":139,"contentRole":25,"markdownContent":140,"audioMediaId":141},"Reading a boxplot ","\n\nWhen reading a boxplot, it's important to pay attention to the different components and what they represent. The median line in the center of the box will tell you the midpoint of the dataset, while the quartiles can tell you how the data is distributed. Within the ‘box’ is the middle 50% of data. \n\n ![Graph](image://c2a74764-f992-469f-a1f4-242278d4f683 \"A boxplot chart\")\n\nTo calculate the whiskers, you'll want to use the Interquartile Range (IQR). Typically, the upper whisker will be located at the smaller of either the maximum data value or Q3 + 1.5(IQR), where Q3 is the upper quartile. The lower whisker is typically located at the larger of either the minimum data value or Q1 - 1.5(IQR), where Q1 is the lower quartile.\n\nAs an example, if you have a dataset with a lower quartile of 20, an upper quartile of 30, with the IQR therefore 10, the upper whisker will be located at 45 (30 + 1.5(10)) and the lower whisker will be located at 5 (20 - 1.5(10)).The whiskers are known as the ‘maximum’ and ‘minimum’ points on your graph, but you may still have data points beyond these - they are known as ‘outliers’.\n\n","f7cca13a-c6fd-4d66-9f3c-4bd9fe659b6c",[143],{"id":144,"data":145,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"1f317f1b-fdf5-49c7-8446-fe2c9b771210",{"type":38,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":20,"multiChoiceQuestion":146,"multiChoiceCorrect":148,"multiChoiceIncorrect":150},[147],"What is calculated using IQR in a box plot?",[149],"The whiskers",[151,152,153],"The median","The quartiles","The outliers",{"id":155,"data":156,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":158},"1cfc9400-d747-4d48-86ec-48f636334445",{"type":25,"title":157},"Using Scatter Plots",[159,175],{"id":160,"data":161,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":165},"1077f796-a57b-4391-a159-7be6d621a1df",{"type":20,"title":162,"contentRole":25,"markdownContent":163,"audioMediaId":164},"What is a scatter plot ","\nA scatterplot shows us the relationship between two continuous variables. It’s often the first step in visualizing correlations in your data. Correlation is the degree to which two variables are seemingly related, like how long you spend working out at the gym and how many calories you burn.\n\n ![Graph](image://7b4196d3-56cd-4f1a-9f34-85792dcb66ac \"Scatter plot charts\")\n\n But sometimes things can be correlated but unrelated, like ice cream sales and shark attacks. Both happen to increase in summer, but one doesn’t cause the other. \n\n","f88a070d-ca90-42df-9813-19ca8ac1a6bf",[166],{"id":167,"data":168,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"e88c9f3b-93b3-4d77-b0ef-00faf1f7f421",{"type":38,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":20,"binaryQuestion":169,"binaryCorrect":171,"binaryIncorrect":173},[170],"What type of graph is used to visualize the relationship between two continuous variables?",[172],"Scatterplot",[174],"Bar graph",{"id":176,"data":177,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":181},"ebaa853a-820f-4710-8a0f-6e0e03fbcac4",{"type":20,"title":178,"contentRole":25,"markdownContent":179,"audioMediaId":180},"When to use a scatter plot","\nWhen should you use a scatter plot? Let’s say we have a sample of observations. For each observation we have two measurements – both should be continuous variables. As an example, we could have data on weight and the amount of swimming time it takes to fatigue. We want to know if lighter mice can swim for longer than heavier mice. \n\nTo plot the data, we use a scatter plot. Each dot represents both the weight of the mouse and minutes spent swimming. If weight is on the X-axis, the horizontal line, then the further to the right the dot is, the more the mouse weighs. And the higher the dot is on the Y-axis, the line pointing vertically, the longer the mouse swims. \n\nAs an aside, mice can swim for a super long time. Some for over ten hours, because they’re naturally very buoyant. But please don’t go throwing any into the bathtub.\n","d3f80d1b-5e93-4ae0-a712-420097b1e1de",[182],{"id":183,"data":184,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"5ad0dc13-de53-4f9a-983d-920f6ad23793",{"type":38,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":20,"multiChoiceQuestion":185,"multiChoiceCorrect":187,"multiChoiceIncorrect":189},[186],"What type of graph should be used to plot the data of weight and swimming time for mice?",[188],"Scatter plot",[190,174,191],"Pie chart","Line graph",[193,249,320,382],{"id":23,"data":24,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":194},[195,227],{"id":29,"data":30,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":34,"parsed":196},{"data":197,"body":200,"toc":225},{"title":198,"description":199},"","Histograms are used to show us the distribution of continuous variables in our samples. It helps you visualize the frequency of your continuous data. Each observation in your sample should have a numerical value attached to it.",{"type":201,"children":202},"root",[203,210,220],{"type":204,"tag":205,"props":206,"children":207},"element","p",{},[208],{"type":209,"value":199},"text",{"type":204,"tag":205,"props":211,"children":212},{},[213],{"type":204,"tag":214,"props":215,"children":219},"img",{"alt":216,"src":217,"title":218},"Graph","image://7388046d-dd53-4857-b687-9cff1d571671","A typical histogram",[],{"type":204,"tag":205,"props":221,"children":222},{},[223],{"type":209,"value":224},"For example, a histogram could show the weight of each dog in your neighborhood. The weight is a continuous variable, each dog is an