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psyche.",3,[37,166,248],{"id":38,"data":39,"type":25,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":40,"introPage":48,"pages":55},"4fc82e9c-9ff1-4214-a7b9-e18de592321d",{"type":25,"title":26},{"id":41,"data":42,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"18929d43-cec7-4526-906f-3fc28447b450",{"type":35,"summary":43},[44,45,46,47],"Albert Hofmann accidentally discovered LSD in 1943 and became the scientific godfather of psychedelics","Humphry Osmond and Aldous Huxley coined the term 'psychedelic' to describe mind-revealing substances","Psychedelics alter perception, mood, and cognitive processes, often used for spiritual development","The current hype around psychedelics is driven by their therapeutic potential and positive media portrayal",{"id":49,"data":50,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"bf63df4b-bb79-405f-9aca-87f812d15bfa",{"type":51,"intro":52},10,[53,54],"What term did Humphry Osmond and Aldous Huxley coin for mind-altering substances?","Why is there a current boom in interest and investment in psychedelics?",[56,74,101],{"id":57,"data":58,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":61},"968319d9-2584-49cb-9064-e85e73303e27",{"type":24,"markdownContent":59,"audioMediaId":60},"On the afternoon of April 16th, 1943, Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann was at work when he accidentally absorbed a tiny amount of a substance he was synthesizing through his fingertips. He soon experienced ‘a not unpleasant intoxicated-like condition’ coupled with ‘an extremely stimulated imagination.’ His curiosity was piqued.\n\n![Graph](image://030af931-1118-44f5-a35a-d42ba9e0b4e3 \"Albert Hofmann. Image: Philip H. Bailey (E-mail), CC BY-SA 2.5 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThree days later, he took his curiosity a step further by experimenting on himself with an intentional dose. The substance he ingested was lysergic acid diethylamide, now better known as LSD: the disorienting effects that followed were both amazing and terrifying. Hofmann decided to cycle home after realizing he couldn’t work anymore. And, on that now-infamous trippy bike ride home, he became the scientific godfather of psychedelics.\n\nBut this wasn’t the first time someone had experienced a psychedelic trip. And it certainly wasn’t going to be the last.","e7aa4713-d2d1-463e-83af-ef14a81702c5",[62],{"id":63,"data":64,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"8e627cda-b6d8-4376-a5f0-8f7e857582f6",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":66,"multiChoiceCorrect":68,"multiChoiceIncorrect":70,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},11,[67],"What substance did Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann accidentally absorb through his fingertips in 1943 that led to a famously trippy cycle home?",[69],"LSD",[71,72,73],"MDMA","DMT","Ketamine",{"id":75,"data":76,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":79},"45505736-243d-4920-82d7-ed06d6331d9b",{"type":24,"markdownContent":77,"audioMediaId":78},"On March 24th, 1946, English psychiatrist Humphry Osmond was writing a letter to his friend, the novelist Aldous Huxley. The men were looking for a term to describe their transformative experiences with mind-altering substances. They were wholly unhappy with the one in circulation at the time: ‘psychotomimetics’ or ‘psychotic mimicry’.\n\nTo them, it overly emphasized a pathological aspect of mental illness. They wanted to find something better. And after some back and forth, they came up with the term ‘psychodelic’, which later turned into ‘psychedelic’. They combined two Greek words – psyche, meaning ‘mind’ or ‘soul’, and delos, meaning ‘to reveal’. The name captured what they saw as these substances’ ability to manifest the mind’s innermost areas. And thus, the term was coined.\n\nPsychedelics alter perception, mood, and cognitive processes. And by doing so, they fundamentally shift the way you process information. Because of these properties, they are often used to engender spiritual development, and many people also refer to them as ‘entheogens’, meaning ‘generating the god within’.","c2741b73-ba1b-4a27-aee9-f5209a3038f9",[80,89],{"id":81,"data":82,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"e8515765-2b40-4d4f-adc7-d7a5f58ce37a",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":83,"binaryCorrect":85,"binaryIncorrect":87},[84],"What word is sometimes used to describe psychedelics and refers to 'generating the god within'?",[86],"Entheogens",[88],"Empathogens",{"id":90,"data":91,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"9b687d53-742e-41be-a672-5e2b38602167",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":92,"multiChoiceCorrect":94,"multiChoiceIncorrect":96,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[93],"Which famous novelist, along with English psychiatrist Humphry Osmond, came up with the term ‘psychodelic’ that later turned into ‘psychedelic’?",[95],"Aldous Huxley",[97,98,99,100],"Alan Watts","Timothy Leary","Thomas De Quincey","H.G. Wells",{"id":102,"data":103,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"reviews":106},"b154d827-c3f9-4c83-9688-965bec4aef65",{"type":24,"markdownContent":104,"audioMediaId":105},"In recent years, articles with the terms ‘psychedelic’ or ‘hallucinogen’ have been springing up in journals like mushrooms. Researchers and clinicians are intrigued by psychedelics’ therapeutic potential. Where great potential lies, money follows: numerous companies and investors are currently rushing to capitalize on psychedelic medicine.\n\n![Graph](image://381dbdeb-73fc-44af-9903-70554b24bd80 \"The hype around psychedelics is growing. Image: Public domain via Pexels\")\n\nWhile promising clinical trials play an important role, a positive portrayal in the media and growing public interest are also further driving the current boom. For many avid supporters, the hype surrounding psychedelics rests on one core belief: their potential to change the world and its inhabitants for the better. One way they are believed to do this is by taking people away from extremism and bringing them closer to themselves and their environments.\n\nHowever, whether or not psychedelics will live up to the hype remains to be seen.","1c876e72-66e5-453b-bbeb-bdb3f9a9608c",[107,127,137,157],{"id":108,"data":109,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"40f79e26-463e-4ead-8954-28a2b9ef5100",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":110,"multiChoiceQuestion":114,"multiChoiceCorrect":116,"multiChoiceIncorrect":118,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":122,"matchPairsPairs":124},[111,112,113],"99f48c91-0a44-4787-badd-09261c92ec53","60381ad9-6c5e-4916-b65c-627a10409af0","ff9db92b-dbbc-4a92-bff0-4161ad225427",[115],"Which of the following most closely applies to Albert Hofmann?",[117],"Swiss chemist, scientific godfather of psychedelics",[119,120,121],"Novelist and early user of psychedelics","Popularized the terms 'set' and 'setting'","Introduced the term 'psychonauts'",[123],"Match the pairs below:",[125],{"left":126,"right":117,"direction":35},"Albert Hofmann",{"id":111,"data":128,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":129,"multiChoiceQuestion":130,"multiChoiceCorrect":132,"multiChoiceIncorrect":133,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":134,"matchPairsPairs":135},[108,112,113],[131],"Which of the following most closely applies to Aldous Huxley?",[119],[117,120,121],[123],[136],{"left":95,"right":119,"direction":35},{"id":138,"data":139,"type":65,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"71d5cb33-13fa-4cdf-b35b-e87e3778d24c",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":140,"multiChoiceQuestion":144,"multiChoiceCorrect":146,"multiChoiceIncorrect":148,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":24,"orderQuestion":152,"orderItems":154},[141,142,143],"129eb839-fa82-4bde-a055-ee0e5e09fdf0","478569f2-4561-45c9-9b59-db001852defb","2a944c67-fa36-4f6f-95cb-fc8881bf501b",[145],"When did Albert Hofmann experience his first LSD trip?",[147],"1943",[149,150,151],"1963","1912","1960",[153],"Put the following in order:",[155],{"label":156,"reveal":147,"sortOrder":24},"Albert Hofmann's first LSD trip",{"id":158,"data":159,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"21f157a5-c3b7-4aaa-8894-e91b424666da",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":160,"binaryCorrect":162,"binaryIncorrect":164},[161],"Psychedelics may help people get more in touch with themselves and their environment, and therefore could have considerable benefits in what?",[163],"Therapy",[165],"Music",{"id":167,"data":168,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":170,"introPage":178,"pages":184},"306a6a40-5cf7-41a8-9746-1a2388d9a145",{"type":25,"title":169},"Psychedelic Experiences",{"id":171,"data":172,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"b4baf697-e50c-4d69-92ef-c9ec72f0d814",{"type":35,"summary":173},[174,175,176,177],"Psychedelic experiences, or trips, often include kaleidoscopic visuals and intense emotions.","Set and setting are crucial; a safe environment and positive mindset can lead to a better trip.","Ego dissolution can occur, making you feel one with everything around you.","Psychedelics can evoke profound insights but can also be terrifying if unprepared.",{"id":179,"data":180,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"a7d846c3-367a-455e-b798-4634cfd925ed",{"type":51,"intro":181},[182,183],"What does 'set' refer to in a psychedelic trip?","How does the environment impact a psychedelic experience?",[185,190,205,231],{"id":186,"data":187,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25},"00fb0cc3-74a2-4f93-9b79-631e9131fb21",{"type":24,"markdownContent":188,"audioMediaId":189},"A psychedelic experience is also colloquially known as ‘a trip’. While these temporary altered states of consciousness are varied and deeply personal, they also have some things in common. When Albert Hofmann, the inventor of LSD, first tried his new creation, he noticed the following:\n\n“Kaleidoscopic, fantastic images surged in on me \\[....\\] exploding in colored fountains, rearranging and hybridizing themselves in constant flux.” Hofmann’s quote focuses on the commonly cited changes in perception, but he, too, came in touch with some of the other factors that are typical for a psychedelic experience.","e31e5fc1-c9b5-4694-a679-ffe7efd95d1e",{"id":191,"data":192,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":195},"038a1307-0967-4e10-aeda-4241ace28295",{"type":24,"markdownContent":193,"audioMediaId":194},"Other common effects include a profound feeling of awe, observing things from a third-person perspective, the upsurge of intense emotions, and drastic changes to one’s thought processes. In the best of cases, these factors can evoke novel insights and revelations, which can serve as a catalyst for inner transformation.\n\nYet, in other cases, these drastic changes can be experienced as challenging or even terrifying. The difference between psychedelics and other drugs is that their effects are highly context-dependent. Taking them in a safe environment with people you trust facilitates having a blissful and deeply moving experience. Consume them unprepared in an uncomfortable environment, however, and you may increase your chances of having a bad trip.","d7799701-f22f-40ed-82ad-04cc9a3977bb",[196],{"id":197,"data":198,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"a1ac0a25-d7ad-45d2-808c-43f9cfafb9a3",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":199,"binaryCorrect":201,"binaryIncorrect":203},[200],"Psychedelic trips are influenced by the user's mental state and the environment in which they are taken, meaning they are what?",[202],"Context-dependent",[204],"Context-independent",{"id":206,"data":207,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":210},"d65252e8-f8c7-4bae-957e-9ce390faf7eb",{"type":24,"markdownContent":208,"audioMediaId":209},"This is where ‘set’ and ‘setting’ come in. Famed psychologist Timothy Leary popularized the terms to describe the psychological and social factors that influence the quality of a psychedelic trip. ‘Set’ refers to the general mental state of the user, such as their intentions, expectations, and mood, while ‘setting’ refers to the physical and social environment in which the experience takes place.\n\nTogether, they are not only an important consideration for recreational users but also an integral part of psychedelic therapy, where many believe they play a vital role.","d139c7ec-f1d4-400b-b6cc-cb969a5ae4b3",[211,222],{"id":112,"data":212,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":213,"multiChoiceQuestion":214,"multiChoiceCorrect":216,"multiChoiceIncorrect":217,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":219,"matchPairsPairs":220},[108,111,113],[215],"Who is the person that popularized the terms 'set' and 'setting'?",[98],[126,95,218],"Ernst Jünger",[123],[221],{"left":98,"right":120,"direction":35},{"id":223,"data":224,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"f7126783-4e79-4580-a307-36d201bb9099",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":225,"binaryCorrect":227,"binaryIncorrect":229},[226],"What term did Timothy Leary use to describe the general mental state of the user prior to a psychedelic trip?",[228],"Set",[230],"Setting",{"id":232,"data":233,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":236},"4d7038e3-8cfa-45fa-8d08-d13fdeacbdf9",{"type":24,"markdownContent":234,"audioMediaId":235},"We all have a sense of self: a feeling of who ‘I’ am and how this ‘I’ is distinct from the external world. Psychedelic substances are unique in their ability to shake this up and loosen the boundaries between the subjective self and the objective environment. At the extreme, this results in ego dissolution sometimes called an ‘ego death’. This refers to the feeling that there is no longer any difference between yourself, others around you, and even your surrounding environment.\n\nAn ego death can be joyous and mystical, especially if blissful feelings of connectedness with an ultimate reality replace one’s sense of self. Others, however, can find it challenging or even terrifying, and they may anxiously resist losing touch with themselves and their usual perception. Regardless of the emotional impact, an ego dissolution suggests that our normal waking sense of self is not fixed. It is just one of many ways to experience ourselves.","9a8d970d-1c44-44ca-a2cf-11a679c0849c",[237],{"id":238,"data":239,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"8a1114c2-24a8-4f4d-98e0-be403ad12c24",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":240,"multiChoiceCorrect":242,"multiChoiceIncorrect":244,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[241],"What term is sometimes used to describe our feelings and experience of there no longer being any difference between ourselves, others, and our surrounding environment?",[243],"Ego death",[245,246,247],"Loss of self","Dropping the \"I\"","Forgetting the ego",{"id":249,"data":250,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":252,"introPage":260,"pages":266},"469643f3-fd43-4091-a4cc-3d2189dd3f6b",{"type":25,"title":251},"Psychedelic Culture",{"id":253,"data":254,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"28592822-eec8-432f-bdcf-f6690153c24b",{"type":35,"summary":255},[256,257,258,259],"The internet allowed people to share psychedelic experiences anonymously.","Psychonauts are explorers of the mind who document their drug experiences.","The McKenna brothers proposed the 'stoned ape' theory for human brain evolution.","Psychedelic mushrooms might have helped Homo Erectus evolve into Homo Sapiens.",{"id":261,"data":262,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"ac9cfea5-7468-41ce-9269-db02e5f72e83",{"type":51,"intro":263},[264,265],"Who coined the term 'psychonaut'?","What is the 'stoned ape' theory?",[267,284],{"id":268,"data":269,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":272},"21e0d739-f148-470a-a6bd-317662a0c5fc",{"type":24,"markdownContent":270,"audioMediaId":271},"With the global prohibition of drugs in the late 1960s, speaking about consuming psychedelics became increasingly difficult, and in some cases, illegal. It wasn't until the arrival of the internet that people from all over the world could easily and anonymously share their personal psychedelic experiences on online forums.\n\n![Graph](image://2671dd70-8d51-44c0-8afb-33093fa00f29 \"Psychedelic culture developed in early internet chat rooms. Image: Benj Edwards, CC BY 2.0 via Flickr, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/\")\n\nSome of these people we now call ‘psychonauts’ – ‘sailors of the soul’ – a term first introduced by German writer Ernst Jünger in 1970. It’s said that he was describing pharmacologist Arthur Heffter, who first isolated mescaline from the peyote cactus and meticulously recorded the results from his various self-experiments.\n\nPsychonauts are generally highly knowledgeable about the drugs they take: their approach to documenting and sharing their experiences is almost scientific. They view taking substances as more than recreational – deliberately entering altered states of consciousness to explore the hidden depths of the human psyche.","ff25e0ea-d963-4808-a50f-4c81b72ee58d",[273],{"id":274,"data":275,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"9ec0f58b-e264-4b1e-9bd8-15142a025e04",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":276,"multiChoiceCorrect":278,"multiChoiceIncorrect":280,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[277],"What term was coined by Ernst Jünger, and translates to 'sailors of the soul'?",[279],"Psychonaut",[281,282,283],"Psychovoyager","Psychic Seafarer","Psychonavigator",{"id":285,"data":286,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":289},"4c611d39-2b88-4ec4-afa2-94d34c2f82da",{"type":24,"markdownContent":287,"audioMediaId":288},"How did the human brain triple in size in just two million years? Brothers Terence and Dennis McKenna – one an ethnobotanist, the other an ethnopharmacologist – devised the ‘stoned ape’ theory, an interesting take in trying to explain this quantum leap in human consciousness.\n\nImagine you’re in the body of an ancient ancestor, specifically the Homo Erectus – an extinct species of archaic hominid living millions of years ago. Survival and reproduction are your primary drives. As you hungrily walk around, you see a plant-like thing, a mushroom. You eat it. Not much later, you experience a different state of consciousness. The insights and changes in your brain develop, and you gain a new way of thinking. Human evolution is taking place.\n\nThis is a brief summary of the stoned ape theory, in which the McKennas proposed that psychedelic mushrooms might have had something to do with the evolution from Homo Erectus to Homo Sapiens – as in, us.","c456fc51-8e11-4571-81fa-6bf96d9b7eaa",[290,300],{"id":113,"data":291,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":292,"multiChoiceQuestion":293,"multiChoiceCorrect":295,"multiChoiceIncorrect":296,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":297,"matchPairsPairs":298},[108,111,112],[294],"Who is the person that introduced the term 'psychonauts'?",[218],[126,95,98],[123],[299],{"left":218,"right":121,"direction":35},{"id":301,"data":302,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"8059c424-4a32-4402-b56c-8de86f0119c7",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":303,"binaryCorrect":305,"binaryIncorrect":307},[304],"Which of these is an accurate summary of the stoned ape theory?",[306],"Psychedelic mushrooms were essential to the evolution of consciousness",[308],"Apes are actually human beings who have ingested too much cannabis",{"id":310,"data":311,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"orbs":314},"fc83ebf7-eab4-4cfa-a44f-32f16f749c88",{"type":27,"title":312,"tagline":313},"Historical Trends","Psychedelics are gaining momentum again, but they have a long and somewhat checkered past, including ancient use dating back 9000 years and a brief stint as a potential human mind control tool.",[315,403,490,564],{"id":316,"data":317,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":319,"introPage":327,"pages":333},"b8bba3e7-bcb0-422d-a402-3d5da4bdc48a",{"type":25,"title":318},"Origins and Early Research",{"id":320,"data":321,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"3e2c31d4-8df5-4d86-888f-5dc242e75f03",{"type":35,"summary":322},[323,324,325,326],"Psychedelic use dates back 9000 years, with ancient murals and temples hinting at their spiritual significance.","German toxicologists Louis Lewin and Arthur Heffter first documented peyote's effects in the late 1800s.","Albert Hofmann discovered LSD-25 in 1938 while working for Sandoz Pharmaceuticals.","Hofmann's famous 1943 LSD trip on a bicycle is celebrated as Bicycle Day.",{"id":328,"data":329,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"880c1c77-57d8-4c8a-b219-1a11525649d6",{"type":51,"intro":330},[331,332],"What did the Aztecs call psychedelic mushrooms?","What substance did Arthur Heffter and Louis Lewin isolate from peyote?",[334,365,390],{"id":335,"data":336,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":339},"d6e05be1-892c-428c-bce1-a3aa66103630",{"type":24,"markdownContent":337,"audioMediaId":338},"Over the past decade, psychedelics have gained serious momentum in the Western world. Yet the human consumption of these substances dates back several millennia – at least when it comes to the naturally occurring ones, such as psilocybin mushrooms, mescaline, and ayahuasca.\n\n![Graph](image://7d70aaa3-e2f8-4005-ab80-99b38172d231 \"Chichen Itza Aztec Temple. Image: Ted Van Pelt, CC BY 2.0 via Flickr, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/\")\n\nThe oldest indication of this ancient use is said to date back 9000 years: a mural in the Sahara desert depicting a figure with psychedelic mushrooms sprouting out of its body. Ancient indigenous tribes also constructed numerous temples to worship mushroom deities, suggesting that they considered mushrooms to possess special powers. And in Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs, psychedelic mushrooms are called teonanácatl, meaning “flesh of the gods”.\n\nWhile ancient cultures mainly used these substances as ceremonial and spiritual tools, they likely have, on occasion, also been utilized as intoxicants. Unfortunately, knowing for sure when humans began reaping psychedelics’ therapeutic and medicinal benefits is impossible, as many records were destroyed over the years.","72b87fc4-4f1c-408e-a062-e8cf9d95b6c1",[340,349,358],{"id":341,"data":342,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"79c63517-328a-4fbe-a0b8-e85f466bbb72",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":343,"binaryCorrect":345,"binaryIncorrect":347},[344],"What was sprouting out of a body in a 9000-year-old mural found in the Sahara desert that suggests our ancestors were using psychedelics?",[346],"Mushrooms",[348],"Marijuana leaves",{"id":350,"data":351,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"15a7dd35-fd45-4222-8112-76d102d5e369",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":352,"binaryCorrect":354,"binaryIncorrect":356},[353],"The Aztec word for psychedelic mushrooms was teonanácatl - which roughly translates to what?",[355],"Flesh of the gods",[357],"Star of the woodland",{"id":359,"data":360,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"54a170dc-5da3-4870-8e89-7713625eff5c",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":361,"activeRecallAnswers":363},[362],"Where is the oldest known depiction of psychedelics to be found?",[364],"The Sahara desert",{"id":366,"data":367,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":370},"202bbd05-0bf4-42c0-9d42-d71dcb35a535",{"type":24,"markdownContent":368,"audioMediaId":369},"While psychedelic exploration can be traced back thousands of years, their systematic scientific investigation didn’t begin until the late 1800s.\n\nAfter learning that indigenous Mexicans used the peyote cactus in their rituals, German toxicologist Louis Lewin became interested in their mind-altering effects.\n\n![Graph](image://34aec351-9ad2-4b79-a235-09719afd740d \"The peyote cactus. Image: Dav Hir, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nOver the 1880s and 1890s, Lewin and his colleague, Arthur Heffter, frequently self-experimented with peyote. They meticulously kept track of all their findings, so the first known written reports of peyote’s effects came into being. The duo was mostly interested in knowing what caused these psychedelic effects. Eventually, they managed to isolate mescaline as the cactus’ primary active compound.\n\nFor a few more decades, descriptive and clinical mescaline-related studies made up the landscape of psychedelic research. This changed in 1938 when a young chemist named Albert Hofmann discovered a new, interesting substance: LSD-25.","47d6fc96-7585-4902-a19e-fcb1bfee6cc0",[371,380],{"id":372,"data":373,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"0b885930-d0c4-42b2-bde7-6f14f2b79fbb",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":374,"binaryCorrect":376,"binaryIncorrect":378},[375],"Which Mexican plant containing mescaline did German toxicologist Louis Lewin and Arthur Heffter frequently self-experiment with in the 1880s and 1890s?",[377],"Peyote cactus",[379],"Psilocybin mushrooms",{"id":381,"data":382,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"eae62a83-a1e8-4396-aa2c-7a03d7bf9ed7",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":383,"multiChoiceCorrect":385,"multiChoiceIncorrect":387,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[384],"Who was one of the earliest Europeans to experiment with peyote?",[386],"Louis Lewin",[388,95,389],"Albert Hoffman","Humphry Osmond",{"id":391,"data":392,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":395},"bf425ff1-0fe7-471d-a2a7-a429379ded60",{"type":24,"markdownContent":393,"audioMediaId":394},"In 1938, Albert Hofmann was tasked with a new assignment by the Swiss company Sandoz Pharmaceuticals to create a new medicine to stimulate the respiratory and circulatory systems.\n\nHoping to synthesize a useful chemical compound, he spent his days creating numerous derivatives of the ergot fungus.\n\nThen five years later, he resynthesized the 25th one, LSD-25. After accidentally absorbing a tiny dose through his fingertips and noticing the unusual effects, he dosed himself with 250 micrograms three days later.\n\nOn April 19th, 1943, and with no car being available due to wartime restrictions, Dr. Hofmann – now deep in the throes of an LSD trip – had to cycle home. Psychonauts around the world still annually commemorate this day as Bicycle Day.\n\n![Graph](image://4146d092-80da-4f4d-a9ec-0eee7b074567 \"This illustration of Albert Hoffman on his bicycle is still used on many LSD blotters. Image: Public domain\")\n\nWhile the experience was anything but pleasant, Hofmann realized he felt reborn afterward. To further investigate LSD’s psychotherapeutic and monetary potential, Sandoz began sending batches to clinics and universities across the world for free. And so, a fertile research period began.","14cc1879-f4a3-47bc-837d-3acdea4eed00",[396],{"id":397,"data":398,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"6d1a1b04-a213-4e62-afd1-11cb35959484",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":399,"activeRecallAnswers":401},[400],"What occasion do psychonauts worldwide use to celebrate Albert Hofmann's discovery of LSD in 1943?",[402],"Bicycle day",{"id":404,"data":405,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":407,"introPage":415,"pages":421},"cfad02df-b513-42b5-90c4-fe9546b442b2",{"type":25,"title":406},"The Golden Age and the Dark Side",{"id":408,"data":409,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"8f692b7c-4f6b-4e30-b67c-8881cbad4e5e",{"type":35,"summary":410},[411,412,413,414],"By the 1950s, psychedelics were seen as groundbreaking psychiatric tools.","The CIA's MK-ULTRA program secretly tested LSD on people without consent.","LSD therapy became popular among the LA elite in the 1960s.","Timothy Leary's Harvard Psilocybin Project was shut down after controversy.",{"id":416,"data":417,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"9c5097fb-e3a0-4a9e-8833-1eda034d5221",{"type":51,"intro":418},[419,420],"Why did the CIA get interested in psychedelic research?","What led to the shutdown of the Harvard Psilocybin Project?",[422,439,444,466],{"id":423,"data":424,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":427},"665e7d64-0f6c-4b20-8213-8da10556072b",{"type":24,"markdownContent":425,"audioMediaId":426},"By the 1950s, psychedelics was the most promising area of clinical psychiatric research. Still free of the political and cultural stigma that would engulf them a decade later, they were thought to have enormous therapeutic potential.