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",3,1,[22,117,181],{"id":23,"data":24,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":27},"c481ccbd-2e4d-42ff-933a-7e8cc96e33f9",{"type":25,"title":26},2,"CPR Basics",[28,63,84],{"id":29,"data":30,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":34},"43190c10-1206-4c31-ade3-0a8afdf41405",{"type":20,"title":31,"markdownContent":32,"audioMediaId":33},"Recap on CPR","CPR, or cardiopulmonary resuscitation, is a critical life-saving technique that can be used to restore circulation and breathing in someone whose heart has stopped. \n\nIt involves rescue breaths and chest compressions, which are performed at a rate of 100-120 per minute. \n\nThe importance of CPR cannot be overstated; it can mean the difference between life and death for those who experience cardiac arrest. \n\nKnowing how to perform CPR correctly is essential for anyone who wants to help save lives in an emergency situation.\n\n","68e11b85-24ca-4c5d-937d-4a0fb1115df9",[35,50],{"id":36,"data":37,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"6f031c56-748a-4e95-8e67-08b16049999c",{"type":38,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":20,"multiChoiceQuestion":39,"multiChoiceCorrect":44,"multiChoiceIncorrect":46},11,[40,41,42,43],"What is the recommended rate of chest compressions during CPR?","During CPR, what is the suggested speed for administering chest compressions?","At what pace should chest compressions be performed in CPR to be most effective?","In the context of CPR, how many chest compressions should be given per minute for optimal results?",[45],"100-120 per minute",[47,48,49],"60-80 per minute","80-100 per minute","120-140 per minute",{"id":51,"data":52,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"be6d7b1c-183f-46b3-988b-64b9ab2d58f6",{"type":38,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":20,"multiChoiceQuestion":53,"multiChoiceCorrect":57,"multiChoiceIncorrect":59},[54,55,56],"What does CPR stand for?","What is the full form of the abbreviation CPR?","In the context of emergency life-saving techniques, what does the acronym CPR represent?",[58],"Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation",[60,61,62],"Cardiac Pulse Recovery","Cardiovascular Pressure Relief","Circulatory Process Restoration",{"id":64,"data":65,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":69},"ba38d6ab-6c29-4980-8779-bb7b9b7b6253",{"type":20,"title":66,"markdownContent":67,"audioMediaId":68},"Before You Start: Ensure Your Own Safety","Before you start providing help, it is important to ensure your own safety. If the situation is dangerous or hazardous, such as a car accident or fire, do not enter the area until emergency services arrive and have assessed the risk. \n\nMake sure that you are wearing protective clothing such as gloves and masks if necessary. Additionally, be aware of any sharp objects in the vicinity that could cause injury while performing CPR. \n\nFinally, make sure that someone else has called your country's emergency number, so that medical assistance can arrive quickly and provide further care when needed.\n","3f6156f6-0e8a-41f5-a634-91093d48f935",[70],{"id":71,"data":72,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"0bcd9182-6e67-467b-a8a0-47b8a3816429",{"type":38,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":20,"multiChoiceQuestion":73,"multiChoiceCorrect":78,"multiChoiceIncorrect":80},[74,75,76,77],"What should you ensure before performing CPR?","What is an important step to take before administering CPR in an emergency situation?","Prior to starting CPR, what should be confirmed to ensure proper assistance arrives?","In order to provide the best care during CPR, what action should be taken by someone else before you begin?",[79],"Someone else has called the emergency services",[81,82,83],"Taking a deep breath","Remove outer clothing","Ask for permission",{"id":85,"data":86,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":90},"2e28804a-03c9-4e33-9e1e-70c9637f27c7",{"type":20,"title":87,"markdownContent":88,"audioMediaId":89},"Checking For Signs of Life","Before beginning chest compressions, it is important to check for signs of life. \n\nTo do this, you should assess the person’s level of consciousness by gently shaking their shoulder and asking if they can hear you. \n\nIf there is no response, then proceed to checking for a pulse. Place two fingers on the side of the neck or wrist and feel for any movement that indicates a heartbeat. \n\n ![Graph](image://603b622d-fb27-43b0-8c9c-883891507782 \"How to check for a pulse on the wrist. Image: BruceBlaus via Wikimedia\")\n\nIf there is still no sign of life, then check for signs of breathing. Place your ear to a person’s mouth and look towards their chest. Look for the rise of the chest, listen for their breath and try to feel any air on your cheek coming out of their mouth or nose. \n\n ![Graph](image://d9cb227e-118a-4200-b6de-f50ef614b4f8 \"Look, listen and feel for breathing. Image: BruceBlaus via Wikimedia\")\n\nBe aware of agonal breathing, which can be described as ‘barely there’, heavy, noisy, or gasping. It is present in up to 40% of cardiac arrests. It is also a sign of cardiac