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in cardiac arrest. If not, then the ABC approach should be used: Airway, Breathing, and Circulation. \n\nThe airway is understood as the conduit allowing for the passage of air in and out of the person’s body. It must be open and clear of obstruction to allow a person to breathe. After ensuring one’s own safety – this should be the first priority of the rescuer. \n\nBreathing is the process by which gas exchange takes place – inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide. It can be assessed by looking for chest movement and listening to abnormal sounds, such as a wheeze. \n\nCirculation is the process by which oxygenated blood can go around a person’s body. It is assessed by checking the pulse, blood pressure, the temperature of the extremities and hydration status. \n\nThe ABC approach allows for a structured approach of assessing an unwell person to identify the problem which is causing their deterioration.","d9a2229b-aab0-4fb5-a615-0e0aaea970c8",[35],{"id":36,"data":37,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"d5740f06-7911-43ee-b6cd-361b2ef88d56",{"type":38,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":20,"binaryQuestion":39,"binaryCorrect":44,"binaryIncorrect":46},11,[40,41,42,43],"What is the first priority when assessing an unwell person?","In the ABC approach for assessing an unwell individual, what should be the initial focus?","When using the ABC method, which component should be addressed first when evaluating a sick person?","What is the primary concern when examining a person's condition using the ABC method?",[45],"Airway",[47],"Circulation",{"id":49,"data":50,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":54},"693c13fd-dc56-4323-8ecb-c7b458569ec0",{"type":20,"title":51,"markdownContent":52,"audioMediaId":53},"Airway: importance and assessment","The airway is a critical component of the ABC approach to an unwell person. It is essential that it remains open and unobstructed in order for oxygen to reach the lungs. \n\nAirway problems can arise from blockages such as vomit or foreign objects, swelling due to allergies or infections, or even trauma caused by accidents. \n\nIf the person is speaking freely, their airway is clear and you can move on to the next step. If there are concerns about the airway, inspect the mouth to see if there is any visible obstruction. The airway must then be opened by tilting the head back slightly and lifting the chin up (tilt head lift chin manoeuvre). \n\n ![Graph](image://d1c3c9da-9208-411a-9474-6447fc27b071 \"The tilt head lift chin manoeuvre. Image: BruceBlaus via Wikimedia\")\n\nKeeping a clear airway is essential when assessing an unwell person who is not in cardiac arrest so that appropriate treatment can begin quickly and effectively without causing further harm or distress to them.","b599f0d7-1fe5-4889-9b0e-9fadba464c1b",[55],{"id":56,"data":57,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"0266448f-3f18-4cc6-9dca-01c524c0070d",{"type":38,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":20,"multiChoiceQuestion":58,"multiChoiceCorrect":63,"multiChoiceIncorrect":65},[59,60,61,62],"Which maneuver is used to open the airway?","What technique is employed to ensure an unobstructed airway in an unwell person?","In the ABC approach, which method is used to open a person's airway?","When assessing an unwell individual, what maneuver is performed to maintain a clear airway?",[64],"Head tilt chin lift",[66,67,68],"Jaw thrust","Heimlich maneuver","Chest compressions",{"id":70,"data":71,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":75},"543d0917-a878-467e-9e90-92af3ef788f1",{"type":20,"title":72,"markdownContent":73,"audioMediaId":74},"Airway: clearing obstructions and opening the airway","Clearing an obstruction from the airway manually is a skill that requires practice and knowledge. \n\nAn airway obstruction can be complete or incomplete. A complete airway obstruction will mean that the person cannot talk, cough or breathe in and out. It is extremely serious and professional help must be called for immediately. \n\n ![Graph](image://290d5322-3082-46b1-b8bf-e44e117017d0 \"An open vs. a closed airway. Image: BruceBlaus via Wikimedia\")\n\nAn incomplete airway obstruction may involve the person coughing or speaking with difficulty. If they can cough while having an airway obstruction (e.g. they are choking), encourage them to do so. Beware, as an incomplete airway obstruction may progress to a complete one rapidly. \n\nIf the person is choking and cannot cough but is conscious, you can help them clear an obstruction by delivering up to 5 back blows using the heel of your hand between their shoulder blades. They are likely to need professional assistance. \n\nIf the person is unconscious and you can see a solid obstruction in their mouth, you can try to remove it but only insert your fingers to a depth that you can see clearly as there may be sharp or dangerous material. Open their airway using the head tilt chin lift maneuver. \n\nTo perform this maneuver correctly, place one hand on their forehead and gently tilt their head back while using your other hand to lift their chin forward until you feel resistance in both directions.