[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":791},["ShallowReactive",2],{"i-kinnu:logo":3,"i-kinnu:origami-folding":8,"tile-psychology-human-cognition-human-visual-processing":12,"i-lucide:chevron-right":786,"i-lucide:menu":789},{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":7},0,27,false,"\u003Cg fill=\"none\">\u003Cpath d=\"M0.046875 1.05555C0.046875 1.03541 0.048197 1.01579 0.0507438 0.996728C0.0987149 0.438619 0.586845 0 1.18194 0H25.4398C26.451 0 26.9575 1.171 26.2424 1.85585L15.7301 11.9243L1.31574 0.903476C1.17475 0.79568 1.01137 0.761884 0.859586 0.784111L26.2936 25.1441C27.0086 25.829 26.5022 27 25.4909 27H1.18194C0.555061 27 0.046875 26.5133 0.046875 25.9129V1.05555Z\" fill=\"currentColor\"/>\u003C/g>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":9,"height":10,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":11},1000,236,"\u003Cg fill=\"none\">\u003Cpath fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\"\n    d=\"M193.68 38.2238C195.994 38.2238 197.87 40.0989 197.87 42.412V231.812C197.87 234.125 195.994 236 193.68 236H4.19013C1.87603 236 2.02305e-07 234.125 0 231.812V42.412C-2.02305e-07 40.0989 1.87603 38.2238 4.19013 38.2238H193.68ZM111.76 89.0072C111.685 87.9474 110.572 87.2905 109.608 87.7376L96.8872 93.641C95.7786 94.1554 95.702 95.7016 96.7545 96.3225L101.579 99.167C94.7045 109.365 90.5733 122.892 90.5732 137.642C90.5733 154.323 95.8569 169.439 104.416 179.945C105.301 181.032 106.9 181.196 107.987 180.311C109.075 179.426 109.238 177.828 108.353 176.741C100.621 167.25 95.6522 153.305 95.6521 137.642C95.6522 123.661 99.6138 111.051 105.963 101.754L110.456 104.403C111.508 105.024 112.826 104.21 112.74 102.991L111.76 89.0072ZM9.63194 136.286C9.14864 136.286 8.75684 136.678 8.75684 137.161C8.7569 137.644 9.14868 138.035 9.63194 138.035H17.2161C17.6993 138.035 18.0912 137.644 18.0912 137.161C18.0912 136.678 17.6994 136.286 17.2161 136.286H9.63194ZM22.6813 136.286C22.198 136.286 21.8062 136.678 21.8062 137.161C21.8063 137.644 22.1981 138.035 22.6813 138.035H30.2655C30.7487 138.035 31.1406 137.644 31.1406 137.161C31.1406 136.678 30.7488 136.286 30.2655 136.286H22.6813ZM35.7464 136.286C35.2631 136.286 34.8713 136.678 34.8713 137.161C34.8713 137.644 35.2631 138.035 35.7464 138.035H44.4973C44.9805 138.035 45.3724 137.644 45.3724 137.161C45.3724 136.678 44.9806 136.286 44.4973 136.286H35.7464ZM49.9977 136.286C49.5144 136.286 49.1226 136.678 49.1226 137.161C49.1226 137.644 49.5144 138.035 49.9977 138.035H57.5819C58.0651 138.035 58.4569 137.644 58.457 137.161C58.457 136.678 58.0651 136.286 57.5819 136.286H49.9977ZM63.0783 136.286C62.595 136.286 62.2032 136.678 62.2032 137.161C62.2033 137.644 62.5951 138.035 63.0783 138.035H70.6625C71.1457 138.035 71.5375 137.644 71.5376 137.161C71.5376 136.678 71.1457 136.286 70.6625 136.286H63.0783ZM76.1277 136.286C75.6444 136.286 75.2526 136.678 75.2526 137.161C75.2527 137.644 75.6445 138.035 76.1277 138.035H83.7119C84.1951 138.035 84.5869 137.644 84.587 137.161C84.587 136.678 84.1951 136.286 83.7119 136.286H76.1277ZM102.266 136.286C101.782 136.286 101.39 136.678 101.39 137.161C101.391 137.644 101.782 138.035 102.266 138.035H109.85C110.333 138.035 110.725 137.644 110.725 137.161C110.725 136.678 110.333 136.286 109.85 136.286H102.266ZM115.338 136.286C114.855 136.286 114.463 136.678 114.463 137.161C114.463 137.644 114.855 138.035 115.338 138.035H122.923C123.406 138.035 123.798 137.644 123.798 137.161C123.798 136.678 123.406 136.286 122.923 136.286H115.338ZM128.403 136.286C127.92 136.286 127.528 136.678 127.528 137.161C127.528 137.644 127.92 138.035 128.403 138.035H135.988C136.471 138.035 136.863 137.644 136.863 137.161C136.863 136.678 136.471 136.286 135.988 136.286H128.403ZM141.468 136.286C140.985 136.286 140.593 136.678 140.593 137.161C140.593 137.644 140.985 138.035 141.468 138.035H149.053C149.536 138.035 149.928 137.644 149.928 137.161C149.928 136.678 149.536 136.286 149.053 136.286H141.468ZM154.541 136.286C154.058 136.286 153.666 136.678 153.666 137.161C153.666 137.644 154.058 138.035 154.541 138.035H162.125C162.609 138.035 163 137.644 163.001 137.161C163.001 136.678 162.609 136.286 162.125 136.286H154.541ZM167.614 136.286C167.131 136.286 166.739 136.678 166.739 137.161C166.739 137.644 167.131 138.035 167.614 138.035H175.198C175.681 138.035 176.073 137.644 176.073 137.161C176.073 136.678 175.681 136.286 175.198 136.286H167.614ZM180.671 136.286C180.188 136.286 179.796 136.678 179.796 137.161C179.796 137.644 180.188 138.035 180.671 138.035H188.255C188.739 138.035 189.13 137.644 189.131 137.161C189.131 136.678 188.739 136.286 188.255 136.286H180.671Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\"\n    d=\"M444.85 38.2277C447.164 38.2277 449.04 40.1028 449.04 42.4159V132.928C449.04 135.241 447.164 137.116 444.85 137.116H255.36C253.046 137.116 251.17 135.241 251.17 132.928V42.4159C251.17 40.1028 253.046 38.2277 255.36 38.2277H444.85ZM361.96 125.388C361.618 125.046 361.064 125.046 360.722 125.388L354.534 131.572C354.192 131.914 354.192 132.468 354.534 132.81C354.876 133.151 355.43 133.151 355.772 132.81L361.96 126.624C362.301 126.283 362.301 125.73 361.96 125.388ZM371.047 116.311C370.705 115.969 370.15 115.969 369.809 116.311L364.446 121.671C364.104 122.012 364.104 122.567 364.446 122.908C364.788 123.249 365.342 123.25 365.684 122.908L371.047 117.548C371.388 117.207 371.388 116.652 371.047 116.311ZM380.124 107.246C379.782 106.904 379.227 106.904 378.885 107.246L373.523 112.606C373.181 112.948 373.181 113.502 373.523 113.844C373.864 114.185 374.419 114.185 374.761 113.844L380.124 108.483C380.465 108.142 380.465 107.587 380.124 107.246ZM385.736 65.8841C385.891 64.6727 384.622 63.7845 383.536 64.3434L371.069 70.7636C370.124 71.2504 369.96 72.5334 370.752 73.2424L381.2 82.5938C382.11 83.4081 383.561 82.8672 383.717 81.6557L384.393 76.3725C391.143 77.1933 398.567 80.7709 404.771 86.9711C411.124 93.3213 414.726 100.952 415.43 107.827C415.573 109.221 416.819 110.236 418.214 110.093C419.609 109.95 420.624 108.703 420.481 107.309C419.644 99.1317 415.435 90.4514 408.362 83.3817C401.466 76.489 393.038 72.3185 385.038 71.338L385.736 65.8841ZM389.2 98.1733C388.859 97.8319 388.304 97.8318 387.962 98.1733L382.6 103.534C382.258 103.875 382.258 104.429 382.6 104.771C382.941 105.112 383.496 105.112 383.838 104.771L389.2 99.4108C389.542 99.0693 389.542 98.5149 389.2 98.1733ZM398.262 89.1047C397.92 88.7633 397.365 88.7632 397.024 89.1047L391.661 94.4649C391.319 94.8065 391.319 95.3608 391.661 95.7024C392.002 96.0436 392.557 96.0438 392.899 95.7024L398.262 90.3421C398.603 90.0007 398.603 89.4463 398.262 89.1047ZM416.431 70.9616C416.089 70.6202 415.534 70.6201 415.193 70.9616L409.83 76.3218C409.488 76.6634 409.488 77.2177 409.83 77.5592C410.172 77.9005 410.726 77.9007 411.068 77.5592L416.431 72.199C416.772 71.8575 416.772 71.3032 416.431 70.9616ZM425.508 61.891C425.166 61.5496 424.611 61.5495 424.27 61.891L418.907 67.2512C418.565 67.5928 418.565 68.1471 418.907 68.4887C419.249 68.8299 419.803 68.8301 420.145 68.4887L425.508 63.1284C425.849 62.787 425.849 62.2326 425.508 61.891ZM434.569 52.8146C434.227 52.4731 433.673 52.4731 433.331 52.8146L427.968 58.1748C427.626 58.5163 427.627 59.0706 427.968 59.4122C428.31 59.7534 428.864 59.7537 429.206 59.4122L434.569 54.052C434.91 53.7105 434.91 53.1562 434.569 52.8146ZM443.638 43.7479C443.296 43.4065 442.742 43.4064 442.4 43.7479L437.037 49.1081C436.695 49.4496 436.696 50.004 437.037 50.3455C437.379 50.6868 437.933 50.687 