arrest! \n\nIf there is still no sign of life, begin chest compressions and rescue breaths. \n\nIt's also important to remember that these steps must be done carefully, as CPR can be harmful if done unnecessarily. Check for signs of life for about 10 seconds.","df908016-4888-4d76-9832-764d1adf3653",[91,103],{"id":92,"data":93,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"474b3f47-0b59-4d9a-a7ec-dfa887a9bd28",{"type":38,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":20,"binaryQuestion":94,"binaryCorrect":99,"binaryIncorrect":101},[95,96,97,98],"How long should you check for signs of life before starting CPR?","How much time should you spend assessing for signs of life prior to initiating CPR?","Before starting CPR, how long should you take to determine if there are any signs of life?","In order to avoid unnecessary harm, how long should you spend checking for signs of life before performing CPR?",[100],"About 10 seconds",[102],"About 1 minute",{"id":104,"data":105,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"722f8674-1f23-453c-904d-516f5ead434c",{"type":38,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":20,"multiChoiceQuestion":106,"multiChoiceCorrect":111,"multiChoiceIncorrect":113},[107,108,109,110],"What type of breathing can be present in up to 40% of cardiac arrests?","In cardiac arrest situations, which type of breathing may be observed in approximately 40% of cases?","What kind of breathing, characterized as 'barely there', heavy, noisy, or gasping, is found in up to 40% of cardiac arrest incidents?","During a cardiac arrest, which breathing pattern is present in nearly 40% of individuals experiencing the event?",[112],"Agonal breathing",[114,115,116],"Deep breathing","Shallow breathing","Hyperventilation",{"id":118,"data":119,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":121},"cb34d4be-64b0-4cea-8fb9-bae826ddc4a5",{"type":25,"title":120},"CPR Techniques",[122,141,162],{"id":123,"data":124,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":128},"ea49109c-55fb-4dd9-a315-a2746fa3972e",{"type":20,"title":125,"markdownContent":126,"audioMediaId":127},"Starting Chest Compressions","Starting chest compressions is the next step in performing CPR. It is important to ensure that you are pressing on the correct area of the chest and with enough force. \n\nPlace your hands, one on top of the other, in the centre of their chest between their nipples. Push down firmly at a rate of 100-120 compressions per minute. \n\n ![Graph](image://4a61af67-72d8-4580-bfb8-bb1a1e89a6ff \"Position hands over sternum. Image: BruceBlaus via Wikimedia\")\n\nMake sure each compression goes about 2 inches deep into their chest before releasing pressure. For children under 8 years old, it is important that the compressions are slightly shallower.\n\nDepending on the age and size of the child, the compressions should be about a third of the diameter of their chest.\n\nKeep track by counting out loud, or using a metronome on your phone, to maintain an even rhythm throughout all cycles until help arrives or they regain consciousness.","28a9396f-b9f4-43be-9ea6-506c6041a656",[129],{"id":130,"data":131,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"c7e2eb72-00fc-4789-86b9-9a93077029a4",{"type":38,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":20,"binaryQuestion":132,"binaryCorrect":137,"binaryIncorrect":139},[133,134,135,136],"How deep should each chest compression be in CPR?","What is the recommended depth for each chest compression during CPR?","To what depth should you press down on the chest during each compression in CPR?","When performing CPR, how far should you compress the chest for each push?",[138],"About 2 inches deep",[140],"About 1 inch deep",{"id":142,"data":143,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":147},"ae39b1a8-8d26-42e3-a556-6cef3232f2f9",{"type":20,"title":144,"markdownContent":145,"audioMediaId":146},"Delivering Rescue Breaths","Rescue breaths are an essential part of CPR, as they provide oxygen to the lungs, which is necessary for survival.\n\nHowever, it's important to remember that if you feel uncomfortable or unable to perform rescue breaths due to lack of experience or fear of infection, it's still possible to perform effective CPR by focusing on providing quality chest compressions only until help arrives or they regain consciousness. \n\nThe American Heart Association recommends delivering two rescue breaths after every 30 chest compressions in adults and children over 8 years old.\n\nTo deliver a rescue breath effectively, tilt the head back slightly while pinching the nose shut before breathing into their mouth twice slowly. \n\n ![Graph](image://7996b6cb-911d-4e62-b7ba-0ea217cc18b9 \"Tilt head, lift chin. Image: BruceBlaus via Wikimedia\")\n\nMake sure you can see their chest rise with each breath as this indicates that air is entering their lungs correctly.