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Find out what this means and why in this tile.",3,[21,102,173,243],{"id":22,"data":23,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":26,"introPage":35,"pages":43},"52205538-229c-4f89-b14f-bb4f3c781d00",{"type":24,"title":25},2,"Introduction to Eleatic Philosophy",{"id":27,"data":28,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"bf40353d-6d12-4833-a4e5-718cb55e18e6",{"type":19,"summary":29},[30,31,32,33],"The Eleatics believed the world is a unified, ordered essence called the 'One'","They argued that change, motion, and decay are illusions","The Milesians saw the world as chaotic and ever-changing","Eleatics challenged the Milesian view by emphasizing an unchanging reality",1,{"id":36,"data":37,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"198e91ea-40b2-4230-a1cf-18cd423f3e17",{"type":38,"intro":39},10,[40,41,42],"Who founded the Eleatic school of philosophy?","What is the core belief of Eleatic philosophy?","How did Eleatic philosophers view the concept of change?",[44,62],{"id":45,"data":46,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":49},"a2defda7-bd44-4a47-9b03-9c166c2ef0ce",{"type":34,"markdownContent":47,"audioMediaId":48},"Milesian philosophers believed that the world was ultimately one of chaos and that it was only the discovery of the arche, or the supreme substance underlying all reality, that could attempt to make order of the world. The Eleatic school of philosophy heartily disagreed with this.\n\nThe Eleatics are a school of philosophers from Elea in modern-day Italy who believed that the world was one of complete order and unity, so much so that the observation of change, motion, or decay was actually only an illusion. This radical school of philosophy explored the depths of human reason by making bold claims about the metaphysical state of the universe and the importance of man’s reason to make sense of it.","e65d72fc-5345-41a1-b098-e85ada1de07c",[50],{"id":51,"data":52,"type":53,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":19},"54f85697-14c1-4382-9a08-c7cfe7a352be",{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":54,"multiChoiceCorrect":56,"multiChoiceIncorrect":58,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},11,[55],"Which Italian school of Pre-Socratic philosophers heartily disagreed with the Milesians?",[57],"The Eleatics",[59,60,61],"The Etruscans","The Stoics","The Cynics",{"id":63,"data":64,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":67},"0eda3ef5-bf3b-4107-bd15-ce51492256a9",{"type":34,"markdownContent":65,"audioMediaId":66},"The Eleatic philosophers, originating from the city of Elea, shared specific views on the nature of reality. At the core of their philosophy was the concept of the 'One,' a unified and ordered essence from which everything emanates. According to them, anything that exists or holds truth is an aspect of this One, and nothing can be separate or distinct from it.\n\nThis view stands in sharp contrast to the ideas of the Milesian school of philosophy, which posited that the world is in a constant state of change and disordered flux. The Eleatics went as far as to say that any perception of change or variety in the world is an illusion, fundamentally challenging the Milesian perspective.\n\nIn summary, while the Eleatic philosophers believed in an unchanging, unified reality governed by the principle of the 'One,' the Milesian thinkers embraced a world characterized by continual change and disorder.","b976f2b7-cbb3-4bfd-987a-8e2c8047263a",[68,77,86],{"id":69,"data":70,"type":53,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"3b55639c-17a6-4d16-83a8-4c9611d223d9",{"type":53,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":34,"binaryQuestion":71,"binaryCorrect":73,"binaryIncorrect":75},[72],"The Eleatic school of philosophy believed that there is one supreme substance underlying all reality",[74],"TRUE",[76],"FALSE",{"id":78,"data":79,"type":53,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"0ce83347-caf6-406d-9cea-8b38a29174cd",{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":80,"multiChoiceCorrect":82,"multiChoiceIncorrect":84,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[81],"Which of these statements would an Eleatic philosopher be likely to agree with:",[83],"There is an unchanging reality, governed by the 'One'",[85],"Reality is characterised by change and flux, and permanence is an illusion",{"id":87,"data":88,"type":53,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"120400d3-f841-4333-a7f7-6a1d397ac5b2",{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":89,"multiChoiceCorrect":91,"multiChoiceIncorrect":93,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":97,"matchPairsPairs":99},[90],"Which