\n\nIf there is no obstruction, the airway is open and there is still no breathing – this is a cardiac arrest situation. If the airway is unobstructed and open and they are breathing, you can move on to the next step.","d386c275-3e6f-4712-a4b6-344baf260aac",[76],{"id":77,"data":78,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"edb0e8a3-00d7-4439-b419-644c3a4d65d4",{"type":38,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":20,"multiChoiceQuestion":79,"multiChoiceCorrect":84,"multiChoiceIncorrect":86},[80,81,82,83],"What are the two types of airway obstructions?","What are the two categories of airway blockages?","Can you name the two different forms of airway obstructions?","Identify the two kinds of obstructions that can occur in the airway",[85],"Complete and incomplete",[87,88,89],"Permanent and impermanent","Mild and severe","External and internal",{"id":91,"data":92,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":94},"ec0fd8b7-f08a-4b38-a08e-28f4a68dd62a",{"type":25,"title":93},"Recognizing and Managing Respiratory Issues",[95,116],{"id":96,"data":97,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":101},"a9cf1f14-90cd-4bcb-94c3-ac99d3f8a3fc",{"type":20,"title":98,"markdownContent":99,"audioMediaId":100},"Breathing: essential role of gas exchange","Breathing is essential for life, as it allows the exchange of gases between the body and its environment. Oxygen enters the lungs and is transported to cells throughout the body by red blood cells, while carbon dioxide produced by cellular respiration leaves through exhalation. \n\nThis process of gas exchange helps maintain a balance in our bodies that keeps us alive. Without oxygen, our cells would not be able to produce energy efficiently and we would quickly die. \n\n ![Graph](image://c0718005-b0bd-4de3-93ed-b49f60be41c2 \"A diagram showing CO2 leaving the blood and O2 entering in a lung's air sack. Image: domdomegg via Wikimedia\")\n\nIn addition to providing oxygen for cell metabolism, breathing also plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis within our bodies by regulating pH levels and temperature. \n\nIt also helps remove waste products from our system such as lactic acid which can build up during exercise or other strenuous activities. By controlling how much air we take in with each breath, we can adjust these parameters accordingly to keep ourselves healthy and functioning optimally.\n\n","a4156d8f-ad40-4462-864f-9336c9508e35",[102],{"id":103,"data":104,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"3a0cde92-ff7c-4ee5-92f2-0b7ee3e0831b",{"type":38,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":20,"multiChoiceQuestion":105,"multiChoiceCorrect":110,"multiChoiceIncorrect":112},[106,107,108,109],"In addition to providing oxygen for cell metabolism, how does breathing help maintain homeostasis?","Besides supplying oxygen to cells for metabolism, what other ways does breathing contribute to maintaining homeostasis in our bodies?","In what ways, apart from delivering oxygen for cellular metabolism, does the process of breathing assist in sustaining homeostasis within our bodies?","How does the act of breathing support homeostasis maintenance, aside from providing oxygen necessary for cellular metabolism?",[111],"Regulating pH levels and temperature",[113,114,115],"Controlling heart rate","Stimulating the immune system","Promoting digestion",{"id":117,"data":118,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":122},"ecac53e7-bb86-4095-b409-3e8031cab8a1",{"type":20,"title":119,"markdownContent":120,"audioMediaId":121},"Breathing: Recognizing Signs of Respiratory Distress","Respiratory distress is a serious condition that can be life-threatening if not treated quickly. It is important to recognize the signs of respiratory distress in order to provide appropriate first aid treatment. \n\nCommon symptoms include rapid or shallow breathing, difficulty speaking, and abnormal breathing sounds, such as wheezing. In some cases, there may also be coughing. If any of these signs are present, it is essential to assess the person’s airway and breathing immediately.\n\nIf the person has difficulty breathing or cannot speak clearly, they should be placed in a comfortable position with their head slightly elevated and given oxygen if available. \n\nIf there is an obstruction such as vomit or mucus blocking their airway then this must be cleared first. It is also important to check for other underlying causes such as asthma attacks which require specific treatments like inhalers or nebulizers depending on severity. \n\nFinally, it is essential that medical help is sought immediately if any of these signs are present so that further complications can be avoided and proper care provided promptly.