\n\n ![Graph](image://e9fbf89f-7d69-497c-9945-dd04cd989c46 \"Mouth-to-mouth breathing. Image: BruceBlaus via Wikimedia\")","990eff95-e09c-4c68-9cf6-6726bd0b8627",[148],{"id":149,"data":150,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"c798e423-a164-4640-950c-a561e9705720",{"type":38,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":20,"multiChoiceQuestion":151,"multiChoiceCorrect":156,"multiChoiceIncorrect":158},[152,153,154,155],"How can you ensure that air is entering the lungs correctly during rescue breaths?","What is the visual indication that air is being delivered properly to the lungs while performing rescue breaths?","During rescue breaths, how can you confirm that the air is reaching the lungs effectively?","What should you look for to make sure the air is being inhaled correctly into the lungs when giving rescue breaths?",[157],"Observe the chest rising with each breath",[159,160,161],"Listen for a coughing sound","Check for a pulse","Feel for air coming out of the nose",{"id":163,"data":164,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":168},"c8ff0e14-2a03-4ea5-b564-f9aa7d3bf749",{"type":20,"title":165,"markdownContent":166,"audioMediaId":167},"Keeping a Steady Rhythm","When performing CPR, it is important to maintain a steady rhythm of chest compressions and rescue breaths. \n\nTo ensure this, count out loud, sing or hum in your head, or use a metronome to keep track of the rate at which you are pressing down on the chest. A commonly chosen song to keep in your mind for rhythm keeping is \"Stayin' Alive\" by Bee Gees. Other examples can be found online. \n\nFor adults and children over 8 years old, press down firmly at a rate of 100-120 times per minute; for children under 8 this should be 15 compressions to 2 breaths and 1.5 inches deep, again at a rate of 100-120 compressions per minute. For infants under 1 year old, use two fingers instead and press at a rate of 30-50 times per minute.\n\nRemember about timing the rescue breaths in relation to chest compressions – that's two rescue breaths after every 30 chest compressions in adults and children over 8 years old. \n\nIf you feel uncomfortable or unable to perform rescue breaths due to lack of experience or fear of infection, focus on providing quality chest compressions until help arrives.","35050574-d16c-43a7-a2f9-ad606bec5dcb",[169],{"id":170,"data":171,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"e9a5672a-25f3-4390-9c91-d8ebe26fb0bb",{"type":38,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":20,"binaryQuestion":172,"binaryCorrect":177,"binaryIncorrect":179},[173,174,175,176],"What is the ratio of rescue breaths to chest compressions for adults and children over 8 years old?","In CPR for adults and children above 8 years, what is the proportion of rescue breaths to chest compressions?","When performing CPR on individuals older than 8 years, how many rescue breaths should be given for every set of chest compressions?","For individuals aged 8 years and older, what is the recommended number of rescue breaths to be administered in relation to chest compressions during CPR?",[178],"Two rescue breaths after every 30 chest compressions",[180],"Three rescue breaths after every 20 chest compressions",{"id":182,"data":183,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":185},"bfdf4155-353f-4060-8854-2f28e3a11bec",{"type":25,"title":184},"Advanced CPR Considerations",[186,213,232,250],{"id":187,"data":188,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":192},"378c0a56-3986-478d-994d-71534ec85726",{"type":20,"title":189,"markdownContent":190,"audioMediaId":191},"Troubleshooting Problems","If you find yourself getting tired, it is important to switch with someone else to ensure that your compressions remain consistent and effective. Communicate clearly and count them in to ensure a smooth transition and minimal interruption to the delivery of effective chest compressions. \n\nIt is essential that as soon as cardiac arrest is recognised, professional help is called for – try to get somebody who is not delivering CPR to arrange that. \n\nIf you lose count, don’t worry – finish as close to 30 chest compressions as you can and continue with the cycle. In a stressful emergency situation this is not unusual.\n","1d07c284-3382-41bf-a25c-71a335f3af13",[193,203],{"id":194,"data":195,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"aa779a45-a3ef-4cf9-ab3d-c354308188f2",{"type":38,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":20,"activeRecallQuestion":196,"activeRecallAnswers":201},[197,198,199,200],"What should you do to ensure a smooth transition and minimal interruption when switching with someone else during CPR?","How can you maintain a seamless changeover and reduce disruptions when exchanging roles with another person during CPR?","What is the best way to guarantee an uninterrupted transition and minimal disturbance when taking turns with someone else while performing CPR?","When swapping with another individual during CPR, what method should be used to ensure a smooth handover and limited interruption?",[202],"Communicate clearly and count them in",{"id":204,"data":205,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"af8de909-ed80-4123-bea7-c1bccfc3eb23",{"type":38,"reviewType":206,"spacingBehaviour":20,"clozeQuestion":207,"clozeWords":211},4,[208,209,210],"In a CPR situation, it's important to switch with someone else if you're getting tired.","If fatigue sets in during CPR, switch with someone else to maintain effectiveness.","While performing CPR, switch with someone else before exhaustion occurs.",[212],"switch with someone else",{"id":214,"data":215,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":219},"dcf4068f-7088-4eac-aa46-d48c7a6cce1c",{"type":20,"title":216,"markdownContent":217,"audioMediaId":218},"Stopping CPR","When to stop CPR is an important decision that must be made carefully. Ideally, CPR should be continued until the person revives, but there are circumstances when CPR needs to be stopped.