school of philosophy believed in the concept of the One?",[92],"Eleatic school of philosophy",[94,95,96],"Thales of Miletus","Milesians","Zeno of Elea",[98],"Match the pairs below:",[100],{"left":92,"right":101,"direction":19},"Believed in the 'One'",{"id":103,"data":104,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":106,"introPage":114,"pages":121},"56c701ef-8f4d-4bd0-a7a6-306e43bd2b73",{"type":24,"title":105},"Parmenides and His Philosophy",{"id":107,"data":108,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"76ca7f37-d467-4ecb-9d09-940923abcf03",{"type":19,"summary":109},[110,111,112,113],"Parmenides founded the Eleatic school of philosophy and wrote governing rules for Elea","He proposed that all reality is the One, and change, motion, and death are illusions","Parmenides argued that something cannot come from nothing, so all existence is unified","He believed motion was impossible because non-being or nothingness cannot exist",{"id":115,"data":116,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"b4f996e0-8762-4de7-a4a5-3a559ebf61c1",{"type":38,"intro":117},[118,119,120],"What is the central idea of Parmenides' metaphysical theory?","How did Parmenides describe the nature of the universe?","What was Parmenides' view on the concept of change?",[122,139,154],{"id":123,"data":124,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":127},"a1c6f328-e8f5-480f-b77f-5f3c4248c838",{"type":34,"markdownContent":125,"audioMediaId":126},"Parmenides was a pre-Socratic philosopher who is considered the founder of the Eleatic school of philosophy. Despite being considered today the father of metaphysics, he was actually extremely interested in politics and wrote the governing rules for the ancient city of Elea.\n\n![Graph](image://61ded235-7bc1-4e80-9705-98632889ea18 \"Sergio Spolti, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nHowever, the legacy of Parmenides resides in his metaphysical propositions for the universe and his influence on the philosophers who followed.\n\nParmenides was the first philosopher to propose the theory that all reality was ultimately the One and that change, motion, and death were merely an illusion. In discussing the nature of reality, Parmenides wrote, *'…it is unborn and imperishable, whole, unique, immovable and without end. It was not in the past, nor yet shall it be, since it now is, altogether, one and continuous.'*","132ab61e-fccb-4ae6-8419-a9b673dadfe2",[128],{"id":129,"data":130,"type":53,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"bf77a140-e48a-4408-bade-fa6e44ec27f7",{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":131,"multiChoiceCorrect":133,"multiChoiceIncorrect":135,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[132],"Who was the first philosopher to propose the theory that all reality was ultimately ‘One’ and change, motion, and death were merely an illusion?",[134],"Parmenides",[136,137,138],"Thales","Zeno","Anaximander",{"id":140,"data":141,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":144},"ca19391f-28fe-4911-95df-2e01068a6643",{"type":34,"markdownContent":142,"audioMediaId":143},"Parmenides believed in a monistic view of the world, in which all reality is completely unified and unchanging. He argued that, for something to exist or be born, it must come from a substance that existed before it, as something cannot come from nothing. All trees come from seeds, all children come from parents, et cetera.\n\nParmenides wrote, *'It needs must be that what can be thought and spoken of is; for it is possible for it to be, and it is not possible for what is nothing to be.'* This might sound a little vague and circuitous. Basically what he meant in this quote is that if you can speak of something, or think of it, it must have some truth, and be part of the larger, unified truth of the universe.","17adef00-bcbc-46da-a4b6-6b7d43b08dae",[145],{"id":146,"data":147,"type":53,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":19},"c90019f5-e3fb-4eac-b0fd-8cf1c32f2bab",{"type":53,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":34,"binaryQuestion":148,"binaryCorrect":150,"binaryIncorrect":152},[149],"What did Parmenides believe in terms of existence and non-existence?",[151],"Something cannot come from nothing",[153],"We don't know where matter comes from, therefore it could come from nothing",{"id":155,"data":156,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":159},"bd990506-39da-4862-8942-95ed205aa6c4",{"type":34,"markdownContent":157,"audioMediaId":158},"Parmenides also considered it impossible for something that is to become something that is not, since he believed nothingness to be illogical. If all reality is part of one being, and something can only exist if it comes from something that also exists, then nothing can truly die or become nonexistent, since that nonexistence stands in contradiction to existence.