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and history to its modern interpretation.",3,[38,117,238],{"id":39,"data":40,"type":26,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":36,"summaryPage":42,"introPage":50,"pages":57},"1471c53c-9f86-4506-8117-57463e37fd26",{"type":26,"title":41},"Understanding Ikigai",{"id":43,"data":44,"type":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"acb02d3c-400b-4b70-a865-0cc8e59e548b",{"type":36,"summary":45},[46,47,48,49],"Ikigai combines the Japanese words for 'life' and 'worth'","Ikigai means 'the joy and goal of living'","The concept of ikigai dates back to the Heian period","Psychiatrist Mieko Kamiya studied ikigai in leprosy patients in the 1950s",{"id":51,"data":52,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"128d5635-f2c6-4a8f-b979-5e0c0342ed2f",{"type":53,"intro":54},10,[55,56],"What does the word ikigai mean in Japanese?","How did Mieko Kamiya contribute to the study of ikigai?",[58,76,100],{"id":59,"data":60,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":63},"2b014361-2a03-41a4-8cb7-54a520c5487d",{"type":25,"markdownContent":61,"audioMediaId":62},"Can you answer this question: **What is your reason for getting up in the morning?** Finding meaning in oneā€™s life or a reason for living has been a persistent preoccupation of humans throughout history and cultures. For Japanese people, that reason is their *ikigai*.\n\n![Graph](image://35429f8e-bddb-4f49-96a9-0691d0768ca1 \"A Japanese ceramicist. Image: Public domain via Wikimedia.\")\n\nThe term ikigai is composed of the Japanese characters *iki* (ē”Ÿć), meaning ā€˜**life**ā€™ or ā€˜**to live**,ā€™ and *kai* (ē”²ę–), pronounced ā€˜gaiā€™, meaning ā€˜reason,ā€™ ā€˜meaning,ā€™ or ā€˜worth.ā€™ Ikigai is a nuanced Japanese word, reflecting the idea of happiness to be alive.\n\nJapanese dictionaries define ikigai as *ikiru hariai*, *yorokobi*, or *meate* (something to live for; the joy and goal of living; happiness and the benefit of being alive). In English, it is commonly referred to as ā€˜**the value of life**,ā€™ ā€˜**a reason for living**,ā€™ or ā€˜**what makes life worth living**.ā€™","c5cdb44f-1c16-4099-b316-6ea96f509cd6",[64],{"id":65,"data":66,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"d7ac9342-f565-4ac2-abb1-94ed89d3c3f9",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":68,"multiChoiceCorrect":70,"multiChoiceIncorrect":72,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},11,[69],"Which of these is an accurate description of Ikigai?",[71],"A way to find meaning in life",[73,74,75],"A way to become more productive","A method for tidying your house","A religious philosophy",{"id":77,"data":78,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":21,"reviews":81},"80a17732-c76c-4bd2-ac38-b1a13ec8075f",{"type":25,"markdownContent":79,"audioMediaId":80},"The term **ikigai has a long history in Japanese culture**. Gordon Mathews, a professor of anthropology at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, who explored the concept of ikigai in studying how the Japanese and Americans find meaning in their lives, tracks the term back to the 14th-century Taiheiki. The concept is also referred to frequently in early 20th-century works such as Natsume Sōsekiā€™s 1912 novel *Kōjin*.\n\nAkihiro Hasegawa, a clinical psychologist and associate professor at Toyo Eiwa University, traces the origin of the word ikigai further back to the Heian period (794ā€“1185 CE). Hasegawa explains that the word *kai* (pronounced ā€˜gaiā€™) derived its meaning from the word ā€˜shellā€™, which was considered to be a precious object at the time.\n\n![Graph](image://34bb9063-765d-46b6-8bc8-8c49fe5dbd51 \"Kai-Awase shells. Image: Sailko, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nAccording to Hasegawa, artists would decorate the shells for a game called *kai-awase* (the game of matching shells), which was a favorite aristocratic pastime in the 11th- and 12th-century Japanese court.\n\n![Graph](image://d57f3cdd-018d-42cb-8bb1-92cbf65d974d \"The Game of Matching Shells (Kai-awase). Chōbunsai Eishi, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\")","c6b44afd-9c3c-4f51-a3a5-aec02ad714ba",[82,93],{"id":83,"data":84,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"6522a241-fb66-4d4c-9b5e-4e0a30a5aaa8",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":85,"multiChoiceCorrect":87,"multiChoiceIncorrect":89,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[86],"The 'gai' in 'Ikigai' means what in Japanese?",[88],"Reason or meaning",[90,91,92],"Life or birth","Truth or knowledge","Peace or quiet",{"id":94,"data":95,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"21e3980d-9282-4b70-941d-0d2e9fcec653",{"type":67,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":96,"clozeWords":98},[97],"Iki' in the term ā€˜ikigaiā€™ means ā€˜lifeā€™",[99],"life",{"id":101,"data":102,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":105},"65978156-3197-4e93-aa45-844aefbdf001",{"type":25,"markdownContent":103,"audioMediaId":104},"Even though the word ikigai, and the breadth of its meaning, have long been familiar to Japanese people, it was not until 1966 that the concept was studied extensively and theorized. While treating leprosy patients in the late 1950s at the Nagashima Aiseien Sanatorium, Japanese psychiatrist Mieko Kamiya noticed a feeling of meaninglessness in life among patients.