\n\n ![Graph](image://278eebcf-48ba-4300-89ef-01fa3d5bb204 \"A child using a nebulizer. Image: BruceBlaus via Wikimedia\")","f8cc984d-0064-44e0-aabb-7150d7fd936a",[123,137],{"id":124,"data":125,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"2859ba50-bddd-4d1f-825f-dabc6ea6da82",{"type":38,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":20,"activeRecallQuestion":126,"activeRecallAnswers":131},[127,128,129,130],"What are the common symptoms of breathing difficulties?","What are the typical signs indicating someone is experiencing respiratory distress?","Which symptoms are frequently observed in individuals struggling with their breathing?","What are the usual indicators of someone having trouble with their respiration?",[132,133,134,135,136],"Rapid or shallow breathing","Difficulty speaking","Abnormal breathing sounds","Wheezing","Coughing",{"id":138,"data":139,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"bbe62790-4955-4b8e-902c-87a9deb182a2",{"type":38,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":20,"binaryQuestion":140,"binaryCorrect":145,"binaryIncorrect":147},[141,142,143,144],"What should be done if someone has difficulty breathing or cannot speak clearly?","What is the appropriate positioning for a person who is struggling to breathe or has trouble speaking clearly?","How should you position someone experiencing difficulty in breathing or speaking clearly?","In case of breathing difficulties or unclear speech, how should the person's head be positioned?",[146],"Slightly elevate their head",[148],"Lay them flat on their back",{"id":150,"data":151,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":153},"4dc6da59-8247-405e-a928-e37f67096eb7",{"type":25,"title":152},"Understanding Circulatory Health",[154,173,202],{"id":155,"data":156,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":160},"901f493b-2235-4a09-93ff-9f3a69643abe",{"type":20,"title":157,"markdownContent":158,"audioMediaId":159},"Circulation: importance in supporting life","Circulation is essential for life, as it transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells of our body while removing waste products. The circulatory system consists of a network of blood vessels that carry blood throughout the body, including arteries, veins and capillaries. \n\nArteries are responsible for carrying blood away from the heart while veins return blood back to the heart. Capillaries are narrow blood vessels which form a bridge between arteries and veins in order to facilitate exchange of gases and other substances between bloods and tissues.\n\nWithout proper circulation all of the body’s processes cannot occur effectively, leading to serious health complications or death if left untreated. \n\nTherefore it is essential that any signs or symptoms related to poor circulation are identified quickly so appropriate treatment can be provided promptly before further damage occurs due to lack of oxygenation or nutrient delivery.\n\n ![Graph](image://1bcb9484-2829-4e4c-ae8d-61463ffb1b58 \"Diagram of blood circulation. Image: OpenStax College via Wikimedia\")","a5ba9df2-2b2d-42e0-af4c-669f2dfb1bd1",[161],{"id":162,"data":163,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"23b27e8f-676a-471b-be4e-67da2724d7b7",{"type":38,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":20,"multiChoiceQuestion":164,"multiChoiceCorrect":167,"multiChoiceIncorrect":169},[165,166],"What are the three types of blood vessels in the circulatory system?","What are the three main categories of blood vessels that make up the circulatory system?",[168],"Arteries, veins, and capillaries",[170,171,172],"Arterioles, venules, and lymphatics","Bronchioles, alveoli, and arterioles","Capillaries, lymphatics, and bronchioles",{"id":174,"data":175,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":179},"3758a74b-c110-4c56-a7e0-464028c1bd2b",{"type":20,"title":176,"markdownContent":177,"audioMediaId":178},"Circulation: recognising problems","Circulation problems can be identified by assessing the heart rate, blood pressure and hydration status.\n\nTachycardia is a condition where the heart rate is abnormally high, over 100 beats per minute. It can be caused, for example, by stress, dehydration or an underlying medical condition such as hyperthyroidism. Symptoms include palpitations, chest pain and shortness of breath. \n\nIt can be identified by feeling a person’s pulse on the thumb side of the inside of the wrist (radial pulse) or on the side of a person’s neck (carotid pulse). The beats are then counted over a period of time, for example over 15 seconds, and multiplied by four to obtain the number of beats per minute. \n\n ![Graph](image://5ab13ca7-826e-40f2-898f-d167a6b06b8d \"How to check for a pulse on the neck. Image: BruceBlaus via Wikimedia\")\n\nHypotension is a condition where the blood pressure drops below normal levels, usually less than 90/60 mmHg. It can be caused by dehydration, certain medications, severe infections or heart problems, and may lead to dizziness, lightheadedness or fainting if left untreated. \n\nIf either of these conditions are suspected it is important to seek medical attention immediately in order to prevent further complications from developing due to lack of oxygenation or nutrient delivery throughout the body.","81ae21b0-cd43-4682-9639-580709760814",[180,192],{"id":181,"data":182,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"9be80c9a-6659-41ee-bb9d-4d224e2579ee",{"type":38,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":20,"binaryQuestion":183,"binaryCorrect":188,"binaryIncorrect":190},[184,185,186,187],"What is the condition when blood pressure drops below normal levels?","What is the term for abnormally low blood pressure, typically less than 90/60 mmHg?","Which condition is characterized by a