\n\nThe concept of nonexistence was not the only one that Parmenides disagreed with; he also believed that observations of motion were wrong as well. In fact, Parmenides believed motion itself was impossible. Just as he believed that everything must come from something and, therefore, all existence is one, unified substance, he also believed it was impossible for nothingness to generate.\n\nIn other words, something cannot come from nothing. Taking this concept a step further, Parmenides believed it was impossible for something to move from a state of being to non-being.\n\nHe saw that it was illogical to believe that something that does not exist – in this case, non-being or nothingness – does, in fact, exist. Thinking this sounds paradoxical? You’re right. Paradox actually means ‘contrary to appearance,’ which is exactly what Parmenides proposed, that the appearances we observe of reality are wrong.","674581f2-3635-4b1c-be59-d1ff47eb46e6",[160],{"id":161,"data":162,"type":53,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"45f7288b-e7d7-47bb-bc4c-4f990f0323f5",{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":163,"multiChoiceCorrect":165,"multiChoiceIncorrect":168,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":172,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[164],"Which of these statements would Parmenides agree with (select more than one)?",[166,167],"Motion is impossible","Nothing can become nonexistent",[169,170,171],"Existence is an illusion","When we die we cease to exist","There is no unifying substance to the universe",true,{"id":174,"data":175,"type":24,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":177,"introPage":185,"pages":192},"0e634f44-5c55-4ac8-999f-9e56daf7e6bd",{"type":24,"title":176},"Parmenides' Concept of Oneness",{"id":178,"data":179,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"055afc5b-5c0a-4a8e-8505-2be453773c23",{"type":19,"summary":180},[181,182,183,184],"Parmenides believed that everything is part of the One, so nothing is truly separate","He argued that empty space is impossible because it represents nothingness","Parmenides thought our senses deceive us, making us believe in change and motion","True understanding comes from reason and logic, not from our senses",{"id":186,"data":187,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"365463de-9f27-4708-adfd-b9b9a65fceec",{"type":38,"intro":188},[189,190,191],"What did Parmenides believe about the nature of Oneness?","How did Parmenides view the concept of separateness?","Why did Parmenides reject the idea of empty space?",[193,206,230],{"id":194,"data":195,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":198},"d6a409ff-cc20-4979-be5a-20e1937c630f",{"type":34,"markdownContent":196,"audioMediaId":197},"Similar to Parmenides’ belief that death or nonexistence was illogical, he also proposed that it was a mistake to believe that there are separate or distinct objects. Nothing could stand in opposition to the One or the supreme form of being or it wouldn’t exist. Since nothing can stand in contradiction to it, he argued, that also meant that nothing could be separate from it. If everything is part of the One, then all actually *is* one.\n\nTo believe that a person is separate from a tree or from a building or even another person is merely a trick of our senses, Parmenides believed, for if something exists it must be part of the One. Additionally, for an object to be separate from another, there must be empty space separating them. That empty space is merely another example of nothingness or what is not, and nothingness is an impossibility.","84fbdabf-a314-45b4-ab90-e98b7f21fa6f",[199],{"id":200,"data":201,"type":53,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"3cecbf85-def0-4af8-bb28-346f62d69e4e",{"type":53,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":34,"binaryQuestion":202,"binaryCorrect":204,"binaryIncorrect":205},[203],"Parmenides believed that nothingness is an impossibility",[74],[76],{"id":207,"data":208,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":211},"5042fa48-64f3-43e5-97dc-5e10cc24e28e",{"type":34,"markdownContent":209,"audioMediaId":210},"It was the belief of Parmenides that what we observe to be change, motion, or even death is merely an illusion. In fact, he proposed the notion that all of our senses were faulty and even deceptive. Parmenides believed that it is only through the use of reason, or the ‘mind’s eye,’ that we have any hope of understanding the world around us.