\n\nThrough her observations and interviews with leprosy patients, Kamiya identified ikigai as an essential factor in maintaining hope and meaning in oneā€™s life despite terrible circumstances, such as severe illness. Kamiyaā€™s study of ikigai in this context represents **the first theorized model of ikigai in Japan**, and it was thoroughly developed by the psychiatrist in her most influential book, *Ikigai-ni-Tsuite* (On the Meaning of Life).\n\nKamiyaā€™s comprehensive study of ikigai has influenced the work of subsequent researchers and is still a point of reference for present-day Japanese researchers, professors, and psychologists.","7f0684ae-6377-42a4-a992-3dd00ddd837f",[106],{"id":107,"data":108,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"209479ee-4d8b-47e9-9754-a20e209da613",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":109,"multiChoiceCorrect":111,"multiChoiceIncorrect":113,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[110],"Mieko Kamiya first studied ikigai among which group?",[112],"Leprosy patients",[114,115,116],"Businessmen in Kyoto","Schoolteachers across Japan","Schoolchildren with mental health issues",{"id":118,"data":119,"type":26,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":36,"summaryPage":121,"introPage":129,"pages":135},"4c665f8c-5e5c-4ae4-b4be-600b2788c027",{"type":26,"title":120},"Ikigai in Practice",{"id":122,"data":123,"type":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"a6fd9cc2-5926-4df5-9ee3-6f6792ba75e9",{"type":36,"summary":124},[125,126,127,128],"Ōgimi villagers live long lives thanks to their strong sense of ikigai","Ikigai means having a reason to wake up each morning, like fishing or teaching","After WWII, Japan's economic rise led people to seek meaning in life through ikigai","Ikigai is about meaningful activities, unlike happiness which is about pleasure",{"id":130,"data":131,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"d27f4607-b5d3-4d06-adc7-03503d37f474",{"type":53,"intro":132},[133,134],"What is the life motto of the Ōgimi villagers?","How did Japan's economic rise influence the concept of ikigai?",[136,153,170,175],{"id":137,"data":138,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":141},"f57b0e99-efb5-45de-b448-8427f52bcd53",{"type":25,"markdownContent":139,"audioMediaId":140},"In the rural north of Okinawa island, enveloped by lush forests in a soothing subtropical climate, lies the village of Ōgimi. Famous for the longevity of its inhabitants and its health-booster shikuwasa fruit, the village has sparked significant interest throughout time in its secret to a long and healthy life.\n\nThe Ōgimi villagers declared their rural home the *ā€œlongest-living village in Japanā€* and even set their life motto in stone: *ā€œAt 80, you are merely a youth. At 90, if your ancestors invite you into heaven, ask them to wait until you are 100ā€”then, you might consider it.ā€* According to National Geographic journalist Dan Buettner, the secret to these Okinawansā€™ longevity is a strong sense of ikigai that imbues every aspect of their lives.","7c5b93b2-72de-4b17-8883-adc9c3cc236e",[142],{"id":143,"data":144,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"7f0135e1-c1b2-4c80-8db1-b727388fc63c",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":145,"multiChoiceCorrect":147,"multiChoiceIncorrect":149,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[146],"The inhabitants of which Japanese island are famous for having a strong sense of ikigai?",[148],"Okinawa",[150,151,152],"Kyushu","Shikoku","Yakushima",{"id":154,"data":155,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":158},"77461bd5-bef5-446d-9af4-70bb606e4ec8",{"type":25,"markdownContent":156,"audioMediaId":157},"When asked, *ā€œWhat is your ikigai?ā€* the villagers reply instantly. Whether it is to continue catching fish for their family, caring for their great-grandchildren, or teaching martial arts, the worldā€™s healthiest, happiest, and oldest people know the reason they wake up each morning.\n\n![Graph](image://ec27aa2b-495d-4747-aad3-8a09269e22d6 \"Ōgimi Village Office. Image: ja:user:Hykw-a4, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nWhile the word ikigai has existed for centuries in the Japanese language, its meaning and interpretation as we know it today have evolved over time.\n\nIn his 1996 book, *What Makes Life Worth Living?