438.275 50.3455L443.638 44.9853C443.98 44.6438 443.979 44.0895 443.638 43.7479Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\"\n    d=\"M684.066 38.2277C687.798 38.2281 689.667 42.7391 687.027 45.3773L596.473 135.889C595.687 136.675 594.621 137.116 593.51 137.116H506.335C504.021 137.116 502.145 135.241 502.145 132.928V42.4159C502.145 40.1028 504.021 38.2277 506.335 38.2277H684.066ZM514.603 124.566C514.261 124.224 513.707 124.224 513.365 124.566L507.178 130.751C506.836 131.093 506.836 131.646 507.178 131.988C507.519 132.329 508.073 132.329 508.415 131.988L514.603 125.803C514.945 125.462 514.945 124.908 514.603 124.566ZM523.689 115.491C523.348 115.15 522.794 115.15 522.452 115.491L517.09 120.852C516.748 121.193 516.748 121.747 517.09 122.088C517.431 122.43 517.985 122.43 518.327 122.088L523.689 116.728C524.031 116.386 524.031 115.833 523.689 115.491ZM532.102 65.8295C530.707 65.6872 529.46 66.7017 529.318 68.0957C529.175 69.4896 530.189 70.7355 531.584 70.8787C538.463 71.5825 546.096 75.1826 552.45 81.5329C558.723 87.8037 562.312 95.3226 563.079 102.13L557.738 102.392C556.518 102.452 555.865 103.855 556.607 104.827L565.115 115.969C565.76 116.814 567.051 116.751 567.611 115.847L574.992 103.928C575.635 102.889 574.848 101.555 573.628 101.615L568.161 101.882C568.161 101.878 568.162 101.874 568.161 101.871C567.324 93.6931 563.114 85.0124 556.041 77.9425C548.968 70.873 540.283 66.6668 532.102 65.8295ZM532.766 106.421C532.425 106.079 531.871 106.079 531.529 106.421L526.166 111.781C525.825 112.123 525.825 112.676 526.166 113.018C526.508 113.359 527.062 113.359 527.403 113.018L532.766 107.657C533.108 107.316 533.108 106.762 532.766 106.421ZM541.843 97.3445C541.501 97.003 540.948 97.003 540.606 97.3445L535.243 102.705C534.901 103.046 534.902 103.6 535.243 103.941C535.585 104.283 536.139 104.283 536.48 103.941L541.843 98.5809C542.185 98.2393 542.185 97.686 541.843 97.3445ZM550.92 88.2778C550.578 87.9363 550.025 87.9363 549.683 88.2778L544.32 93.638C543.978 93.9796 543.978 94.5329 544.32 94.8745C544.662 95.2161 545.215 95.2161 545.557 94.8745L550.92 89.5142C551.262 89.1727 551.262 88.6193 550.92 88.2778ZM569.066 70.1405C568.724 69.799 568.17 69.7991 567.829 70.1405L562.466 75.5008C562.124 75.8423 562.124 76.3956 562.466 76.7372C562.808 77.0788 563.361 77.0788 563.703 76.7372L569.066 71.377C569.407 71.0354 569.407 70.4821 569.066 70.1405ZM578.143 61.0699C577.801 60.7284 577.247 60.7285 576.906 61.0699L571.543 66.4302C571.201 66.7717 571.201 67.3251 571.543 67.6666C571.885 68.0082 572.438 68.0082 572.78 67.6666L578.143 62.3064C578.484 61.9648 578.484 61.4115 578.143 61.0699ZM587.219 51.9896C586.878 51.6481 586.324 51.6481 585.982 51.9896L580.62 57.3498C580.278 57.6914 580.278 58.2447 580.62 58.5863C580.961 58.9279 581.515 58.9279 581.857 58.5863L587.219 53.2261C587.561 52.8845 587.561 52.3312 587.219 51.9896ZM596.288 42.9249C595.947 42.5833 595.392 42.5833 595.05 42.9249L589.689 48.2851C589.347 48.6267 589.347 49.18 589.689 49.5216C590.03 49.863 590.584 49.8631 590.926 49.5216L596.288 44.1613C596.63 43.8198 596.63 43.2664 596.288 42.9249Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\"\n    d=\"M850.814 38.2277C854.547 38.2281 856.416 42.739 853.777 45.3773L763.223 135.889C762.437 136.674 761.371 137.116 760.26 137.116H673.176C669.443 137.116 667.574 132.605 670.213 129.966L760.768 39.4544C761.554 38.6692 762.62 38.2277 763.731 38.2277H850.814ZM761.338 121.8C760.855 121.8 760.463 122.191 760.463 122.674V131.13H762.213V122.674C762.213 122.191 761.821 121.8 761.338 121.8ZM761.338 108.971C760.855 108.971 760.463 109.363 760.463 109.846V118.301H762.213V109.846C762.213 109.363 761.821 108.971 761.338 108.971ZM761.338 96.1402C760.855 96.1406 760.463 96.5321 760.463 97.0149V105.47H762.213V97.0149C762.213 96.532 761.821 96.1404 761.338 96.1402ZM782.263 71.887C781.043 71.951 780.395 73.3571 781.139 74.3257L784.474 78.6631C779.115 82.951 771.242 85.7443 762.35 85.7444C753.366 85.7442 745.421 82.8944 740.059 78.5305C738.972 77.6461 737.373 77.8099 736.488 78.8961C735.602 79.983 735.766 81.582 736.853 82.467C743.231 87.6574 752.348 90.8207 762.35 90.8209C772.209 90.8208 781.205 87.746 787.568 82.6884L790.833 86.9341C791.577 87.9025 793.103 87.6391 793.479 86.4767L797.791 73.138C798.118 72.127 797.33 71.1017 796.268 71.1566L782.263 71.887ZM761.338 70.4847C760.855 70.4851 760.463 70.8767 760.463 71.3594V79.8147H762.213V71.3594C762.213 70.8766 761.821 70.485 761.338 70.4847ZM761.338 57.656C760.855 57.6564 760.463 58.048 760.463 58.5307V66.986H762.213V58.5307C762.213 58.0479 761.821 57.6563 761.338 57.656ZM761.338 44.8293C760.855 44.8297 760.463 45.2212 760.463 45.704V54.1592H762.213V45.704C762.213 45.2211 761.821 44.8295 761.338 44.8293Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath\n    d=\"M995.759 38.2277C999.53 38.228 1001.42 42.5171 998.752 45.0253L959.55 81.9005L905.796 41.5363C905.271 41.1418 904.662 41.0182 904.096 41.0994L997.485 130.319C1000.15 132.828 998.262 137.116 994.491 137.116H905.298C902.96 137.116 901.065 135.333 901.065 133.134V42.0941C901.065 42.0204 901.07 41.9483 901.079 41.8786C901.258 39.8345 903.079 38.2277 905.298 38.2277H995.759Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath\n    d=\"M505.873 0C506.657 4.57042e-05 507.307 0.195499 507.823 0.587023C508.338 0.969046 508.596 1.53802 508.596 2.29251C508.596 2.76034 508.467 3.19015 508.209 3.58162C507.951 3.96344 507.497 4.26401 506.848 4.48361V4.54114C507.65 4.67487 508.205 4.96191 508.51 5.4012C508.816 5.83087 508.969 6.31772 508.969 6.86193C508.969 7.74056 508.672 8.41851 508.08 8.89604C507.497 9.38304 506.733 9.62731 505.787 9.62738C504.861 9.62738 504.158 9.42172 503.68 9.0111C503.212 8.60054 502.935 8.08005 502.849 7.44993L503.881 7.10571L503.924 7.24028C504.035 7.54934 504.211 7.82925 504.454 8.07986C504.731 8.36635 505.166 8.50986 505.758 8.50989C506.465 8.50989 506.943 8.32772 507.191 7.9648C507.449 7.6019 507.579 7.20078 507.579 6.7615C507.579 6.2173 507.378 5.80683 506.977 5.52992C506.585 5.25295 505.93 5.10026 505.013 5.07161V4.15402C505.901 4.12537 506.489 3.92484 506.776 3.55237C507.062 3.18009 507.206 2.82242 507.206 2.47876C507.206 1.62801 506.752 1.17539 505.845 1.12237L505.658 1.11749C505.467 1.11752 505.242 1.14605 504.985 1.2033C504.736 1.25105 504.511 1.3274 504.31 1.43245L504.081 2.56457L503.05 2.44951L503.322 0.687461C503.666 0.49653 504.068 0.33454 504.526 0.200875C504.985 0.0671945 505.434 0 505.873 0Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath\n    d=\"M905.727 2.30616L904.638 2.4066L904.466 1.26083H901.428V3.72497C901.533 3.71544 901.643 3.71034 901.757 3.71034H902.086C902.755 3.71034 903.386 3.78668 903.979 3.93949C904.58 4.09229 905.068 4.38363 905.44 4.8132C905.822 5.23335 906.014 5.84949 906.014 6.66106C906.014 7.64468 905.722 8.38068 905.14 8.86776C904.557 9.36434 903.783 9.6127 902.818 9.61275C901.91 9.61275 901.213 9.40711 900.725 8.99648C900.248 8.59544 899.96 8.08007 899.865 7.44993L900.911 7.10571C901.007 7.49723 901.203 7.8271 901.499 8.09449C901.795 8.37131 902.211 8.50985 902.746 8.50989C903.395 8.50989 903.869 8.33787 904.165 7.99405C904.461 7.65981 904.609 7.22507 904.609 6.69031C904.609 5.87861 904.337 5.3625 903.792 5.14279C903.248 4.91361 902.612 4.79958 901.886 4.79955C901.695 4.79955 901.489 4.80365 901.27 4.8132C901.059 4.82275 900.854 4.83701 900.653 4.85611L900.224 4.44071V0.143343H905.569L905.727 2.30616Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\"\n    d=\"M765.49 6.04576H766.966L766.837 