\n\nGovernment funding helped researchers investigate this further, and although many of these early studies would not meet today’s scientific standards, they nonetheless produced exciting results. Over 40,000 research participants were examined during these years, and more than a thousand clinical papers and several dozen books were published on the subject. Early researchers in this time were especially interested in psychedelics as a treatment for addiction.\n\n![Graph](image://dad42f4e-aa54-4c24-b47f-10ab8cfdc4ad \"Freud, Jung and other 20th-century psychoanalysts. Image: Sigmund Freud's 1909 Visit to Clark University, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")","c0fb2259-a0c5-4f63-9b09-5426717365ab",[428],{"id":429,"data":430,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"458ddca0-f106-4ece-9c4d-6f7474895988",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":431,"multiChoiceCorrect":433,"multiChoiceIncorrect":435,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[432],"Which of these conditions was LSD used to treat in the 1950s?",[434],"Addiction",[436,437,438],"Parkinson's disease","Alzheimer's","Gilbert's syndrome",{"id":440,"data":441,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25},"d0688c75-0016-4908-970a-307b39453532",{"type":24,"markdownContent":442,"audioMediaId":443},"Psychedelics quickly developed from interesting scientific curiosities into groundbreaking psychiatric tools. In particular, LSD started to be widely used by psychologists and psychiatrists to treat various conditions, including addiction, depression, autism, and end-of-life anxiety. Not only that, but many people working in the field, either as researchers or clinicians, also experimented on themselves, often experiencing first-hand their transformative results.\n\nThe promising first wave of psychedelic research greatly intrigued the CIA. Not because of the substances’ therapeutic potential but because of their possible use as a tool to control human behavior. The CIA kept close tabs on the psychedelic research community and even funded scientific conferences and university research at places such as Stanford and MIT.","f088fc7e-513a-4af5-ad3a-1aee5d1df6b8",{"id":445,"data":446,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":449},"636d3363-ecd6-4a12-a25e-9ee72d1a93f9",{"type":24,"markdownContent":447,"audioMediaId":448},"But, eventually, things went even further. Beginning in 1953, it set up its own research: the top-secret program, MK-ULTRA. Could LSD be used as a truth serum, a mind-control agent, or a nonlethal weapon of war?\n\nThe CIA went to great lengths to find out, dosing its own employees and paying psychiatrists to test LSD on prisoners and mental patients – usually without consent and often combined with torture and abuse. It wasn’t until 1973, in the wake of the Watergate scandal, that the program was stopped out of fear of being revealed.\n\n![Graph](image://cd19c298-6cd9-4610-b7e6-67a5afa1c49f \"Richard Nixon. Image: Public Domain, via Wikimedia\")","2531a803-c27f-4cfe-857d-575ee3809b0f",[450,459],{"id":451,"data":452,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"43c34d99-eb8e-4564-a53e-a7a157f8161f",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":453,"binaryCorrect":455,"binaryIncorrect":457},[454],"Which top-secret program was used to experiment with LSD as a tool for the secret services?",[456],"MK-ULTRA",[458],"MK-DONS",{"id":460,"data":461,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"c5d6ae37-db34-4bd5-b390-97513d060c9c",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":462,"activeRecallAnswers":464},[463],"The MK-ULTRA program continued until which year - the same year as the Watergate Scandal?",[465],"1973",{"id":467,"data":468,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":471},"a5cf5dcb-c47a-421b-b218-370c361a72b8",{"type":24,"markdownContent":469,"audioMediaId":470},"In the 1960s, the future of psychedelics looked bright. LSD therapy had become routine practice for the LA-based rich and famous, and after actor Cary Grant gave an interview explaining how his more than 60 LSD sessions had made him feel “born again”, the demand intensified further. Not only for LSD therapy but also for its recreational use.\n\nThe drug was now escaping labs and therapy rooms and making its way to the streets. Soon, an eccentric Harvard psychology professor named Timothy Leary would speed up this process even more. Enamored by the effects of psychedelics, Leary set up the Harvard Psilocybin Project with assistant professor Richard Alpert.\n\nThey aimed to investigate and record the effects of psychedelic substances, but the project was quickly engulfed in controversy – partly because Alpert had been giving drugs to undergraduate students. After just two years, the project was shut down, and Alpert and Leary were fired.\n\n![Graph](image://2cd130d1-b90c-4e7d-9e62-e32c3ed81dfe \"Cary Grant was an advocate for LSD. Image: RKO publicity photographer., Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")","bce7ba14-901e-4912-b45f-2a612ab44254",[472,478],{"id":473,"data":474,"type":65,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"05f92b14-da2a-4d81-92fe-56648c15a751",{"type":65,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":475,"clozeWords":477},[476],"Eccentric Harvard psychology professor Timothy Leary set up the controversial Harvard Psilocybin Project to investigate the effects of psychedelic substances",[98],{"id":479,"data":480,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"bcd896ec-66b0-4647-8c4c-7977783b19aa",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":481,"multiChoiceCorrect":483,"multiChoiceIncorrect":485,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[482],"Which famous actor in the 1960s gave an interview explaining how LSD therapy led to them feeling \"born again\"?",[484],"Cary Grant",[486,487,488,489],"Sean Connery","John Wayne","Audrey Hepburn","Elizabeth Taylor",{"id":491,"data":492,"type":25,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":494,"introPage":502,"pages":508},"93218441-86ca-4756-8c21-2809da90bae2",{"type":25,"title":493},"Counterculture and the Ban",{"id":495,"data":496,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"24115862-12f2-4a5e-a003-32d63f17e420",{"type":35,"summary":497},[498,499,500,501],"By the mid-1960s, U.S. military involvement in Vietnam clashed with the counterculture movement.","Timothy Leary, a dismissed Harvard professor, became a countercultural icon advocating for psychedelic use.","President Nixon labeled Leary \"The most dangerous man on earth\" and psychedelics became scapegoats for the counterculture.","The 1970 Controlled Substances Act banned all recreational drugs, ending the psychedelic science project.",{"id":503,"data":504,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"1d162778-7b94-4894-b728-6502126c42df",{"type":51,"intro":505},[506,507],"Why did Nixon call Timothy Leary \"The most dangerous man on earth\"?","How did the 1970 Controlled Substances Act impact the perception of psychedelics?",[509,522,547],{"id":510,"data":511,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":514},"01876a65-4490-49c3-bed8-4b0bddd774f2",{"type":24,"markdownContent":512,"audioMediaId":513},"By the mid 1960s, the U.S.’s military involvement in Vietnam had escalated, and the chance of young American men being deployed grew. This greatly clashed with the growing counterculture movement’s ideals and beliefs. The movement had already been on the rise, but LSD played a crucial role in its development – not only influencing its symbols, fashions, and music, but also its thinking.\n\n![Graph](image://1d6e5c49-3ba7-4608-9cc5-931316292ec8 \"Anti-war demonstrators in the 1960s. Image: Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nFollowing his dismissal from Harvard in 1963 due to his controversial Harvard Psilocybin Project, Leary became a prominent countercultural icon. Believing that psychedelics had the power to transform society, he advocated for their widespread use by encouraging everyone to “turn on, tune in, and drop out.”","4f967615-9032-4d5d-847d-8804526aa8da",[515],{"id":516,"data":517,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"ce032a1a-49d5-44cc-a49c-5825b7fb5561",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":518,"activeRecallAnswers":520},[519],"What phrase became synonymous with counter-culture icon Timothy Leary in the 1960s?",[521],"Turn on, tune in, and drop out",{"id":523,"data":524,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":527},"fbb98e0a-08a0-4609-81dc-57184b3fcb86",{"type":24,"markdownContent":525,"audioMediaId":526},"Not surprisingly, most politicians were not so thrilled by this drug-induced questioning of social norms and traditions. President Nixon went as far as calling Leary “The most dangerous man on earth.” After being sentenced to ten years in prison for possession of marijuana, the ex-professor escaped and started living on the run. Eventually, he would be arrested 36 times in numerous countries.\n\nAlthough psychedelics looked promising in the early 1960s, it only took a few years for the political and cultural sentiment to shift completely.","68c26328-4f7f-4136-8a16-28a68f606901",[528,536],{"id":529,"data":530,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"317dd5ea-ff42-4ee0-9f04-95f2f8dae3af",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":531,"binaryCorrect":533,"binaryIncorrect":534},[532],"Who did President Nixon call the \"most dangerous man on earth\" and lived part of his life on the run?",[98],[535],"Hunter S. Thompson",{"id":537,"data":538,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"db8d74df-b990-491b-905f-5a914eed35d4",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":539,"multiChoiceCorrect":541,"multiChoiceIncorrect":543,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[540],"What US law ultimately led to LSD being banned in the 1970s?",[542],"Controlled Substances Act",[544,545,546],"War On Drugs Act","Recreational Drugs Act","Substance Abuse Act",{"id":548,"data":549,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"reviews":552},"ac8e2e26-8fba-40ff-9ce4-b2c9afae21e3",{"type":24,"markdownContent":550,"audioMediaId":551},"As the availability of black-market LSD increased, so did the psychotic episodes and hospital visits. In addition, Nixon deemed the counterculture’s rebellious and deviant beliefs extremely dangerous. As psychedelics were a big part of the movement, LSD became a convenient instrument for scapegoating hippies.\n\nThe U.S. establishment started to portray psychedelics as a threat to society devoid of any medical potential. Propaganda campaigns and urban legends quickly followed to generate hostility and moral panic further.\n\nAs the whole psychedelic science project collapsed, the 1970 Controlled Substances Act was the final nail to its coffin. With it, the United States categorized all substances with a known recreational property under a Schedule I ban, reserved for the most addictive and harmful substances. The world’s views on psychedelics seemed to be changed forever.","dd6c3206-49c6-4135-b2ab-13cc9db7f664",[553],{"id":141,"data":554,"type":65,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":555,"multiChoiceQuestion":556,"multiChoiceCorrect":558,"multiChoiceIncorrect":559,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":24,"orderQuestion":560,"orderItems":561},[138,142,143],[557],"When did the Harvard Psilocybin Project take place?",[151],[147,150,149],[153],[562],{"label":563,"reveal":151,"sortOrder":25},"Harvard Psilocybin Project",{"id":565,"data":566,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":568,"introPage":576,"pages":582},"00ee3afc-a09f-4e32-bf6f-537a4f6c33f8",{"type":25,"title":567},"The Psychedelic Renaissance",{"id":569,"data":570,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"b387be6f-b28d-49e2-808b-a7f2ddb6369b",{"type":35,"summary":571},[572,573,574,575],"The 1970 Controlled Substances Act made psychedelic research nearly impossible","DMT research in the 1990s showed no tolerance buildup with repeated doses","Major studies in the 2000s found LSD reduced anxiety and psilocybin helped with depression","Prestigious universities like Johns Hopkins and Imperial College London now have psychedelic research programs",{"id":577,"data":578,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"ebbf06fd-f6a9-43ff-b7de-fa9bfddbddcd",{"type":51,"intro":579},[580,581],"What was unique about DMT's effect on tolerance?","How did the role of preparation and integration change psychedelic therapy?",[583,598,615],{"id":584,"data":585,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":588},"9db1966e-a5a5-4fe2-9aa5-0137db9f415d",{"type":24,"markdownContent":586,"audioMediaId":587},"The strict and punitive laws put in place through the 1970 Controlled Substances Act made conducting psychedelic research incredibly hard, if not impossible. But psychedelics were not wiped off the face of the earth. Despite their sudden illegal status and stigma, many devoted psychedelic researchers continued their work, essentially risking their careers and freedom.\n\nIn the years that followed, a small number of studies were published, mostly replicating the earlier demonstrated potential. It also became increasingly clear that most of the safety concerns that stopped psychedelic research in the 1960s were either baseless, exaggerated, or false.\n\n![Graph](image://babe711d-7182-4bc9-ae48-ab7f4a341ce3 \"A molecule of DMT. Image: Public domain via Wikimedia\")","698f1076-2dcd-47c8-a012-c500654923ab",[589],{"id":590,"data":591,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"f7a3640b-8cf9-41ea-9f93-9c6a47e2ed98",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":592,"binaryCorrect":594,"binaryIncorrect":596},[593],"What did researchers reveal about psychedelics in the decades after the Controlled Substances Act?",[595],"That many of the safety concerns were exaggerated",[597],"That psychedelics weren't dangerous at all",{"id":599,"data":600,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":603},"53c532db-19f6-470a-b935-8f4a5c591fae",{"type":24,"markdownContent":601,"audioMediaId":602},"Yet it wasn’t until the 1990s that the gradual revival of psychedelic research began as the FDA cautiously granted approval to investigate the effects of DMT – an extremely powerful and fast-acting psychedelic compound – in human subjects.\n\nOne of the interesting results from these studies was that, unlike other psychedelics, DMT does not result in subjective tolerance after repeated doses. Although psychedelic research still faced social stigma and administrative roadblocks, the 2000s saw a rise in mainstream interest in psychedelics and their therapeutic potential.","b1f5b520-9dfb-4a85-a359-2804cd81e956",[604],{"id":605,"data":606,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"31339e21-86a9-4983-b8e9-a7fe53ac1582",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":607,"multiChoiceCorrect":609,"multiChoiceIncorrect":611,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[608],"What approval by the FDA in the 1990s led to a revival in psychedelic research?",[610],"DMT research",[612,613,614],"LSD research","Mescaline research","Ibogaine research",{"id":616,"data":617,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":620},"d88bd68e-2a99-4a9c-82f3-fb81dc714230",{"type":24,"markdownContent":618,"audioMediaId":619},"Several major studies solidified psychedelics’ status as an effective treatment of mental illness – with carefully conducted studies finding that LSD led to lasting reductions in anxiety and psilocybin showed promise in treating end-of-life distress and depression.\n\n![Graph](image://35fc9bbd-1b3c-4092-9a5a-6f4e354b22c4 \"LSD can lead people to find mystical experiences in the most everyday places. Image: Public domain via Pexels\")\n\nSomething that set this research apart from before was the increased scientific rigor and greater attention to the role of preparation and integration. Psychedelics were more effective when combined with an ongoing therapeutic process, which could help patients prepare and integrate the insights they gained.\n\nGreater importance was also given to the role spiritual insights and mystical experiences could play in a patient’s recovery, such as feeling one with the universe or experiencing feelings of awe. With the growing worldwide recognition for psychedelic medicine, a number of research programs were established at prestigious universities, such as Johns Hopkins University and Imperial College London.","345d2fbc-4a0b-410e-87c0-603b20e9f1a8",[621],{"id":622,"data":623,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"16eb83b3-26fd-4990-9f49-fc6fbc657105",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":624,"binaryCorrect":626,"binaryIncorrect":628},[625],"In the 2000s, which drug was found to show promise in treating end-of-life depression?",[627],"Psilocybin",[72],{"id":630,"data":631,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"orbs":634},"3be3d747-6efd-4c09-b8a1-a1b11cf999a6",{"type":27,"title":632,"tagline":633},"Types of Psychedelics","Psychedelics can be divided into numerous groups. Here, we present the classical serotonergic psychedelics as well as some of the non-classical ones.",[635,720,872],{"id":636,"data":637,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":639,"introPage":647,"pages":653},"353a89bd-065c-4749-8378-1a8aad4ee43c",{"type":25,"title":638},"The Major Psychedelics",{"id":640,"data":641,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"2a500e1b-a485-451e-ab84-3c6783dca3f1",{"type":35,"summary":642},[643,644,645,646],"Psilocybin mushrooms can be mistaken for poisonous ones, making identification risky.","LSD is a semi-synthetic psychedelic derived from ergot fungus and diethylamide.","DMT is known as the Spirit Molecule and is found naturally in plants and animals.","Psilocybin and LSD trips last hours, but DMT trips are intense and short.",{"id":648,"data":649,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"d89591a0-eb2c-49a5-bd5b-342746971eec",{"type":51,"intro":650},[651,652],"What event led to the Western discovery of psilocybin mushrooms?","Why is DMT called the Spirit Molecule?",[654,669,684,696],{"id":655,"data":656,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":659},"535f4722-2844-48de-9bba-5df2c40e5d34",{"type":24,"markdownContent":657,"audioMediaId":658},"Psilocybin, or 4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, is a compound present in specific varieties of mushrooms. In the body, it is converted into the psychoactive psilocin within twenty to forty minutes, causing a trip usually lasting around four to six hours.\n\nTo the untrained eye, psilocybin mushrooms can be confused with poisonous ones – making mistakes in mushroom identification potentially lethal. They are found in every continent except for Antarctica, and they are an ancient fungus that have lived on earth since prehistory.\n\n![Graph](image://5eabeae8-f9c0-4d2d-a187-f52ad10cdfd9 \"Psilocybin 'magic' mushrooms. Image: Public domain via Pixabay.\")","ad971fc9-9dcb-432d-8d40-d9b55e74c36b",[660],{"id":661,"data":662,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"38d6de7c-4eea-44c6-a163-6448f520f16c",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":663,"binaryCorrect":665,"binaryIncorrect":667},[664],"How long does psilocybin take to convert to psilocin in the body?",[666],"Twenty to forty minutes",[668],"Forty-five minutes to an hour",{"id":670,"data":671,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":674},"4a0236e2-bd7d-433d-8989-f69ec1b6b463",{"type":24,"markdownContent":672,"audioMediaId":673},"Central and South American cultures have been using psilocybin for centuries in healing rituals. Nonetheless, the compound remained virtually unknown in the Western world until 1957, when banker and amateur mycologist Robert Gordon Wasson wrote an article for Life Magazine detailing his ceremony with Maria Sabina, the Mexican priestess of mushrooms.\n\nAfterward, mushroom tourism boomed as droves of international youths flocked to Sabina’s village, Huautla de Jiménez. Soon enough, psilocybin mushrooms would join LSD as the counterculture’s favorite psychedelic substance. Sabina eventually regretted introducing Wasson to them as she often felt that these tourists often didn’t show the mushrooms and their ceremonial usage the needed respect.","28bdb476-ef52-419f-b3a9-f6cc7f19309c",[675],{"id":676,"data":677,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"3189723a-68f9-40d2-92b6-abf9fbbd57eb",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":678,"binaryCorrect":680,"binaryIncorrect":682},[679],"How was Maria Sabina from the small Mexican village of Huautla de Jiménez referred to by Life magazine in 1957?",[681],"Priestess of mushrooms",[683],"Queen of hallucinogens",{"id":685,"data":686,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":689},"52643c6e-0ece-47ff-8cb7-748b8cf0d6d9",{"type":24,"markdownContent":687,"audioMediaId":688},"LSD, or lysergic acid diethylamide, was first synthesized in 1938. The abbreviation comes from its German name LysergSäureDiethylamid. The abbreviation is thought to have inspired The Beatles’ famous song, Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds. A semi-synthetic psychedelic, LSD consists of both a synthetic and natural compound – diethylamide and lysergic acid, an acid that is derived from the fungus ergot, which grows on rye and other grains.\n\nCombined, these two compounds form an extremely potent substance, with some people experiencing its psychedelic effects after consuming as little as 20 micrograms.\n\n![Graph](image://10234a9a-2883-4c60-83a5-cb1cd176bbf4 \"The Beatles. Image: United Press International (UPI Telephoto)Cropping and retouching: User:Indopug and User:Misterweiss, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nLSD most commonly comes in the form of a see-through liquid that is then placed on a small piece of carton paper called a blotter. Depending on the dose, the subjective effects can be dramatic. While these are comparable to those induced by other psychedelics, the extremely long duration makes LSD stand out, with trips lasting between eight to twelve hours.","89f581e5-9af2-4f94-a6f9-cf6d18310ea9",[690],{"id":691,"data":692,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"7ade5237-8f5e-491c-acc9-a5a82ecd312c",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":693,"activeRecallAnswers":695},[694],"What semi-synthetic psychedelic consists of both a synthetic and natural compound and is thought to have inspired one of the Beatles' most famous songs?",[69],{"id":697,"data":698,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":701},"02916c08-21e6-4956-90e8-1f361d46960c",{"type":24,"markdownContent":699,"audioMediaId":700},"DMT, or N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, is a powerful psychedelic compound. It can be made synthetically, but it is primarily derived from the Latin American Psychotria viridis shrub, one of the two main ingredients used in the psychedelic ayahuasca brew. By itself, DMT is inactive when swallowed. This is why it is either smoked or vaporized when consumed purely, or mixed with one or more plants when drunk, as is the case with ayahuasca.\n\nWhen smoked, the effects are both extremely fast-acting and short-lasting, kicking in almost immediately and usually lasting less than thirty minutes. Because of this, some people refer to it as “the businessman’s trip.” While the duration may be short, it is extremely intense, and its potent mind-altering effects have given it the nickname the Spirit Molecule. Another thing that makes DMT stand out from other psychedelics is that it occurs naturally in both plants and animals, including humans.","89eb5466-7a5c-49e7-956b-65381e96dc45",[702,711],{"id":703,"data":704,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"5045bc61-451a-44be-bdd9-2ee3c0353139",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":705,"binaryCorrect":707,"binaryIncorrect":709},[706],"What is the name given to the small piece of carton paper impregnated with LSD for consumption?",[708],"A blotter",[710],"A pad",{"id":712,"data":713,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"1b28d737-89a4-4cd2-ad46-18c78e95dab0",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":714,"binaryCorrect":716,"binaryIncorrect":718},[715],"Which fungus is the source of LSD?",[717],"Ergot",[719],"Mildew",{"id":721,"data":722,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":724,"introPage":732,"pages":738},"7b17933c-dd03-4f2d-b1df-5183cc6aba64",{"type":25,"title":723},"Spiritual Psychedelics",{"id":725,"data":726,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"ab6c2587-c034-4959-9942-a8ac8b00f311",{"type":35,"summary":727},[728,729,730,731],"5-MeO-DMT is five times stronger than DMT and comes from the Sonoran Desert Toad","Ayahuasca combines DMT and an MAOI-vine to create a long-lasting psychedelic brew","Mescaline, found in cacti like peyote, was the main focus of psychedelic research before LSD","Ibogaine, from the iboga tree, is used to treat addiction but has cardiac risks",{"id":733,"data":734,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"c5a5b34b-043d-41a6-a00a-5766865af270",{"type":51,"intro":735},[736,737],"How does 5-MeO-DMT differ from DMT in terms of therapeutic effects?","Why is Ibogaine considered an 'addiction disruptor'?",[739,756,782,808],{"id":740,"data":741,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":744},"186124b0-ab4a-4b08-8eb1-4d90d26c4da9",{"type":24,"markdownContent":742,"audioMediaId":743},"5-MeO-DMT, or 5-Methoxy-N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, is an extremely powerful psychedelic compound. The shared name with DMT – another psychedelic substance better known for its use in the psychedelic ayahuasca brew – indicates that the two compounds are structurally similar. And this is correct. Except that 5-MeO-DMT has a few extra elements, explaining the additional ‘5-MeO’. However small it may seem, this molecular difference is large enough to produce an entirely distinct outcome.\n\n![Graph](image://e4a1b588-c84f-4d5f-8260-7e4825abb856 \"The Sonoran Desert Toad. Image: Public domain via Flickr\")\n\n5-MeO-DMT is sometimes also called ‘the world’s most powerful psychoactive substance’. It is thought to be about five times stronger than DMT. And whereas DMT produces a visual experience, 5-MeO-DMT tends to induce an intense experience resembling a transformational near-death experience. Another thing that sets the two substances apart is where they are found. While DMT occurs naturally in plants and animals, including in humans, 5-MeO-DMT most commonly stems from the venom of the Bufo Alvarius, or the Sonoran Desert Toad.","8e651e65-7254-48ca-b23e-e510954947a4",[745],{"id":746,"data":747,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"f28e6f12-faee-4533-a77e-cba44ba2f12e",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":748,"multiChoiceCorrect":750,"multiChoiceIncorrect":752,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[749],"What unusual animal is the source of the world's most powerful psychoactive substance?",[751],"Sonoran Desert Toad",[753,754,755],"Scorpion-Tailed Spider","Eastern tiger snake","Golden poison frog",{"id":757,"data":758,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":761},"9a589a8e-68f1-45d0-a2b8-119dbf476c7b",{"type":24,"markdownContent":759,"audioMediaId":760},"Ayahuasca is a potent, bitter-tasting psychedelic brew. It was first created by indigenous and mestizo tribes of the Amazon basin, who have been using it for centuries as a ceremonial healing tool. Ayahuasca is legal in most of northern South America, and although it was originally only found in the Amazon, today, ceremonies are present around the world.