\n\nIf the person regains consciousness, opens their eyes, makes a sound or starts breathing, you should stop CPR. However, if the person becomes unresponsive again with no signs of life, CPR should be restarted. \n\nIf you become too exhausted to continue providing quality chest compressions and rescue breaths and there is nobody else on the scene who can switch with you, it may be necessary to pause CPR. \n\nOnce professional medical help arrives on scene, do not stop CPR unless clearly instructed to do so – generally, the professionals will take over, but this will need to be done in a controlled fashion. \n\nFinally, if it becomes too dangerous to the rescuer to provide CPR – e.g. due to a fire, traffic in a road traffic accident or other circumstances, they will need to stop.","b3caeb28-468d-43b4-868e-8a82aaf58e91",[220],{"id":221,"data":222,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"c35579f1-496f-43b6-8fec-cadddb30d8de",{"type":38,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":20,"binaryQuestion":223,"binaryCorrect":228,"binaryIncorrect":230},[224,225,226,227],"What should be done when professional medical help arrives?","What is the appropriate action to take when emergency medical personnel arrive on the scene?","How should you proceed with CPR once professional medical assistance is present?","Upon the arrival of medical professionals, what should be your next step while performing CPR?",[229],"Continue CPR until clearly instructed to stop or professionals take over",[231],"Immediately stop CPR and defer to medical professionals",{"id":233,"data":234,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":238},"3d6af2f6-89ef-424b-8c27-85a88c3f9b46",{"type":20,"title":235,"markdownContent":236,"audioMediaId":237},"Using an AED","An automated external defibrillator (AED) is a device used to deliver an electric shock to the heart in order to restore normal rhythm. It can be used when someone has gone into cardiac arrest due to a cardiac rhythm abnormality. \n\nThey are commonly available in public places, such as airports or train stations and knowing how to use one may save someone’s life. Using an AED requires following specific steps, which should be done as quickly as possible. \n\n ![Graph](image://2ad799f5-eafd-42bc-9fd5-c9575f8cc833 \"An AED as you might encounter it in public. Image: Stevenfruitsmaak via Wikimedia\")\n\nFirst, turn on the AED and follow the instructions given by its voice prompts. Remove clothing and place adhesive pads on the person’s chest according to their size and position indicated by the machine. Do not forget to plug the pad connector cable into the AED. \n\nAllow the AED to analyse the person’s heart rhythm – make sure no one is touching the person at this time. If the AED advises a shock, again make sure nobody is touching the person by saying ‘CLEAR’ in a loud commanding voice. \n\nOnce all of these preparations have been made, press the “shock” button if instructed by the machine or medical personnel present at the scene. \n\nThe shock will cause a brief interruption of electrical activity in order for the heart to reset itself back into a normal rhythm. Once the AED delivers the shock, or if no shock is advised, immediately restart CPR.\n\n ![Graph](image://0c10af66-afbd-4606-9908-bbe72f62710a \"The inside of an AED case. Image: MarkNilsson8230 via Wikimedia\")","17208a82-8f2c-4eb7-91e5-f351f1d6b61c",[239],{"id":240,"data":241,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"e37b5100-17cc-4ea6-ab1d-7d1b04d2fe0f",{"type":38,"reviewType":206,"spacingBehaviour":20,"clozeQuestion":242,"clozeWords":247},[243,244,245,246],"An automated external defibrillator (AED) is used to deliver a shock to the heart to restore normal heart rhythm.","An automated external defibrillator (AED) administers a shock to the heart, reinstating normal heart rhythm","To reestablish normal heart rhythm, an automated external defibrillator (AED) delivers a shock to the heart","An automated external defibrillator (AED) applies a shock to the heart, aiming to normalize its rhythm",[248,249],"automated external defibrillator","rhythm",{"id":251,"data":252,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":256},"606fa117-82ed-4719-93ee-e873c4c3ed23",{"type":20,"title":253,"markdownContent":254,"audioMediaId":255},"Refreshing Your Skills","It is important to stay up-to-date with your CPR knowledge and skills. Regularly refreshing your understanding of the technique can help you remain confident in providing life-saving assistance when needed. \n\nConsider taking a refresher course or attending an online seminar to review the basics, as well as any new developments in CPR techniques. \n\n ![Graph](image://ee0a73f9-80c1-44db-b112-234b1818bfc5 \"A group of