7.14862H765.49V9.48404H764.185V7.14862H759.857L759.713 6.04576L762.909 0.143343H765.49V6.04576ZM760.96 6.04576H764.185V1.26083H763.541L760.96 6.04576Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath d=\"M4.80573 6.47481H6.41154V7.60693H1.81068V6.47481H3.50235V1.27546H1.81068V0.143343H4.80573V6.47481Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath\n    d=\"M254.359 0C255.353 0 256.055 0.239186 256.466 0.716715C256.877 1.18447 257.083 1.68072 257.083 2.20573C257.083 2.85516 256.849 3.44346 256.38 3.96875C255.912 4.49397 255.348 4.96638 254.689 5.38657C254.039 5.79717 253.437 6.15968 252.883 6.47481H256.423L256.538 5.42948L257.599 5.51529L257.426 7.60693H251.407L251.292 6.58987C252.582 5.73032 253.638 4.98523 254.46 4.35489C255.281 3.71509 255.693 3.05632 255.693 2.37832C255.693 1.53787 255.166 1.11749 254.115 1.12237L254.115 1.11749C253.924 1.11754 253.695 1.14604 253.427 1.2033C253.16 1.25104 252.916 1.32238 252.697 1.41783L252.467 2.47876L251.45 2.3637L251.707 0.60165C252.118 0.401088 252.563 0.253475 253.041 0.15797C253.519 0.0529708 253.958 1.99446e-05 254.359 0Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\u003C/g>",{"tile":13,"orbsWithOnlyMarkdownPages":228},{"id":14,"data":15,"type":16,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"orbs":21},"fbac01af-f181-4444-865e-f430b5b4fedf",{"type":16,"title":17,"tagline":18},9,"Human Visual Processing ","The brain’s ability to make sense of what you see and the environment in which we live",3,1,[22,109,167],{"id":23,"data":24,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":27},"16f2bb1b-1287-42e3-bb83-9d8e4221de7b",{"type":25,"title":26},2,"Visual Perception and the Brain",[28,54,76,91],{"id":29,"data":30,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":34},"942ccb1c-2fef-4e1e-a4af-f66d547a8caa",{"type":20,"title":31,"markdownContent":32,"audioMediaId":33},"The importance of visual perception","While technology often provides support to those experiencing visual impairment, **we should not underestimate the importance of visual processing**. \n\nNot only does it ensure our survival when performing risky activities such as crossing roads, but it also allows us to navigate with apparent ease day-to-day activities such as spotting a dropped pencil and turning to the page we want in a book.\n\n ![Graph](image://36ac23fc-2176-441d-b06b-88d2a89585f4 \"The occipital lobes are found at the back of the brain\")\n\nPerhaps unsurprisingly, **the value attributed to visual processing is evidenced in the architecture of the brain**, particularly the **occipital lobes**, part of the cerebral cortex found at the rear of the skull. Indeed, more of the brain is dedicated to vision than any other sensory modality and, therefore, warrants a high degree of scientific attention.\n\nIn turn, considerable cognitive research now attempts to uncover the potential and the constraints involved in everything from object recognition, face recognition, and depth perception to even, fascinatingly, perception without awareness – where a stimulus is strong enough to perceive, potentially impacting someone's behavior, and yet they report no knowledge of it.\n\n","aeb419cd-94df-4683-ad2f-b9efc975dda8",[35,43],{"id":36,"data":37,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"2e3082b2-bbda-4499-b677-6a8ad047240a",{"type":38,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":20,"activeRecallQuestion":39,"activeRecallAnswers":41},11,[40],"What is our ability to see and understand our surroundings called?",[42],"Visual Processing",{"id":44,"data":45,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"a6324aea-09b1-4ec1-8ce2-4474d286b431",{"type":38,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":20,"multiChoiceQuestion":46,"multiChoiceCorrect":48,"multiChoiceIncorrect":50},[47],"In which part of the brain do occipital lobes conduct central processing?",[49],"Cerebral Cortex",[51,52,53],"Frontal Lobe","Temporal Lobe","Gustatory Cortex",{"id":55,"data":56,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":60},"e3f40e6b-21b5-4cb7-8849-58406ce6935b",{"type":20,"title":57,"markdownContent":58,"audioMediaId":59},"Visual perception and the brain","**Vision starts with the eye**. The **optic nerve** takes signals from the back of the eye to the back of brain, and, from there, impulses spread out to nearby regions. \n\nMuch of the rear of the brain is dedicated to visual perception – this includes all of the **occipital cortex** at the very back of the brain while extending into both the temporal and parietal lobes to the side and top.\n\n ![Graph](image://e2f0e4f5-f37a-40ad-badb-2f2bcc746424 \"The optic nerves\")\n\nThe '**functional specialization theory**' of visual processing argues that multiple areas of the brain are engaged in tackling the ‘problem’ of visual processing – each one performing a dedicated function. For example, a red ball, when being caught, is typically recognized as having color, form, and motion. All of these attributes may be processed in physically separate parts of the brain.\n\nAnd yet, evidence from patients experiencing head trauma and damage to specific brain regions appears conflicting. Those with damage to the area of the brain known as V4, believed to be dedicated to color processing, seem to lose some but not all color perception, while form and motion are left unaffected. There may be more connectivity in visual processing than first thought.\n","4c9d1ed5-4392-4baa-831c-16850d3ce23d",[61,68],{"id":62,"data":63,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"1c69e629-4cdb-4b1d-8068-2f91fdb71218",{"type":38,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":20,"activeRecallQuestion":64,"activeRecallAnswers":66},[65],"Which theory suggests that multiple areas of the brain are involved in different aspects of a single act of visual processing?",[67],"Functional Specialization Theory",{"id":69,"data":70,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"3a7e9ce1-4c79-49fd-84d0-eefc8f74be04",{"type":38,"reviewType":71,"spacingBehaviour":20,"clozeQuestion":72,"clozeWords":74},4,[73],"The optic nerve takes signals from the back of the eye to the back of the brain, and from there, impulses spread out to nearby regions",[75],"optic",{"id":77,"data":78,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":82},"bb77e759-c562-4999-970c-1182805218f3",{"type":20,"title":79,"markdownContent":80,"audioMediaId":81},"Damage to motion perception","Many of the objects we attempt to identify and interact with are in motion. Perhaps as a result, along with the importance of tracking humans and animals as they move, there appears to be dedicated visual processing separate from that which handles static objects.\n\nIndeed, in the case of a brain-damaged patient, they could see and identify individuals when they were not moving, yet, when in motion, they experienced what they saw as a series of ‘**freeze frames**.’ In comparison, another patient with an injury to a different part of the brain found it almost impossible not to bump into moving people.\n\nTherefore, it has been suggested that **there are 2 visual systems at play**.  The first may be ‘**vision-for-perception**,’ which helps us recognize what the object heading toward us is, and the other, ‘**vision-for-motion**,’ to calculate its **direction, orientation, and position**.