*, the anthropologist Gordon Mathews writes about the absence of details on the history of ikigai as well as its representation in contemporary Japanese works (i.e., the 1980s) compared to how it was perceived before World War II. According to Mathews, before the war, ikigai related to the emperor and the nation.\n\nHowever, it was only a few decades later, as Japanā€™s economy and standard of living expanded, that the question of ikigai started to gain attention. Kamiya, the Japanese psychiatrist, as cited by Mathews, writes, *ā€œIn the period immediately after the war, everyone was frantically searching for enough to eat. Probably no one had time to think about ikigai.ā€*","c5d98983-c0ec-4b4e-bb30-144a232f9bea",[159],{"id":160,"data":161,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"ec3af91f-398a-4513-ba65-af07fc4bb8bd",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":162,"multiChoiceCorrect":164,"multiChoiceIncorrect":166,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[163],"How was ikigai different prior to World War 2?",[165],"It was related to the emperor and nation",[167,168,169],"It was related to Buddhism","It was more focused on inner peace and calm","It was more focused on the pursuit of hedonic pleasure",{"id":171,"data":172,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26},"f60cc553-211e-4fbb-a4d2-aec682d8b909",{"type":25,"markdownContent":173,"audioMediaId":174},"Mathews attributes the proliferation of ikigai to Japanā€™s economic rise and the increase in life expectancy over the post-war decades. With affluence and a higher standard of comfort, people began questioning what made life worth living. Looking at how Japanese people pursue ikigai is the key to better understanding its complexity, as well as finding our own ikigai. In Japan, well-being is viewed as including both happiness and ikigai.\n\nThe term ikigai is commonly associated with specific experiences resulting from future-oriented actions and that provide a sense of worth and happiness. Ikigai is also associated with the feeling of fulfillment and joy that arises from the personā€™s perception of these experiences. So, what about happiness?","cb28b274-685f-4395-b648-8ce82c289534",{"id":176,"data":177,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":21,"reviews":180},"4767b646-5b36-4330-afc3-fe08a0ec79b9",{"type":25,"markdownContent":178,"audioMediaId":179},"Outside of Japan, ikigai is considered similar to the concept of **eudaimonic well-being**, whereas happiness *(shiawase)* is closer to hedonic well-being. As opposed to hedonic well-being, which indicates a self-serving purpose focusing on the attainment of pleasure and the avoidance of pain, eudaimonic well-being is associated with the pursuit of meaning and self-realization.\n\nStudies on ikigai have indicated that engaging in inherently meaningful activities in everyday life, whether at work or in your community, builds a stronger sense of well-being and happiness than hedonistic actions.","597e602f-77d3-4272-8c02-18770038f141",[181,190,201,216,227],{"id":182,"data":183,"type":67,"version":36,"maxContentLevel":36},"a8c0c873-801c-44bd-9688-ee96a09b62c6",{"type":67,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":184,"binaryCorrect":186,"binaryIncorrect":188},[185],"Ikigai and happiness are more or less the same thing.",[187],"FALSE",[189],"TRUE",{"id":191,"data":192,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"c8650f31-65d6-4c52-93f9-7abed82e6231",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":193,"multiChoiceCorrect":195,"multiChoiceIncorrect":197,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[194],"What is the Japanese term that would be considered well-being in a hedonic sense?",[196],"Shiawase",[198,199,200],"Ittaikan","Kintsugi","Wabi Sabi",{"id":202,"data":203,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"922e1e1f-48e5-4138-823b-6237632e3efc",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":204,"multiChoiceCorrect":206,"multiChoiceIncorrect":208,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":212,"matchPairsPairs":214},[205],"Which of the following most closely applies to Ikigai?",[207],"Central to the lives of the inhabitants of Ōgimi village",[209,210,211],"Associated outside of Japan with the pursuit of meaning and self-realization","Focused on the attainment of pleasure and avoidance of pain","Associated with work satisfaction",[213],"Match the pairs below:",[215],{"left":16,"right":207,"direction":36},{"id":217,"data":218,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"f2cf0cbd-f961-49e6-884d-fddabac1bcaa",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":219,"multiChoiceCorrect":221,"multiChoiceIncorrect":222,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":223,"matchPairsPairs":224},[220],"Which of the following most closely applies to eudaimonic well-being?",[209],[207,210,211],[213],[225],{"left":226,"right":209,"direction":36},"Eudaimonic