\n\nFamous people who have tried it include Will Smith, Sting, and Paul Simon – with the latter being so impacted by his experience that it inspired him to write the song, Spirit Voices. The tea’s main ingredients are the DMT-containing Psychotria viridis shrub and the monoamine oxidase inhibiting (MAOI) Banisteriopsis caapi vine.\n\n![Graph](image://c6b6d2bd-fc18-4c6b-9bc6-b0a601dc6887 \"Will Smith is a proponent of ayahuasca. Image: TechCrunch, CC BY 2.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nDMT is the main psychoactive component, but due to the body’s monoamine oxidase enzymes breaking it down, its effects remain inactive when drunk. This is where the MAOI-vine comes in, letting the DMT cross the blood brain barrier to produce its psychedelic effects. Because the DMT is gradually absorbed through your stomach, the effects come on more slowly and last several hours longer than other consumption methods.","08dc0699-062c-4af6-9895-d288c0dda972",[762,773],{"id":763,"data":764,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"d281dcb2-5b88-4664-ab3e-f3b165fec4f7",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":765,"multiChoiceCorrect":767,"multiChoiceIncorrect":769,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[766],"Which of these is a main ingredient of ayahuasca tea?",[768],"The Psychotria viridis shrub",[770,771,772],"The Psilocybin cubensis mushroom","The Psychorerum lacryma berry","The Psycharium scutiae leaf",{"id":774,"data":775,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"2719ab51-b8d2-44f0-8e99-394b7e53187f",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":776,"binaryCorrect":778,"binaryIncorrect":780},[777],"Which famous actor tried the Mestizo tribes' bitter-tasting psychoactive ceremonial brew called Ayahuasca?",[779],"Will Smith",[781],"Dwayne Johnson",{"id":783,"data":784,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":787},"329b1ee7-a50d-4a7d-b5c6-d7c7d2d7d8ba",{"type":24,"markdownContent":785,"audioMediaId":786},"Mescaline is a natural alkaloid used for thousands of years by indigenous Mexican groups. It is found in numerous North and South American cacti, most prominently the peyote and San Pedro cacti, but it can also be man-made through chemical synthesis. While mescaline is similar to the neurotransmitter dopamine, it also selectively binds to and activates the serotonin 2A receptor. This explains why its effects resemble classical serotonergic psychedelics like psilocybin, LSD, and DMT.\n\n![Graph](image://e35b8034-aaf7-4913-836a-3ad25580f88c \"The peyote cactus, the source of mescaline. Image: Renegatus at en.wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nUntil the invention of LSD in 1938, mescaline was psychedelic research’s main focus. Amazed by the reports of the beautiful visuals and profound philosophical insights, numerous scientists and philosophers tried their hand, including French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre who walked away from his experience of seeing crabs around him all the time, even while sober.","e3a94328-11b8-4e8b-9a96-b7d3dc11cd81",[788,795,801],{"id":789,"data":790,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"9c5affd0-8166-4f2e-bcc0-8e97afed9b39",{"type":65,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":791,"clozeWords":793},[792],"For thousands of years, groups of indigenous Mexicans have been using the psychedelic drug mescaline found in the Peyote and San Pedro cacti",[794],"mescaline",{"id":796,"data":797,"type":65,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"70e078ed-6c92-442c-b962-1ac3a66cf698",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":798,"activeRecallAnswers":800},[799],"What drug replaced mescaline as the primary focus for psychedelic research after its discovery in 1943?",[69],{"id":802,"data":803,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"993a800e-e431-4131-9619-80304af4abf1",{"type":65,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":804,"clozeWords":806},[805],"Jean-Paul Sartre was left seeing crabs everywhere after his experience with mescaline",[807],"crabs",{"id":809,"data":810,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":813},"044ed590-4ebb-4b35-83d0-32466ab8ce94",{"type":24,"markdownContent":811,"audioMediaId":812},"Ibogaine, or ibogaine hydrochloride, is a natural psychedelic, present in several plants, such as the roots of the iboga tree. It can also be chemically synthesized. In small doses, Ibogaine acts as a mild stimulant. Large doses, on the other hand, can put a person into an intense psychedelic state.\n\nIbogaine’s traditional use stems from the West African Bwiti tribe of Gabon, who have been using it for several centuries. Besides its spiritual significance for practitioners of the Bwiti tradition, Ibogaine is also used as a treatment for people dealing with substance abuse, particularly in South American countries such as Mexico and Guatemala.\n\nNicknamed an ‘addiction disruptor’, it is especially revered for opiate addiction as it can greatly reduce withdrawal symptoms. While Ibogaine therapy has been proposed for other mental health conditions, such as depression and PTSD, the potentially increased cardiac risks that the substance brings along has made many researchers reluctant to actively study it.","75345fc3-aa0f-49dd-8162-8024a89a3042",[814,828,840,853,864],{"id":815,"data":816,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"3364f0e0-06a8-4d6f-84c4-3a8366826600",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":817,"multiChoiceCorrect":819,"multiChoiceIncorrect":821,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":825,"matchPairsPairs":826},[818],"Which of the following most closely applies to 5-MeO-DMT?",[820],"Found in venom of Bufo Alvarius",[822,823,824],"Semi-synthetic psychedelic, consists of diethylamide and lysergic acid","Induces fast-acting, short-lasting, intense psychedelic effects","Used as main ingredients in ayahuasca",[123],[827],{"left":69,"right":822,"direction":35},{"id":829,"data":830,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"4897a9a9-53f4-43c6-af9b-ff154a525274",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":831,"multiChoiceCorrect":833,"multiChoiceIncorrect":835,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":837,"matchPairsPairs":838},[832],"Which of these are used as ingredients in the preparation of ayahuasca?",[834],"Psychotria viridis shrub and Banisteriopsis caapi vine",[69,72,836],"5-MeO-DMT",[123],[839],{"left":72,"right":823,"direction":35},{"id":841,"data":842,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"00cf7fe2-8eca-4a77-9c36-38a11373fa28",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":843,"multiChoiceCorrect":845,"multiChoiceIncorrect":847,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":849,"matchPairsPairs":850},[844],"What is the substance found in Peyote cacti?",[846],"Mescaline",[71,848,73],"Ibogaine",[123],[851],{"left":846,"right":852,"direction":35},"Found in Peyote cacti",{"id":854,"data":855,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"93e3c00b-aae0-4d5a-a47f-641f1092aa87",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":856,"multiChoiceCorrect":858,"multiChoiceIncorrect":859,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":860,"matchPairsPairs":861},[857],"What is a mild stimulant in small doses and an intense psychedelic in large doses?",[848],[846,71,73],[123],[862],{"left":848,"right":863,"direction":35},"Mild stimulant in small doses, intense psychedelic in large doses",{"id":865,"data":866,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"acecf94c-45bc-4a25-be87-4ba146b0bf18",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":867,"binaryCorrect":869,"binaryIncorrect":870},[868],"Which traditional Gabonese substance has been used to treat people with substance abuse issues?",[848],[871],"Bhang",{"id":873,"data":874,"type":25,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":876,"introPage":884,"pages":890},"8e312114-112a-4b7e-8c65-57c8ea11f153",{"type":25,"title":875},"Synthetic Psychedelics",{"id":877,"data":878,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"cf096a59-0555-4d04-b148-965b1b591ab6",{"type":35,"summary":879},[880,881,882,883],"MDMA, created by Merck in 1912, enhances empathy and bonding.","2C-B, synthesized by Shulgin in 1974, is a novel entactogen with psychedelic properties.","Ketamine, first used as a veterinary anesthetic in 1963, induces dissociative effects.","MDMA and ketamine are now being explored for therapeutic uses, despite their party drug reputations.",{"id":885,"data":886,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"41e0f966-b557-4b41-8747-76b6a83b8032",{"type":51,"intro":887},[888,889],"Why is MDMA considered a breakthrough therapy for PTSD?","What makes 2C-B suitable for psychotherapy?",[891,927,943],{"id":892,"data":893,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"reviews":896},"60fff03d-4956-49bf-8af3-f916820ea45d",{"type":24,"markdownContent":894,"audioMediaId":895},"MDMA, or 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, is a synthetic entactogen that greatly enhances feelings of empathy and bonding. Although not a classic psychedelic due to its amphetamine base and different mechanism of action, it can induce psychedelic-like states of consciousness. German pharmaceuticals company Merck first created MDMA in 1912, but it would be years later until a human experienced its effects.\n\nAfter testing 120 milligrams on himself, chemist Shulgin was so amazed that he shared it with therapist Leo Zeff. MDMA quickly became a popular adjunct to psychotherapy, but it also appeared with increasing frequency at raves under the name of ecstasy.\n\n![Graph](image://9ba2b37d-a4ba-4e72-8c3e-d4874b54e793 \"MDMA is popular at raves. Image: aljaz  perc from slovenia, CC BY-SA 2.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nWhile the U.S. government declared MDMA a schedule 1 drug in 1986, the tide now seems to be turning as recent drug trials have demonstrated its value in treating PTSD. MDMA has been granted the designation of a breakthrough therapy drug, which indicates that it offers improvement over currently available tools.","d97d64f2-b777-46d6-9b8b-5971c0689273",[897,908,919],{"id":142,"data":898,"type":65,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":899,"multiChoiceQuestion":900,"multiChoiceCorrect":902,"multiChoiceIncorrect":903,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":24,"orderQuestion":904,"orderItems":905},[141,138,143],[901],"When did Merck create MDMA?",[150],[147,151,149],[153],[906],{"label":907,"reveal":150,"sortOrder":4},"Creation of MDMA by Merck",{"id":909,"data":910,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"9719a847-4a0f-4842-90d4-e0c066aac75b",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":911,"multiChoiceCorrect":913,"multiChoiceIncorrect":914,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":915,"matchPairsPairs":916},[912],"Which substance induces psychedelic-like states of consciousness and enhances feelings of empathy and bonding?",[71],[846,848,73],[123],[917],{"left":71,"right":918,"direction":35},"Enhances feelings of empathy and bonding",{"id":920,"data":921,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"33006215-6070-42d7-a7a5-80621a0bc24f",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":922,"binaryCorrect":924,"binaryIncorrect":926},[923],"MDMA was hugely popular during the rave scene of the 1980s and 1990s, but is now used in therapy to treat what?",[925],"PTSD",[434],{"id":928,"data":929,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":932},"7ff1e1a2-4169-4dbe-a4ce-0e9dfb89a963",{"type":24,"markdownContent":930,"audioMediaId":931},"2C-B, or 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine, is a rather novel synthetic entactogen with psychedelic properties. Entactogens, of which MDMA is a well-known example, are psychoactive substances that increase feelings of empathy and social bonding. It was first synthesized in 1974 by biochemist and psychopharmacologist Alexander “Sasha” Shulgin. On a mission to uncover as many new psychedelics as possible, he and his wife, Ann Shulgin, developed and cataloged over 230 psychoactive substances.\n\nInspired by his first psychedelic experience with mescaline in the 1950s, Shulgin started tinkering with its chemical structure, producing numerous new compounds, including 2C-B and the whole other 2C-x family. Originally created to aid psychotherapy, 2C-B was considered a suitable substance due to its entactogenic effects, relatively short duration, and mild and manageable nature. Due to its euphoric and visual effects, today, it is often used as a party drug.","9c25e360-d229-452a-a3c4-eeae6bba60eb",[933],{"id":934,"data":935,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"41dd3586-30f2-45db-be48-bd35dc0cea43",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":936,"multiChoiceCorrect":938,"multiChoiceIncorrect":940,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[937],"2C-B belongs to a family of drugs known as what?",[939],"Entactogens",[941,942,86],"Stimulants","Dissociatives",{"id":944,"data":945,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"reviews":948},"b42a1022-2eb9-4afd-9bac-7ce93306aea8",{"type":24,"markdownContent":946,"audioMediaId":947},"Ketamine, or ketamine hydrochloride, is a fast-acting anesthetic with powerful dissociative effects. Although it is not a classic psychedelic, it can induce psychedelic effects. Today, ketamine is known in many contexts, but when it was first synthesized in 1963, it was mostly used by veterinarians as an anesthetic drug. Not much later, its use in humans proliferated during the Vietnam war to treat wounded American soldiers.\n\n![Graph](image://2e27fac7-d8e8-4742-ab95-a0b94ab06129 \"Ketamine is widely available as a horse tranquilizer - but has been used as a party drug in recent years. Image: Public domain via Freepik\")\n\nIn medical circles, ketamine’s effects are commonly called “dissociative anesthesia” – a state in which you are still conscious, but not aware. This is often paired with a feeling of detachment from yourself and your surroundings.\n\nThese effects can also be experienced in lower doses, which is why ketamine has not only made its way to the operating and therapy room but also to the rave and club scenes – where frequent use can lead to addiction and long-term health issues.","b54b153b-5914-4a67-bafd-29722ded307d",[949,960,971],{"id":143,"data":950,"type":65,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":951,"multiChoiceQuestion":952,"multiChoiceCorrect":954,"multiChoiceIncorrect":955,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":24,"orderQuestion":956,"orderItems":957},[141,142,138],[953],"When was Ketamine first synthesized?",[149],[147,151,150],[153],[958],{"label":959,"reveal":149,"sortOrder":35},"Synthesis of Ketamine",{"id":961,"data":962,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"12d6cf67-3357-4a40-978a-e37dc04a4bdf",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":963,"multiChoiceCorrect":965,"multiChoiceIncorrect":966,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":967,"matchPairsPairs":968},[964],"Which substance is known for providing fast-acting anesthesia?",[73],[846,71,848],[123],[969],{"left":73,"right":970,"direction":35},"Provides fast-acting anesthesia",{"id":972,"data":973,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"efa1ffd2-c052-4bf7-ba88-bad955ef8316",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":974,"multiChoiceCorrect":976,"multiChoiceIncorrect":977,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[975],"What drug was first used by veterinarians as an anesthetic drug in 1963 yet is sometimes enjoyed for its powerful dissociative effects?",[73],[69,627,71],{"id":979,"data":980,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":983},"1f414a9b-cc77-4494-8995-17ca93b88ab8",{"type":27,"title":981,"tagline":982},"The Brain and Body on Psychedelics","Psychedelic-psychiatrist Stanislav Grof proposed that psychedelics are to the study of the mind what the microscope is to biology and the telescope is to astronomy. ",[984,1050,1119,1195],{"id":985,"data":986,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":988,"introPage":996,"pages":1002},"984e2edc-862b-43fe-b5c7-9b26a3a526d4",{"type":25,"title":987},"Understanding the Brain on Psychedelics",{"id":989,"data":990,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"3def27e1-5091-42d1-849b-95efcc4068fc",{"type":35,"summary":991},[992,993,994,995],"Serotonin plays a key role in the psychedelic experience.","LSD binds to the 5-HT2A receptor more strongly than serotonin.","Psychedelics disrupt the Default Mode Network (DMN), altering self-perception.","Psychedelics may help treat depression by loosening rigid thinking patterns.",{"id":997,"data":998,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"b5cf6d53-edf8-4cb5-9eec-78f9b4df954d",{"type":51,"intro":999},[1000,1001],"How do psychedelics interact with the 5-HT2A receptor?","What happens to the Default Mode Network under the influence of psychedelics?",[1003,1029],{"id":1004,"data":1005,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1008},"7d36450d-07f7-4c62-9f37-c285421b1ba1",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1006,"audioMediaId":1007},"When most people think of serotonin, they think of the brain's 'happy chemical', keeping our mood in check. Serotonin also appears to play a critical role in producing the psychedelic experience. Research into serotonin and LSD shares a close link.\n\nIn the 1950s, the realization that seemingly tiny doses of LSD were able to exert such dramatic effects was, in fact, a key influence in the advancement of the then-new field of neurochemistry, which led to the invention of SSRI antidepressants.\n\n![Graph](image://aff877d7-dc6a-4f97-9c54-4c5dc4c0f62f \"Serotonin is the 'happy chemical'. Image: Public domain via Pexels.\")\n\nPsychedelics’ effects are mainly driven by interactions at a specific serotonin receptor, known as the 5-HT2A receptor. Here, psychedelic molecules bind, unleashing a range of neurochemical processes that are still not fully understood. LSD’s potential to bind with the 5-HT2A receptor is even stronger than serotonin’s. And the fact that the receptor holds onto the LSD molecule by folding over it may explain the substance’s long and intense duration.","4e319c6d-990c-479e-bbc4-339e251d82a9",[1009,1020],{"id":1010,"data":1011,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"481380c1-c5f7-47a1-8b13-1b2bccb300d8",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1012,"multiChoiceCorrect":1014,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1016,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1013],"Which family of drugs was developed due to observations made during LSD tests?",[1015],"SSRI antidepressants",[1017,1018,1019],"Tricyclic antidepressants","Benzodiazepines","SARI antidepressants",{"id":1021,"data":1022,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"8e0f53b1-beaf-4216-a893-153a5dd37371",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1023,"binaryCorrect":1025,"binaryIncorrect":1027},[1024],"How do most people describe the neurotransmitter serotonin?",[1026],"The 'happy chemical'",[1028],"The 'anxiety chemical'",{"id":1030,"data":1031,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1034},"a1f2da0b-1148-4336-88f8-3c08bb0527f5",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1032,"audioMediaId":1033},"Psychedelics are known to profoundly alter activity at the Default Mode Network, or DMN – a richly interconnected set of brain structures that play an executive role in cognition and are responsible for complex mental abilities, such as mind-wandering, introspection and our narrative sense of self.\n\n![Graph](image://fec309ba-3af3-4043-801b-63e3f1687c02 \"Activity in the default mode network. Image: John Graner, Neuroimaging Department, National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA., Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThrough dysregulating activity in the DMN, psychedelics reduce their usual control, allowing new patterns to emerge. These DMN-related changes are thought to play an important role in producing radical shifts in self-conception. At the extreme are subjective reports of ego-dissolution, where people may experience losing their sense of self entirely.\n\nThe DMN has also been implicated in depression, where it may encode rigid thinking patterns and distorted self-perception. One way that psychedelics may work therapeutically is by loosening these entrenched negative patterns and allowing people to see and experience themselves in new and healthier ways.","beaa41f3-ad4c-4362-aa94-0a4863551997",[1035,1042],{"id":1036,"data":1037,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"141bb487-d315-407b-a2fa-63e924e4c780",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1038,"activeRecallAnswers":1040},[1039],"What part of the brain is known as the DMN and plays an executive role in complex cognition?",[1041],"The Default Mode Network",{"id":1043,"data":1044,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"ccbff10e-9e59-4e19-a197-1e9a7b9f8032",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1045,"activeRecallAnswers":1047},[1046],"How might psychedelics' effect on the brain's Default Mode Network benefit those with depression?",[1048,1049],"By loosening entrenched negative patterns","Through encouraging them to see things in new ways",{"id":1051,"data":1052,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1054,"introPage":1062,"pages":1068},"ecfbeb99-52ce-4c8e-96d5-1098d39acf1f",{"type":25,"title":1053},"Psychedelics and Creativity",{"id":1055,"data":1056,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"84d94417-802f-4fef-a121-5497bf4b04d9",{"type":35,"summary":1057},[1058,1059,1060,1061],"Psilocybin boosts spontaneous creativity but hinders task-based creativity","Psychedelics disrupt the Default Mode Network, leading to new insights","Brain activity becomes more flexible and disordered under psychedelics","Psilocybin creates new neural connections, sparking fresh ideas",{"id":1063,"data":1064,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"1576d0b7-6131-4b6a-9622-1006077ad1e6",{"type":51,"intro":1065},[1066,1067],"How do psychedelics affect spontaneous creativity?","What role does the Default Mode Network play in creativity under psychedelics?",[1069,1084,1089,1102],{"id":1070,"data":1071,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1074},"4eb5a8e6-8251-4671-bbee-19147c8837a3",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1072,"audioMediaId":1073},"Many famous artists and thinkers have credited psychedelics for provoking creative insights. But do psychedelics really improve creativity?\n\nWell, yes and no. Research has found that a dose of psilocybin improves experiences of spontaneous creativity, such as having new insights and original thoughts, but decreases performance in deliberate creativity, where people try to generate and find creative solutions regarding a specific task.\n\n![Graph](image://79d8c93b-8147-4d93-8a3c-a26f63204559 \"Spontaneous creativity is improved by psychedelics. Image: Public domain via Pexels.\")","ab6831f2-2ea8-4fe8-8189-289cf007cd83",[1075],{"id":1076,"data":1077,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"091d553e-2a03-4ada-bd71-6f446a167672",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1078,"binaryCorrect":1080,"binaryIncorrect":1082},[1079],"Which of these is shown to be improved in people under the influence of psilocybin?",[1081],"Spontaneous creativity",[1083],"Deliberate creativity",{"id":1085,"data":1086,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25},"484f0ac7-39a2-4771-b7b4-809153c08ccc",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1087,"audioMediaId":1088},"These changes were found to be related to activity in a highly interconnected set of brain structures known as the Default Mode Network (DMN). Decreased functional connectivity between these areas led to an impairment in finding task-based solutions, but also to an increase in general spontaneous insights, as well as the long-term generation of novel ideas.\n\nThis suggests that psychedelics may play a nuanced role in creativity: good for brainstorming and new spontaneous ideas but bad for coming up with specific solutions related to a task at hand.","113b38d6-caa3-4364-b153-9862f6bd8c2e",{"id":1090,"data":1091,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1094},"d04aa201-e7f9-4334-8355-0a2d047dc6b0",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1092,"audioMediaId":1093},"Over the course of our lives, our brain develops predictable patterns of activity by drawing on learned cognitive strategies to meet our everyday needs. While this saves time and energy, it also means that we can become overly reliant on previously established thoughts and behaviors – some of which may no longer be serving us.\n\nPsychedelics are thought to temporarily disrupt these ingrained patterns of neural activity, bringing the brain into an unpredictable ‘high entropy’ state characterized by potentially beneficial disorder and flexibility.","d623d533-47a1-458e-a19a-af5278194707",[1095],{"id":1096,"data":1097,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"7707a578-71fc-4ff4-9f10-e1eafff0ec69",{"type":65,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1098,"clozeWords":1100},[1099],"Psychedelics puts the brain into a temporary state of 'high entropy'",[1101],"high entropy",{"id":1103,"data":1104,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1107},"08675a0d-78ed-44a5-958b-d9bb769849ca",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1105,"audioMediaId":1106},"The figure below illustrates different functional patterns of brain activity under placebo or LSD.  New connections are made, allowing different parts of the brain to communicate with one another.\n\n![Graph](image://64f58cda-84e7-4079-9c8e-7e59b055d962 \"Placebo vs. LSD. Image: Imperial/Beckley Foundation\")\n\nThis disorganization of brain activity and increased neural ‘crosstalk’ provide a fertile ground for new insights, different perspectives, and altered experiences.","1d198334-7d08-439a-940a-e2a1c9f26ec1",[1108],{"id":1109,"data":1110,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"805c3b79-b780-4b6e-afa3-ce8d2e35ab45",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1111,"multiChoiceCorrect":1113,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1115,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1112],"What does psilocybin do to the brain that offers a fertile ground for unexpected insights?",[1114],"Increases neural 'crosstalk'",[1116,1117,1118],"Floods the brain with serotonin","Acts as a stimulant","Stimulates the Default Mode Network",{"id":1120,"data":1121,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1123,"introPage":1131,"pages":1137},"68a68016-3c08-4259-8593-05302768ff95",{"type":25,"title":1122},"Psychedelics and Neuroplasticity",{"id":1124,"data":1125,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"abd5b3a4-f41c-4414-ae4e-92b60150debc",{"type":35,"summary":1126},[1127,1128,1129,1130],"Neuroplasticity is the brain's ability to change its structure and function in response to events.","Psychedelics can trigger rapid changes in neuroplasticity, like new neuron growth.","Psilocybin reduces the emotional impact of negative stimuli and boosts mood.","Psilocybin lowers amygdala activity when viewing negative stimuli, with effects lasting a week.",{"id":1132,"data":1133,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"038214ef-d8a5-493a-94c0-1a007aae1fbe",{"type":51,"intro":1134},[1135,1136],"How do psychedelics trigger neuroplasticity?","What effect does psilocybin have on the amygdala?",[1138,1162,1167],{"id":1139,"data":1140,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1143},"d9549c5f-f310-47a2-9c90-34ea2b328e3b",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1141,"audioMediaId":1142},"For many years, neuroscientists thought that the brain could only grow and change during childhood. Once you hit adulthood, what you have is what you get. Since then, we have discovered that this is not entirely true: the brain can change, albeit in a limited way.