\n","42a8c750-27ef-407b-95dd-45a4b094707d",[83],{"id":84,"data":85,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"0c04fcb0-a354-44d3-ac01-76f050aeb68a",{"type":38,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":20,"activeRecallQuestion":86,"activeRecallAnswers":88},[87],"What are the two different visual systems which we have?",[89,90],"Vision for Perception","Vision for Motion",{"id":92,"data":93,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":97},"fc1e887a-356c-4817-a749-956b0f7ffb6a",{"type":20,"title":94,"markdownContent":95,"audioMediaId":96},"Visual illusions","While patients with head trauma offer a great deal of insight into the brain's inner workings, particularly regarding visual processing, there are other opportunities for gaining a deeper understanding.\n\nVisual illusions such as the **Müller-Lyer illusion**, where the arrow at the bottom seems longer than the one at the top despite being of the same length, show how easily our visual identification system can be fooled.\n\n![Graph](image://1331e06a-82ec-406a-849b-c3b790db194d \"The Muller-Lyer illusion\")\n\nFollow-up studies teaming illusions with rapid pointing appeared to engage visual movement processing systems, almost completely removing the effect of such illusions. \n\nAnd yet, the illusory effect seems to return when the subject is asked to reach out and grasp objects. **While research further strengthens the idea that there are 2 systems involved in visual processing, they may be less independent than first thought.**\n\n","4af3bda4-f9df-48d9-bff9-2253b231f7c4",[98],{"id":99,"data":100,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"2b8b8b82-f559-4d73-939d-26a93fb9f1e8",{"type":38,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":20,"multiChoiceQuestion":101,"multiChoiceCorrect":103,"multiChoiceIncorrect":105},[102],"What illusion contains double arrows to show how easily our visual identification system can be fooled?",[104],"Müller-Lyer",[106,107,108],"Muller-Abi","Muller-Thomas","Muller-Yoghurt",{"id":110,"data":111,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":113},"c9eba9b2-63ae-4c2b-9c7d-5436e6930c34",{"type":25,"title":112},"Depth and Motion Perception",[114,138,152],{"id":115,"data":116,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":120},"7ef3c395-e3f1-4e4e-a871-ff8c566c45b7",{"type":20,"title":117,"markdownContent":118,"audioMediaId":119},"Depth perception","Depth perception in visual processing is highly complex, involving taking a two-dimensional retinal image and perceiving it as three-dimensional.\n\n‘**Monocular cues**’ take information from a single eye and include texture, shading, and interposition – objects behind others appear farther away. ‘**Binocular cues**' take into account the slight disparity of the images from both eyes. \n\nAt the same time, ‘**oculomotor**’ information arises from the muscle contractions involved in the convergence of both eyes on an object and variations in optical power associated with the thickness of the lens to maintain focus.\n\nUltimately, these different sources of information are combined through complex cognitive processes and provide sufficient information to judge distance and depth. \n\nHowever, **there are times when one cue dominates another**, especially when they provide conflicting information. Observers, often unconsciously, soon learn which cues to favor in real life, unlike the often somewhat artificial environments found in lab tests.\n","2fb8e523-3150-4eb9-972c-cf73108ace0d",[121,130],{"id":122,"data":123,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"814c7302-49b1-47d8-b0a8-6f2bc1a0fdbe",{"type":38,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":20,"activeRecallQuestion":124,"activeRecallAnswers":126},[125],"What three things do monocular cues take information from?",[127,128,129],"Texture","Shading","Interposition",{"id":131,"data":132,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"88930107-d752-4462-a263-c4e4ed453661",{"type":38,"reviewType":71,"spacingBehaviour":20,"clozeQuestion":133,"clozeWords":135},[134],"While monocular cues take information from a single eye, binocular cues account for the disparity between them",[136,137],"monocular","binocular",{"id":139,"data":140,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":144},"31d02739-3ad4-41f1-9c66-ec1cb6bc407a",{"type":20,"title":141,"markdownContent":142,"audioMediaId":143},"Perception without awareness","**While ‘blindsight,’ where a sufferer responds to a visual stimulus without being consciously aware of it, may sound paradoxical, it is very real**. British soldiers in the First World War, with damage to their **primary visual cortex**, responded to objects in parts of their visual field while claiming they couldn’t see anything.\n\nMuch later, a patient referred to as ‘DB’ had part of their primary visual cortex removed to relieve severe migraines. While able to point to the approximate location of individual objects and identify those that were stationary rather than moving, he reported no conscious experience of what was in his ‘blind’ field.\n\nHowever, **investigating blindsight patients remains problematic** – we have no way of proving what people are or are not seeing. And yet, functional neuroimaging studies confirm that such individuals have activation predominantly, or even exclusively, in the ‘dorsal stream’, signifying non-conscious processing. Therefore, **the problem may result from a lack of 'conscious' awareness of visual stimuli**.\n","9b5be698-016a-4912-8b25-3a247ccd853a",[145],{"id":146,"data":147,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"6b4ed4b0-b1c4-4695-b0bd-ef4d4d459c61",{"type":38,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":20,"activeRecallQuestion":148,"activeRecallAnswers":150},[149],"What is it called when a person responds to visual stimuli without being consciously aware of it?",[151],"Blindsight",{"id":153,"data":154,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":158},"fe1d45af-0760-4c9b-97ca-efafa11d406c",{"type":20,"title":155,"markdownContent":156,"audioMediaId":157},"Object recognition","Wherever we look, we see objects – it’s not only unavoidable but essential. And yet, despite appearing to be effortless for humans, attempts to code ‘perceiving’ computers have proved challenging.\n\nAfter all, many objects in the environment overlap, appear in various rotations, and belong to a wide variety of categories. **Early-stage processing in our visual system seems to rely on detecting an object's edges and basic features, potentially involving dedicated neurons to perform the processing**. \n\n ![Graph](image://bc242ebb-5126-4b2f-b1f0-e94b526afe02 \"Humans are adept at perceiving objects within a crowded field of vision\")\n\nSubsequent stages most likely incorporate depth and orientation of visible surfaces before ultimately constructing three-dimensional visual representations.\n\nIndeed, neurologist and physiologist **David Marr**’s suggestion that such a series of representations provides increasingly detailed information has inspired many computational models and ongoing research into human and computer vision.\n\n And yet, there may be even further complexity. **While combining low-level features, known as bottom-up processing, is vital, when visual information is incomplete, it is necessary to bring in real-world contextual knowledge, referred to as top-down processing.