sailors practicing CPR. Image: Naval Surface Warriors via Wikimedia\")\n\nAdditionally, practice on mannequins or other training aids so that you are familiar with how it feels to perform chest compressions and rescue breaths correctly. \n\nIt is also beneficial to watch instructional videos or read articles online for further information. \n\nBy staying informed and prepared through regular practice sessions and refresher courses, you will be able to provide quality care when someone needs it most.","51a38782-aa9e-4b28-9579-702ffc71da8e",[257],{"id":258,"data":259,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"afe1c913-ac50-4b94-82e3-c652176da62a",{"type":38,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":20,"activeRecallQuestion":260,"activeRecallAnswers":265},[261,262,263,264],"What is one way to maintain and refresh your CPR knowledge and skills?","How can you ensure that your CPR knowledge and skills remain up-to-date?","What method can be used to keep your CPR abilities current and effective?","In order to stay prepared for emergency situations, what should you do to maintain your CPR proficiency?",[266],"Taking a refresher course or attending an online seminar",[268,384,506],{"id":23,"data":24,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":269},[270,302,324],{"id":29,"data":30,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":34,"parsed":271},{"data":272,"body":275,"toc":300},{"title":273,"description":274},"","CPR, or cardiopulmonary resuscitation, is a critical life-saving technique that can be used to restore circulation and breathing in someone whose heart has stopped.",{"type":276,"children":277},"root",[278,285,290,295],{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":281,"children":282},"element","p",{},[283],{"type":284,"value":274},"text",{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":286,"children":287},{},[288],{"type":284,"value":289},"It involves rescue breaths and chest compressions, which are performed at a rate of 100-120 per minute.",{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":291,"children":292},{},[293],{"type":284,"value":294},"The importance of CPR cannot be overstated; it can mean the difference between life and death for those who experience cardiac arrest.",{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":296,"children":297},{},[298],{"type":284,"value":299},"Knowing how to perform CPR correctly is essential for anyone who wants to help save lives in an emergency situation.",{"title":273,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":301},[],{"id":64,"data":65,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":69,"parsed":303},{"data":304,"body":306,"toc":322},{"title":273,"description":305},"Before you start providing help, it is important to ensure your own safety. If the situation is dangerous or hazardous, such as a car accident or fire, do not enter the area until emergency services arrive and have assessed the risk.",{"type":276,"children":307},[308,312,317],{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":309,"children":310},{},[311],{"type":284,"value":305},{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":313,"children":314},{},[315],{"type":284,"value":316},"Make sure that you are wearing protective clothing such as gloves and masks if necessary. Additionally, be aware of any sharp objects in the vicinity that could cause injury while performing CPR.",{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":318,"children":319},{},[320],{"type":284,"value":321},"Finally, make sure that someone else has called your country's emergency number, so that medical assistance can arrive quickly and provide further care when needed.",{"title":273,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":323},[],{"id":85,"data":86,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":90,"parsed":325},{"data":326,"body":328,"toc":382},{"title":273,"description":327},"Before beginning chest compressions, it is important to check for signs of life.",{"type":276,"children":329},[330,334,339,344,354,359,367,372,377],{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":331,"children":332},{},[333],{"type":284,"value":327},{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":335,"children":336},{},[337],{"type":284,"value":338},"To do this, you should assess the person’s level of consciousness by gently shaking their shoulder and asking if they can hear you.",{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":340,"children":341},{},[342],{"type":284,"value":343},"If there is no response, then proceed to checking for a pulse. Place two fingers on the side of the neck or wrist and feel for any movement that indicates a heartbeat.",{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":345,"children":346},{},[347],{"type":279,"tag":348,"props":349,"children":353},"img",{"alt":350,"src":351,"title":352},"Graph","image://603b622d-fb27-43b0-8c9c-883891507782","How to check for a pulse on the wrist. Image: BruceBlaus via Wikimedia",[],{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":355,"children":356},{},[357],{"type":284,"value":358},"If there is still no sign of life, then check for signs of breathing. Place your ear to a person’s