well-being",{"id":228,"data":229,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"ce856501-bba8-4bf8-80d2-2e572e13c708",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":230,"multiChoiceCorrect":232,"multiChoiceIncorrect":233,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":234,"matchPairsPairs":235},[231],"Which of the following most closely applies to hedonic well-being?",[210],[207,209,211],[213],[236],{"left":237,"right":210,"direction":36},"Hedonic well-being",{"id":239,"data":240,"type":26,"version":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"summaryPage":242,"introPage":250,"pages":256},"e8e1efb3-4432-4336-87b2-367260f338c9",{"type":26,"title":241},"Ikigai in Everyday Life",{"id":243,"data":244,"type":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"daa3d851-1613-4733-92af-a8dd64ace58d",{"type":36,"summary":245},[246,247,248,249],"Stress and anxiety are at an all-time high due to societal pressures.","Ikigai is about finding joy in small things, not just big achievements.","Ikigai is more about daily life pleasures than a grand life purpose.","Ikigai can lead to professional success but doesn't require it.",{"id":251,"data":252,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"b1d1ed48-98d5-412c-be2d-a78edd1e6b55",{"type":53,"intro":253},[254,255],"What does ikigai mean in Japanese culture?","How does ikigai differ from the Western idea of life's purpose?",[257,277],{"id":258,"data":259,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":262},"c5ffddbf-0585-4911-b48b-fd66f517d902",{"type":25,"markdownContent":260,"audioMediaId":261},"When we think about finding our lifeā€™s purpose, we usually imagine something grand. Throughout history, philosophers and researchers have attempted to answer the question, *ā€œWhat is the meaning of life?ā€* Today, we live in a society where the expectation of being successfulā€”in our careers, family life, or passionsā€”puts enormous pressure on every one of us.\n\nStress levels, anxiety, and depression have reached an all-time high. Modern life places value on matters such as **money**, **power**, or **fame**, leaving us disconnected from our true selves. Therefore, it comes as no surprise that, for many of us, ā€œ**What makes life worth living?**ā€ must be a concrete achievement, such as a career goal.\n\nThe Japanese concept of ikigai, however, encourages a different approach to life. Japanese neuroscientist Ken Mogi explains that ikigai is found in the realm of small things. According to Mogi, ikigai is a rich spectrum where oneā€™s purpose in life may be small or big. Whether your ikigai is **your cup of coffee**, **enjoying haiku**, **tending to your garden**, or **receiving worldwide praise for your work**, all *ā€œreasons for beingā€* are equally important.","daedf29f-011a-4749-a547-ea4d97e4ed2e",[263,270],{"id":264,"data":265,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"8ae3f3f0-87e0-4b31-83b1-2c70d33a7113",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":266,"activeRecallAnswers":268},[267],"Ikigai is a spectrum - what does this mean?",[269],"It can be found in small things (like your morning coffee ritual), in big things (like career success) and everything in between.",{"id":271,"data":272,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"082b65db-dc9f-4d43-9b74-999254a9babe",{"type":67,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":273,"binaryCorrect":275,"binaryIncorrect":276},[274],"Ikigai places a hierarchy on different reasons for living.",[187],[189],{"id":278,"data":279,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":282},"1439d73f-4a28-4ba1-825e-497f36d419b3",{"type":25,"markdownContent":280,"audioMediaId":281},"The notion of ikigai is deeply rooted in Japanese culture. People speak of ikigai casually in everyday life, without attaching to it a higher sense. For example, the Western interpretation of ikigai as lifeā€™s purpose doesnā€™t align with the Japanese meaning of the word. In fact, ikigai aligns more with the Japanese word *seikatsu*, which refers to **daily life rather than a lifetime** *(jinsei)*.\n\nAccording to Mogi, in the Japanese language, ikigai refers to *ā€œthe pleasures and meanings of lifeā€*. Furthermore, Mogi explains that ikigai is not necessarily tied to professional success; it may lead to it, but it is not a requisite. In this sense, ikigai describes the joy a person finds in the smallest things, which ultimately creates a sense of happiness in their life.","ff276dce-5ba7-444c-86f1-6b11e177316f",[283],{"id":284,"data":285,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"7e6d07cf-6c5f-4b6b-b2eb-051d9a2d68b6",{"type":67,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":286,"binaryCorrect":288,"binaryIncorrect":290},[287],"What time-scale does ikigai pertain more to?",[289],"Daily",[291],"Lifelong",{"id":293,"data":294,"type":28,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"orbs":297},"5547bf23-7b27-4a46-a19f-62e91f7f736d",{"type":28,"title":295,"tagline":296},"Characteristics of Ikigai","This tile explores the common elements of