\n\nIn neuroscience, this capacity of neuronal change is called neuroplasticity – the ability of neurons to change their structure and function in response to a triggered event.\n\n![Graph](image://13899eef-d132-4ede-a574-6f2e6364a726 \"Neuroplasticity is determined by your brain's ability to form new connections. Image: Public domain via Pixabay\")","a64267b6-f5a7-4ef0-a53e-f0272246256e",[1144,1155],{"id":1145,"data":1146,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"f47fa1cf-dca6-4f44-8e6e-ae79a260099c",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1147,"multiChoiceCorrect":1149,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1151,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1148],"What does neuroplasticity mean?",[1150],"The ability of our neurons to change",[1152,1153,1154],"The strength of our neural connections","The amount of neurons in our brain","The size of the individual neurons in our brain",{"id":1156,"data":1157,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"8197d9f6-a211-4500-a7ec-840fc87c2e17",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1158,"activeRecallAnswers":1160},[1159],"The brain's ability to change is known as ...",[1161],"Neuroplasticity",{"id":1163,"data":1164,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25},"e214204c-d62f-42e4-b83f-37dee74611cc",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1165,"audioMediaId":1166},"Taking psychedelics represents one such trigger for the brain, as studies have found that even a single dose can produce rapid changes in neuroplasticity, such as affecting how and when neurons fire and causing the growth of new neurons. Questions remain regarding how much these neuroplastic mechanisms can explain the therapeutic potential of psychedelics. Are they responsible for psychedelics’ healing potential, or are there other processes at play?\n\n'I don't even know what got into my emotions, but I felt so good, and the crying just made me feel even better', Snoop Dogg recalls of his psilocybin mushroom experience.","177a5f92-b4e5-4239-a4df-def6954fc1bd",{"id":1168,"data":1169,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1172},"0df73010-4696-4857-99c3-dc5bcb2c0183",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1170,"audioMediaId":1171},"A psychedelic trip can take you through a range of emotions, and people often report that it helps them deal with adverse life experiences. This is backed up by research suggesting that psilocybin reduces the emotional processing of negative stimuli and increases overall positive mood.\n\n![Graph](image://cd23c812-35bb-45df-bbbb-73e21b500704 \"Your amygdala, which processes negative emotional stimuli. Image: http://www.memorylossonline.com/glossary/amygdala.html, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThese changes appear to be related to psychedelics’ effect on the amygdala – an ancient brain structure involved in processing fear stimuli and memories. Under psilocybin, studies have found reduced amygdala activity when viewing negative stimuli. These changes are still present one week after taking psilocybin, suggesting positive results can continue long after the initial drug effects have worn off.","96d4f39e-1522-4790-a0fa-cc1eea2ca422",[1173,1184],{"id":1174,"data":1175,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"1568a045-7ee8-41c3-a94b-52f97f441dbd",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1176,"multiChoiceCorrect":1178,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1180,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1177],"Research suggests that psilocybin impacts the functioning of the amygdala, reducing the processing of what?",[1179],"Negative emotions",[1181,1182,1183],"Negative thoughts","Behavior","Visual stimuli",{"id":1185,"data":1186,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"f7606212-f303-4dda-a6c7-a145337e725d",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1187,"multiChoiceCorrect":1189,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1191,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1188],"How long has it been shown that reduced amygdala activity persists after a psilocybin trip?",[1190],"One week",[1192,1193,1194],"One day","One hour","One month",{"id":1196,"data":1197,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1199,"introPage":1207,"pages":1213},"ce0a1e5e-6149-425a-b0b0-82cd2cdbb076",{"type":25,"title":1198},"Psychedelics, Perception, and Immunity",{"id":1200,"data":1201,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"004a7f9d-4e57-41b2-808b-1d2afb8e6c09",{"type":35,"summary":1202},[1203,1204,1205,1206],"Mescaline users often see geometric patterns like lattices, cobwebs, tunnels, and spirals","These patterns might reveal the column-like structure of the early visual cortex","Psychedelics can cause synesthesia, making you see colors when you hear sounds","Psychedelics might reduce chronic inflammation by modulating the immune response",{"id":1208,"data":1209,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"d1e02bb0-4e4c-4b48-8b58-3b006dff2034",{"type":51,"intro":1210},[1211,1212],"What geometric patterns are commonly seen under the influence of mescaline?","How does synesthesia during a psychedelic trip typically manifest?",[1214,1235,1269,1286],{"id":1215,"data":1216,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1219},"61447c47-c064-4dea-9091-b1ea08da7bee",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1217,"audioMediaId":1218},"In 1926, Heinrich Klüver analyzed the subjective reports of hallucinations of subjects under the influence of mescaline. He found that they reported seeing geometric patterns, which could be grouped into four main sub-types: lattices, cobwebs, tunnels, and spirals.\n\nThe shared nature of such experiences suggests that they may be caused by a common mechanism. But how are they generated? One leading idea is that the mechanisms generating these geometric hallucinations are closely related to the physical structure of the early visual cortex – a part of the brain with a column-like structure that specializes in detecting lines and edges.","d2fce067-ef00-4bf1-96b4-30be5ff5eff5",[1220,1229],{"id":1221,"data":1222,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"cb150322-6260-4add-9742-4e2a93783b8d",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1223,"binaryCorrect":1225,"binaryIncorrect":1227},[1224],"Which of these was one of the geometric patterns seen by patients using mescaline, as identified by Heinrich Klüver?",[1226],"Tunnels",[1228],"Stars",{"id":1230,"data":1231,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"0d34d9af-326e-4276-9768-4b789373312a",{"type":65,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1232,"clozeWords":1234},[1233],"In 1926, Heinrich Klüver analyzed self-reports of subjects given mescaline and identified four commonly encountered geometric patterns: lattices, cobwebs, tunnels and spirals",[794],{"id":1236,"data":1237,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1240},"965e21b3-1bb3-40c7-82f4-37d29105659e",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1238,"audioMediaId":1239},"When these columns are stimulated in a certain way, there is evidence that their symmetrical structure can lead to the kinds of geometric forms described by participants under the influence of mescaline. If this is right, then the geometric hallucinations we see under psychedelics may provide a glimpse into the architecture of our brains.\n\nHave you ever seen shapes while listening to music? Or do certain words have colors for you? If so, you may have synesthesia – a phenomenon in which stimulation of one sensory modality leads to the stimulation of another. While some people experience it naturally, it is also a common effect during a psychedelic trip.","583675e7-ef96-4b7e-831b-ce34da10dc42",[1241,1250,1261],{"id":1242,"data":1243,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"f30e8e3d-27b0-47f7-8af2-d63475b985d4",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1244,"binaryCorrect":1246,"binaryIncorrect":1248},[1245],"What might the geometric patterns experienced by subjects given mescaline offer insight into?",[1247],"The architecture of the brain",[1249],"Lost perceptual abilities",{"id":1251,"data":1252,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"87c87406-358a-4169-8f1b-67cfdab25cc8",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1253,"multiChoiceCorrect":1255,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1257,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1254],"What term is used for the blurring of different sensory experiences into one another?",[1256],"Synesthesia",[1258,1259,1260],"Kinesthesia","Omnesthesia","Misesthesia",{"id":1262,"data":1263,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"e98c9b93-f7cd-48e5-890f-b7dec595579d",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1264,"activeRecallAnswers":1266},[1265],"What is synesthesia?",[1267,1268],"When stimulation of one sense leads to the stimulation of another","We may see sounds or hear colors",{"id":1270,"data":1271,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1274},"2a8154e8-22d0-40d7-a9f0-c63a86782ffc",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1272,"audioMediaId":1273},"Synesthesia comes in many forms, but under the influence of psychedelics, it mostly involves vision and hearing. For example, seeing colors while listening to someone talk. Other sensory combinations may be tasting colors, smelling sounds, or feeling scents.\n\n![Graph](image://147249f2-91a4-4bb5-a64b-55747d345bf3 \"Synesthesia might make someone see music as colours. Image: Public domain via Freepik\")\n\nThese experiences may be related to serotonin-driven changes in the excitability and connectedness of sensory brain regions. Put simply: neurons in these areas are more active and likely to communicate with one another. This hyper-activation can lead to increased crosstalk between the senses.\n\nDifferent brain regions communicate more openly, and neural activity in one sensory modality can more easily influence activity in another. This excitability is particularly strong in the visual cortex, which may explain why visual experiences are the most common.","59a111f4-5117-4eb1-8abd-9d0dcfe3d281",[1275],{"id":1276,"data":1277,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"e794600e-76a5-4e3c-9bab-e80089da2370",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1278,"multiChoiceCorrect":1280,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1282,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1279],"The 'crosstalk' in the brain that results from synesthesia appears to be the result of changes to which brain chemical?",[1281],"Serotonin",[1283,1284,1285],"Dopamine","Oxytocin","Endorphins",{"id":1287,"data":1288,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1291},"2d9f1034-8ae9-420b-a84c-45c674f136be",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1289,"audioMediaId":1290},"One of psychedelics' lesser known effects is their ability to regulate the body’s defense system. Normally, when there is tissue damage, or an invading pathogen is detected, the body will generate an inflammatory response. Specialized immune cells are sent to the affected area, healing any damaged tissue and/or attacking the intruder.\n\nWhile this inflammation can help with recovery, it can become chronic when the body continues to generate the inflammatory response, incorrectly believing that there is still an injury or disease that needs to be fought. This can lead to long-term health problems, like Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, and cancer.\n\nResearch suggests that psychedelics could act as anti-inflammatory agents by modulating the body’s immune response. This is because immune cells in the body also have serotonin receptors, thus responding to substances like psychedelics that can modulate serotonin activity in the brain and body.","61bd4d34-793c-495e-a374-25fc7487e175",[1292],{"id":1293,"data":1294,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"87e6bfb4-46a5-44ee-923b-cfe7932b5304",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1295,"multiChoiceCorrect":1297,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1299,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1296],"What surprising effect do psychedelics have on the body's defense system?",[1298],"Reducing inflammation",[1300,1301,1302],"Reducing stomach acid","Helping with nausea","Improving skin health",{"id":1304,"data":1305,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":1308},"81ccacd6-6c2b-4f1b-8e76-b5c2d9c50f62",{"type":27,"title":1306,"tagline":1307},"Psychedelics and Mental Health - A Good Combination?","Psychedelics are, once again, being investigated as potential healing tools. But what is this based on? And who or what can they heal?",[1309,1393,1479,1611],{"id":1310,"data":1311,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1313,"introPage":1321,"pages":1327},"c515f04c-9208-495e-a62e-be19447a7bc6",{"type":25,"title":1312},"Understanding Psychedelic Medicine",{"id":1314,"data":1315,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"0476a124-f8bb-494c-b0ae-933654171b0c",{"type":35,"summary":1316},[1317,1318,1319,1320],"Psychedelic medicine uses controlled psychedelic drugs to treat physical and mental disorders.","Traditional antidepressants often have unwanted side effects and don't address underlying causes.","Psychedelics can create long-lasting change with just one session, unlike lifelong antidepressant use.","MDMA and psilocybin are FDA-designated breakthrough therapies for PTSD and treatment-resistant depression.",{"id":1322,"data":1323,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"6a79871f-149e-4e35-9cbf-e11e11192056",{"type":51,"intro":1324},[1325,1326],"Why are people turning to psychedelic medicine over traditional antidepressants?","What makes MDMA and psilocybin stand out in treating mental health conditions?",[1328,1343,1365,1380],{"id":1329,"data":1330,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1333},"3c757f37-0a8c-4b34-8d04-4cef39e4f171",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1331,"audioMediaId":1332},"Psychedelic medicine refers to the controlled use of psychedelic drugs for the treatment of physical and mental disorders. One of the reasons why psychedelic medicine is on the rise is the dissatisfaction many people feel regarding current tools, such as traditional antidepressants – which bring with them several disadvantages.\n\nAntidepressants usually only reduce the symptoms without tackling the underlying causes. They must often be taken for several years, if not an entire lifetime. And most importantly, they tend to have numerous unwanted side effects, such as sexual dysfunction, weight gain, and sleep problems, to name just a few.\n\n![Graph](image://310f6b9f-1d2e-4d70-883e-9e6c711005c2 \"Anti-depressant medication can cause problems. Image: cottonbro, public domain via Pexels\")","00da6578-9e56-4fda-a983-cc55ae47be6f",[1334],{"id":1335,"data":1336,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"3ec668ae-2b4d-451f-ba11-44f3e1242d39",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1337,"binaryCorrect":1339,"binaryIncorrect":1341},[1338],"Which of these is a common critique of antidepressants?",[1340],"They only reduce symptoms without tackling the cause",[1342],"They are often addictive",{"id":1344,"data":1345,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1348},"02671fca-cec6-4656-be65-afe18469881e",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1346,"audioMediaId":1347},"Psychedelic medicine works on a different model. Instead of taking a drug that doesn't cure you for the rest of your life, it involves administering an experience that aims to change and heal you. In addition, they tend to work fast, with sometimes one single administration or session being sufficient to elicit long-lasting change.\n\nWhile a lot of research still needs to be done, preliminary clinical trials have shown promise in treating conditions where existing treatments are not especially effective, such as PTSD and major depression. Because of the high potential, various non-profit organizations and start-ups have been permitted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to continue conducting research, and both MDMA and psilocybin have been designated as breakthrough therapy drugs.\n\n![Graph](image://563869c1-b777-4bb5-990e-af6f01e1ac97 \"Psychedelics may be extremely helpful in therapy sessions. Image Public domain via Pexels\")","f4556d77-ab3f-47db-abc5-d5642ae788a5",[1349,1358],{"id":1350,"data":1351,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"bb13f4f0-9839-4474-9e00-f3b03fa38ff9",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1352,"binaryCorrect":1354,"binaryIncorrect":1356},[1353],"Which of these is an advantage of psychedelics over antidepressants?",[1355],"Fewer long-term side effects",[1357],"More easily controlled",{"id":1359,"data":1360,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"518f3208-c813-4385-99a5-e2ece9815523",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1361,"multiChoiceCorrect":1363,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1364,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1362],"Which drug has been designated as a breakthrough therapy drug by the FDA?",[71],[73,69,72],{"id":1366,"data":1367,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1370},"bb0f4760-8861-424e-8211-36cb609931f7",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1368,"audioMediaId":1369},"For a drug to be given this designation, it must treat a severe or life-threatening condition, and preliminary clinical evidence must indicate that the substance demonstrates substantial improvement over other available forms of treatment. In the case of MDMA and psilocybin, this designation refers to MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for PTSD and psilocybin-assisted therapy for treatment-resistant depression.\n\nWhile this interest by the FDA is encouraging, FDA approval is just one step in a complex process to turn these substances into accepted therapies. Psychedelic therapy has a long history, dating back to the 1950s. As therapists realized that psychedelics improved the therapist-patient bond and lowered patients’ ego defenses, thus facilitating the discussion of difficult or repressed topics, it was soon used as an aid to talk therapy.","644a9914-305d-416f-b363-2da21f77ab0c",[1371],{"id":1372,"data":1373,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"d0e5a5e0-3c29-4535-a8e6-6af1256ae0dd",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1374,"binaryCorrect":1376,"binaryIncorrect":1378},[1375],"What can psychedelics do to clients' egos that can be beneficial during therapy?",[1377],"Lower their defenses",[1379],"Boost their confidence",{"id":1381,"data":1382,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1385},"8e8c580d-9039-4915-a328-8613e52d122a",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1383,"audioMediaId":1384},"It has been proposed that psychedelic therapy enables the brain to change more dramatically than it normally would. A kind of reset can take place, and previously rigid ways of feeling and thinking can be viewed with a little more distance, thus granting insight into their harmful effects. Psychedelics are also known to shift one’s sense of self.\n\nWhile this may sound daunting, it can be incredibly useful – particularly for people diagnosed with anxiety and depression, as these tend to be characterized by fixed, negative self-narratives that limit one’s relationship with oneself and the world.","33a35430-2900-44a7-9196-e994d5ce2ca1",[1386],{"id":1387,"data":1388,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"7fa1f004-8ca0-4615-b0bf-eae6a31b4692",{"type":65,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1389,"clozeWords":1391},[1390],"Psychedelics can help people with anxiety and depression to shift their fixed self-narratives",[1392],"self-narratives",{"id":1394,"data":1395,"type":25,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1397,"introPage":1405,"pages":1411},"e3de1ce2-dc8c-4e04-a000-776a5ada0215",{"type":25,"title":1396},"Psychedelic Therapy and Its Variations",{"id":1398,"data":1399,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"08b6fb7f-2be7-4692-bf84-4d358de2c45f",{"type":35,"summary":1400},[1401,1402,1403,1404],"Psycholytic therapy uses light-to-moderate psychedelic doses to deepen therapy sessions.","Psychedelic-assisted therapy focuses on large doses for profound, mystical experiences.","Al Hubbard emphasized the importance of 'set' and 'setting' for a comfortable psychedelic experience.","Non-hallucinogenic psychoplastogens might offer benefits without mind-altering effects.",{"id":1406,"data":1407,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"3a682124-baba-4d69-9d65-9c5ac682ad4c",{"type":51,"intro":1408},[1409,1410],"What's the main difference between psycholytic and psychedelic therapy?","Why did Al Hubbard introduce pictures, music, and flowers into therapy sessions?",[1412,1426,1441,1474],{"id":1413,"data":1414,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1417},"82521373-2e5a-4b82-8ed4-e7963857168d",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1415,"audioMediaId":1416},"If you could choose between several light-to-moderate psychedelic doses to unlock more impactful therapy sessions or one strong psychedelic experience with your therapist as a guide, which one would you pick? This is the key difference between psycholytic therapy and psychedelic therapy.\n\nPsycholytic, which means ‘to dissolve the soul’, was a term coined by British psychiatrist Dr. Ronald Sandison. Psycholytic therapists see the psychedelic substance as a tool for deepening ongoing psychotherapeutic sessions by allowing patients easier access to their subconscious. The focal point is on the therapeutic process, not the mind-altering experience.\n\n![Graph](image://4b2a24ab-2ce6-4e15-9b78-6e0690223e18 \"Sometimes a full, heavy experience might not be the best option\")\n\nOn the other hand, psychedelic-assisted therapy mainly focuses on the psychedelic journey and its profound effects. By utilizing large doses – often limited to one to three sessions – the aim is to provide insight and bring about behavioral change through a mystical experience. This is then followed up by aftercare and integration support.\n","af905ac0-d65c-4163-a812-84fdf7cc1293",[1418],{"id":1419,"data":1420,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"f9e7fa7f-6ea4-49e5-ae36-2d8cf7480cf3",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1421,"activeRecallAnswers":1423},[1422],"How does psycholytic therapy differ from psychedelic therapy?",[1424,1425],"It uses multiple smaller doses of a psychoactive substance rather than one big one","The focus is on the therapy, not the mind-altering experience of taking drugs",{"id":1427,"data":1428,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1431},"02ecec9f-dc0c-4f45-834e-d6785049fead",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1429,"audioMediaId":1430},"\nWhile early studies on psychedelic therapy often took place in typical hospital rooms with white walls and harsh bright lighting, today, more and more researchers know this is not the best way to go. This is in part thanks to Al Hubbard. Nicknamed the ‘Johnny Appleseed of LSD’, Hubbard was an early LSD proponent during the 1950s and one of the first researchers to understand the importance of ‘set’ and ‘setting’ – years before Timothy Leary would end up popularizing the terms.\n\n![Graph](image://efba6dd2-61b8-4c54-8de7-b7575269d091 \"A comfortable setting is important for therapeutic psychedelics\")\n\nThis knowledge would come as no surprise to shamans who long knew the importance of one’s mindset and the surrounding environment while undergoing an altered state of consciousness. Realizing the sterile rooms were all wrong, Hubbard created a Westernized version of shamans’ established practices by introducing things such as pictures, music, and flowers, with the idea of creating a fertile ground for a comfortable experience.\n","76a3050f-cd07-427e-9450-a2a159b4b7d8",[1432],{"id":1433,"data":1434,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"e6963576-bad9-443f-8200-0068ed73b229",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1435,"binaryCorrect":1437,"binaryIncorrect":1439},[1436],"Al Hubbard is known for introducing what to psychedelic therapy?",[1438],"Colourful, pleasant settings",[1440],"Guided meditation",{"id":1442,"data":1443,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1446},"2cfca96d-ea12-43ae-a144-f3d68ad1f1aa",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1444,"audioMediaId":1445},"\nPsychedelic therapy poses some problems for modern medicine, which tends to stick to tried-and-proven scientific practices. For example, the placebo-controlled double-blind trial is seen as the gold standard. This refers to a study in which neither the participants nor the researchers know who's receiving what – the real treatment or just a placebo. How do you conduct such an experiment with a psychedelic? Most people – both participants and researchers – will be able to tell if someone is tripping.\n\n![Graph](image://ebb00123-f5ae-4430-9704-218b80dfe0d6 \"Knowing which option to pick can be hard\")\n\nModern drug testing’s desire to rule out any placebo effects and get to the bottom of what causes what by isolating a single variable also further complicates things. How can a psychedelic’s chemical effects be isolated from the critically important set and setting? In addition, while there is clear value in scientific exploration of these substances, it has often been done in a way that ignores the cultural practices that have contributed to their therapeutic value in the past. Psychedelic plants and fungi are treated as an object of study, while ceremonial traditions that surround their use are ignored.\n","127cde0b-b4d4-469f-a075-a65e177099b8",[1447,1454,1465],{"id":1448,"data":1449,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"a1585d15-4c4b-4993-9257-28b7eb4b54b7",{"type":65,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1450,"clozeWords":1452},[1451],"The challenge for scientific research into psychedelics is that placebos don’t work – the client knows if they are tripping",[1453],"placebo",{"id":1455,"data":1456,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"7cad1dce-c6ad-41be-90a9-33e11e2c12a9",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1457,"multiChoiceCorrect":1459,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1461,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1458],"What kind of standard pharmaceutical test is hard to use when trialling psychedelics?",[1460],"Double-blind studies",[1462,1463,1464],"Cohort studies","Case control studies","Prevention trials",{"id":1466,"data":1467,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"f68a848e-055a-4afd-ade3-6299203422bc",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1468,"binaryCorrect":1470,"binaryIncorrect":1472},[1469],"What term is used for non-hallucinogenic drugs that stimulate some of the emotional responses of psychedelics?",[1471],"Psychoplastogens",[1473],"Psychotomimetics",{"id":1475,"data":1476,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"caf4d896-77e1-42a6-a1e0-d27e5eec2693",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1477,"audioMediaId":1478},"\nCan psychedelics still benefit one’s well-being without their mind-altering effects? This question is on the minds of researchers investigating non-hallucinogenic psychoplastogens – a class of drugs that carry psychedelics’ plasticity-promoting effects without producing profound changes to cognition, like hallucinations or mystical experiences. Some believe these drugs have great potential and can make the medicinal properties of psychedelics even more accessible.