\n\nTo truly understand reality, Parmenides insisted on abandoning the senses and, instead, turning to purely abstract and logical reasoning for knowledge. After abandoning one’s own senses that might lead one to believe in a changing, inconsistent universe and developing the mind’s eye, reality would be understood as one unified, static fullness.","0d8204db-3b45-48ce-922a-c4b0d555d8be",[212,221],{"id":213,"data":214,"type":53,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"eaea5d0e-6706-475b-9424-9dcc9926f566",{"type":53,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":34,"binaryQuestion":215,"binaryCorrect":217,"binaryIncorrect":219},[216],"There is no 'One', because we can observe changeability in the universe' Would Parmenides agree with this?",[218],"No, because he believed that motion is illusory and superficial",[220],"Yes, because he believed that the universe was in flux",{"id":222,"data":223,"type":53,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"395b6bcb-425f-4229-9835-98772994e37e",{"type":53,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":34,"binaryQuestion":224,"binaryCorrect":226,"binaryIncorrect":228},[225],"Parmenides believed that we understand the world around us through:",[227],"Reason",[229],"Our senses",{"id":231,"data":232,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":235},"e7473f4e-0720-43a0-a8b8-7178aa961946",{"type":34,"markdownContent":233,"audioMediaId":234},"This emphasis on reason and logical deductions to form a working theory of the universe represents a major shift from the common use of religion and mythology to explain the cosmos. The emergence of **rationalism** that is seen in the Eleatic school of philosophy directly influences many of the philosophers who followed and even extends down to us today.\n\nParmenides’ articulation of the proposed disparity between true reality and observations of reality is the first articulation of the duality of reality and appearance, a concept that is embedded today in modern Western thought. This strict adherence to logic and deduction forms an ontology that, while difficult to buy into today, has shaped modern society’s understanding of how true reality may not be fully articulated or understood by relying on one’s own senses alone.\n\nFor example, listening to a piece of music would not betray the nature of sound waves to the listener, nor would sitting in a chair help someone understand the atomic structure of that chair. Our senses can guide us, but as Parmenides points out, they cannot teach us or even reveal to us the true nature of existence.","360da872-9c1e-44a4-b59a-960cac3cb106",[236],{"id":237,"data":238,"type":53,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"89a7c159-659b-451f-96b5-44bfbd938895",{"type":53,"reviewType":34,"spacingBehaviour":34,"activeRecallQuestion":239,"activeRecallAnswers":241},[240],"Parmenides was the first to articulate what concept?",[242],"The difference between true reality and our perceptions",{"id":244,"data":245,"type":24,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":247,"introPage":255,"pages":262},"c1115019-70e8-4af1-9fea-bfdaab686081",{"type":24,"title":246},"Zeno and the Eleatic Influence",{"id":248,"data":249,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"5c341467-d3db-4942-9cc6-c10847bdef7b",{"type":19,"summary":250},[251,252,253,254],"Zeno of Elea created paradoxes to defend Parmenides' theories","Zeno's arguments, called *ad absurdum*, aimed to show contradictions in assumptions","Aristotle credited Zeno with inventing the dialectical method","Parmenides believed true understanding comes only through logic and reason",{"id":256,"data":257,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"f203790e-bf2f-4f0e-8d84-a2eae4de4e64",{"type":38,"intro":258},[259,260,261],"What is Zeno's most famous paradox?","How did Zeno's paradoxes challenge the concept of motion?","What was the main idea behind the Eleatic school of philosophy?",[263,268],{"id":264,"data":265,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24},"39ce2405-8009-47a7-b526-9a23b4bfd6b5",{"type":34,"markdownContent":266,"audioMediaId":267},"Parmenides’ radical and paradoxical thinking would go on to inspire many philosophers after him, such as Zeno of Elea and, most notably, Plato. Zeno of Elea was Parmenides’ student and is most well-known for his work on paradoxes that were meant to defend Parmenides’ theories. It's important that we don't confuse him with Zeno of Citium, the founder of Stoicism, who we will discuss later.