decrease in blood pressure below normal levels and can be caused by dehydration, certain medications, or heart problems?","What medical condition involves a reduction in blood pressure below the normal range and may result in dizziness, lightheadedness, or fainting?",[189],"Hypotension",[191],"Hypertension",{"id":193,"data":194,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"e223b6c4-5bee-40f4-a062-4738708ad3d3",{"type":38,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":20,"binaryQuestion":195,"binaryCorrect":199,"binaryIncorrect":201},[196,197,198],"What is the condition called when the heart rate is abnormally high?","What term describes a heart rate that exceeds 100 beats per minute and is considered abnormally fast?","When a person experiences a heart rate over 100 beats per minute, which condition might they be suffering from?",[200],"Tachycardia",[189],{"id":203,"data":204,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":208},"345ce8ba-3d72-4335-b155-d8b653e2dc64",{"type":20,"title":205,"markdownContent":206,"audioMediaId":207},"Circulation: What is shock?","Shock is a life-threatening condition in which the tissues are not getting enough blood flow. \n\nIt can be caused by a reduction in blood volume (e.g. through severe bleeding or dehydration), a sudden uncontrolled increase in the volume of the blood vessels which the blood cannot fill (e.g. in anaphylaxis) or through pump failure (e.g. in a massive heart attack). \n\nThe body struggles to maintain homeostasis and perfuse vital organs with oxygenated blood. Symptoms of shock include pale skin, rapid breathing and heart rate, confusion or disorientation, low blood pressure and weak pulse. If left untreated it can lead to organ failure and death.\n\nIn order to help prevent shock from occurring in an unwell person, they should be laid down with their feet elevated above the level of their head if possible. \n\nThis helps increase brain perfusion which is essential for maintaining consciousness and preventing further complications from developing due to lack of oxygenation or nutrient delivery throughout the body. \n\nKeeping them warm is also important as this will help conserve energy that would otherwise be used up trying to regulate temperature levels within their bodies during a state of shock.","03849e7a-7eaf-4f44-86d4-010f4d5ba23f",[209],{"id":210,"data":211,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"193a7238-6b48-4ab8-84cf-48b634c97abf",{"type":38,"reviewType":212,"spacingBehaviour":20,"clozeQuestion":213,"clozeWords":218},4,[214,215,216,217],"Shock is a life-threatening condition where tissues lack blood flow, leading to symptoms like pale skin, rapid breathing, and confusion.","Shock, a life-threatening condition, results in insufficient blood flow to tissues, causing symptoms such as pale skin, rapid breathing, and confusion","Characterized by pale skin, rapid breathing, and confusion, shock is a dangerous condition caused by inadequate blood flow to tissues","In shock, a life-threatening situation, tissues experience reduced blood flow, manifesting symptoms like pale skin, confusion, and rapid breathing",[219],"Shock",[221,347,424],{"id":23,"data":24,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":222},[223,260,297],{"id":29,"data":30,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":34,"parsed":224},{"data":225,"body":228,"toc":258},{"title":226,"description":227},"","When approaching an unwell person, it is important to assess the situation and determine if they are in cardiac arrest. If not, then the ABC approach should be used: Airway, Breathing, and Circulation.",{"type":229,"children":230},"root",[231,238,243,248,253],{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":234,"children":235},"element","p",{},[236],{"type":237,"value":227},"text",{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":239,"children":240},{},[241],{"type":237,"value":242},"The airway is understood as the conduit allowing for the passage of air in and out of the person’s body. It must be open and clear of obstruction to allow a person to breathe. After ensuring one’s own safety – this should be the first priority of the rescuer.",{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":244,"children":245},{},[246],{"type":237,"value":247},"Breathing is the process by which gas exchange takes place – inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide. It can be assessed by looking for chest movement and listening to abnormal sounds, such as a wheeze.",{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":249,"children":250},{},[251],{"type":237,"value":252},"Circulation is the process by which oxygenated blood can go around a person’s body. It is assessed by checking the pulse, blood pressure, the temperature of the extremities and hydration status.",{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":254,"children":255},{},[256],{"type":237,"value":257},"The ABC approach allows for a structured approach of assessing an unwell person to identify the problem which is causing their deterioration.",{"title":226,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":259},[],{"id":49,"data":50,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":54,"parsed":261},{"data":262,"body":264,"toc":295},{"title":226,"description":263},"The