\n\nThey can be taken by individuals who are not mentally prepared for a psychedelic trip and can be administered outside the clinic. Others are doubtful that such drugs would be effective and argue that the transformative mind-altering insights experienced during a psychedelic trip ultimately makes the difference. While the jury is still out on how effective non-hallucinogenic psychoplastogens will be, research into these drugs can help us understand the role that the psychedelic experience itself plays in improving mental health.\n","245e9295-8f94-40d6-8160-2d7ce8ad7646",{"id":1480,"data":1481,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1483,"introPage":1491,"pages":1497},"b1adc759-1fc3-4820-86f8-6400b6e81069",{"type":25,"title":1482},"Psychedelics in Treating Mental Health Conditions",{"id":1484,"data":1485,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"be02c594-a239-4e68-bd25-90185a38caf4",{"type":35,"summary":1486},[1487,1488,1489,1490],"Psychedelics can help addicts feel disgusted by their habits, reducing cravings.","Psychedelics show rapid antidepressant effects, even in treatment-resistant depression.","MDMA-assisted therapy helps PTSD patients by easing stress around traumatic memories.","Psilocybin can reduce end-of-life anxiety, helping terminally ill patients find meaning.",{"id":1492,"data":1493,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"466b7ecd-6d92-421f-824c-69295c22a24c",{"type":51,"intro":1494},[1495,1496],"How do psychedelics help treat PTSD?","Why might psilocybin be useful for terminally ill patients?",[1498,1522,1539,1564,1576,1591],{"id":1499,"data":1500,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1503},"57aeda8c-9f34-4636-b200-a2123b97afb5",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1501,"audioMediaId":1502},"The idea of using one drug to get people off another might seem strange, but it is not a new strategy. Peyote has long been used as a treatment for alcohol addiction by Native Americans. And Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors or SSRIs, better known by trade names such as Prozac and Zoloft, have been used for smoking cessation treatment for years. In the 1960s, LSD was considered a miracle cure for alcohol addiction. Now, after a long hiatus, new clinical trials once again support the use of psychedelics in addiction treatment.\n\n![Graph](image://3aaae116-6af3-4752-becc-027104ddc10a \"Addiction therapy can be enhanced by psychedelics\")\n\nMost addicts are well aware that their habit is damaging, but through psychedelic therapy, that knowledge can transform into a more concrete understanding of the necessity to make that change.","7f33df64-472f-4ce5-8e28-d0480bfda78a",[1504,1511],{"id":1505,"data":1506,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"3962263c-b6c3-44e2-b92d-38a7c0e9b2ef",{"type":65,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1507,"clozeWords":1509},[1508],"SSRI is an abbreviation for Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors",[1510],"Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors",{"id":1512,"data":1513,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"80b0ec96-efe9-4f1d-bf66-61e82ba1b198",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1514,"multiChoiceCorrect":1516,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1518,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1515],"In the 1960s, LSD was considered a miracle cure for what?",[1517],"Alcoholism",[1519,1520,1521],"Anxiety","Depression","Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)",{"id":1523,"data":1524,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1527},"358fd918-7d2c-4068-b560-4fb81ffc76b6",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1525,"audioMediaId":1526},"After participating in clinical trials, many volunteers report feelings of disgust toward their former habits. This, combined with a renewed sense of connection and responsibility, can greatly reduce one’s cravings, a symptom that underlies all addiction.\n\nTraditional antidepressants, like SSRIs, are still the most prescribed medicine for people dealing with depression. Unfortunately, these do not always have positive results. Some patients may stop treatment prematurely due to the unwanted side-effects, and others are lumped into the treatment-resistant category, meaning that no form of treatment has worked for them. Studies have now shown that psychedelic medicines can be effective in both these cases due to their rapid onset of antidepressant effects and ability to improve even the most resistant of cases.","40086df4-2336-48ae-89d2-173e2513e44d",[1528],{"id":1529,"data":1530,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"cbe6d05e-4aad-44b6-926b-f3bf68ab08a3",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1531,"multiChoiceCorrect":1533,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1535,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1532],"How does psychedelic therapy work to treat addiction?",[1534],"By reducing cravings",[1536,1537,1538],"By increasing tolerance","By inducing nausea","By removing the stimulus",{"id":1540,"data":1541,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1544},"3025e06f-e860-4a9a-b116-9fe3e3a50d64",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1542,"audioMediaId":1543},"Similar to electroconvulsive therapy, which is still often prescribed for severe, chronic depression, a psychedelic trip can be seen as a shock to the system – with many patients reporting that their trip helped them feel more connected to both themselves and others. However, as with many other treatments, some patients eventually see their depression return – indicating that psychedelic therapy for depression might not always be a once-off intervention.\n\nWhile a bad trip often involves high amounts of fear and panic, recent studies have demonstrated that psychedelic substances may actually reduce anxiety symptoms. One way this is believed to happen is by modulating systems in the amygdala – a key player in detecting threats and subsequent processing of fear that appears to be overactive in people with anxiety disorders. Studies have shown that psychedelics reduce amygdala reactivity, which correlates with positive mood increases.\n\n![Graph](image://5b4ecaf8-1b27-4f80-9744-31476496829f \"The effect of psychedelics on the amygdala could be a key to treating anxiety disorders\")","aa6aed7e-6c6f-42de-b6d7-1309135d11b8",[1545,1552],{"id":1546,"data":1547,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"e49b73c9-d5e9-454a-abb3-0c1be443a560",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1548,"activeRecallAnswers":1550},[1549],"Psychedelic therapy is similar to which other kind of therapy, in that it works as a shock to the system?",[1551],"Electroconvulsive therapy",{"id":1553,"data":1554,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"1a5f4ddf-9fc5-4814-a081-81267e625e34",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1555,"multiChoiceCorrect":1557,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1559,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1556],"Which part of the brain may be modulated when taking a hallucinogenic trip and appears to reduce anxiety symptoms?",[1558],"Amygdala",[1560,1561,1562,1563],"Brain stem","Frontal lobe","Hippocampus","Hypothalmus",{"id":1565,"data":1566,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1569},"3b3cb35a-1b45-48ea-81ca-6f7222b437da",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1567,"audioMediaId":1568},"So, besides their antidepressant effects, serotonergic psychedelics also have anxiolytic, or anxiety-reducing, effects. This is not entirely surprising, seeing as psychedelics work via modulating serotonin. After all, antidepressants that affect serotonin are also frequently prescribed for depression and anxiety, indicating that these two conditions may share more similarities than we might think. The treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, or PTSD, is one of the big areas in which psychedelics have been applied – with MDMA-assisted therapy emerging as one of the most promising treatments.\n\nTo facilitate recovery from PTSD, most therapeutic approaches require patients to recall scenes around the trauma and relive the emotions they then felt. But as returning to traumatic memories often elicits severe stress and anxiety, this healing process can be incredibly hard.\n\n![Graph](image://25603451-aa3d-4ff6-8f4a-588da0202b4e \"MDMA shows great promise in helping people recover from trauma\")","3a106522-7ee4-4206-ac80-61c7996cfb82",[1570],{"id":1571,"data":1572,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"909f3a8e-afa9-4557-a878-35793e448bd4",{"type":65,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1573,"clozeWords":1575},[1574],"MDMA can help patients overcome PTSD by dampening their stress-and-anxiety-inducing response",[925],{"id":1577,"data":1578,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1581},"baab59f3-3002-42c5-b1d2-4f50e360895f",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1579,"audioMediaId":1580},"In combination with psychotherapy, psychedelics, such as MDMA and psilocybin, have been shown to dampen that automatic stress-and-anxiety-inducing response, in turn helping patients to be more at ease with thoughts and memories around the traumatic event. MDMA’s ability to treat PTSD may come as a surprise to people who mostly associate it with the rave scene – where severe reactions and even death related to MDMA consumption have occurred, sometimes due to the substance being tainted with more dangerous drugs, such as methamphetamine.\n\nSome of the most profound work with anxiety and psilocybin is the work around end-of-life-anxiety – the type of existential distress one experiences around the impending death from a terminal disease, like cancer. There are currently very limited psychiatric tools at our disposal to help terminally ill people, who often develop chronic symptoms of depression and anxiety due to their predicament. Morphine might offer pain relief but does not reduce mental suffering. \n\n![Graph](image://264a7e43-5753-4b93-b0fd-011977d9ba5e \"Psychedelics could help with end of life care\")","2c8b8c0c-8363-41a7-9b22-98d437dd6081",[1582],{"id":1583,"data":1584,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"c98bb4cc-1a13-4478-956b-af7d6f14fc4f",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1585,"binaryCorrect":1587,"binaryIncorrect":1589},[1586],"Psilocybin is useful for end-of-life care because it helps patients ...",[1588],"Find more meaning in their lives",[1590],"Deal with physical pain",{"id":1592,"data":1593,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1596},"04db501a-0c30-4ca6-9f10-64a8cb73eaa3",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1594,"audioMediaId":1595},"This is where psychedelics can be handy by offering something more experiential in nature than purely pharmacological – not directly curing the disease, but instead helping patients find more meaning in their lives again.\n\nAs studies have shown that a single guided psilocybin session can do just that, it has been proposed that this type of treatment may be especially useful to help curb the anxiety and depression that many dying people deal with.","a41b691f-daa6-4464-bcb1-04c6e1fb5115",[1597],{"id":1598,"data":1599,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"a1f9bd09-430c-484a-8eac-c8405aa2f3f0",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1600,"multiChoiceCorrect":1602,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1604,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1608,"matchPairsPairs":1609},[1601],"Which of the following most closely applies to MDMA?",[1603],"Being investigated as a treatment for PTSD",[1605,1606,1607],"Emerged in the 1980s","Thick drink, mind-altering, vision-inducing","Psychedelic, used in microdosing, creativity-inducing",[123],[1610],{"left":71,"right":1603,"direction":35},{"id":1612,"data":1613,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1615,"introPage":1623,"pages":1629},"775ca8a3-1e48-4299-a299-f4d7ac41ce8a",{"type":25,"title":1614},"Psychedelics in Treating Specific Mental Health Conditions",{"id":1616,"data":1617,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"6c5f7803-e584-428f-9a54-e8ababa77878",{"type":35,"summary":1618},[1619,1620,1621,1622],"LSD was first seen as a drug that mimics psychosis but was too pleasant to be accurate.","Studies in the 1950s found psychedelics worsened schizophrenia symptoms.","Early hype and small sample sizes can make new treatments seem more effective.","Financial interests and biased researchers may highlight positive results.",{"id":1624,"data":1625,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"c572318b-415a-41c3-b414-6dd1d9c5d574",{"type":51,"intro":1626},[1627,1628],"Why did early studies abandon the use of psychedelics for treating schizophrenia?","How might the hype around new treatments affect their perceived effectiveness?",[1630,1647,1652],{"id":1631,"data":1632,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1635},"4eeb3501-962b-4188-85e9-52d17ef616ed",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1633,"audioMediaId":1634},"Before LSD was given the name ‘psychedelic’ in the late 1960s, it was seen as a ‘psychotomimetic’ – a drug that temporarily induces or mimics the effects of a psychotic state. This interested psychiatrists as they believed that consuming psychedelics themselves would help them better understand what their patients experienced during a psychotic episode, thus gaining ‘inside’ insights into how to best treat the condition.\n\nBut, after some time, some important differences emerged, and the psychomimetic model fell out of favor. Psychosis is anything but an enjoyable state, and psychedelics often evoke pleasurable experiences. In other words, the effects were just too pleasant for these to be true psychotomimetics.","ce23a3d6-8bca-462d-8ea7-81c15879949e",[1636],{"id":1637,"data":1638,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"e41d85e7-29de-497c-a123-67ef6aef84f5",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1639,"multiChoiceCorrect":1641,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1643,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1640],"What was the name of the psychotic state psychiatrists mistakenly thought psychedelics mimicked?",[1642],"Psychosis",[1644,1645,1646],"Schizophrenia","Delusions","Paraphrenia",{"id":1648,"data":1649,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25},"23ca44fa-3ac4-43f7-953a-3654bdcf54f3",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1650,"audioMediaId":1651},"In parallel, a series of studies in the 1950s aimed to investigate whether psychedelics could be used to treat schizophrenia. These, too, were abandoned after they found that psychedelics often only worsened psychotic symptoms.\n\nPsychedelic medicine currently holds a lot of promise. And despite its long history, it is still seen as a rather novel option. This may, in fact, be one of the reasons why so many clinical trials are seeing such positive results. Treatments have a tendency to outperform when they first appear.","542f3c1c-f69d-4904-84a1-b8d9775b255b",{"id":1653,"data":1654,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1657},"a9347c94-d88a-490f-9302-831eac5cbbae",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1655,"audioMediaId":1656},"For one, the hype and hope enhances the placebo effect as both patients and therapists have high expectations. When SSRI antidepressants first emerged in the 1980s, for example, their positive portrayal made them seem much more effective than they are today. In addition, early studies usually work with small, self-selected samples.\n\nTreatments may, therefore, not necessarily be as effective in the larger population. Financial interests and biased researchers may also be inclined to highlight positive results. While there is definitely a lot to be excited about, we still have a long way to go before we can know for sure whether psychedelics will continue to be as healing as these early signs suggest.","ac7a22ef-3a15-434c-bcb8-66d90acbf9e6",[1658,1668,1677],{"id":1659,"data":1660,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"81f0faff-5545-4192-ad25-e2deccc160f0",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1661,"multiChoiceCorrect":1663,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1664,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1665,"matchPairsPairs":1666},[1662],"Which of the following most closely applies to SSRI antidepressants?",[1605],[1603,1606,1607],[123],[1667],{"left":1015,"right":1605,"direction":35},{"id":1669,"data":1670,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"a7984c9e-d9c2-4af0-b208-b1450b6cdbcc",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1671,"binaryCorrect":1673,"binaryIncorrect":1675},[1672],"What might be the cause of the positive results of clinical trials around treating mental conditions through psychedelics?",[1674],"Small, self-selected sample groups",[1676],"Poorly interpreted data",{"id":1678,"data":1679,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"87b8bcad-ffb7-492b-b604-5c0b4ce01c75",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1680,"binaryCorrect":1682,"binaryIncorrect":1684},[1681],"What often happens to new treatments when they first appear?",[1683],"They overperform",[1685],"They underperform",{"id":1687,"data":1688,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":1691},"c8b68bfc-c25f-48be-93c2-2a4b5c15f7e4",{"type":27,"title":1689,"tagline":1690},"Spiritual and Religious Use","Psychedelics’ spiritual and religious use dates back several millennia. From the Greek Eleusinian Mysteries to the West-African Bwiti tribe. Let’s explore how these substances are used.",[1692,1806,1872],{"id":1693,"data":1694,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1696,"introPage":1704,"pages":1710},"f8a320ad-737c-4730-8d56-b36b5345c4ec",{"type":25,"title":1695},"Ancient and Historical Use",{"id":1697,"data":1698,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"45e8d434-db46-4bd6-8adb-5768eb1127c0",{"type":35,"summary":1699},[1700,1701,1702,1703],"Psychedelics have been used in religious rituals for thousands of years worldwide","The Eleusinian Mysteries in ancient Greece involved drinking a mind-altering substance called kykeon","Pre-Columbian cultures in Central America used psychedelic mushrooms in religious ceremonies","Christian missionaries tried to suppress the use of psychedelic mushrooms, but the practice continued",{"id":1705,"data":1706,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"5a6c87b1-2c10-4ace-85ae-5d04e05a0ec4",{"type":51,"intro":1707},[1708,1709],"What was kykeon used for in the Eleusinian Mysteries?","Why did Christian missionaries try to suppress the use of psychedelic mushrooms in Central America?",[1711,1716,1733,1757],{"id":1712,"data":1713,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25},"022a95f9-7c5d-4962-a572-3a35af7c5aca",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1714,"audioMediaId":1715},"It is said that humanity has two histories: history as we know it through writing, and the unknown history that came before, passed on only through spoken word. This is no different when we talk about psychedelics.\n\n![Graph](image://f94edb97-32a0-4aca-bcef-85009596f9ba \"Cave paintings depict ancient people using psychedelics. Image: Public domain via Pexels.\")\n\nMention of the ritualistic consumption of drugs, both psychedelic, and non-psychedelic, is present in the history of most religions. And while the true beginnings of psychedelic consumption may be lost in prehistory, it is clear that they have been used for thousands of years worldwide.","f141fb0a-294a-4359-aa60-61b99fa9c712",{"id":1717,"data":1718,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1721},"a3051597-6f2e-4916-ad7c-cf548249f0a0",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1719,"audioMediaId":1720},"This has led some people to believe in the ‘entheogen theory’, which proposes that psychedelic substances played a major role in the development of religion. Whether or not this theory is true, many psychedelic ceremonies continue to this day, with numerous cultures ritualistically using them to achieve religious or spiritual revelation.\n\nFourteen miles from Athens lies the small town of Eleusis, which once housed the Temple of Eleusis, an ancient temple to Demeter – the Greek Goddess of Nature and Agriculture. Seen as the most important ritual site in ancient Athens, today, it is better known as the site of the Eleusinian Mysteries.","02369a4f-b763-4527-91cf-0c4405316fed",[1722],{"id":1723,"data":1724,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"d969aec2-3f6a-4106-b4b7-001f680f4520",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1725,"multiChoiceCorrect":1727,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1729,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1726],"Which theory proposes that hallucinogens may have had a significant effect on the development of religion?",[1728],"Entheogen theory",[1730,1731,1732],"Durkheims theory","Webers theory","Metaphysics",{"id":1734,"data":1735,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1738},"5fcda6da-9ab0-4090-acb2-7317ed9eeb66",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1736,"audioMediaId":1737},"Held annually for over 2000 years, the Eleusinian Mysteries were 10-day-long sacred rituals that influenced many ancient thinkers, such as Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and Marcus Aurelius.\n\n![Graph](image://19ff4f9b-9290-417e-b5d6-9d00cc4cfdd1 \"Marcus Aurelius was one of several ancient thinkers who partook in the Eleusinian Mysteries. Image: Rosemania, CC BY 2.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nAfter days of fasting and ritual dancing, initiates would drink kykeon, a thick drink with seemingly mind-altering and vision-inducing capabilities. As speaking about these events with the uninitiated was punishable by death, many details of the Mysteries remain unclear. Nonetheless, kykeon has been greatly debated among historians, with circumstantial evidence pointing to it being a psychedelic substance.","a3978422-9f86-4f40-a55e-98fff3778ad8",[1739,1748],{"id":1740,"data":1741,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"a0c1e165-14e8-49d7-ad66-eed7d7ad033c",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1742,"binaryCorrect":1744,"binaryIncorrect":1746},[1743],"What were the Eleusinian Mysteries that took place some 2000 years ago?",[1745],"10-day-long psychedelic rituals in Ancient Greece",[1747],"15-day long psychedelic rituals in Ancient Mesopotamia",{"id":1749,"data":1750,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"827638c6-dfc2-4d88-8575-7692019ac14b",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1751,"binaryCorrect":1753,"binaryIncorrect":1755},[1752],"What was the thick drink believed to have vision-inducing powers at the Greek Temple of Eleusis called?",[1754],"Kykeon",[1756],"Ayahuasca",{"id":1758,"data":1759,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1762},"06fa5dfe-6977-42e5-87c7-28349836e7c1",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1760,"audioMediaId":1761},"Hints at the ceremonial use of psychedelic mushrooms reach far back into pre-Columbian times – the era before there were drastic European influences on the American continent. Religious practices with sacred mushrooms extend from the Valley of Mexico to the rest of Central America – the discovery of so-called mushroom stones in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Mexico hinted at the possibility of a mushroom cult in the Mayan and Aztec cultures.\n\n![Graph](image://b239267f-c5a1-4ab4-9cd0-754493ba3f17 \"South and Central American cultures used psychedelic mushrooms. Image: Gary Todd, Public domain via Flickr.\")\n\nThese psychedelic mushrooms were used in numerous rituals and ceremonies, either pure, mixed with mescal – a fermented agave beverage – or with chocolate. When Christian missionaries witnessed these people undergo their inebriating rituals, however, they deemed it to be the Devil’s work – thus going to great lengths to try to suppress the practice. While they succeeded in doing this, it was only partially, as Indians continued utilizing their sacred mushroom for numerous purposes.","3e9037bf-f9b6-4fbc-bdb2-26abe2aaac65",[1763,1773,1784,1795],{"id":1764,"data":1765,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"ca2466df-4773-416a-8ab4-4a9ae0746311",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1766,"multiChoiceCorrect":1768,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1769,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1770,"matchPairsPairs":1771},[1767],"Which of the following most closely applies to Kykeon?",[1606],[1603,1605,1607],[123],[1772],{"left":1754,"right":1606,"direction":35},{"id":1774,"data":1775,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"bb60baa3-8818-4b42-9396-c56c704c552a",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1776,"multiChoiceCorrect":1778,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1780,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1777],"Entheogen theory suggests that psychedelics played a role in the development of what?",[1779],"Religion",[1781,1782,1783],"Civilization","Money","Ethics",{"id":1785,"data":1786,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"da276ac8-475e-4cdd-9ff8-1e103cffc952",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1787,"multiChoiceCorrect":1789,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1791,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1788],"What food and drink do we currently enjoy that was mixed with psychedelic mushrooms in Mayan and Aztec cultures?",[1790],"Chocolate",[1792,1793,1794],"Cheese","Wine","Papaya",{"id":1796,"data":1797,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"cd209dba-aa47-435b-95f7-1fdf4fd92d85",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1798,"multiChoiceCorrect":1800,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1802,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1799],"The 'mushroom stones', depicting a possible mushroom cult, were found in which country?",[1801],"Guatemala",[1803,1804,1805],"Mexico","Panama","Costa Rica",{"id":1807,"data":1808,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1810,"introPage":1818,"pages":1824},"4c876a70-171c-411e-b878-563e5f54bdc8",{"type":25,"title":1809},"Psychedelics in Religion",{"id":1811,"data":1812,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"aa693c31-4ec2-4a94-be12-2a3881592a58",{"type":35,"summary":1813},[1814,1815,1816,1817],"The Rig Veda praises a mysterious plant called soma, believed to grant immortality and divine communication.","Soma might have been a psychedelic, with theories suggesting it could be mushrooms or marijuana.","Ayahuasca, a psychedelic brew from the Amazon, is used in shamanic rituals for healing and visions.","Brazilian syncretic Christian churches use ayahuasca in ceremonies, and its religious use is legal in the U.S.",{"id":1819,"data":1820,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"86c1ad19-2198-49b2-973f-2ff5aefe2cdf",{"type":51,"intro":1821},[1822,1823],"What is soma, and why is it significant in the Rig Veda?","How do Brazilian syncretic Christian churches use ayahuasca in their rituals?",[1825,1849],{"id":1826,"data":1827,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1830},"472815ff-0329-4307-8319-bd7c7204a0a2",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1828,"audioMediaId":1829},"Several thousand years ago, the Rig Veda was compiled in northern India. The book consists of a collection of 1028 hymns, of which 120 are dedicated to praising a strange plant named soma. The verses describe soma as a plant from which a potion could be made.\n\nThis potion was believed to grant the gods their powers. In art, Hindu gods are often shown holding a cup of it. And mortals believed they could use the drink to become immortal and communicate with the gods. One verse goes as follows: ‘We have drunk Soma and become immortal; we have attained the light, the Gods discovered’.