mouth and look towards their chest. Look for the rise of the chest, listen for their breath and try to feel any air on your cheek coming out of their mouth or nose.",{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":360,"children":361},{},[362],{"type":279,"tag":348,"props":363,"children":366},{"alt":350,"src":364,"title":365},"image://d9cb227e-118a-4200-b6de-f50ef614b4f8","Look, listen and feel for breathing. Image: BruceBlaus via Wikimedia",[],{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":368,"children":369},{},[370],{"type":284,"value":371},"Be aware of agonal breathing, which can be described as ‘barely there’, heavy, noisy, or gasping. It is present in up to 40% of cardiac arrests. It is also a sign of cardiac arrest!",{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":373,"children":374},{},[375],{"type":284,"value":376},"If there is still no sign of life, begin chest compressions and rescue breaths.",{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":378,"children":379},{},[380],{"type":284,"value":381},"It's also important to remember that these steps must be done carefully, as CPR can be harmful if done unnecessarily. Check for signs of life for about 10 seconds.",{"title":273,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":383},[],{"id":118,"data":119,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":385},[386,426,474],{"id":123,"data":124,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":128,"parsed":387},{"data":388,"body":390,"toc":424},{"title":273,"description":389},"Starting chest compressions is the next step in performing CPR. It is important to ensure that you are pressing on the correct area of the chest and with enough force.",{"type":276,"children":391},[392,396,401,409,414,419],{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":393,"children":394},{},[395],{"type":284,"value":389},{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":397,"children":398},{},[399],{"type":284,"value":400},"Place your hands, one on top of the other, in the centre of their chest between their nipples. Push down firmly at a rate of 100-120 compressions per minute.",{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":402,"children":403},{},[404],{"type":279,"tag":348,"props":405,"children":408},{"alt":350,"src":406,"title":407},"image://4a61af67-72d8-4580-bfb8-bb1a1e89a6ff","Position hands over sternum. Image: BruceBlaus via Wikimedia",[],{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":410,"children":411},{},[412],{"type":284,"value":413},"Make sure each compression goes about 2 inches deep into their chest before releasing pressure. For children under 8 years old, it is important that the compressions are slightly shallower.",{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":415,"children":416},{},[417],{"type":284,"value":418},"Depending on the age and size of the child, the compressions should be about a third of the diameter of their chest.",{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":420,"children":421},{},[422],{"type":284,"value":423},"Keep track by counting out loud, or using a metronome on your phone, to maintain an even rhythm throughout all cycles until help arrives or they regain consciousness.",{"title":273,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":425},[],{"id":142,"data":143,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":147,"parsed":427},{"data":428,"body":430,"toc":472},{"title":273,"description":429},"Rescue breaths are an essential part of CPR, as they provide oxygen to the lungs, which is necessary for survival.",{"type":276,"children":431},[432,436,441,446,451,459,464],{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":433,"children":434},{},[435],{"type":284,"value":429},{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":437,"children":438},{},[439],{"type":284,"value":440},"However, it's important to remember that if you feel uncomfortable or unable to perform rescue breaths due to lack of experience or fear of infection, it's still possible to perform effective CPR by focusing on providing quality chest compressions only until help arrives or they regain consciousness.",{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":442,"children":443},{},[444],{"type":284,"value":445},"The American Heart Association recommends delivering two rescue breaths after every 30 chest compressions in adults and children over 8 years old.",{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":447,"children":448},{},[449],{"type":284,"value":450},"To deliver a rescue breath effectively, tilt the head back slightly while pinching the nose shut before breathing into their mouth twice slowly.",{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":452,"children":453},{},[454],{"type":279,"tag":348,"props":455,"children":458},{"alt":350,"src":456,"title":457},"image://7996b6cb-911d-4e62-b7ba-0ea217cc18b9","Tilt head, lift chin. Image: BruceBlaus via Wikimedia",[],{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":460,"children":461},{},[462],{"type":284,"value":463},"Make sure you can see their chest rise with each breath as this indicates that air is entering their lungs