**\n\n","a4dff3fd-90fc-4994-a1d5-2f9c1476f1ac",[159],{"id":160,"data":161,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"f927f0a7-d67d-4aa8-b9c1-52901477ebb6",{"type":38,"reviewType":71,"spacingBehaviour":20,"clozeQuestion":162,"clozeWords":164},[163],"David Marr believes that both high and low level processing is critical to human vision",[165,166],"high","low",{"id":168,"data":169,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":171},"5e32353c-a2e7-4790-8af9-66a9bc1fd3e0",{"type":25,"title":170},"Object and Face Recognition",[172,197,212],{"id":173,"data":174,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":178},"695c9ac4-54ef-4a0f-9bc4-d61ee440edce",{"type":20,"title":175,"markdownContent":176,"audioMediaId":177},"Face recognition","Recognizing who we are talking to is a vital aspect of human communication. Just imagine what it would be like if you couldn’t identify your partner, children, parents, or co-workers.\n\nAnd yet, for some, it’s a genuine problem. Actor and comedian Stephen Fry admits to experiencing mild ‘**prosopagnosia**’ – sometimes referred to as ‘face blindness.’ It can leave him unable to recognize a colleague in a queue for coffee, having spent all morning with them. \n\n ![Graph](image://44e27e60-e95c-4c66-81a0-9f11d5098d64 \"Stephen Fry\")\n\nIt seems that **facial recognition is happening across multiple layers of brain activity, and typically without effort**. Yet for some, a process within the brain linked to late-stage facial recognition is either not triggered or unable to get the information needed. \n\nProsopagnosia may be more common than we think. A 2006 study identified that **almost 2.5% of school children and medical students** tested may have some degree of the condition. And yet, it often remains hidden, with sufferers relying on other cues, such as voice, body shape, hairstyle, and behavior, to identify the person standing before them.\n\n","93d000f3-4055-45ef-8a2a-89dc81622563",[179,190],{"id":180,"data":181,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"3a6db536-09f9-4d3c-a530-19e501c8d6d0",{"type":38,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":20,"multiChoiceQuestion":182,"multiChoiceCorrect":184,"multiChoiceIncorrect":186},[183],"What percentage of school children suffer from prosopagnosia?",[185],"2.5%",[187,188,189],"0.025%","25%","0.25%",{"id":191,"data":192,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"f5d60359-864c-4a9c-8a12-6cd2525be2d4",{"type":38,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":20,"activeRecallQuestion":193,"activeRecallAnswers":195},[194],"What is the alternative term for face blindness?",[196],"Prosopagnosia",{"id":198,"data":199,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":203},"1c15a20f-a7f3-4d4f-aff7-7fc97cef5bc5",{"type":20,"title":200,"markdownContent":201,"audioMediaId":202},"Not seeing what’s in front of us","**Visual processing is not simply about seeing; it involves perception**. Even if we ‘can’ see something, it doesn’t mean we will be aware of it.\n\nAn iconic study by researchers **Daniel Simons** and **Christopher Chabris** in 1999 involved participants being asked to count the number of passes between a group of basketball players in a specially staged video. \n\n ![Graph](image://f41e139a-aad6-43da-a593-cb5ccd4cf6b0 \"AI-generated image: a gorilla on the basketball court\")\n\n\nWhat they didn’t expect, and half of them didn’t see, was, at one point, someone dressed in a gorilla suit walk through the middle of the action.\n\nAnd it wasn’t a one-off; it’s been repeated in various guises. It seems that such **‘inattentional blindness’ is not uncommon and results from an evolved filtering system that helps our brain from being overwhelmed by stimuli**. \n\nSo, while we may comment on what we notice as being unusual in our environment, we may indeed remain unaware of all that we may have missed.\n\n","d40d72fc-e4a8-4f57-9b87-0be5cb7b5203",[204],{"id":205,"data":206,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"3c7f5fa5-e5fa-4928-9157-15d12c62bc2f",{"type":38,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":20,"activeRecallQuestion":207,"activeRecallAnswers":209},[208],"Which two researchers conducted a study in which a gorilla crossed a basketball game?",[210,211],"Daniel Simons","Christopher Chabris",{"id":213,"data":214,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":218},"177f1f17-4280-42b9-8623-771e96329b0c",{"type":20,"title":215,"markdownContent":216,"audioMediaId":217},"Judging distance","Vision may be crucial to identify what and who we need to engage with in our environment, yet also facilitates our moving around. And it’s vital. Without it, there is nothing to stop us from stepping out in front of a cab heading down the street toward us as we are about to cross.\n\nAnd yet, calculating time to impact may not involve the complexity of estimating its distance from us and its speed. Professor **David Lee** suggests 'time to contact' may be judged based on the size of the image on our eye divided by its rate of expansion – known as its ‘tau.’\n\nIf this is correct, **it means our brains can work out our time to contact with any object from variables that are directly measurable by the eye**. However, it does not take speed changes and can be challenging with irregularly shaped objects.\n","99d15cb2-6697-48ed-986b-782f2cb93097",[219],{"id":220,"data":221,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"682dbfd3-7cf2-4ab7-ac89-93e3f8e242d0",{"type":38,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":20,"binaryQuestion":222,"binaryCorrect":224,"binaryIncorrect":226},[223],"What is the name of the principle David Lee identifies to be central to judging distance?",[225],"Tau",[227],"Meow",[229,461,628],{"id":23,"data":24,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":230},[231,296,358,414],{"id":29,"data":30,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":34,"parsed":232},{"data":233,"body":236,"toc":294},{"title":234,"description":235},"","While technology often provides support to those experiencing visual impairment, we should not underestimate the importance of visual processing.",{"type":237,"children":238},"root",[239,255,260,270,289],{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":242,"children":243},"element","p",{},[244,247,253],{"type":245,"value":246},"text","While technology often provides support to those experiencing visual impairment, ",{"type":240,"tag":248,"props":249,"children":250},"strong",{},[251],{"type":245,"value":252},"we should not underestimate the importance of visual processing",{"type":245,"value":254},".",{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":256,"children":257},{},[258],{"type":245,"value":259},"Not only does it ensure our survival when performing risky activities such as crossing roads, but it also allows us to navigate with apparent ease day-to-day activities such as spotting a dropped pencil and turning to the page we want in a book.",{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":261,"children":262},{},[263],{"type":240,"tag":264,"props":265,"children":269},"img",{"alt":266,"src":267,"title":268},"Graph","image://36ac23fc-2176-441d-b06b-88d2a89585f4","The occipital lobes are found at the back of the brain",[],{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":271,"children":272},{},[273,275,280,282,287],{"type":245,"value":274},"Perhaps unsurprisingly, ",{"type":240,"tag":248,"props":276,"children":277},{},[278],{"type":245,"value":279},"the value attributed to visual processing