\n\n![Graph](image://3a298d0e-aaed-45d1-8498-46f1af68731a \"The Rig Veda, which sings the praises of the mysterious 'soma'. Image: Ms Sarah Welch, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nVerses like these indicate that soma possessed psychedelic qualities. Over the years, various substances have been suggested, including psychedelic mushrooms and marijuana. As many psychedelic mushrooms grow in cow poop, some even theorize that this could explain why cows are seen as holy in Hindu culture.","46ed1951-5232-42ee-86df-f574eff0e5ed",[1831,1840],{"id":1832,"data":1833,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"9d8dfeeb-d599-4970-90f3-aa481dca6a4a",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1834,"binaryCorrect":1836,"binaryIncorrect":1838},[1835],"What could be the psychedelic-inspired reason cows are treated as holy in the Hindu culture?",[1837],"Psychedelic mushrooms grow in cow poop",[1839],"Fermented milk may have provided some of the earliest trips",{"id":1841,"data":1842,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"67c7d462-a2d4-48d9-bd30-79f2f83552e2",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1843,"binaryCorrect":1845,"binaryIncorrect":1847},[1844],"Which ancient Hindu poem sings the praises of the plant Soma?",[1846],"The Rig Veda",[1848],"The Bhagavad Gita",{"id":1850,"data":1851,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1854},"c6e9f4b5-2b81-42c6-a7fc-6a376fb1f2cf",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1852,"audioMediaId":1853},"The psychedelic beverage ayahuasca is seen as one of the most important plant medicines in the Amazon basin. While it contains DMT, a Schedule 1 drug, the brew is legal in most of Northern Latin America, where it is used in numerous shamanic rituals. Ayahuasca is a Quechua word – the language of the Inca Empire. Roughly translated, it means 'vine of the dead' or 'vine of souls'. Ayahuasca practitioners consider the brew to be a sacred plant medicine – its psychedelic visions promote healing.\n\nBrazilian syncretic Christian churches, such as União de Vegetal, or Union of the Plants, and Santo Daime – which blend Christianity and traditional healing – are sometimes also called ayahuasca churches as ayahuasca ceremonies make up a large part of their religious traditions. These churches are also active in the U.S., where the religious use of ayahuasca was legalized in a 2006 ruling by the Supreme Court based on the churches’ religious freedom.","a903a1d4-b34c-47c2-bfe8-be685a1441ad",[1855,1863],{"id":1856,"data":1857,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"907c15e1-de43-4ae1-8e11-baf0f16f1947",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1858,"multiChoiceCorrect":1860,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1861,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1859],"Which DMT-containing drink is legal in most of Northern Latin America?",[1756],[1754,846,1862],"Salvia",{"id":1864,"data":1865,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"b69de9f6-2738-4ec3-8886-3b4c172054c9",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1866,"binaryCorrect":1868,"binaryIncorrect":1870},[1867],"What name is given to the Brazilian churches that blend Christianity and traditional healing?",[1869],"Syncretic churches",[1871],"Synesthetic churches",{"id":1873,"data":1874,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1876,"introPage":1884,"pages":1890},"ae62bb38-0fc8-4aa8-aa80-6d1b98780a33",{"type":25,"title":1875},"Psychedelics and Spirituality",{"id":1877,"data":1878,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"55f051b7-b635-49cb-8749-6f6bafb45e84",{"type":35,"summary":1879},[1880,1881,1882,1883],"Peyote is a psychedelic cactus used in Indigenous Mexican ceremonies for over 5000 years","The Native American Church won the right to use peyote in ceremonies in the 1990s","The Bwiti tradition in West Africa uses Iboga to connect with ancestors during intense rituals","Naturalists can experience psychedelic spirituality without believing in the supernatural",{"id":1885,"data":1886,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"8a736256-f6c4-4efc-b131-05d8e07f8eaf",{"type":51,"intro":1887},[1888,1889],"Why is Iboga called the sacred wood in the Bwiti tradition?","How did the Native American Church secure the right to use peyote?",[1891,1906,1930,1945],{"id":1892,"data":1893,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1896},"6338f075-e6e2-4ba1-a5ff-cc3ac4676d93",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1894,"audioMediaId":1895},"Peyote is a mescaline-containing psychedelic cactus. The term comes from the Nahuatl word peyotl, which means divine messenger. Nahuatl is the language of the Aztecs. After discovering that consuming the tops of the peyote cactus can induce seemingly supernatural visions, Indigenous groups in Mexico began using it in night-long ceremonies and healing rituals – with North-American archaeological evidence indicating that the usage goes back over 5000 years.\n\n![Graph](image://313d802a-2c35-4cc7-9e9e-894d67d98b91 \"The peyote cactus. Image: Dornenwolf from Deutschland, CC BY 2.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nUnfortunately, peyotism has a long history of being persecuted. After it was banned in the U.S. in the 1880s, peyote groups spent numerous decades fighting its prohibition.","e434a186-7809-40bd-a3ca-669bb5346b9e",[1897],{"id":1898,"data":1899,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"cda03ca5-be03-4de4-b45a-b76786c1c53a",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1900,"binaryCorrect":1902,"binaryIncorrect":1904},[1901],"What drink is sometimes used by indigenous groups in South America as a hallucinogenic, found in a cactus of the same name?",[1903],"Peyote",[1905],"Saguaro",{"id":1907,"data":1908,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1911},"db54bf09-d5f6-468c-a376-787ba2ca710e",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1909,"audioMediaId":1910},"In the 1990s, the Native American Church – which blends traditional Native American philosophy with Christian teachings – won an exemption to use peyote for ceremonial purposes through The American Indian Religious Freedom Act. Its members continue to use it as a sacred medicine to this day.\n\nThe Bwiti tradition has been practiced among many indigenous West African tribes for thousands of years. While each of these tribes has its own particular set of customs, one thing is always present: the ceremonial use of Iboga – a powerful psychedelic stimulant derived from the root of the iboga tree.\n\nReferred to as the sacred wood, the Bwiti consider Iboga to be a divine medicine and teacher that serves as a bridge to the ancestors.\n\n![Graph](image://dbdeaa0f-0412-4f63-96ee-4b3ab0122aa8 \"The Iboga tree. Image: Marco Schmidt[1], CC BY-SA 2.5 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5>, via Wikimedia Commons\")","e90fcca5-1542-4bb9-a062-4b008a412cd5",[1912,1919],{"id":1913,"data":1914,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"171d51e3-2c2b-431f-b53b-f8fa3a57c753",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1915,"activeRecallAnswers":1917},[1916],"Which church used the American Indian Religious Freedom Act to use peyote for ceremonial purposes?",[1918],"The Native American Church",{"id":1920,"data":1921,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"a0151da9-6f28-4712-9345-35ba0ae51af3",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1922,"multiChoiceCorrect":1924,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1926,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1923],"Which Aztec language does the word Peyote originally come from?",[1925],"Nahuatl",[1927,1928,1929],"Cherokee","Sioux","Lakota",{"id":1931,"data":1932,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1935},"206c2992-1f46-4655-87fa-48590cfb9606",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1933,"audioMediaId":1934},"While small quantities are consumed during healing ceremonies and for hunting purposes – keeping hunters awake and alert for long periods – initiation rites involve huge, visionary doses which are large enough to induce a deep state of coma. It is believed that the novice’s soul makes a trip into the other world during this time to communicate with the ancestors. Cases have been reported of people never waking from this state of unconsciousness, dying in the ceremony.\n\nThe mystical-type experiences induced by psychedelics make them a popular choice for those who wish to deepen their spiritual and religious beliefs. But what about those who don’t believe in a god or something more beyond the natural world?","b7312584-9703-4d6d-a777-4faae3906b00",[1936],{"id":1937,"data":1938,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"0ba88042-61cf-4d19-912f-046d366cf2e8",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1939,"binaryCorrect":1941,"binaryIncorrect":1943},[1940],"While large doses of Iboga produce hallucinogenic visions, smaller amounts can be helpful for what?",[1942],"Staying awake during hunting",[1944],"Becoming more creative during tribal art",{"id":1946,"data":1947,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1950},"12b73341-0d89-45d5-a853-621ed2bccfa5",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1948,"audioMediaId":1949},"Naturalism is the belief that only the laws and rules of nature operate in the universe, something many agnostics and atheists around the world believe. Some naturalists consider the key elements of psychedelic spirituality to be compatible with such a worldview, such as feelings of connectedness to the natural world and the disidentification of the self. These experiences may include emotions typical of a mystical-like experience, such as awe, wonder, and mystery, but a naturalist may not necessarily tie them to supernatural beliefs.\n\nWhile spiritual and religious beliefs certainly play a role in shaping an individual’s psychedelic experience, there is clearly space for all types of belief systems in accessing psychedelic substances’ transformational effects.","a683bab9-7f38-4d80-acdf-4919da49b8bc",[1951],{"id":1952,"data":1953,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"a7c224d2-cd25-44b4-a79c-954fe04b8cc0",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1954,"multiChoiceCorrect":1956,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1958,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1955],"What term is used for the belief that only the rules of nature operate in the universe?",[1957],"Naturalism",[1959,1960,1961],"Deism","Naturism","Polytheism",{"id":1963,"data":1964,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":1967},"62e905d2-9e65-4ca9-bc94-bca9bdfc6e53",{"type":27,"title":1965,"tagline":1966},"Microdosing","Are there any benefits related to consuming imperceptible doses of psychedelics? While many microdosers are convinced, some researchers believe it could be pure placebo.",[1968,2086,2163],{"id":1969,"data":1970,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1972,"introPage":1980,"pages":1986},"697a4bbb-b8ba-481d-95c2-e65bc4f05576",{"type":25,"title":1971},"Introduction to Microdosing",{"id":1973,"data":1974,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"bb4ebd91-b7b7-449c-8788-7ee43ca80110",{"type":35,"summary":1975},[1976,1977,1978,1979],"Microdosing means taking tiny, non-psychoactive doses of psychedelics like LSD or psilocybin.","Typical microdoses are 5-10 micrograms of LSD or 0.03-0.35 grams of psilocybin mushrooms.","Users report benefits like better focus, more energy, and improved mood.","Silicon Valley popularized microdosing for its creativity-boosting effects.",{"id":1981,"data":1982,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"00bcb5ff-1735-492f-bac2-a1135b1edec8",{"type":51,"intro":1983},[1984,1985],"What is a common protocol for microdosing LSD?","Why did microdosing gain popularity in Silicon Valley?",[1987,2011,2035,2050],{"id":1988,"data":1989,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1992},"70364530-d03a-48b7-843c-4ba053563841",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1990,"audioMediaId":1991},"Microdosing refers to taking a tiny, imperceptible dose of a psychedelic. This usually involves LSD or psilocybin, but could potentially involve any substance with psychedelic-like effects. A common protocol is to take one-twentieth to one-tenth of a recreational dose every fourth day.\n\nIn the case of LSD, this falls within a range of 5 to 10 micrograms. For common psilocybin-containing mushrooms, this would be around 0.03–0.35 grams. When starting out, it is recommended that people start as low as possible and slowly work their way up until they find the dosage that fits them best.\n\n![Graph](image://2bec1ab3-b0fa-40d4-8acf-d167119f20a2 \"Microdoses are much smaller than recreational doses\")","55f97f3f-7e52-4c17-984c-b65cf35e1b1d",[1993,2002],{"id":1994,"data":1995,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"775af5ce-67b8-47cf-878d-e8ae8fb41164",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1996,"binaryCorrect":1998,"binaryIncorrect":2000},[1997],"What is microdosing?",[1999],"Taking small amounts of a psychedelic",[2001],"Taking several different psychedelics",{"id":2003,"data":2004,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"ba5f7880-09bf-4f51-897f-002099b7f4d4",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2005,"binaryCorrect":2007,"binaryIncorrect":2009},[2006],"Which of these would be an average microdose?",[2008],"One tenth of a recreational dose",[2010],"One half of a recreational dose",{"id":2012,"data":2013,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2016},"dc3f07f4-e244-4f21-99ea-e610374aea59",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2014,"audioMediaId":2015},"While these small quantities are too little to trigger the usual psychedelic effects, many users report noticeable benefits, such as better focus, a surge in energy, a jolt in creativity, a better mood, and less stress.\n\nPeople turn to microdosing for a variety of reasons. Some may be looking to enhance their overall well-being by reducing stress and anxiety and improving their sleep. Others might be more interested in the creativity jolts they experience through their microdosing practice. Improved relational skills and enhanced cognitive capabilities are also two commonly reported effects.\n\n![Graph](image://d9b5c342-38a1-4e62-a711-c9bc71506991 \"Some people report enhanced cognitive ability under the influence of microdoses\")","6b3e7f55-4f82-4f9c-a040-31d25a702303",[2017,2026],{"id":2018,"data":2019,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"616c8ca0-47b6-4d5f-a82a-a9c4cfef4c96",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":2020,"activeRecallAnswers":2022},[2021],"When taking tiny amounts of a psychedelic drug, the user doesn't have hallucinations but may experience what?",[2023,2024,2025],"Better focus","A boost in energy and creativity","Less stress and a better mood",{"id":2027,"data":2028,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"28d2fa6a-7cd1-446e-b1de-c5801e56396a",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2029,"binaryCorrect":2031,"binaryIncorrect":2033},[2030],"What change to their cognitive capacity do people typically hope for when microdosing with psychedelics?",[2032],"Enhanced thinking skills",[2034],"A high or trip",{"id":2036,"data":2037,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2040},"f19e6bbb-dd1e-4d97-ae9a-158854e47c59",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2038,"audioMediaId":2039},"All in all, it seems like microdosing’s effects are extremely varied – mostly depending on what the user wants to get out of it. For example, where it serves as a supplement to improve a meditation practice for one, other people have reported that they use it as a learning aid for language studies. While these varied benefits could indicate that microdosing may serve many different purposes, their subjective nature may also point to a placebo effect, in which one’s expectations play a primary role.\n\nA lot of the hype surrounding microdosing stems from Silicon Valley, where it became a widespread practice around 2015. What may seem like a naïve attempt at mixing business and pleasure to some, is heralded by many young tech professionals as the ultimate productivity-enhancing tool, allowing them to reap psychedelics’ creativity-inducing benefits without disrupting their normal functioning.\n\n![Graph](image://b16685ad-115d-4f20-872d-83859451b05f \"Steve Jobs was an advocate of LSD. Image: File:Steve Jobs and Macintosh computer, January 1984, by Bernard Gotfryd - edited.jpg: Photo: Bernard Gotfryd - Edited from tif by Cartderivative work: TeKaBe, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")","92238ddd-f338-437c-842d-7ac662dc1c2b",[2041],{"id":2042,"data":2043,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"8ea1b403-f0b2-45c7-b624-53f4a03840f2",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2044,"binaryCorrect":2046,"binaryIncorrect":2048},[2045],"What does the varying nature of people's claims about microdosing indicate?",[2047],"It could be a placebo",[2049],"It is highly effective",{"id":2051,"data":2052,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2055},"b515906f-2bbf-4b56-9e38-3d2984c5003c",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2053,"audioMediaId":2054},"This popularity can partly be explained by the fact that Silicon Valley has a long history of psychedelic drug use to boost creativity. Both Steve Jobs and Bill Gates famously experimented with LSD. Jobs openly talked about how his LSD use sparked his imagination – even going as far as calling it one of the most important things he ever did.\n\nIn 1997, he suggested that Gates would have a less narrow view if he’d “dropped acid once”. In return, Gates quickly pointed out that he had already done that.","044126b2-b5e2-439b-818b-da17b84d7015",[2056,2066,2075],{"id":2057,"data":2058,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"0fe4f70f-a5eb-40b7-a969-1167c8e56509",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2059,"multiChoiceCorrect":2061,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2062,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2063,"matchPairsPairs":2064},[2060],"Which of the following most closely applies to LSD?",[1607],[1603,1605,1606],[123],[2065],{"left":69,"right":1607,"direction":35},{"id":2067,"data":2068,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"fbddf294-f27f-4f03-951a-f73caeaeb83a",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2069,"binaryCorrect":2071,"binaryIncorrect":2073},[2070],"Who was a famous advocate of LSD?",[2072],"Steve Jobs",[2074],"Steve Wozniak",{"id":2076,"data":2077,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"c6789793-3f00-4817-a520-9b01626c123e",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2078,"multiChoiceCorrect":2080,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2082,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2079],"Which technological epicenter first adopted microdosing as a means to enhance productivity and enhance creativity?",[2081],"Silicon valley",[2083,2084,2085],"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","Harvard University","Bletchley Park",{"id":2087,"data":2088,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":2090,"introPage":2098,"pages":2104},"a3e2726c-dd5d-4ffb-8177-c0231f6de93c",{"type":25,"title":2089},"The Rise of Microdosing",{"id":2091,"data":2092,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"1b4d5c2e-b236-4dee-a9d9-42670d13832c",{"type":35,"summary":2093},[2094,2095,2096,2097],"Microdosing gained popularity thanks to James Fadiman's book and talks.","Albert Hofmann suggested low doses of LSD as an alternative to Ritalin.","Ayelet Waldman wrote about how microdosing LSD helped her depression.","James Fadiman and Paul Stamets created the two best-known microdosing protocols.",{"id":2099,"data":2100,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"fd54fe67-dd2c-4a60-b746-635841f1d841",{"type":51,"intro":2101},[2102,2103],"Who helped popularize microdosing with his book, The Psychedelic Explorer’s Guide?","What are the two additional ingredients in the Stamets Stack protocol?",[2105,2130],{"id":2106,"data":2107,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2110},"6de15e21-d028-44ae-be01-c0538482000f",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2108,"audioMediaId":2109},"What initially started as an underground Silicon Valley practice quickly had more people jumping on board. This popularization was partly thanks to psychologist and psychedelic researcher James Fadiman, who discussed the practice of microdosing in numerous lectures, podcast interviews, and his 2011 book, The Psychedelic Explorer’s Guide: Safe, Therapeutic, & Sacred Journeys.\n\nAlbert Hofmann, the inventor of LSD, once suggested that low doses of LSD might be an appropriate alternative to Ritalin. While he is hereby credited with the idea of microdosing, it was Fadiman who popularized the method.","8296f893-a697-4baa-aa1b-4a7b47b149b9",[2111,2119],{"id":2112,"data":2113,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"7d6651d9-f02a-4347-b9f6-d5cbd79f0e06",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2114,"binaryCorrect":2116,"binaryIncorrect":2117},[2115],"Who is credited with the original idea of microdosing?",[126],[2118],"James Fadiman",{"id":2120,"data":2121,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"ebc5ade5-bb55-424e-988c-b15671923b38",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2122,"multiChoiceCorrect":2124,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2126,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2123],"Albert Hoffman suggested LSD as an alternative to which drug?",[2125],"Ritalin",[2127,2128,2129],"Adderall","Sertraline","Tricyclic Antidepressants",{"id":2131,"data":2132,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2135},"3f63c1d1-9875-4168-bb52-b39e23c3c026",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2133,"audioMediaId":2134},"Intrigued by Fadiman’s findings, writer Ayelet Waldman decided to give it a try herself in the hopes of finally reducing her depressive symptoms. She then went on to write the popular book, A Really Good Day, in which she detailed how microdosing LSD helped lift her long-standing depression, further popularizing the practice.\n\nThe two best-known microdosing protocols were created by James Fadiman and Paul Stamets. The Fadiman protocol proposes a simple schedule on which you microdose every four days. So, you microdose on day one and then refrain for two days. This cycle is then repeated on the fourth day. Fadiman believes this is the best option because of the pleasant two-day afterglow many users feel after consuming their microdose.\n\nMycologist Paul Stamets, who has worked with mushrooms for over three decades, suggests another protocol: the Stamets Stack. Believing that it promotes neurogenesis, the pattern is to microdose for four days straight and then take three days off. Besides psilocybin, this protocol involves microdosing with two additional ingredients: the medicinal Lion’s Mane mushroom and the B3 vitamin, niacin. Combined, Stamets believes that they offer nootropic benefits, enhancing memory and other cognitive functions.","240fe509-63bb-4a19-84ab-954a6b458171",[2136,2145,2152],{"id":2137,"data":2138,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"1d12f373-6682-486d-9404-22f603d0bee5",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2139,"binaryCorrect":2141,"binaryIncorrect":2143},[2140],"Which author wrote the book 'A Really Good Day', detailing how microdosing helped overcome their long-standing depression?",[2142],"Ayelet Waldman",[2144],"Michael Pollan",{"id":2146,"data":2147,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"5d838ff3-dfaa-42f7-bd6e-09b0b087224e",{"type":65,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":2148,"clozeWords":2150},[2149],"The Fadiman protocol states that you should microdose once every four days",[2151],"Fadiman",{"id":2153,"data":2154,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"62815347-f5cc-466c-b582-d7a5960e1291",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2155,"multiChoiceCorrect":2157,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2159,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2156],"Paul Stamet believes mushrooms offer what kind of benefit?",[2158],"Nootropic",[2160,2161,2162],"Anti-inflammatory","Sedatory","Aphrodisiac",{"id":2164,"data":2165,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":2167,"introPage":2175,"pages":2181},"71bab999-d494-4077-8185-0adb2419c8fb",{"type":25,"title":2166},"Understanding Microdosing Protocols and Tolerance",{"id":2168,"data":2169,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"3b0a4f07-ba0c-43cf-aae4-16301c4dd420",{"type":35,"summary":2170},[2171,2172,2173,2174],"Microdosing daily builds quick tolerance to psychedelics like LSD and psilocybin","Alternating LSD and psilocybin won't reduce tolerance due to cross-tolerance","Macrodoses, or 'hero doses', can cause intense experiences and should be supervised","Scientific evidence on microdosing's benefits is mixed, with placebo effects likely",{"id":2176,"data":2177,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"eabaf2ed-e796-4cb3-9738-6c3db9b1874d",{"type":51,"intro":2178},[2179,2180],"Why shouldn't microdosing be done daily?","How do controlled studies on microdosing compare to placebo groups?",[2182,2187,2220,2246],{"id":2183,"data":2184,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25},"53057c54-1fb5-4aea-bc90-99c9b2fe6091",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2185,"audioMediaId":2186},"Microdosing should not be done daily because of the tolerance that develops almost immediately after consuming classical serotonergic psychedelics, such as LSD and psilocybin. Tolerance refers to the body’s resistance to a drug’s effects.\n\nUnlike other substances such as ketamine, MDMA, alcohol, or heroin, where you can continue experiencing the intoxicating effects by increasing your intake, serotonergic psychedelics generally have a much stronger cool-down period during which taking them again will have a greatly diminished effect.","23650cd0-75ef-4764-a3b5-1efa1f4cddd5",{"id":2188,"data":2189,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2192},"923744eb-61a1-4432-8c9f-5568b99d634b",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2190,"audioMediaId":2191},"Due to the cross tolerance that LSD and psilocybin share, simply alternating between the two substances also won’t reduce tolerance from everyday use.\n\nBecause while their effects are slightly different, the two substances bind to the same brain receptors, after all. Although tolerance develops extremely fast, it also goes just as quickly. The full-on psychedelic experience can be felt once again within a week or two of discontinuation.","f1bea7fe-0b58-4199-9407-4020677e70ee",[2193,2202,2211],{"id":2194,"data":2195,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"092a9c50-cd00-43ba-a70a-0851185d6760",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2196,"binaryCorrect":2198,"binaryIncorrect":2200},[2197],"LSD tolerance is different than psilocybin tolerance",[2199],"FALSE",[2201],"TRUE",{"id":2203,"data":2204,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"3e459632-6010-4ce6-a76f-d5f82c1096db",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2205,"binaryCorrect":2207,"binaryIncorrect":2209},[2206],"What happens to a user who has developed a tolerance to hallucinogens when they stop?",[2208],"The tolerance dissipates within weeks",[2210],"They sustain their tolerance for life",{"id":2212,"data":2213,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"cbe4d260-8b13-452f-9331-41548fc75f8c",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2214,"binaryCorrect":2216,"binaryIncorrect":2218},[2215],"Why isn't daily microdosing advisable?",[2217],"The user develops a tolerance to the effects of the drug",[2219],"The build-up can lead to hallucinations",{"id":2221,"data":2222,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2225},"6115eaef-6d32-46a7-a672-750e2d15e777",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2223,"audioMediaId":2224},"If a microdose is meant to evoke nearly imperceptible effects, then a macrodose does the opposite. Dubbed the ‘hero dose’, a macrodose is a very high dose that tends to evoke drastic changes in perception and cognitive function. One’s introspective abilities are usually greatly enhanced, and regression to more primitive and childlike thinking is common.