\n\n![Graph](image://8f92a36b-9a81-4e49-a3cf-2d3089276598 \"Zeno of Elea. Jan de Bisschop, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nHe called these arguments *ad absurdum* because he hoped to point out the illogical nature or absurdity of some assumptions or observations and how those assumptions ultimately lead to contradictions. While many of Zeno’s paradoxes have been disproved through the centuries,\n\nAristotle actually credited Zeno as being the inventor of the dialectical method, or the exchange of propositions and counters to them, to arrive at a logical conclusion.","a5e64eeb-667f-45fc-a62d-e6483dba576c",{"id":269,"data":270,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":273},"a4e8847a-34e5-4743-9af1-2319ec0bd2ab",{"type":34,"markdownContent":271,"audioMediaId":272},"While modern science may not support some of Parmenides’ more radical claims, his strict insistence on the importance of logic and deductive reasoning does hold firm today. Ultimately, he rejected the epistemological soundness of relying on or even using sensory experience to understand the world.\n\nTrue understanding could only come through logic and reason. This formulation of an indivisible and unified ‘Oneness’ composing reality is in direct opposition to Milesian philosophers, who saw reality as innately fractured and knowledge to be an attempt to produce an order from that chaos.\n\nThe main criticism of the Eleatic school is that it proposes pure metaphysics, or ideas of the ultimate reality, while also attempting to explain natural philosophy. Despite these criticisms, the Eleatic influence remains significant, and it developed many early theories of the nature of reality that are still maintained today.","4c5ec9e4-1b40-486a-be2c-1a0689546b46",[274],{"id":275,"data":276,"type":53,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"73bd135b-5f34-48d2-a435-eb90db3b0705",{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":277,"multiChoiceCorrect":279,"multiChoiceIncorrect":280,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":281,"matchPairsPairs":282},[278],"Who used paradoxes to uphold the theories of Parmenides?",[96],[94,95,92],[98],[283],{"left":96,"right":284,"direction":19},"Defended Parmenides' theories through paradoxes",[286,332,423,498],{"id":22,"data":23,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":26,"introPage":35,"pages":287},[288,310],{"id":45,"data":46,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":49,"parsed":289},{"data":290,"body":293,"toc":308},{"title":291,"description":292},"","Milesian philosophers believed that the world was ultimately one of chaos and that it was only the discovery of the arche, or the supreme substance underlying all reality, that could attempt to make order of the world. The Eleatic school of philosophy heartily disagreed with this.",{"type":294,"children":295},"root",[296,303],{"type":297,"tag":298,"props":299,"children":300},"element","p",{},[301],{"type":302,"value":292},"text",{"type":297,"tag":298,"props":304,"children":305},{},[306],{"type":302,"value":307},"The Eleatics are a school of philosophers from Elea in modern-day Italy who believed that the world was one of complete order and unity, so much so that the observation of change, motion, or decay was actually only an illusion. This radical school of philosophy explored the depths of human reason by making bold claims about the metaphysical state of the universe and the importance of man’s reason to make sense of it.",{"title":291,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":309},[],{"id":63,"data":64,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":67,"parsed":311},{"data":312,"body":314,"toc":330},{"title":291,"description":313},"The Eleatic philosophers, originating from the city of Elea, shared specific views on the nature of reality. At the core of their philosophy was the concept of the 'One,' a unified and ordered essence from which everything emanates. According to them, anything that exists or holds truth is an aspect of this One, and nothing can be separate or distinct from it.",{"type":294,"children":315},[316,320,325],{"type":297,"tag":298,"props":317,"children":318},{},[319],{"type":302,"value":313},{"type":297,"tag":298,"props":321,"children":322},{},[323],{"type":302,"value":324},"This view stands in sharp contrast to the ideas of the Milesian school of philosophy, which posited that the world is in a constant state of change and disordered flux. The Eleatics went as far as to say that any perception of change or variety in the world is an illusion, fundamentally challenging the Milesian perspective.",{"type":297,"tag":298,"props":326,"children":327},{},[328],{"type":302,"value":329},"In summary, while the Eleatic philosophers believed in an unchanging, unified reality governed by the principle of the 