airway is a critical component of the ABC approach to an unwell person. It is essential that it remains open and unobstructed in order for oxygen to reach the lungs.",{"type":229,"children":265},[266,270,275,280,290],{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":267,"children":268},{},[269],{"type":237,"value":263},{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":271,"children":272},{},[273],{"type":237,"value":274},"Airway problems can arise from blockages such as vomit or foreign objects, swelling due to allergies or infections, or even trauma caused by accidents.",{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":276,"children":277},{},[278],{"type":237,"value":279},"If the person is speaking freely, their airway is clear and you can move on to the next step. If there are concerns about the airway, inspect the mouth to see if there is any visible obstruction. The airway must then be opened by tilting the head back slightly and lifting the chin up (tilt head lift chin manoeuvre).",{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":281,"children":282},{},[283],{"type":232,"tag":284,"props":285,"children":289},"img",{"alt":286,"src":287,"title":288},"Graph","image://d1c3c9da-9208-411a-9474-6447fc27b071","The tilt head lift chin manoeuvre. Image: BruceBlaus via Wikimedia",[],{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":291,"children":292},{},[293],{"type":237,"value":294},"Keeping a clear airway is essential when assessing an unwell person who is not in cardiac arrest so that appropriate treatment can begin quickly and effectively without causing further harm or distress to them.",{"title":226,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":296},[],{"id":70,"data":71,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":75,"parsed":298},{"data":299,"body":301,"toc":345},{"title":226,"description":300},"Clearing an obstruction from the airway manually is a skill that requires practice and knowledge.",{"type":229,"children":302},[303,307,312,320,325,330,335,340],{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":304,"children":305},{},[306],{"type":237,"value":300},{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":308,"children":309},{},[310],{"type":237,"value":311},"An airway obstruction can be complete or incomplete. A complete airway obstruction will mean that the person cannot talk, cough or breathe in and out. It is extremely serious and professional help must be called for immediately.",{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":313,"children":314},{},[315],{"type":232,"tag":284,"props":316,"children":319},{"alt":286,"src":317,"title":318},"image://290d5322-3082-46b1-b8bf-e44e117017d0","An open vs. a closed airway. Image: BruceBlaus via Wikimedia",[],{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":321,"children":322},{},[323],{"type":237,"value":324},"An incomplete airway obstruction may involve the person coughing or speaking with difficulty. If they can cough while having an airway obstruction (e.g. they are choking), encourage them to do so. Beware, as an incomplete airway obstruction may progress to a complete one rapidly.",{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":326,"children":327},{},[328],{"type":237,"value":329},"If the person is choking and cannot cough but is conscious, you can help them clear an obstruction by delivering up to 5 back blows using the heel of your hand between their shoulder blades. They are likely to need professional assistance.",{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":331,"children":332},{},[333],{"type":237,"value":334},"If the person is unconscious and you can see a solid obstruction in their mouth, you can try to remove it but only insert your fingers to a depth that you can see clearly as there may be sharp or dangerous material. Open their airway using the head tilt chin lift maneuver.",{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":336,"children":337},{},[338],{"type":237,"value":339},"To perform this maneuver correctly, place one hand on their forehead and gently tilt their head back while using your other hand to lift their chin forward until you feel resistance in both directions.",{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":341,"children":342},{},[343],{"type":237,"value":344},"If there is no obstruction, the airway is open and there is still no breathing – this is a cardiac arrest situation. If the airway is unobstructed and open and they are breathing, you can move on to the next step.",{"title":226,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":346},[],{"id":91,"data":92,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":348},[349,384],{"id":96,"data":97,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":101,"parsed":350},{"data":351,"body":353,"toc":382},{"title":226,"description":352},"Breathing is essential for life, as it allows the exchange of gases between the body and its environment. Oxygen enters the lungs and is transported to cells throughout the body by red blood cells, while carbon dioxide produced by cellular respiration leaves through