observation in your sample, and the neighbourhood is your population of interest.",{"title":198,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":226},[],{"id":46,"data":47,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":51,"parsed":228},{"data":229,"body":231,"toc":247},{"title":198,"description":230},"A histogram groups your data into buckets and counts how many of your observations fell into that bucket. First, you set ranges for groups. They might be 0-5kg, 5-10kg, 10-15kg and so on. Then you count the number of dogs that had a weight within that range.",{"type":201,"children":232},[233,237,242],{"type":204,"tag":205,"props":234,"children":235},{},[236],{"type":209,"value":230},{"type":204,"tag":205,"props":238,"children":239},{},[240],{"type":209,"value":241},"These buckets need not be of equal width. If they are, then the number on the y-axis is equal to the frequency. If they are not, then the number on the y-axis is not the raw frequency, but the frequency density. Keep that in mind when interpreting your histograms.",{"type":204,"tag":205,"props":243,"children":244},{},[245],{"type":209,"value":246},"With a histogram you can easily visualize the mean and median of the data, how spread out the data is, and even whether it seems to be normally distributed, or skewed. These are all very important things you need to know about your data!",{"title":198,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":248},[],{"id":62,"data":63,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":250},[251,281,298],{"id":67,"data":68,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"parsed":252},{"data":253,"body":255,"toc":279},{"title":198,"description":254},"Bar charts are the distant cousin of the histogram. However, bar charts are used for categorical data like the number of ginger cats in your neighborhood, and not continuous data like their weight.",{"type":201,"children":256},[257,261,269,274],{"type":204,"tag":205,"props":258,"children":259},{},[260],{"type":209,"value":254},{"type":204,"tag":205,"props":262,"children":263},{},[264],{"type":204,"tag":214,"props":265,"children":268},{"alt":216,"src":266,"title":267},"image://aea3b026-7363-4063-a906-9447df826076","Two bar charts",[],{"type":204,"tag":205,"props":270,"children":271},{},[272],{"type":209,"value":273},"Bar charts are a nice visual way to represent the frequencies of each category, for our categorical data, meaning how many times they occurred, in your dataset. You can see which categories were most commonly found, and which were least common in your data. And you can see how much of each there was.",{"type":204,"tag":205,"props":275,"children":276},{},[277],{"type":209,"value":278},"Your data can be either nominal – where there’s no hierarchy, like car color – or ordinal – where there is a hierarchy, like educational attainment.",{"title":198,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":280},[],{"id":73,"data":74,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":78,"parsed":282},{"data":283,"body":285,"toc":296},{"title":198,"description":284},"Generally, on a bar chart the y-axis shows you how many observations you counted within that category. On the x-axis are the different categories in your data.",{"type":201,"children":286},[287,291],{"type":204,"tag":205,"props":288,"children":289},{},[290],{"type":209,"value":284},{"type":204,"tag":205,"props":292,"children":293},{},[294],{"type":209,"value":295},"However, you can also have it the opposite way around to make a horizontal bar chart. This is something you can’t do for a histogram, which is used for continuous data, not categorical data. While in a histogram, you can only present the frequency counts on the y-axis, both horizontal and vertical work with a bar chart.",{"title":198,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":297},[],{"id":89,"data":90,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":94,"parsed":299},{"data":300,"body":302,"toc":318},{"title":198,"description":301},"Bar charts are used to count frequencies of things, like the number of blue, red, and white cars you see on the highway. A histogram doesn’t count members of a category in the same way that a bar chart does. It counts observations that have been measured first, like the weight of each dog in your neighborhood.",{"type":201,"children":303},[304,308,313],{"type":204,"tag":205,"props":305,"children":306},{},[307],{"type":209,"value":301},{"type":204,"tag":205,"props":309,"children":310},{},[311],{"type":209,"value":312},"You’ll only ever see a gap in a histogram if there’s no observations counted for that range. Otherwise, the bars of a histogram are always right up against one another and always vertical.",{"type":204,"tag":205,"props":314,"children":315},{},[316],{"type":209,"value":317},"Values on a histogram are always ordered from lowest to highest. On the other hand, the bars on a bar chart can be ordered any way you please.",{"title":198,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":319},[],{"id":107,"data":108,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":321},[322,352],{"id":112,"data":113,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":117,"parsed":323},{"data":324,"body":325,"toc":350},{"title":198,"description":198},{"type":201,"children":326},[327,335,340,345],{"type":204,"tag":205,"props":328,"children":329},{},[330],{"type":204,"tag":214,"props":331,"children":334},{"alt":216,"src":332,"title":333},"image://514b1529-80a7-4120-b96d-0ed90161de14","A boxplot chart with the curve illustrated",[],{"type":204,"tag":205,"props":336,"children":337},{},[338],{"type":209,"value":339},"A boxplot is a type of