is evidenced in the architecture of the brain",{"type":245,"value":281},", particularly the ",{"type":240,"tag":248,"props":283,"children":284},{},[285],{"type":245,"value":286},"occipital lobes",{"type":245,"value":288},", part of the cerebral cortex found at the rear of the skull. Indeed, more of the brain is dedicated to vision than any other sensory modality and, therefore, warrants a high degree of scientific attention.",{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":290,"children":291},{},[292],{"type":245,"value":293},"In turn, considerable cognitive research now attempts to uncover the potential and the constraints involved in everything from object recognition, face recognition, and depth perception to even, fascinatingly, perception without awareness – where a stimulus is strong enough to perceive, potentially impacting someone's behavior, and yet they report no knowledge of it.",{"title":234,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":295},[],{"id":55,"data":56,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":60,"parsed":297},{"data":298,"body":300,"toc":356},{"title":234,"description":299},"Vision starts with the eye. The optic nerve takes signals from the back of the eye to the back of brain, and, from there, impulses spread out to nearby regions.",{"type":237,"children":301},[302,319,331,339,351],{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":303,"children":304},{},[305,310,312,317],{"type":240,"tag":248,"props":306,"children":307},{},[308],{"type":245,"value":309},"Vision starts with the eye",{"type":245,"value":311},". The ",{"type":240,"tag":248,"props":313,"children":314},{},[315],{"type":245,"value":316},"optic nerve",{"type":245,"value":318}," takes signals from the back of the eye to the back of brain, and, from there, impulses spread out to nearby regions.",{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":320,"children":321},{},[322,324,329],{"type":245,"value":323},"Much of the rear of the brain is dedicated to visual perception – this includes all of the ",{"type":240,"tag":248,"props":325,"children":326},{},[327],{"type":245,"value":328},"occipital cortex",{"type":245,"value":330}," at the very back of the brain while extending into both the temporal and parietal lobes to the side and top.",{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":332,"children":333},{},[334],{"type":240,"tag":264,"props":335,"children":338},{"alt":266,"src":336,"title":337},"image://e2f0e4f5-f37a-40ad-badb-2f2bcc746424","The optic nerves",[],{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":340,"children":341},{},[342,344,349],{"type":245,"value":343},"The '",{"type":240,"tag":248,"props":345,"children":346},{},[347],{"type":245,"value":348},"functional specialization theory",{"type":245,"value":350},"' of visual processing argues that multiple areas of the brain are engaged in tackling the ‘problem’ of visual processing – each one performing a dedicated function. For example, a red ball, when being caught, is typically recognized as having color, form, and motion. All of these attributes may be processed in physically separate parts of the brain.",{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":352,"children":353},{},[354],{"type":245,"value":355},"And yet, evidence from patients experiencing head trauma and damage to specific brain regions appears conflicting. Those with damage to the area of the brain known as V4, believed to be dedicated to color processing, seem to lose some but not all color perception, while form and motion are left unaffected. There may be more connectivity in visual processing than first thought.",{"title":234,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":357},[],{"id":77,"data":78,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":82,"parsed":359},{"data":360,"body":362,"toc":412},{"title":234,"description":361},"Many of the objects we attempt to identify and interact with are in motion. Perhaps as a result, along with the importance of tracking humans and animals as they move, there appears to be dedicated visual processing separate from that which handles static objects.",{"type":237,"children":363},[364,368,380],{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":365,"children":366},{},[367],{"type":245,"value":361},{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":369,"children":370},{},[371,373,378],{"type":245,"value":372},"Indeed, in the case of a brain-damaged patient, they could see and identify individuals when they were not moving, yet, when in motion, they experienced what they saw as a series of ‘",{"type":240,"tag":248,"props":374,"children":375},{},[376],{"type":245,"value":377},"freeze frames",{"type":245,"value":379},".’ In comparison, another patient with an injury to a different part of the brain found it almost impossible not to bump into moving people.",{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":381,"children":382},{},[383,385,390,392,397,399,404,406,411],{"type":245,"value":384},"Therefore, it has been suggested that ",{"type":240,"tag":248,"props":386,"children":387},{},[388],{"type":245,"value":389},"there are 2 visual systems at play",{"type":245,"value":391},".  The first may be ‘",{"type":240,"tag":248,"props":393,"children":394},{},[395],{"type":245,"value":396},"vision-for-perception",{"type":245,"value":398},",’ which helps us recognize what the object heading toward us is, and the other, ‘",{"type":240,"tag":248,"props":400,"children":401},{},[402],{"type":245,"value":403},"vision-for-motion",{"type":245,"value":405},",’ to calculate its ",{"type":240,"tag":248,"props":407,"children":408},{},[409],{"type":245,"value":410},"direction, orientation, and position",{"type":245,"value":254},{"title":234,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":413},[],{"id":92,"data":93,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":97,"parsed":415},{"data":416,"body":418,"toc":459},{"title":234,"description":417},"While patients with head trauma offer a great deal of insight into the brain's inner workings, particularly regarding visual processing, there are other opportunities for gaining a deeper understanding.",{"type":237,"children":419},[420,424,436,444,449],{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":421,"children":422},{},[423],{"type":245,"value":417},{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":425,"children":426},{},[427,429,434],{"type":245,"value":428},"Visual illusions such as the ",{"type":240,"tag":248,"props":430,"children":431},{},[432],{"type":245,"value":433},"Müller-Lyer illusion",{"type":245,"value":435},", where the arrow at the bottom seems longer than the one at the top despite being of the same length, show how easily our visual identification system can be fooled.",{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":437,"children":438},{},[439],{"type":240,"tag":264,"props":440,"children":443},{"alt":266,"src":441,"title":442},"image://1331e06a-82ec-406a-849b-c3b790db194d","The Muller-Lyer illusion",[],{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":445,"children":446},{},[447],{"type":245,"value":448},"Follow-up studies teaming illusions with rapid pointing appeared to engage visual movement processing systems, almost completely removing the effect of such illusions.",{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":450,"children":451},{},[452,454],{"type":245,"value":453},"And yet, the illusory effect