exhalation.",{"type":229,"children":354},[355,359,364,372,377],{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":356,"children":357},{},[358],{"type":237,"value":352},{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":360,"children":361},{},[362],{"type":237,"value":363},"This process of gas exchange helps maintain a balance in our bodies that keeps us alive. Without oxygen, our cells would not be able to produce energy efficiently and we would quickly die.",{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":365,"children":366},{},[367],{"type":232,"tag":284,"props":368,"children":371},{"alt":286,"src":369,"title":370},"image://c0718005-b0bd-4de3-93ed-b49f60be41c2","A diagram showing CO2 leaving the blood and O2 entering in a lung's air sack. Image: domdomegg via Wikimedia",[],{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":373,"children":374},{},[375],{"type":237,"value":376},"In addition to providing oxygen for cell metabolism, breathing also plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis within our bodies by regulating pH levels and temperature.",{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":378,"children":379},{},[380],{"type":237,"value":381},"It also helps remove waste products from our system such as lactic acid which can build up during exercise or other strenuous activities. By controlling how much air we take in with each breath, we can adjust these parameters accordingly to keep ourselves healthy and functioning optimally.",{"title":226,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":383},[],{"id":117,"data":118,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":122,"parsed":385},{"data":386,"body":388,"toc":422},{"title":226,"description":387},"Respiratory distress is a serious condition that can be life-threatening if not treated quickly. It is important to recognize the signs of respiratory distress in order to provide appropriate first aid treatment.",{"type":229,"children":389},[390,394,399,404,409,414],{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":391,"children":392},{},[393],{"type":237,"value":387},{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":395,"children":396},{},[397],{"type":237,"value":398},"Common symptoms include rapid or shallow breathing, difficulty speaking, and abnormal breathing sounds, such as wheezing. In some cases, there may also be coughing. If any of these signs are present, it is essential to assess the person’s airway and breathing immediately.",{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":400,"children":401},{},[402],{"type":237,"value":403},"If the person has difficulty breathing or cannot speak clearly, they should be placed in a comfortable position with their head slightly elevated and given oxygen if available.",{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":405,"children":406},{},[407],{"type":237,"value":408},"If there is an obstruction such as vomit or mucus blocking their airway then this must be cleared first. It is also important to check for other underlying causes such as asthma attacks which require specific treatments like inhalers or nebulizers depending on severity.",{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":410,"children":411},{},[412],{"type":237,"value":413},"Finally, it is essential that medical help is sought immediately if any of these signs are present so that further complications can be avoided and proper care provided promptly.",{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":415,"children":416},{},[417],{"type":232,"tag":284,"props":418,"children":421},{"alt":286,"src":419,"title":420},"image://278eebcf-48ba-4300-89ef-01fa3d5bb204","A child using a nebulizer. Image: BruceBlaus via Wikimedia",[],{"title":226,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":423},[],{"id":150,"data":151,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":425},[426,461,501],{"id":155,"data":156,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":160,"parsed":427},{"data":428,"body":430,"toc":459},{"title":226,"description":429},"Circulation is essential for life, as it transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells of our body while removing waste products. The circulatory system consists of a network of blood vessels that carry blood throughout the body, including arteries, veins and capillaries.",{"type":229,"children":431},[432,436,441,446,451],{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":433,"children":434},{},[435],{"type":237,"value":429},{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":437,"children":438},{},[439],{"type":237,"value":440},"Arteries are responsible for carrying blood away from the heart while veins return blood back to the heart. Capillaries are narrow blood vessels which form a bridge between arteries and veins in order to facilitate exchange of gases and other substances between bloods and tissues.",{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":442,"children":443},{},[444],{"type":237,"value":445},"Without proper circulation all of the body’s processes cannot occur effectively, leading to serious health complications or death if left untreated.",{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":447,"children":448},{},[449],{"type":237,"value":450},"Therefore it is essential that any signs or symptoms related to poor circulation are identified quickly so appropriate