chart that is often used in data science to visually display a dataset's distribution. It consists of a \"box\" that is defined by the upper and lower quartiles of the dataset.",{"type":204,"tag":205,"props":341,"children":342},{},[343],{"type":209,"value":344},"The \"whiskers\" extending from the box represent the range of the data, while the line through the center of the box represents the median. The Interquartile Range (IQR) is the distance between the upper and lower quartiles.",{"type":204,"tag":205,"props":346,"children":347},{},[348],{"type":209,"value":349},"One of the key things that boxplots are used for is identifying outliers. Outliers are data points that are unusually high or low compared to the rest of the dataset. Boxplots usually depict outliers as points outside the whiskers, and it's important to take note of them as they can skew your analysis.",{"title":198,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":351},[],{"id":137,"data":138,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":142,"parsed":353},{"data":354,"body":356,"toc":380},{"title":198,"description":355},"When reading a boxplot, it's important to pay attention to the different components and what they represent. The median line in the center of the box will tell you the midpoint of the dataset, while the quartiles can tell you how the data is distributed. Within the ‘box’ is the middle 50% of data.",{"type":201,"children":357},[358,362,370,375],{"type":204,"tag":205,"props":359,"children":360},{},[361],{"type":209,"value":355},{"type":204,"tag":205,"props":363,"children":364},{},[365],{"type":204,"tag":214,"props":366,"children":369},{"alt":216,"src":367,"title":368},"image://c2a74764-f992-469f-a1f4-242278d4f683","A boxplot chart",[],{"type":204,"tag":205,"props":371,"children":372},{},[373],{"type":209,"value":374},"To calculate the whiskers, you'll want to use the Interquartile Range (IQR). Typically, the upper whisker will be located at the smaller of either the maximum data value or Q3 + 1.5(IQR), where Q3 is the upper quartile. The lower whisker is typically located at the larger of either the minimum data value or Q1 - 1.5(IQR), where Q1 is the lower quartile.",{"type":204,"tag":205,"props":376,"children":377},{},[378],{"type":209,"value":379},"As an example, if you have a dataset with a lower quartile of 20, an upper quartile of 30, with the IQR therefore 10, the upper whisker will be located at 45 (30 + 1.5(10)) and the lower whisker will be located at 5 (20 - 1.5(10)).The whiskers are known as the ‘maximum’ and ‘minimum’ points on your graph, but you may still have data points beyond these - they are known as ‘outliers’.",{"title":198,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":381},[],{"id":155,"data":156,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":383},[384,409],{"id":160,"data":161,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":165,"parsed":385},{"data":386,"body":388,"toc":407},{"title":198,"description":387},"A scatterplot shows us the relationship between two continuous variables. It’s often the first step in visualizing correlations in your data. Correlation is the degree to which two variables are seemingly related, like how long you spend working out at the gym and how many calories you burn.",{"type":201,"children":389},[390,394,402],{"type":204,"tag":205,"props":391,"children":392},{},[393],{"type":209,"value":387},{"type":204,"tag":205,"props":395,"children":396},{},[397],{"type":204,"tag":214,"props":398,"children":401},{"alt":216,"src":399,"title":400},"image://7b4196d3-56cd-4f1a-9f34-85792dcb66ac","Scatter plot charts",[],{"type":204,"tag":205,"props":403,"children":404},{},[405],{"type":209,"value":406},"But sometimes things can be correlated but unrelated, like ice cream sales and shark attacks. Both happen to increase in summer, but one doesn’t cause the other.",{"title":198,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":408},[],{"id":176,"data":177,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":181,"parsed":410},{"data":411,"body":413,"toc":429},{"title":198,"description":412},"When should you use a scatter plot? Let’s say we have a sample of observations. For each observation we have two measurements – both should be continuous variables. As an example, we could have data on weight and the amount of swimming time it takes to fatigue. We want to know if lighter mice can swim for longer than heavier mice.",{"type":201,"children":414},[415,419,424],{"type":204,"tag":205,"props":416,"children":417},{},[418],{"type":209,"value":412},{"type":204,"tag":205,"props":420,"children":421},{},[422],{"type":209,"value":423},"To plot the data, we use a scatter plot. Each dot represents both the weight of the mouse and minutes spent swimming. If weight is on the X-axis, the horizontal line, then the further to the right the dot is, the more the mouse weighs. And the higher the dot is on the Y-axis, the line pointing vertically, the longer the mouse swims.",{"type":204,"tag":205,"props":425,"children":426},{},[427],{"type":209,"value":428},"As an aside, mice can swim for a super long time. Some for over ten hours, because they’re naturally very buoyant. But please don’t go throwing any into the bathtub.",{"title":198,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":430},[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":432,"height":432,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":433},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":432,"height":432,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":435},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M4 5h16M4 12h16M4 19h16\"/>",1778179424265]