correctly.",{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":465,"children":466},{},[467],{"type":279,"tag":348,"props":468,"children":471},{"alt":350,"src":469,"title":470},"image://e9fbf89f-7d69-497c-9945-dd04cd989c46","Mouth-to-mouth breathing. Image: BruceBlaus via Wikimedia",[],{"title":273,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":473},[],{"id":163,"data":164,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":168,"parsed":475},{"data":476,"body":478,"toc":504},{"title":273,"description":477},"When performing CPR, it is important to maintain a steady rhythm of chest compressions and rescue breaths.",{"type":276,"children":479},[480,484,489,494,499],{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":481,"children":482},{},[483],{"type":284,"value":477},{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":485,"children":486},{},[487],{"type":284,"value":488},"To ensure this, count out loud, sing or hum in your head, or use a metronome to keep track of the rate at which you are pressing down on the chest. A commonly chosen song to keep in your mind for rhythm keeping is \"Stayin' Alive\" by Bee Gees. Other examples can be found online.",{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":490,"children":491},{},[492],{"type":284,"value":493},"For adults and children over 8 years old, press down firmly at a rate of 100-120 times per minute; for children under 8 this should be 15 compressions to 2 breaths and 1.5 inches deep, again at a rate of 100-120 compressions per minute. For infants under 1 year old, use two fingers instead and press at a rate of 30-50 times per minute.",{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":495,"children":496},{},[497],{"type":284,"value":498},"Remember about timing the rescue breaths in relation to chest compressions – that's two rescue breaths after every 30 chest compressions in adults and children over 8 years old.",{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":500,"children":501},{},[502],{"type":284,"value":503},"If you feel uncomfortable or unable to perform rescue breaths due to lack of experience or fear of infection, focus on providing quality chest compressions until help arrives.",{"title":273,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":505},[],{"id":182,"data":183,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":507},[508,530,562,615],{"id":187,"data":188,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":192,"parsed":509},{"data":510,"body":512,"toc":528},{"title":273,"description":511},"If you find yourself getting tired, it is important to switch with someone else to ensure that your compressions remain consistent and effective. Communicate clearly and count them in to ensure a smooth transition and minimal interruption to the delivery of effective chest compressions.",{"type":276,"children":513},[514,518,523],{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":515,"children":516},{},[517],{"type":284,"value":511},{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":519,"children":520},{},[521],{"type":284,"value":522},"It is essential that as soon as cardiac arrest is recognised, professional help is called for – try to get somebody who is not delivering CPR to arrange that.",{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":524,"children":525},{},[526],{"type":284,"value":527},"If you lose count, don’t worry – finish as close to 30 chest compressions as you can and continue with the cycle. In a stressful emergency situation this is not unusual.",{"title":273,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":529},[],{"id":214,"data":215,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":219,"parsed":531},{"data":532,"body":534,"toc":560},{"title":273,"description":533},"When to stop CPR is an important decision that must be made carefully. Ideally, CPR should be continued until the person revives, but there are circumstances when CPR needs to be stopped.",{"type":276,"children":535},[536,540,545,550,555],{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":537,"children":538},{},[539],{"type":284,"value":533},{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":541,"children":542},{},[543],{"type":284,"value":544},"If the person regains consciousness, opens their eyes, makes a sound or starts breathing, you should stop CPR. However, if the person becomes unresponsive again with no signs of life, CPR should be restarted.",{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":546,"children":547},{},[548],{"type":284,"value":549},"If you become too exhausted to continue providing quality chest compressions and rescue breaths and there is nobody else on the scene who can switch with you, it may be necessary to pause CPR.",{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":551,"children":552},{},[553],{"type":284,"value":554},"Once professional medical help arrives on scene, do not stop CPR unless clearly instructed to do so – generally, the professionals will take over, but this will need to be done in a controlled fashion.",{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":556,"children":557},{},[558],{"type":284,"value":559},"Finally, if it becomes too dangerous to the rescuer to provide CPR – e.g. due to a fire, traffic in a road traffic