treatment can be provided promptly before further damage occurs due to lack of oxygenation or nutrient delivery.",{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":452,"children":453},{},[454],{"type":232,"tag":284,"props":455,"children":458},{"alt":286,"src":456,"title":457},"image://1bcb9484-2829-4e4c-ae8d-61463ffb1b58","Diagram of blood circulation. Image: OpenStax College via Wikimedia",[],{"title":226,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":460},[],{"id":174,"data":175,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":179,"parsed":462},{"data":463,"body":465,"toc":499},{"title":226,"description":464},"Circulation problems can be identified by assessing the heart rate, blood pressure and hydration status.",{"type":229,"children":466},[467,471,476,481,489,494],{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":468,"children":469},{},[470],{"type":237,"value":464},{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":472,"children":473},{},[474],{"type":237,"value":475},"Tachycardia is a condition where the heart rate is abnormally high, over 100 beats per minute. It can be caused, for example, by stress, dehydration or an underlying medical condition such as hyperthyroidism. Symptoms include palpitations, chest pain and shortness of breath.",{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":477,"children":478},{},[479],{"type":237,"value":480},"It can be identified by feeling a person’s pulse on the thumb side of the inside of the wrist (radial pulse) or on the side of a person’s neck (carotid pulse). The beats are then counted over a period of time, for example over 15 seconds, and multiplied by four to obtain the number of beats per minute.",{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":482,"children":483},{},[484],{"type":232,"tag":284,"props":485,"children":488},{"alt":286,"src":486,"title":487},"image://5ab13ca7-826e-40f2-898f-d167a6b06b8d","How to check for a pulse on the neck. Image: BruceBlaus via Wikimedia",[],{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":490,"children":491},{},[492],{"type":237,"value":493},"Hypotension is a condition where the blood pressure drops below normal levels, usually less than 90/60 mmHg. It can be caused by dehydration, certain medications, severe infections or heart problems, and may lead to dizziness, lightheadedness or fainting if left untreated.",{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":495,"children":496},{},[497],{"type":237,"value":498},"If either of these conditions are suspected it is important to seek medical attention immediately in order to prevent further complications from developing due to lack of oxygenation or nutrient delivery throughout the body.",{"title":226,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":500},[],{"id":203,"data":204,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":208,"parsed":502},{"data":503,"body":505,"toc":536},{"title":226,"description":504},"Shock is a life-threatening condition in which the tissues are not getting enough blood flow.",{"type":229,"children":506},[507,511,516,521,526,531],{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":508,"children":509},{},[510],{"type":237,"value":504},{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":512,"children":513},{},[514],{"type":237,"value":515},"It can be caused by a reduction in blood volume (e.g. through severe bleeding or dehydration), a sudden uncontrolled increase in the volume of the blood vessels which the blood cannot fill (e.g. in anaphylaxis) or through pump failure (e.g. in a massive heart attack).",{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":517,"children":518},{},[519],{"type":237,"value":520},"The body struggles to maintain homeostasis and perfuse vital organs with oxygenated blood. Symptoms of shock include pale skin, rapid breathing and heart rate, confusion or disorientation, low blood pressure and weak pulse. If left untreated it can lead to organ failure and death.",{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":522,"children":523},{},[524],{"type":237,"value":525},"In order to help prevent shock from occurring in an unwell person, they should be laid down with their feet elevated above the level of their head if possible.",{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":527,"children":528},{},[529],{"type":237,"value":530},"This helps increase brain perfusion which is essential for maintaining consciousness and preventing further complications from developing due to lack of oxygenation or nutrient delivery throughout the body.",{"type":232,"tag":233,"props":532,"children":533},{},[534],{"type":237,"value":535},"Keeping them warm is also important as this will help conserve energy that would otherwise be used up trying to regulate temperature levels within their bodies during a state of shock.",{"title":226,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":537},[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":539,"height":539,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":540},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":539,"height":539,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":542},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M4 5h16M4 12h16M4 19h16\"/>",1778228320913]