'One,' the Milesian thinkers embraced a world characterized by continual change and disorder.",{"title":291,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":331},[],{"id":103,"data":104,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":106,"introPage":114,"pages":333},[334,372,396],{"id":123,"data":124,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":127,"parsed":335},{"data":336,"body":338,"toc":370},{"title":291,"description":337},"Parmenides was a pre-Socratic philosopher who is considered the founder of the Eleatic school of philosophy. Despite being considered today the father of metaphysics, he was actually extremely interested in politics and wrote the governing rules for the ancient city of Elea.",{"type":294,"children":339},[340,344,354,359],{"type":297,"tag":298,"props":341,"children":342},{},[343],{"type":302,"value":337},{"type":297,"tag":298,"props":345,"children":346},{},[347],{"type":297,"tag":348,"props":349,"children":353},"img",{"alt":350,"src":351,"title":352},"Graph","image://61ded235-7bc1-4e80-9705-98632889ea18","Sergio Spolti, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":297,"tag":298,"props":355,"children":356},{},[357],{"type":302,"value":358},"However, the legacy of Parmenides resides in his metaphysical propositions for the universe and his influence on the philosophers who followed.",{"type":297,"tag":298,"props":360,"children":361},{},[362,364],{"type":302,"value":363},"Parmenides was the first philosopher to propose the theory that all reality was ultimately the One and that change, motion, and death were merely an illusion. In discussing the nature of reality, Parmenides wrote, ",{"type":297,"tag":365,"props":366,"children":367},"em",{},[368],{"type":302,"value":369},"'…it is unborn and imperishable, whole, unique, immovable and without end. It was not in the past, nor yet shall it be, since it now is, altogether, one and continuous.'",{"title":291,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":371},[],{"id":140,"data":141,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":144,"parsed":373},{"data":374,"body":376,"toc":394},{"title":291,"description":375},"Parmenides believed in a monistic view of the world, in which all reality is completely unified and unchanging. He argued that, for something to exist or be born, it must come from a substance that existed before it, as something cannot come from nothing. All trees come from seeds, all children come from parents, et cetera.",{"type":294,"children":377},[378,382],{"type":297,"tag":298,"props":379,"children":380},{},[381],{"type":302,"value":375},{"type":297,"tag":298,"props":383,"children":384},{},[385,387,392],{"type":302,"value":386},"Parmenides wrote, ",{"type":297,"tag":365,"props":388,"children":389},{},[390],{"type":302,"value":391},"'It needs must be that what can be thought and spoken of is; for it is possible for it to be, and it is not possible for what is nothing to be.'",{"type":302,"value":393}," This might sound a little vague and circuitous. Basically what he meant in this quote is that if you can speak of something, or think of it, it must have some truth, and be part of the larger, unified truth of the universe.",{"title":291,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":395},[],{"id":155,"data":156,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":159,"parsed":397},{"data":398,"body":400,"toc":421},{"title":291,"description":399},"Parmenides also considered it impossible for something that is to become something that is not, since he believed nothingness to be illogical. If all reality is part of one being, and something can only exist if it comes from something that also exists, then nothing can truly die or become nonexistent, since that nonexistence stands in contradiction to existence.",{"type":294,"children":401},[402,406,411,416],{"type":297,"tag":298,"props":403,"children":404},{},[405],{"type":302,"value":399},{"type":297,"tag":298,"props":407,"children":408},{},[409],{"type":302,"value":410},"The concept of nonexistence was not the only one that Parmenides disagreed with; he also believed that observations of motion were wrong as well. In fact, Parmenides believed motion itself was impossible. Just as he believed that everything must come from something and, therefore, all existence is one, unified substance, he also believed it was impossible for nothingness to generate.",{"type":297,"tag":298,"props":412,"children":413},{},[414],{"type":302,"value":415},"In other words, something cannot come from nothing. Taking this concept a step further, Parmenides believed it was impossible for something to move from a state of being to non-being.",{"type":297,"tag":298,"props":417,"children":418},{},[419],{"type":302,"value":420},"He