seems to return when the subject is asked to reach out and grasp objects. ",{"type":240,"tag":248,"props":455,"children":456},{},[457],{"type":245,"value":458},"While research further strengthens the idea that there are 2 systems involved in visual processing, they may be less independent than first thought.",{"title":234,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":460},[],{"id":110,"data":111,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":462},[463,523,570],{"id":115,"data":116,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":120,"parsed":464},{"data":465,"body":467,"toc":521},{"title":234,"description":466},"Depth perception in visual processing is highly complex, involving taking a two-dimensional retinal image and perceiving it as three-dimensional.",{"type":237,"children":468},[469,473,492,504,509],{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":470,"children":471},{},[472],{"type":245,"value":466},{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":474,"children":475},{},[476,478,483,485,490],{"type":245,"value":477},"‘",{"type":240,"tag":248,"props":479,"children":480},{},[481],{"type":245,"value":482},"Monocular cues",{"type":245,"value":484},"’ take information from a single eye and include texture, shading, and interposition – objects behind others appear farther away. ‘",{"type":240,"tag":248,"props":486,"children":487},{},[488],{"type":245,"value":489},"Binocular cues",{"type":245,"value":491},"' take into account the slight disparity of the images from both eyes.",{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":493,"children":494},{},[495,497,502],{"type":245,"value":496},"At the same time, ‘",{"type":240,"tag":248,"props":498,"children":499},{},[500],{"type":245,"value":501},"oculomotor",{"type":245,"value":503},"’ information arises from the muscle contractions involved in the convergence of both eyes on an object and variations in optical power associated with the thickness of the lens to maintain focus.",{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":505,"children":506},{},[507],{"type":245,"value":508},"Ultimately, these different sources of information are combined through complex cognitive processes and provide sufficient information to judge distance and depth.",{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":510,"children":511},{},[512,514,519],{"type":245,"value":513},"However, ",{"type":240,"tag":248,"props":515,"children":516},{},[517],{"type":245,"value":518},"there are times when one cue dominates another",{"type":245,"value":520},", especially when they provide conflicting information. Observers, often unconsciously, soon learn which cues to favor in real life, unlike the often somewhat artificial environments found in lab tests.",{"title":234,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":522},[],{"id":139,"data":140,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":144,"parsed":524},{"data":525,"body":527,"toc":568},{"title":234,"description":526},"While ‘blindsight,’ where a sufferer responds to a visual stimulus without being consciously aware of it, may sound paradoxical, it is very real. British soldiers in the First World War, with damage to their primary visual cortex, responded to objects in parts of their visual field while claiming they couldn’t see anything.",{"type":237,"children":528},[529,546,551],{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":530,"children":531},{},[532,537,539,544],{"type":240,"tag":248,"props":533,"children":534},{},[535],{"type":245,"value":536},"While ‘blindsight,’ where a sufferer responds to a visual stimulus without being consciously aware of it, may sound paradoxical, it is very real",{"type":245,"value":538},". British soldiers in the First World War, with damage to their ",{"type":240,"tag":248,"props":540,"children":541},{},[542],{"type":245,"value":543},"primary visual cortex",{"type":245,"value":545},", responded to objects in parts of their visual field while claiming they couldn’t see anything.",{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":547,"children":548},{},[549],{"type":245,"value":550},"Much later, a patient referred to as ‘DB’ had part of their primary visual cortex removed to relieve severe migraines. While able to point to the approximate location of individual objects and identify those that were stationary rather than moving, he reported no conscious experience of what was in his ‘blind’ field.",{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":552,"children":553},{},[554,555,560,562,567],{"type":245,"value":513},{"type":240,"tag":248,"props":556,"children":557},{},[558],{"type":245,"value":559},"investigating blindsight patients remains problematic",{"type":245,"value":561}," – we have no way of proving what people are or are not seeing. And yet, functional neuroimaging studies confirm that such individuals have activation predominantly, or even exclusively, in the ‘dorsal stream’, signifying non-conscious processing. Therefore, ",{"type":240,"tag":248,"props":563,"children":564},{},[565],{"type":245,"value":566},"the problem may result from a lack of 'conscious' awareness of visual stimuli",{"type":245,"value":254},{"title":234,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":569},[],{"id":153,"data":154,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":158,"parsed":571},{"data":572,"body":574,"toc":626},{"title":234,"description":573},"Wherever we look, we see objects – it’s not only unavoidable but essential. And yet, despite appearing to be effortless for humans, attempts to code ‘perceiving’ computers have proved challenging.",{"type":237,"children":575},[576,580,591,599,604,616],{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":577,"children":578},{},[579],{"type":245,"value":573},{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":581,"children":582},{},[583,585,590],{"type":245,"value":584},"After all, many objects in the environment overlap, appear in various rotations, and belong to a wide variety of categories. ",{"type":240,"tag":248,"props":586,"children":587},{},[588],{"type":245,"value":589},"Early-stage processing in our visual system seems to rely on detecting an object's edges and basic features, potentially involving dedicated neurons to perform the processing",{"type":245,"value":254},{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":592,"children":593},{},[594],{"type":240,"tag":264,"props":595,"children":598},{"alt":266,"src":596,"title":597},"image://bc242ebb-5126-4b2f-b1f0-e94b526afe02","Humans are adept at perceiving objects within a crowded field of vision",[],{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":600,"children":601},{},[602],{"type":245,"value":603},"Subsequent stages most likely incorporate depth and orientation of visible surfaces before ultimately constructing three-dimensional visual representations.",{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":605,"children":606},{},[607,609,614],{"type":245,"value":608},"Indeed, neurologist and physiologist ",{"type":240,"tag":248,"props":610,"children":611},{},[612],{"type":245,"value":613},"David Marr",{"type":245,"value":615},"’s suggestion that such a series of representations provides increasingly detailed information has inspired many computational models and ongoing research into human and computer vision.",{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":617,"children":618},{},[619,621],{"type":245,"value":620},"And