\n\nMystical experiences are also commonly reported. However, due to the possibility of experiencing a ‘bad trip’, which can evoke intense feelings of fear and paranoia, this dosage type warrants caution. Preferably, it is only done under professional supervision, such as a shaman or a therapist.\n\nA third dosage type is the medium dose – bigger than the microdose but smaller than the macrodose. Nicknamed the museum dose, it refers to a dose that is both light enough to be taken discreetly in public while also large enough to produce a clearly noticeable effect.","89fcf109-e3fe-4a9f-9a83-137dd8abf80c",[2226,2235],{"id":2227,"data":2228,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"b0440a90-1b19-4143-9897-8732062ea559",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2229,"binaryCorrect":2231,"binaryIncorrect":2233},[2230],"What kind of dose is meant to bring provoke the maximal possible effects of a drug?",[2232],"Macrodose",[2234],"Microdose",{"id":2236,"data":2237,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"eebd2d9d-6df3-4a3d-bb98-033f98667475",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2238,"multiChoiceCorrect":2240,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2242,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2239],"Which of these is another term for 'macrodose'?",[2241],"Hero dose",[2243,2244,2245],"Museum dose","Mega dose","Big ol' dose",{"id":2247,"data":2248,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2251},"4b75b654-4cf3-46b3-9adf-30d26fbfd406",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2249,"audioMediaId":2250},"Countless anecdotal stories claim that microdosing can profoundly affect someone’s behavior and mood. But does microdosing really work? And how strong is the scientific evidence?\n\nWhen looking at surveys and naturalistic studies, the results are very positive. However, the results are far more mixed when considering controlled studies comparing microdosing users to a placebo group. For example, while one study found some improvements in mood, another found no difference compared to the placebo group, and even another found opposing effects, as microdosing led to small indications of cognitive impairment on certain tasks.\n\nWhile the overall results remain to be determined, the differences between the studies suggest that expectations probably play a role in some of microdosing’s reported benefits. Future studies can help further clarify which effects are substance-related and how reliable these effects actually are when adequate controls are used.\n\n![Graph](image://45b3d1eb-14c3-4f43-b953-fd96f04fcda2 \"Pharmacalogical evidence for microdosing remains small. Image: Public domain via Pexels.\")","ee3129df-2ce4-4105-a8b4-4cff9e32ac62",[2252],{"id":2253,"data":2254,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"6b56ed1c-7af6-4af2-b64a-c6e4bfe961f1",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":2255,"activeRecallAnswers":2257},[2256],"What well-known bias may have a particularly important role in the benefits experienced from microdosing?",[2258],"The placebo effect",{"id":2260,"data":2261,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":2264},"af47fd87-b36c-48db-b806-b4fa2b4612b7",{"type":27,"title":2262,"tagline":2263},"Other Routes to Altered States of Consciousness","Psychedelics alter one’s consciousness, but what does it mean to experience an altered state of consciousness? And are there other drug-free ways to experience one?",[2265,2328,2389],{"id":2266,"data":2267,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":2269,"introPage":2277,"pages":2283},"ee874376-c85a-4345-bd0a-5f5b97825165",{"type":25,"title":2268},"Understanding Altered States of Consciousness",{"id":2270,"data":2271,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"f330e201-fba9-4783-b48a-b6b05d0aaea4",{"type":35,"summary":2272},[2273,2274,2275,2276],"Altered States of Consciousness involve a qualitative shift in mental functioning.","Psychedelics can cause hallucinations and profound connections with nature.","Meditation reduces brain activity in the default mode network.","Sound healing and vibroacoustic therapy can also induce ASCs.",{"id":2278,"data":2279,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"8011ed51-3f46-4bf0-a7bb-74fd3c24650e",{"type":51,"intro":2280},[2281,2282],"What defines an Altered State of Consciousness?","How do psychedelics create qualitative changes in consciousness?",[2284,2297,2311],{"id":2285,"data":2286,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2289},"700663e5-15a6-4daf-8f33-447adae7f465",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2287,"audioMediaId":2288},"Altered States of Consciousness, or ASCs, is a term popularized by psychologist Charles Tart in his 1969 book, Altered States of Consciousness. Our normal state of consciousness is usually seen as the one in which we spend the most time – our waking state.\n\nTart suggests that a state can be called an ASC when you perceive a distinct qualitative shift in your usual pattern of mental functioning. By this, he means that the changes are not merely quantitative – as in experiencing more or less of something, such as focus, visual imagery, or emotions.","dfde7338-d4b8-487a-9500-6b2ff4ec6250",[2290],{"id":2291,"data":2292,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"0738d2c2-9a9e-4cae-bf4e-08fc8c8f70b6",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":2293,"activeRecallAnswers":2295},[2294],"What term do psychologists use to describe a distinct qualitative shift in typical cognitive functioning?",[2296],"An Altered State of Consciousness (ASC)",{"id":2298,"data":2299,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2302},"19f22f05-baed-400e-b5d4-9097096d5246",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2300,"audioMediaId":2301},"Qualitative changes mean there are clear changes in the quality, or kind, of mental processes. In the case of psychedelics, clear qualitative changes could be hallucinating geometric patterns or experiencing profound connections with others and nature.\n\n![Graph](image://8842594c-10da-4087-9306-f1c403a42009 \"Psychedelics can induce geometric hallucinations such as this. Image: Public domain via Freepik\")\n\nWhile psychedelics are known to induce ASCs, there are many non-pharmacological modalities through which such states can also be accessed.\n\nIn many Eastern traditions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, and Taoism, elaborate techniques have been developed for inducing a higher spiritual state. Yoga and meditation are such examples. Meditation encompasses a wide range of techniques to shift your scope of awareness and/or achieve a state of deep relaxation and well-being. As anticipation and memory are closed down, only the moment remains.","15cd4412-9b44-4ce4-a82f-92c5e1987280",[2303],{"id":2304,"data":2305,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"14d1204b-a469-41e8-9c26-8bb9b70f78fa",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2306,"multiChoiceCorrect":2308,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2310,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2307],"What is an example of a non-pharmacological modality for achieving altered states of consciousness?",[2309],"Meditation",[1756,1903,1754],{"id":2312,"data":2313,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2316},"fd84a9f1-fb40-4ce4-b08d-ef3b96738415",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2314,"audioMediaId":2315},"This partially explains why studies have found that regular meditators show less brain activity in the default mode network – the brain region responsible for rumination and mind-wandering, and the same one that is also dysregulated during a psychedelic experience.\n\n![Graph](image://d24bef8e-61ba-4676-b725-5287f20c1787 \"Monks engaging in meditation together\")\n\nSimilar results have been found with other relaxing practices, such as sound healing and vibroacoustic therapy, a type of deep tissue massage in which low-frequency sound vibrations are passed into the body.","f34a9a36-2c82-4716-97b0-36a82030484c",[2317],{"id":2318,"data":2319,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"afbd8fc8-f904-43a4-8d04-023103944793",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2320,"multiChoiceCorrect":2322,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2324,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2321],"Which part of the brain shows less activity in regular meditators?",[2323],"The default mode network",[2325,2326,2327],"The limbic system","The hippocampus","The neocortex",{"id":2329,"data":2330,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":2332,"introPage":2340,"pages":2346},"fae6591f-72bc-42a6-bf3d-c982e8333fa5",{"type":25,"title":2331},"Exploring Non-Pharmacological Methods",{"id":2333,"data":2334,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"8c2a8197-2173-4a5d-ba8a-c21a786d6941",{"type":35,"summary":2335},[2336,2337,2338,2339],"Stanislav Grof developed holotropic breathwork to mimic psychedelic therapy without drugs","Holotropic breathwork uses rapid breathing and drumming to induce a deep, trance-like state","Intermittent Photic Stimulation can cause visual hallucinations with flickering lights","The 1960s underground embraced stroboscopic lights for psychedelic-like experiences",{"id":2341,"data":2342,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"ba0cd57f-b947-4876-a33b-7b6945c73843",{"type":51,"intro":2343},[2344,2345],"What does \"holotropic\" mean?","What inspired the creation of Brion Gysin's Dreamachine?",[2347,2360,2365],{"id":2348,"data":2349,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2352},"33f78920-e386-4983-b2d4-1478a406782e",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2350,"audioMediaId":2351},"After psychedelics were made illegal in the U.S., psychedelic-psychiatrist Stanislav Grof was looking for a legal successor to his LSD-based psychedelic therapy. So, together with his late wife, Christina, he developed a non-pharmacological modality that could deliver similar effects: holotropic breathwork.\n\n“Holotropic” means “moving toward wholeness.” The modality’s primary principle is that healing comes from within.\n\n![Graph](image://74c5419b-4f0a-4a84-bb72-1665158b4c34 \"Breathing exercises are a part of many alternative medical practices\")","c11e65fa-c077-4724-855d-5a1e3d074dfa",[2353],{"id":2354,"data":2355,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"12255572-ada7-416f-92d7-e6d14833f591",{"type":65,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":2356,"clozeWords":2358},[2357],"Stanley Grof and his wife developed holotropic breathing, involving rapid, deep inhales and exhales, to recreate the psychedelic experience",[2359],"holotropic breathing",{"id":2361,"data":2362,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25},"8e19f56e-1f10-4738-ba23-79bf74f95bf4",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2363,"audioMediaId":2364},"Through rhythmic, rapid breathing combined with deep exhales, aspects of the psychedelic experience are recreated naturally and are drug-free. Sessions are usually accompanied by loud drumming. A deep psychedelic state of consciousness is induced by nearly bringing participants to the point of voluntary hyperventilation.\n\nIt is believed that this trance-like state can give access to subconscious material. Before holotropic breathwork was invented in the 1970s, breathwork already had a long history in numerous Eastern traditions.","2b89dfec-d6d2-4766-aed3-c9c107fbcc05",{"id":2366,"data":2367,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2370},"b3edf9e5-767d-4f8a-a596-57eea7c5efaf",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2368,"audioMediaId":2369},"In medicine, Intermittent Photic Stimulation is a flickering light technique commonly used to investigate unusual brain activity triggered by visual stimuli, such as flashing lights. When early neurophysiologists first started using it, however, they found that several individuals reported that the flickering lights induced visual hallucinations through closed eyelids.\n\nAlthough remarkable, the hallucinations gained relatively little interest within the laboratory.\n\nBut as the 1960s underground heard about the psychedelic-like effects and visuals produced by a mere stroboscope, it was eagerly welcomed as a tool for enlightenment and a legal, drugless high. The short-term alterations in consciousness and kaleidoscopic patterns induced by the flickering lights even inspired some to manufacture their own devices, such as painter and poet Brion Gysin’s Dreamachine.\n\n![Graph](image://a9a83fbd-c15b-42ff-bb01-45905f841ccf \"Brion Gysin's dreamachine. Image: Plutochaun, CC BY-SA 2.5 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nToday, these stroboscopic lamps are often called hypnagogic light lamps, with the word hypnagogic referring to the transitional state from wakefulness to sleep.","e1f41b37-811a-49d3-89f1-bfe790a76f30",[2371,2378],{"id":2372,"data":2373,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"84562896-cffc-4273-ab69-c68846b8d5ba",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":2374,"activeRecallAnswers":2376},[2375],"What name did the painter and poet Brion Gysin give to his device that creates hallucinations using flashing lights?",[2377],"Dreamachine",{"id":2379,"data":2380,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"848ec8dc-ce1b-4bc3-b138-9db182908e79",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2381,"multiChoiceCorrect":2383,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2385,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2382],"What medical term describes the flickering light used to explore unusual brain activity and can induce visual hallucinations?",[2384],"Intermittent Photic Stimulation",[2386,2387,2388],"Repetitive light exposure","Strobe lighting","Photopsia",{"id":2390,"data":2391,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":2393,"introPage":2401,"pages":2407},"d6445773-0468-42ec-9bd9-523f71ec9c06",{"type":25,"title":2392},"Understanding Hypnosis and Sensory Deprivation",{"id":2394,"data":2395,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"cc8956a7-2b20-4a5c-9771-2822d04dbec1",{"type":35,"summary":2396},[2397,2398,2399,2400],"Hypnosis is a trance-like state with heightened focus and openness to suggestion","Sensory deprivation cuts off stimuli to the senses, often using isolation tanks","Hypnagogic hallucinations occur in the drowsy state before sleep","Meditation and light stimulation can evoke states similar to hypnagogic consciousness",{"id":2402,"data":2403,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"84bbcdde-1dac-40c3-9911-921c61da4770",{"type":51,"intro":2404},[2405,2406],"What did Sigmund Freud think hypnosis could reveal?","What happens in an isolation tank?",[2408,2425,2447],{"id":2409,"data":2410,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2413},"2cbac46d-66ea-4776-a345-a989451339fb",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2411,"audioMediaId":2412},"Hypnosis is a calm, trance-like state of consciousness during which you tend to have heightened concentration and focus and are typically more open to suggestion. Scottish physician James Braid, coined the term in 1843, basing it on the Greek word for sleep. The hypnotic state is usually induced via a set of relaxation and suggestion techniques. The extent to which someone can be hypnotized depends on one’s state of mind and personality: hyper-suggestible people who are willing to be hypnotized are more likely to experience its effects.\n\n![Graph](image://75f537cd-7565-4a36-82f4-3848f0c596e6 \"Sigmund Freud led the movement to view hypnosis as a valid psychiatric method. Image: Library of Congress, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nHypnosis was popularized by Sigmund Freud, who thought it could be used to bring up unconscious desires and emotions. Today, hypnosis is still used in the context of therapy, to treat PTSD, intense or chronic pain, as well as various addictions. Although its effectiveness in these areas is controversial, it appears to have some success with certain individuals.","652db579-87b3-47a7-97f5-1a728cb8b2f1",[2414],{"id":2415,"data":2416,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"f70490a1-b6bb-4e1c-b1f3-45916a312be5",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2417,"multiChoiceCorrect":2419,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2421,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2418],"Which early psychotherapist believed hypnosis could bring up our unconscious desires?",[2420],"Sigmund Freud",[2422,2423,2424],"Carl Jung","Alfred Adler","Wilhelm Reich",{"id":2426,"data":2427,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2430},"35cf4be0-4ac0-4890-895c-78fe75c8c5e2",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2428,"audioMediaId":2429},"Sensory deprivation reduces stimuli affecting one or more of the five senses. At its simplest, it requires nothing more than covering your eyes and ears, but more complex devices have also been developed to cut off numerous senses at once. One such example is the isolation tank. Neurophysiologist John Cunningham Lilly developed isolation tanks and the idea of sensory deprivation in 1954 in an attempt to separate the mind and body. Lilly’s work and eccentric way of being inspired two movies: *The Day of the Dolphin* and *Altered States*.\n\nThe dark, soundproof tank is filled with water at body temperature. Chlorine blocks a person’s sense of smell, and salts are added, which cause the body to float, reducing the sense of gravity. This complete absence of external stimulation can lead to vivid internal imagery and deep feelings of relaxation. While it is generally used for relaxation or meditation purposes, prolonged deprivation is extremely unpleasant and can serve as a means of torture.","14fa09af-4ce5-478d-bfc5-7e324fcd86de",[2431,2440],{"id":2432,"data":2433,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"1a5a8cf3-2f32-4369-893b-03bb44fbb86d",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2434,"binaryCorrect":2436,"binaryIncorrect":2438},[2435],"Which sensory device was developed by John Cunningham Lilly in 1954 to separate the mind and body and works by reducing sensory stimuli?",[2437],"Isolation tank",[2439],"Soundproof booth",{"id":2441,"data":2442,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"e0be1095-ea23-4edd-a04e-5bddf2d15211",{"type":65,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":2443,"clozeWords":2445},[2444],"While isolation tanks can be used for relaxation and meditation purposes, prolonged sensory deprivation is unpleasant and sometimes used for torture",[2446],"sensory deprivation",{"id":2448,"data":2449,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2452},"8967e925-398b-4729-ae16-7468e696d229",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2450,"audioMediaId":2451},"Have you ever noticed how involuntary imagery and thoughts pop up in your mind during that drowsy moment right before you fall asleep? These are called hypnagogic hallucinations. Hypnagogia is the transitional state between wakefulness and sleep. Most of the time, hypnagogic hallucinations cannot be remembered when we wake up after falling asleep. However, if we are woken up during the hypnagogic state, they are still very present.\n\n![Graph](image://b21b0b43-3eaa-4a8e-80ff-d7967c8a635a \"Hypnagogic hallucinations are created during our body's natural sleep processes. Image: Public domain via Freepik\")\n\nNumerous other ASC-modalities have been suggested to evoke a state similar to hypnagogic consciousness, such as meditation, stroboscopic – hypnagogic – light stimulation, and holotropic breathwork. The difference is that you are usually fully awake with these other modalities and not in a drowsy state. Because of this, these altered states tend to last longer, and the images and thoughts that surface can be more easily recalled once you return to your default state of consciousness – by ending the meditation session, turning off the lamp, or breathing normally again.","564f29ec-af19-4f11-b311-03d2b63c1549",[2453,2464],{"id":2454,"data":2455,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"3dd590cb-82f3-42f3-9381-b7e235dc0d45",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2456,"multiChoiceCorrect":2458,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2460,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2457],"What are the hallucinations called that we sometimes experience just before we fall asleep?",[2459],"Hypnagogic",[2461,2462,2463],"Hypnotic","Hypnesthetic","Hypnesia",{"id":2465,"data":2466,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"fd8b31ac-945b-4217-a823-1d705a114ac7",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2467,"binaryCorrect":2469,"binaryIncorrect":2471},[2468],"What typically happens to our memories of hallucinations if we are woken during our hypnagogic state?",[2470],"We remember them",[2472],"We forget them",{"id":2474,"data":2475,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":2478},"794b15c4-5225-424d-9650-31e3a9140fb0",{"type":27,"title":2476,"tagline":2477},"Potential Dangers","Psychedelics can bring about beautiful things, but what about the other side of the coin – like bad trips, permanent psychosis, and addiction?",[2479,2553,2606],{"id":2480,"data":2481,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":2483,"introPage":2491,"pages":2497},"d67ff314-55b3-426a-9743-06f418cec96f",{"type":25,"title":2482},"Understanding Psychedelic Experiences",{"id":2484,"data":2485,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"9577b070-2169-494e-9368-fe95ee0dfeb3",{"type":35,"summary":2486},[2487,2488,2489,2490],"Bad trips on psychedelics can cause anxiety, confusion, and paranoia.","Some people find life-changing insights in bad trips, but others may suffer long-term negative effects.","Psychedelics can impair judgment, leading to dangerous behavior like car accidents.","Psychedelics can trigger psychosis in people with a predisposition or worsen existing symptoms.",{"id":2492,"data":2493,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"90e55aba-c2d4-4f99-b12a-7a0d142e0b87",{"type":51,"intro":2494},[2495,2496],"What are the key features of a bad trip?","How can psychedelics trigger psychotic symptoms?",[2498,2513,2533],{"id":2499,"data":2500,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2503},"c728ff49-9724-4247-828f-9428aebcad20",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2501,"audioMediaId":2502},"If a blissful psychedelic trip feels like heaven, then the flip side of that coin – a *bad trip* – can feel like hell. Bad trips are negative psychological reactions to psychedelics, which may include anxiety, confusion, panic attacks, disturbing thoughts, or paranoia. The exact content of these frightening experiences is individual, but feelings of losing yourself or going crazy are key features.\n\n![Graph](image://f41a8bfc-508e-4b63-9573-55ea3e5afaf8 \"Bad trips can be extremely distressing. Image: Public domain via Pexels\")\n\nWhile adequate mental preparation and a comfortable environment greatly minimize this risk, it does not always guarantee that a psychedelic experience will go smoothly.","d41bdf67-ec6f-40c1-bfe3-81ad7953f2e8",[2504],{"id":2505,"data":2506,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"d3fbb5a8-fff9-4215-ab81-7361ebf1705e",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2507,"binaryCorrect":2509,"binaryIncorrect":2511},[2508],"What is it typically called when people have negative, sometimes frightening, psychological reactions to psychedelics?",[2510],"A bad trip",[2512],"Crashing",{"id":2514,"data":2515,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2518},"8893dc7d-176c-467e-967e-07c283cedf8a",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2516,"audioMediaId":2517},"However, despite the difficult feelings and thoughts encountered, many people later consider their bad trips as personally beneficial experiences that provided them with life-changing insights – with some psychonauts living by the notion that “there are no ‘bad trips’ only *challenging experiences*”. Although this may be true for many, for some, the negative effects and memories of a bad trip can linger for months or even years. During the prohibitionist years, numerous anti-drug videos were circulated to warn – and scare – the public of psychedelics’ potential dangers.\n\nOne of these infamous videos involves a woman tripping on LSD. Believing she can fly, she dramatically jumps out the window and falls to her death. The video resembles the case of Diane Linkletter, who ended her life by jumping out of a window – a tragic event that her father, the famous radio and television personality, Art Linkletter, blamed on LSD.\n\nWhile many of these cases turned out to be misleading, psychedelics *can* cause impairments in judgment, leading to potentially harmful behavior. These behavioral effects are driven by a range of factors, such as paranoia or a distorted belief in one’s abilities, and they can also make everyday behavior more dangerous. For example, the risk of having a car accident or getting lost while hiking increases while under the influence of psychedelics.","319bf915-ca35-453c-8dd6-1130e6848b58",[2519,2526],{"id":2520,"data":2521,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"335a0cb9-1cdd-4e50-9cb7-9b2b63ff9643",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":2522,"activeRecallAnswers":2524},[2523],"How do some psychonauts reinterpret 'bad trips' that result from unwelcome psychological reactions?",[2525],"As 'challenging experiences'",{"id":2527,"data":2528,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"21dcfe89-a190-48c9-9c1a-46d53e7d217a",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":2529,"activeRecallAnswers":2531},[2530],"What tragic event led to the famous death of Diane Linkletter while she was purportedly on LSD?",[2532],"She fell from a window",{"id":2534,"data":2535,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2538},"039dac9d-af94-4ec0-b7e7-c754cf027f79",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2536,"audioMediaId":2537},"One of the earliest worries about psychedelics was that taking them leads to a permanent psychosis. But can taking psychedelics really cause you to be stuck in a never-ending trip? Well, not really. Several studies have since shown that these fears are misfounded: you are no more likely to develop psychosis in the long-term if you consume psychedelics than if you don’t.