saw that it was illogical to believe that something that does not exist – in this case, non-being or nothingness – does, in fact, exist. Thinking this sounds paradoxical? You’re right. Paradox actually means ‘contrary to appearance,’ which is exactly what Parmenides proposed, that the appearances we observe of reality are wrong.",{"title":291,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":422},[],{"id":174,"data":175,"type":24,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":177,"introPage":185,"pages":424},[425,450,467],{"id":194,"data":195,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":198,"parsed":426},{"data":427,"body":429,"toc":448},{"title":291,"description":428},"Similar to Parmenides’ belief that death or nonexistence was illogical, he also proposed that it was a mistake to believe that there are separate or distinct objects. Nothing could stand in opposition to the One or the supreme form of being or it wouldn’t exist. Since nothing can stand in contradiction to it, he argued, that also meant that nothing could be separate from it. If everything is part of the One, then all actually is one.",{"type":294,"children":430},[431,443],{"type":297,"tag":298,"props":432,"children":433},{},[434,436,441],{"type":302,"value":435},"Similar to Parmenides’ belief that death or nonexistence was illogical, he also proposed that it was a mistake to believe that there are separate or distinct objects. Nothing could stand in opposition to the One or the supreme form of being or it wouldn’t exist. Since nothing can stand in contradiction to it, he argued, that also meant that nothing could be separate from it. If everything is part of the One, then all actually ",{"type":297,"tag":365,"props":437,"children":438},{},[439],{"type":302,"value":440},"is",{"type":302,"value":442}," one.",{"type":297,"tag":298,"props":444,"children":445},{},[446],{"type":302,"value":447},"To believe that a person is separate from a tree or from a building or even another person is merely a trick of our senses, Parmenides believed, for if something exists it must be part of the One. Additionally, for an object to be separate from another, there must be empty space separating them. That empty space is merely another example of nothingness or what is not, and nothingness is an impossibility.",{"title":291,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":449},[],{"id":207,"data":208,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":211,"parsed":451},{"data":452,"body":454,"toc":465},{"title":291,"description":453},"It was the belief of Parmenides that what we observe to be change, motion, or even death is merely an illusion. In fact, he proposed the notion that all of our senses were faulty and even deceptive. Parmenides believed that it is only through the use of reason, or the ‘mind’s eye,’ that we have any hope of understanding the world around us.",{"type":294,"children":455},[456,460],{"type":297,"tag":298,"props":457,"children":458},{},[459],{"type":302,"value":453},{"type":297,"tag":298,"props":461,"children":462},{},[463],{"type":302,"value":464},"To truly understand reality, Parmenides insisted on abandoning the senses and, instead, turning to purely abstract and logical reasoning for knowledge. After abandoning one’s own senses that might lead one to believe in a changing, inconsistent universe and developing the mind’s eye, reality would be understood as one unified, static fullness.",{"title":291,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":466},[],{"id":231,"data":232,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":235,"parsed":468},{"data":469,"body":471,"toc":496},{"title":291,"description":470},"This emphasis on reason and logical deductions to form a working theory of the universe represents a major shift from the common use of religion and mythology to explain the cosmos. The emergence of rationalism that is seen in the Eleatic school of philosophy directly influences many of the philosophers who followed and even extends down to us today.",{"type":294,"children":472},[473,486,491],{"type":297,"tag":298,"props":474,"children":475},{},[476,478,484],{"type":302,"value":477},"This emphasis on reason and logical deductions to form a working theory of the universe represents a major shift from the common use of religion and mythology to explain the cosmos. The emergence of ",{"type":297,"tag":479,"props":480,"children":481},"strong",{},[482],{"type":302,"value":483},"rationalism",{"type":302,"value":485}," that is seen in the Eleatic school of philosophy directly influences many of the philosophers who followed and even extends down to us