yet, there may be even further complexity. ",{"type":240,"tag":248,"props":622,"children":623},{},[624],{"type":245,"value":625},"While combining low-level features, known as bottom-up processing, is vital, when visual information is incomplete, it is necessary to bring in real-world contextual knowledge, referred to as top-down processing.",{"title":234,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":627},[],{"id":168,"data":169,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":629},[630,686,750],{"id":173,"data":174,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":178,"parsed":631},{"data":632,"body":634,"toc":684},{"title":234,"description":633},"Recognizing who we are talking to is a vital aspect of human communication. Just imagine what it would be like if you couldn’t identify your partner, children, parents, or co-workers.",{"type":237,"children":635},[636,640,652,660,672],{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":637,"children":638},{},[639],{"type":245,"value":633},{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":641,"children":642},{},[643,645,650],{"type":245,"value":644},"And yet, for some, it’s a genuine problem. Actor and comedian Stephen Fry admits to experiencing mild ‘",{"type":240,"tag":248,"props":646,"children":647},{},[648],{"type":245,"value":649},"prosopagnosia",{"type":245,"value":651},"’ – sometimes referred to as ‘face blindness.’ It can leave him unable to recognize a colleague in a queue for coffee, having spent all morning with them.",{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":653,"children":654},{},[655],{"type":240,"tag":264,"props":656,"children":659},{"alt":266,"src":657,"title":658},"image://44e27e60-e95c-4c66-81a0-9f11d5098d64","Stephen Fry",[],{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":661,"children":662},{},[663,665,670],{"type":245,"value":664},"It seems that ",{"type":240,"tag":248,"props":666,"children":667},{},[668],{"type":245,"value":669},"facial recognition is happening across multiple layers of brain activity, and typically without effort",{"type":245,"value":671},". Yet for some, a process within the brain linked to late-stage facial recognition is either not triggered or unable to get the information needed.",{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":673,"children":674},{},[675,677,682],{"type":245,"value":676},"Prosopagnosia may be more common than we think. A 2006 study identified that ",{"type":240,"tag":248,"props":678,"children":679},{},[680],{"type":245,"value":681},"almost 2.5% of school children and medical students",{"type":245,"value":683}," tested may have some degree of the condition. And yet, it often remains hidden, with sufferers relying on other cues, such as voice, body shape, hairstyle, and behavior, to identify the person standing before them.",{"title":234,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":685},[],{"id":198,"data":199,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":203,"parsed":687},{"data":688,"body":690,"toc":748},{"title":234,"description":689},"Visual processing is not simply about seeing; it involves perception. Even if we ‘can’ see something, it doesn’t mean we will be aware of it.",{"type":237,"children":691},[692,702,719,727,732,743],{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":693,"children":694},{},[695,700],{"type":240,"tag":248,"props":696,"children":697},{},[698],{"type":245,"value":699},"Visual processing is not simply about seeing; it involves perception",{"type":245,"value":701},". Even if we ‘can’ see something, it doesn’t mean we will be aware of it.",{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":703,"children":704},{},[705,707,711,713,717],{"type":245,"value":706},"An iconic study by researchers ",{"type":240,"tag":248,"props":708,"children":709},{},[710],{"type":245,"value":210},{"type":245,"value":712}," and ",{"type":240,"tag":248,"props":714,"children":715},{},[716],{"type":245,"value":211},{"type":245,"value":718}," in 1999 involved participants being asked to count the number of passes between a group of basketball players in a specially staged video.",{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":720,"children":721},{},[722],{"type":240,"tag":264,"props":723,"children":726},{"alt":266,"src":724,"title":725},"image://f41e139a-aad6-43da-a593-cb5ccd4cf6b0","AI-generated image: a gorilla on the basketball court",[],{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":728,"children":729},{},[730],{"type":245,"value":731},"What they didn’t expect, and half of them didn’t see, was, at one point, someone dressed in a gorilla suit walk through the middle of the action.",{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":733,"children":734},{},[735,737,742],{"type":245,"value":736},"And it wasn’t a one-off; it’s been repeated in various guises. It seems that such ",{"type":240,"tag":248,"props":738,"children":739},{},[740],{"type":245,"value":741},"‘inattentional blindness’ is not uncommon and results from an evolved filtering system that helps our brain from being overwhelmed by stimuli",{"type":245,"value":254},{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":744,"children":745},{},[746],{"type":245,"value":747},"So, while we may comment on what we notice as being unusual in our environment, we may indeed remain unaware of all that we may have missed.",{"title":234,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":749},[],{"id":213,"data":214,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":218,"parsed":751},{"data":752,"body":754,"toc":784},{"title":234,"description":753},"Vision may be crucial to identify what and who we need to engage with in our environment, yet also facilitates our moving around. And it’s vital. Without it, there is nothing to stop us from stepping out in front of a cab heading down the street toward us as we are about to cross.",{"type":237,"children":755},[756,760,772],{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":757,"children":758},{},[759],{"type":245,"value":753},{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":761,"children":762},{},[763,765,770],{"type":245,"value":764},"And yet, calculating time to impact may not involve the complexity of estimating its distance from us and its speed. Professor ",{"type":240,"tag":248,"props":766,"children":767},{},[768],{"type":245,"value":769},"David Lee",{"type":245,"value":771}," suggests 'time to contact' may be judged based on the size of the image on our eye divided by its rate of expansion – known as its ‘tau.’",{"type":240,"tag":241,"props":773,"children":774},{},[775,777,782],{"type":245,"value":776},"If this is correct, ",{"type":240,"tag":248,"props":778,"children":779},{},[780],{"type":245,"value":781},"it means our brains can work out our time to contact with any object from variables that are directly measurable by the eye",{"type":245,"value":783},". However, it does not take speed changes and can be challenging with irregularly shaped objects.",{"title":234,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":785},[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":787,"height":787,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":788},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":787,"height":787,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":790},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M4 5h16M4 12h16M4 19h16\"/>",1778179333732]