\n\n![Graph](image://07e025ea-85b4-48b2-9202-24eb7929386d \"A psychiatric hospital in the early 20th century. Image: City of St. Louis Water Department, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nNevertheless, psychedelics may act as a trigger for psychotic symptoms in people who already have an underlying predisposition. In these cases, consuming psychedelics can cause psychotic symptoms to emerge earlier than they normally would have. Psychedelics can also worsen psychotic symptoms in individuals who already experience such symptoms – such as individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. For these reasons, psychedelics should not be taken by someone who either experiences psychotic symptoms or has an underlying predisposition towards developing them.","4e5bbcbc-42d3-46f0-aa6f-6bcf413867a5",[2539,2546],{"id":2540,"data":2541,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"80e6ebc5-a1f3-4764-8f81-afb350345b73",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2542,"multiChoiceCorrect":2544,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2545,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2543],"What permanent mental state did some experts claim could be the result of long-term psychedelic use?",[1642],[1644,1520,1519],{"id":2547,"data":2548,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"94b0df89-8b6e-4a3c-a341-f74cd3c6654d",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2549,"binaryCorrect":2551,"binaryIncorrect":2552},[2550],"Psychedelics are often the sole cause of people developing psychosis.",[2199],[2201],{"id":2554,"data":2555,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":2557,"introPage":2565,"pages":2571},"9d2e699a-ec1d-43fe-88ed-a0510335b736",{"type":25,"title":2556},"Psychedelics and Physical Health",{"id":2558,"data":2559,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"d4e625e4-81d5-4dcf-a7b7-481b9bc3e335",{"type":35,"summary":2560},[2561,2562,2563,2564],"Classic psychedelics like LSD and psilocybin are physiologically safe even at high doses","MDMA can increase the risk of stroke or heart attack and cause long-term memory and heart issues","Ketamine can lead to overdose problems like difficulty breathing and cause bladder issues with long-term use","HPPD causes lasting visual distortions after a trip, often worsened by further drug use",{"id":2566,"data":2567,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"034643b9-594a-4ce4-88f7-051bc0412ba9",{"type":51,"intro":2568},[2569,2570],"What are the short-term physiological risks of MDMA?","How can HPPD symptoms be intensified?",[2572,2586],{"id":2573,"data":2574,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2577},"11fcb931-30aa-4497-bff4-165d1bdf5081",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2575,"audioMediaId":2576},"Classic psychedelics, like LSD and psilocybin, are considered relatively safe in how they influence the body. They do not damage organ systems and are physiologically safe even at high doses. While some people may rush to the hospital during a trip because they feel like they are dying or can’t breathe, these effects are almost always a psychological reaction to the drug state with no underlying physiological basis. However, other psychedelics, like MDMA and ketamine, present more immediate dangers in the short- and long-term.\n\n![Graph](image://d7dfef17-3fb5-4f83-bb39-213ddb13dd7d \"MDMA and ketamine are used as party drugs but can cause serious bodily harm and even death. Image: Public domain via Pexels\")\n\nMDMA causes changes in blood pressure and heart rate, which can increase someone’s risk of stroke or heart attack. Long-term use has been linked to problems in memory, concentration, and heart disease. When taken in high doses, ketamine may lead to overdose-related problems such as difficulty breathing, vomiting, paralysis, and seizures. Ketamine is also known to cause issues in the bladder and urinary tract in long-term regular users.","f2f95d6f-46d1-422a-9d02-21be5eebc270",[2578],{"id":2579,"data":2580,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"cdda3445-7deb-4f5a-95fc-8965756b426d",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":2581,"activeRecallAnswers":2583},[2582],"What effects have been linked to the long-term use of MDMA?",[2584,2585],"Problems in memory and concentration","Risk of heart disease",{"id":2587,"data":2588,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2591},"58461cd5-76de-4090-ad1c-776a246411bc",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2589,"audioMediaId":2590},"While many people enjoy taking psychedelics for their perceptual effects, in some rare cases, the effects may persist long after a trip is over. *Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder*, or HPPD, describes the experience of lasting visual distortions and hallucinations following a psychedelic trip. These may include seeing visual snow, trailing images, or fractals, as well as more general perceptual changes like intensified colors and distortions in the size and movement of objects.\n\nAs people are still able to distinguish these effects from their normal everyday perception, HPPD differs from psychosis. Although there is no recognized treatment and the underlying cause remains poorly understood, over half the cases spontaneously improve after some months. For others, however, the effects can be potentially permanent and cause significant distress and impairment to the individual. The symptoms are often intensified by recreational drug use, such as smoking cannabis or taking further psychedelics.","bf3992a3-ee1e-4b8c-8b1e-e8f34ea7ed0a",[2592,2599],{"id":2593,"data":2594,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"ac66f2e1-c55b-4b22-9d9e-2fabd74622ec",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":2595,"activeRecallAnswers":2597},[2596],"What happens to people who experience the rare Hallucinogen Persisting Perception disorder (HPPD)?",[2598],"The perceptual changes experienced during a trip may last for months, and in some cases, for the rest of their lives",{"id":2600,"data":2601,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"a33b264e-d241-496d-aaf6-3c5418194035",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2602,"binaryCorrect":2604,"binaryIncorrect":2605},[2603],"Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) is actually a form of psychosis",[2199],[2201],{"id":2607,"data":2608,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":2610,"introPage":2618,"pages":2624},"cec7fa12-895e-45a5-a40d-fa9bb05bfdda",{"type":25,"title":2609},"Psychedelics and Addiction",{"id":2611,"data":2612,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"87fd37ac-0a2b-415c-9b40-f229816ca05e",{"type":35,"summary":2613},[2614,2615,2616,2617],"Classic psychedelics like LSD and mushrooms are non-addictive and used to treat other addictions.","MDMA has a higher addiction risk than classic psychedelics but is less addictive than many other drugs.","Mixing psychedelics with other substances can increase the risk of overdose and negative long-term effects.","Adulterants in psychedelics, like fentanyl in ketamine, can be deadly and testing drugs can help minimize risks.",{"id":2619,"data":2620,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"1b16079b-893f-4bb5-804a-6f33d36c63fd",{"type":51,"intro":2621},[2622,2623],"Which psychedelic is more likely to cause addiction: ketamine or LSD?","Why is it dangerous to mix MDMA with alcohol?",[2625,2640,2661,2676],{"id":2626,"data":2627,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2630},"097f11bb-beeb-4cb0-8661-28525c8bd02a",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2628,"audioMediaId":2629},"Are psychedelics addictive? When it comes to the classic psychedelics, the overall risk is considered to be low. Classic serotonergic psychedelics, like LSD and mushrooms, have an overall low risk for physical dependence and are generally considered non-addictive. In fact, they are often used in conjunction with therapy to treat other forms of substance addiction, like alcohol and tobacco addiction.\n\nAlthough MDMA’s strong euphoric effect brings an increased potential for addiction and abuse, it is still considered less addictive than other commonly used drugs. While users may report psychological withdrawal symptoms after habitual use, physical withdrawal is relatively mild.","0d10a4ba-2b76-4632-8ccd-9b362b376134",[2631],{"id":2632,"data":2633,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"aadc0a97-679e-4b67-b0bf-7f8c48f7f31a",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2634,"binaryCorrect":2636,"binaryIncorrect":2638},[2635],"What is the overall risk of becoming addicted to classic psychedelics, such as LSD and psilocybin?",[2637],"Very low",[2639],"Very high",{"id":2641,"data":2642,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2645},"134f6a01-dad3-4381-8d82-fcfbc76f2178",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2643,"audioMediaId":2644},"On the other hand, ketamine’s fast-acting and short duration make addiction more likely to develop. Tolerance develops rapidly, causing users to increasingly use more of the substance to reach the same desired effects. In regular users, this may lead to craving and withdrawal. Ever heard the saying that *the sum is greater than the parts*?\n\nWell, a similar idea can be applied to drug interactions, where mixing psychedelics with other substances can compound the risks involved. Mixing non-classic psychedelics, like ketamine or MDMA, with other substances, such as alcohol or cocaine, can not only increase negative long-term effects but also the chances of an overdose.","b7f725b2-2776-49f1-91b9-677a6b842c17",[2646,2653],{"id":2647,"data":2648,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"3c555336-6bce-490f-92a6-7e0270fc503a",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2649,"multiChoiceCorrect":2651,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2652,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2650],"Which fast-acting yet short-lived psychedelic can lead to tolerance and withdrawal cravings?",[73],[69,627,1756],{"id":2654,"data":2655,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"b59341b3-bf8e-4918-9aa5-502ab9291f09",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":2656,"activeRecallAnswers":2658},[2657],"What are the potentially fatal risks of mixing psychedelics, particularly non-classic ones, with other substances?",[2659,2660],"Overdose","Serotonin overproduction",{"id":2662,"data":2663,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2666},"5efa167e-18bc-430f-b5f3-69a4774f6c48",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2664,"audioMediaId":2665},"![Graph](image://6edf9714-813b-4f24-b07a-2bd1601acfc6 \"Mixing drugs can be particularly dangerous. Image: Public domain via Pexels\")\n\nThis danger is less present with classic serotonergic psychedelics, such as LSD and psilocybin. However, these come with their own risks, as using them with certain kinds of antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), can lead to serotonin syndrome – a potentially fatal condition caused by an overproduction of serotonin.\n\nBeyond the potentially harmful physiological effects, mixing psychedelics may also increase the chances of having an adverse psychological reaction – *a bad trip*. Overall, mixing psychedelics with other drugs presents a whole range of risks and should be approached with extreme caution, if at all.","b221d884-e510-4869-a2f9-bf92a2bedccd",[2667],{"id":2668,"data":2669,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"4f96cfc8-6f5e-48c4-9f41-66957b834527",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2670,"binaryCorrect":2672,"binaryIncorrect":2674},[2671],"What is serotonin syndrome?",[2673],"A condition caused by overproduction of serotonin",[2675],"A condition caused by underproduction of serotonin",{"id":2677,"data":2678,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25},"0082983a-141f-45ad-aaed-f245dbebfe6d",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2679,"audioMediaId":2680},"As with other illegally sold substances, psychedelics also risk being laced or adulterated with other ingredients. Sometimes these adulterants are harmless, such as a dealer adding sugar to MDMA crystals to bulk up the apparent drug quantity. In other cases, however, adulterants may be added to intensify a substance’s effects, bringing with it new dangers.\n\nFor example, ketamine laced with fentanyl, a dangerous synthetic opioid, may produce powerful sedative effects but also greatly increases the risk of a fatal overdose. Adulterants may also be used to replace the active ingredient of a drug entirely by mimicking its psychoactive effects. NBOMe, a synthetic hallucinogen, is sometimes sold as LSD due to their similar subjective effects. But, unlike LSD, NBOMe can be lethal in higher quantities, thus presenting a real danger to unwitting users. These risks can be minimized by testing drugs to confirm their contents before consuming them – though this is not easy for most casual users.","af7e790a-194d-42ab-b402-173703d304a9",{"id":2682,"data":2683,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":2686},"873983c8-a08a-48bd-bda5-de7b5c6f4c07",{"type":27,"title":2684,"tagline":2685},"Psychedelics in the Media","Over the years, numerous books and movies have been made regarding the subject of psychedelics. Here, we present some of the most influential ones.",[2687,2719,2787],{"id":2688,"data":2689,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":2691,"introPage":2699,"pages":2705},"6040c764-a775-4aea-8dfa-da829df3ac25",{"type":25,"title":2690},"Psychedelics in Literature",{"id":2692,"data":2693,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"0d719a0e-ce38-4969-9f83-c2202d3f7540",{"type":35,"summary":2694},[2695,2696,2697,2698],"Michael Pollan's *How To Change Your Mind* explores the history and science of psychedelics.","Aldous Huxley's *The Doors of Perception* details his first mescaline trip and inspired the band The Doors.","Albert Hofmann's *LSD, My Problem Child* recounts the invention and controversial history of LSD.","Huxley was injected with LSD on his deathbed to help him transition peacefully.",{"id":2700,"data":2701,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"87a4d106-6e0d-4c73-8fdd-e8bd2a052a9a",{"type":51,"intro":2702},[2703,2704],"What inspired Michael Pollan to write How To Change Your Mind?","How did Aldous Huxley's view on mescaline change after his first experience?",[2706],{"id":2707,"data":2708,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2711},"08b5df86-c18c-463c-b9f0-7254ae475102",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2709,"audioMediaId":2710},"When it comes to literature about psychedelics, Michael Pollan’s *How To Change Your Mind* is one of the most influential books published in the past decade. Known for his writing on plants and food, reporter Michael Pollan came up with the idea after writing an article about psychedelic psychotherapy for the New Yorker, called *The Trip Treatment*.\n\nAmazed by the positive experiences numerous cancer patients who participated in psychedelic research trials shared with him, he wanted to explore the topic further. Thus began a two-year journey into the world of psychedelics. The book delves into the substances’ rich history and explores the current renaissance of scientific psychedelic research by interviewing numerous scientists and therapists involved in the field. As a fervent immersive journalist who likes to delve deep into whatever subject he is reporting, Pollan also undergoes and shares his very first psychedelic experiences with LSD, psilocybin, and 5-MeO-DMT.","db7447c1-971b-422e-9532-63e235dea43b",[2712],{"id":2713,"data":2714,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"31d7b34c-531c-4254-bd91-eff8a1c99397",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2715,"multiChoiceCorrect":2717,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2718,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2716],"Who wrote 'How To Change Your Mind', one of the most influential recent books on psychedelics?",[2144],[126,218,2118],{"id":2720,"data":2721,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":2723,"introPage":2731,"pages":2737},"63a054d6-3156-48af-9173-bc816de70f0d",{"type":25,"title":2722},"Psychedelics in Academia",{"id":2724,"data":2725,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"ac4ae714-f656-4842-920e-c0501bc8b935",{"type":35,"summary":2726},[2727,2728,2729,2730],"Alexander Shulgin legally created and tested psychoactive substances for 15 years.","PiHKAL and TiHKAL are books by the Shulgins detailing their work with phenethylamines and tryptamines.","Terence McKenna's 'stoned ape' theory suggests mushrooms helped humans develop language.","Norman Zinberg's book argues that the social setting is key to controlled drug use.",{"id":2732,"data":2733,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"3c232261-68a3-497a-812f-2afdb66d98e4",{"type":51,"intro":2734},[2735,2736],"What was the significance of the Shulgins' work in PiHKAL and TiHKAL?","How did Norman Zinberg's concept of 'set and setting' change the understanding of drug use?",[2738,2755,2772],{"id":2739,"data":2740,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2743},"f8fbdccf-dde6-4378-98ac-b4541e250717",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2741,"audioMediaId":2742},"*Food of the Gods* is one of many books that the late ethnobotanist and mystic Terence Kemp McKenna wrote on psychedelics.\n\nIn it, he traces mankind’s relationship to natural, mind-altering plants from past to present. He explores what altered states of consciousness can tell us about our origins and place in nature, advocates the responsible use of psychedelic plants, and argues that we have lost the shamanic understanding of psychedelics’ significance.\n\n![Graph](image://0931853f-3c69-4d75-9ec2-6c1fb2b7f794 \"Terence McKenna. Image: Jon Hanna, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nWhile many of McKenna’s proposed theories cannot be proven nor disproven, they make for an insightful read. One example is his ‘stoned ape’ theory, which suggests mushrooms helped our brain evolve language.\n\nMany psychedelic enthusiasts consider McKenna to be a cultural icon and pioneer. He and his brother, the scientist Dennis McKenna, took an early interest in psychedelic plants in the 1970s – traveling to numerous Latin America countries searching for the psychedelic rituals of indigenous cultures.","4ddc215f-bef8-4de4-912c-4c30e4d5ea4f",[2744],{"id":2745,"data":2746,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"15f81cbb-dd8a-4454-92b6-ffd8829b2289",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2747,"multiChoiceCorrect":2749,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2751,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2748],"Which iconic researcher spent decades self-experimenting with psychoactive chemicals?",[2750],"Alexander Shulgin",[2752,2753,2754],"John Bowlby","Robert Sapolsky","Marie Curie",{"id":2756,"data":2757,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2760},"95d43220-39bb-47e3-9e27-0dfd85105682",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2758,"audioMediaId":2759},"Norman Zinberg was a psychoanalyst, psychiatrist, and professor at the Harvard Medical School who spent a large part of his career studying addiction. Tired of the public hysteria surrounding discussion on drugs in the 1970s, he wrote the book *Drug, Set, and Setting: The Basis for Controlled Intoxicant Use.*\n\nIn it, Zinberg presented a new conceptual framework to understand addiction by exploring the factors that allow some people to use substances such as alcohol, marijuana, psychedelics, and even heroin in a controlled way. That is, without abusing them.\n\nRealizing that he had to take into account not just the pharmacology of the drug and the personality of the user (the set), but also the physical and social setting in which the consumption occurred (the setting), Zinberg proposed that the latter played the biggest part in establishing the line between use and abuse. While controversial at the time, a great deal of his work is now considered fundamental to the concepts behind responsible psychedelic use.","ce115af9-549c-4ab5-866f-52a53c1fc43f",[2761],{"id":2762,"data":2763,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"affe2930-853f-4331-8a88-bd1c2896794f",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2764,"multiChoiceCorrect":2766,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2768,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2765],"Who was responsible for the 'Stoned Ape' theory?",[2767],"Terence McKenna",[2769,2770,2771],"Richard Dawkins","Ernst Mayr","Thomas Huxley",{"id":2773,"data":2774,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2777},"e3f8b929-bbef-4a5d-a93c-b4aa353dc6d4",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2775,"audioMediaId":2776},"*Hamilton's Pharmacopeia* is an American docuseries starring journalist Hamilton Morris. First aired in 2016, it follows Morris around the globe as he explores the history, chemistry, and societal impact of psychoactive substances. Best known for his work for Vice Magazine, Morris had initially started a monthly Vice column by the same name.\n\nWhen given the opportunity to film short documentaries to accompany his written pieces, he started creating an online documentary series. After its release on YouTube, the series soon gained a wider international following. Generally aiming to be as unbiased and non-stigmatizing as possible, Morris has traveled all over the world conducting interviews with a wide range of people: shamans, mystic healers, psychedelic advocates, scientists, and critics.\n\nOver the years, he has covered numerous psychedelics, including magic mushrooms, LSD, mescaline, DMT, ketamine, MDMA, etc. He often tries the substances on camera to help his audience better understand their true nature.","3e28bc78-242d-4470-9dd9-95b4355db23c",[2778],{"id":2779,"data":2780,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"fae19cd5-0ef6-4ed9-96b8-59e3b94476c1",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2781,"binaryCorrect":2783,"binaryIncorrect":2785},[2782],"What did Norman Zinberg, a psychoanalyst, psychiatrist, Harvard professor, and author, believe was crucial to establishing the split between drug abuse and use?",[2784],"The physical and social setting in which the drug was taken",[2786],"The personality of the drug user",{"id":2788,"data":2789,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":2791,"introPage":2799,"pages":2805},"3349de3c-d73d-4a2e-9b34-52c6982c64f4",{"type":25,"title":2790},"Psychedelics in Other Media",{"id":2792,"data":2793,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"1d9ebb33-d0cc-44fa-9fea-5d595cd063b1",{"type":35,"summary":2794},[2795,2796,2797,2798],"Hamilton's Pharmacopeia explores psychoactive substances worldwide with Hamilton Morris often trying them on camera.","From Shock to Awe follows two veterans using ayahuasca to treat PTSD after traditional medicine fails.","María Sabina, Spirit Woman shows the life of a Mazatec shaman who regretted sharing her mushroom rituals with the West.","Fantastic Fungi reveals the magical world of mushrooms and their potential to solve big problems.",{"id":2800,"data":2801,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"fe25c69d-d856-4507-9e81-25451b28b21a",{"type":51,"intro":2802},[2803,2804],"What unique approach does Hamilton Morris use to explore psychedelics in Hamilton's Pharmacopeia?","How does From Shock to Awe depict the potential benefits of ayahuasca for PTSD?",[2806,2819,2835],{"id":2807,"data":2808,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2811},"4bf23815-3315-4b6a-87c1-68e25ed9adb2",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2809,"audioMediaId":2810},"The documentary *From Shock to Awe* shares the story of two American combat veterans suffering from severe mental health issues as they look for a way to heal themselves. The title refers to the ‘shock and awe’ military strategy that uses extreme displays of power and force to destroy the opponent’s will to fight.\n\nThrough real-time and archive footage, director Luc Côté shows how the wars have turned the two men into shells of their former selves – thus giving a raw look into how Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) impacts not only those who have the condition but also their family and friends.\n\nAfter traditional Western medicine offers the men no relief, they begin exploring the world of psychedelics, specifically the brew of ayahuasca. By closely following their intimate ceremonies and subsequent integration, we are given a peek into their newfound insights as well as ayahuasca’s potential as a treatment for PTSD.","23dbc7cf-c725-4615-a8c3-cad0016deb0c",[2812],{"id":2813,"data":2814,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"0ea6869a-5c90-4263-bb21-a9c09a4fc385",{"type":65,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":2815,"clozeWords":2817},[2816],"Following his success on YouTube, journalist Hamilton Morris created a docuseries called 'Hamilton's Pharmacopeia' where he travels the globe exploring the history, chemistry, and social impact of psychoactive substances",[2818],"Hamilton's Pharmacopeia",{"id":2820,"data":2821,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2824},"cb92be57-6f12-40a8-a8ac-a952cdc336dd",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2822,"audioMediaId":2823},"*María Sabina, Mujer Espíritu – María Sabina, Spirit Woman* – is a Mexican documentary directed by Nicolás Echevarría. Directed in 1979, it offers a personal cinematic portrait detailing the daily life of Maria Sabina, a famous Mazatec shaman and medicine woman who went by the nickname the *priestess of mushrooms*. Mazatec refers to the Mesoamerican Indians of northern Oaxaca in southern Mexico.\n\n![Graph](image://570c6f40-be96-438f-a46c-18f051a95d96 \"Maria Sabina. Image: Juan Carlos Rangel, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nAs a voiceover narrates Sabina’s story and poems, we follow her as she goes about her day, braiding her hair and performing her rituals with psychedelic mushrooms, which she calls her ‘niños santos’, her ‘holy little ones’. The documentary is shot two decades after Sabina introduced banker Gordon Wasson to her healing ceremonies, with him writing an article about his experience, causing an influx of tourists and the anger of Sabina’s fellow villagers. Sabina would eventually regret introducing Wasson to the mushrooms and believed their sacramental power, and her relationship to that power, had been tainted through exposure to the Western world.","dec030a2-e6bd-49ea-b7e5-22936379fa5c",[2825],{"id":2826,"data":2827,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"3026319a-c96a-4bed-8735-8c05e1329db6",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2828,"multiChoiceCorrect":2830,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2831,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2829],"From Shock to Awe follows the story of American veterans recovering from what condition?",[925],[2832,2833,2834],"OCD","Generalized Anxiety Disorder","Severe Depression",{"id":2836,"data":2837,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2840},"1fd49ce6-4446-45d4-a479-7ecbeae4289c",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2838,"audioMediaId":2839},"*Fantastic Fungi* is an award-winning documentary that sheds light on the fascinating world of mushrooms. Directed by Louie Schwartzberg and narrated by Brie Larson, the film combines numerous interviews with leading mycologists – people who work with fungi – including Paul Stamets, as well as writers like Michael Pollan.\n\n![Graph](image://c3e09c58-c8d1-45b5-aeaf-efdb68fa8c14 \"Psychedelic psilocybin mushrooms\")\n\nImpressive time-lapse cinematography and CGI create a visually breathtaking movie in which this mysterious fungi world is explored and uncovered – with mushrooms growing from seemingly nowhere, spreading their magical spores. While psychedelic mushrooms’ potential is also explored, the movie is less about psychedelics themselves and more about fungi in general and how they can potentially offer us solutions for some of today’s most pressing challenges, from treating illness and improving mental health to healing the environment by contributing to the regeneration of life on earth.","1b65d89d-5715-457f-b80a-5f097e554919",[2841],{"id":2842,"data":2843,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"135bf6aa-6cb9-471b-80d1-ab743820094d",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2844,"binaryCorrect":2846,"binaryIncorrect":2848},[2845],"Who are the Mazatec?",[2847],"Mesoamerican Indians of northern Oaxaca in Mexico",[2849],"Native Americans originating from the Cheyenne tribes of Illinois",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":2851,"height":2851,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":2852},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":2851,"height":2851,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":2854},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M12.586 2.586A2 2 0 0 0 11.172 2H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v7.172a2 2 0 0 0 .586 1.414l8.704 8.704a2.426 2.426 0 0 0 3.42 0l6.58-6.58a2.426 2.426 0 0 0 0-3.42z\"/>\u003Ccircle cx=\"7.5\" cy=\"7.5\" r=\".5\" fill=\"currentColor\"/>\u003C/g>",1778179168657]