today.",{"type":297,"tag":298,"props":487,"children":488},{},[489],{"type":302,"value":490},"Parmenides’ articulation of the proposed disparity between true reality and observations of reality is the first articulation of the duality of reality and appearance, a concept that is embedded today in modern Western thought. This strict adherence to logic and deduction forms an ontology that, while difficult to buy into today, has shaped modern society’s understanding of how true reality may not be fully articulated or understood by relying on one’s own senses alone.",{"type":297,"tag":298,"props":492,"children":493},{},[494],{"type":302,"value":495},"For example, listening to a piece of music would not betray the nature of sound waves to the listener, nor would sitting in a chair help someone understand the atomic structure of that chair. Our senses can guide us, but as Parmenides points out, they cannot teach us or even reveal to us the true nature of existence.",{"title":291,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":497},[],{"id":244,"data":245,"type":24,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":247,"introPage":255,"pages":499},[500,537],{"id":264,"data":265,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"parsed":501},{"data":502,"body":504,"toc":535},{"title":291,"description":503},"Parmenides’ radical and paradoxical thinking would go on to inspire many philosophers after him, such as Zeno of Elea and, most notably, Plato. Zeno of Elea was Parmenides’ student and is most well-known for his work on paradoxes that were meant to defend Parmenides’ theories. It's important that we don't confuse him with Zeno of Citium, the founder of Stoicism, who we will discuss later.",{"type":294,"children":505},[506,510,518,530],{"type":297,"tag":298,"props":507,"children":508},{},[509],{"type":302,"value":503},{"type":297,"tag":298,"props":511,"children":512},{},[513],{"type":297,"tag":348,"props":514,"children":517},{"alt":350,"src":515,"title":516},"image://8f92a36b-9a81-4e49-a3cf-2d3089276598","Zeno of Elea. Jan de Bisschop, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":297,"tag":298,"props":519,"children":520},{},[521,523,528],{"type":302,"value":522},"He called these arguments ",{"type":297,"tag":365,"props":524,"children":525},{},[526],{"type":302,"value":527},"ad absurdum",{"type":302,"value":529}," because he hoped to point out the illogical nature or absurdity of some assumptions or observations and how those assumptions ultimately lead to contradictions. While many of Zeno’s paradoxes have been disproved through the centuries,",{"type":297,"tag":298,"props":531,"children":532},{},[533],{"type":302,"value":534},"Aristotle actually credited Zeno as being the inventor of the dialectical method, or the exchange of propositions and counters to them, to arrive at a logical conclusion.",{"title":291,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":536},[],{"id":269,"data":270,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":273,"parsed":538},{"data":539,"body":541,"toc":557},{"title":291,"description":540},"While modern science may not support some of Parmenides’ more radical claims, his strict insistence on the importance of logic and deductive reasoning does hold firm today. Ultimately, he rejected the epistemological soundness of relying on or even using sensory experience to understand the world.",{"type":294,"children":542},[543,547,552],{"type":297,"tag":298,"props":544,"children":545},{},[546],{"type":302,"value":540},{"type":297,"tag":298,"props":548,"children":549},{},[550],{"type":302,"value":551},"True understanding could only come through logic and reason. This formulation of an indivisible and unified ‘Oneness’ composing reality is in direct opposition to Milesian philosophers, who saw reality as innately fractured and knowledge to be an attempt to produce an order from that chaos.",{"type":297,"tag":298,"props":553,"children":554},{},[555],{"type":302,"value":556},"The main criticism of the Eleatic school is that it proposes pure metaphysics, or ideas of the ultimate reality, while also attempting to explain natural philosophy. Despite these criticisms, the Eleatic influence remains significant, and it developed many early theories of the nature of reality that are still maintained today.",{"title":291,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":558},[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":560,"height":560,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":561},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":560,"height":560,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":563},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M4 5h16M4 12h16M4 19h16\"/>",1778179319886]