accident or other circumstances, they will need to stop.",{"title":273,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":561},[],{"id":233,"data":234,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":238,"parsed":563},{"data":564,"body":566,"toc":613},{"title":273,"description":565},"An automated external defibrillator (AED) is a device used to deliver an electric shock to the heart in order to restore normal rhythm. It can be used when someone has gone into cardiac arrest due to a cardiac rhythm abnormality.",{"type":276,"children":567},[568,572,577,585,590,595,600,605],{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":569,"children":570},{},[571],{"type":284,"value":565},{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":573,"children":574},{},[575],{"type":284,"value":576},"They are commonly available in public places, such as airports or train stations and knowing how to use one may save someone’s life. Using an AED requires following specific steps, which should be done as quickly as possible.",{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":578,"children":579},{},[580],{"type":279,"tag":348,"props":581,"children":584},{"alt":350,"src":582,"title":583},"image://2ad799f5-eafd-42bc-9fd5-c9575f8cc833","An AED as you might encounter it in public. Image: Stevenfruitsmaak via Wikimedia",[],{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":586,"children":587},{},[588],{"type":284,"value":589},"First, turn on the AED and follow the instructions given by its voice prompts. Remove clothing and place adhesive pads on the person’s chest according to their size and position indicated by the machine. Do not forget to plug the pad connector cable into the AED.",{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":591,"children":592},{},[593],{"type":284,"value":594},"Allow the AED to analyse the person’s heart rhythm – make sure no one is touching the person at this time. If the AED advises a shock, again make sure nobody is touching the person by saying ‘CLEAR’ in a loud commanding voice.",{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":596,"children":597},{},[598],{"type":284,"value":599},"Once all of these preparations have been made, press the “shock” button if instructed by the machine or medical personnel present at the scene.",{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":601,"children":602},{},[603],{"type":284,"value":604},"The shock will cause a brief interruption of electrical activity in order for the heart to reset itself back into a normal rhythm. Once the AED delivers the shock, or if no shock is advised, immediately restart CPR.",{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":606,"children":607},{},[608],{"type":279,"tag":348,"props":609,"children":612},{"alt":350,"src":610,"title":611},"image://0c10af66-afbd-4606-9908-bbe72f62710a","The inside of an AED case. Image: MarkNilsson8230 via Wikimedia",[],{"title":273,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":614},[],{"id":251,"data":252,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":256,"parsed":616},{"data":617,"body":619,"toc":653},{"title":273,"description":618},"It is important to stay up-to-date with your CPR knowledge and skills. Regularly refreshing your understanding of the technique can help you remain confident in providing life-saving assistance when needed.",{"type":276,"children":620},[621,625,630,638,643,648],{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":622,"children":623},{},[624],{"type":284,"value":618},{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":626,"children":627},{},[628],{"type":284,"value":629},"Consider taking a refresher course or attending an online seminar to review the basics, as well as any new developments in CPR techniques.",{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":631,"children":632},{},[633],{"type":279,"tag":348,"props":634,"children":637},{"alt":350,"src":635,"title":636},"image://ee0a73f9-80c1-44db-b112-234b1818bfc5","A group of sailors practicing CPR. Image: Naval Surface Warriors via Wikimedia",[],{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":639,"children":640},{},[641],{"type":284,"value":642},"Additionally, practice on mannequins or other training aids so that you are familiar with how it feels to perform chest compressions and rescue breaths correctly.",{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":644,"children":645},{},[646],{"type":284,"value":647},"It is also beneficial to watch instructional videos or read articles online for further information.",{"type":279,"tag":280,"props":649,"children":650},{},[651],{"type":284,"value":652},"By staying informed and prepared through regular practice sessions and refresher courses, you will be able to provide quality care when someone needs it most.",{"title":273,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":654},[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":656,"height":656,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":657},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":656,"height":656,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":659},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M4 5h16M4 12h16M4 19h16\"/>",1778179378710]