ikigai, Mogiā€™s five pillars of ikigai, the seven needs to achieve ikigai as defined by Kamiya, and the difference between ikigai sources and perceptions.",[298,377,446],{"id":299,"data":300,"type":26,"version":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"summaryPage":302,"introPage":310,"pages":316},"367fa6ee-b67a-4c99-b1f3-1b24f320f5a0",{"type":26,"title":301},"The Five Pillars",{"id":303,"data":304,"type":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"a5a53098-602e-41f9-a012-a6345f38c55c",{"type":36,"summary":305},[306,307,308,309],"Ken Mogi's five pillars of ikigai are starting small, releasing yourself, harmony and sustainability, the joy of small things, and being in the here and now.","The Japanese tea ceremony perfectly illustrates the five pillars of ikigai.","Kamiya defined ikigai as both a source of lifeā€™s worth and the resulting feeling.","Ikigai sources are unique, express true self, give purpose, have intrinsic value, build personal values, and shape a free internal world.",{"id":311,"data":312,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"23303d1f-296a-46c6-b8f5-49fa4ddf8afd",{"type":53,"intro":313},[314,315],"What are the five pillars of ikigai?","How does the tea ceremony illustrate the pillar of starting small?",[317,345,362],{"id":318,"data":319,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":322},"6c0309f6-94ca-4eab-b1e8-709281c487d9",{"type":25,"markdownContent":320,"audioMediaId":321},"In writing *The Little Book of Ikigai*, the Japanese neuroscientist Ken Mogi delved deeply into Japanese culture to investigate the essential factors contributing to purposeful living among Japanese people. Although not expressly looking to deliver the message as a set of rules or a formula for finding ikigai, the author still wanted to give readers a key takeaway and introduced the five pillars of ikigai: **starting small**, **releasing yourself**, **harmony** **and** **sustainability**, **the joy of small things**, and **being in the here and now**.\n\nInterestingly, Mogi didnā€™t develop the pillars until the late stages of writing his manuscript. As the author states, the idea crystallized from the organic structure of the book. The author stresses that the pillars are not mutually exclusive or exhaustive and do not have a particular order or hierarchy. Instead, they are essential guides to understanding and **finding our own ikigai**.","fe99d5ad-0ca3-40e8-ba3b-316331f5ea46",[323,334],{"id":324,"data":325,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"f4ce008c-043b-4bdb-ac68-ad9c960c2c1b",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":326,"multiChoiceCorrect":328,"multiChoiceIncorrect":330,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[327],"The 5 pillars of ikigai should be understood as:",[329],"A general guide",[331,332,333],"A well-defined hierarchy","A rite of passage","A series of challenges",{"id":335,"data":336,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"ee05d379-7c59-468a-8f54-1b6bc14b6df2",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":337,"activeRecallAnswers":339},[338],"What are the 5 pillars of ikigai?",[340,341,342,343,344],"Starting small","Releasing yourself","Harmony and sustainability","The joy of small things","Being in the here and now",{"id":346,"data":347,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":350},"787c033f-dd13-45d8-85a8-f4c7912cb7f7",{"type":25,"markdownContent":348,"audioMediaId":349},"The **tea ceremony** is a Japanese art of refinement. It is also a perfect illustration of the five pillars of ikigai. The tea ceremony begins with preparation of the room. The tea master pays attention to every ornament, from the bowls used in the ceremony, to the hanging scroll and flower arrangements in the tokonoma (**Pillar 1: starting small**).\n\n![Graph](image://294164e8-1c9d-4eda-8b3f-d8015ecfadcd \"Japanese tea utensils. Image: Archive of the Chancellery of the President of the Republic of Poland (GFDL 1.2 \u003Chttps://gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/fdl-1.2.html> or GFDL 1.2 \u003Chttp://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/fdl-1.2.html>), via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nMany bowls used in a tea ceremony are more than 400 years old. The nicest bowls are often those thrown by hand and are prized for their imperfections and irregularities. The tea master carefully chooses bowls that resonate with each other (**Pillar 3: harmony and sustainability**). The tradition requires extensive years of practice, yet the tea master is imbued with humility (**Pillar 2: releasing yourself**).\n\nThe main purpose of the tea ceremony is to enjoy every step of the process, from the beautiful wares to the tea preparation and the sensory pleasure of drinking tea (**Pillar 4: the joy of little things**). The tea ceremony instils harmony, purity, and tranquility, and invites a state of mindfulness and slow pace that everyone must embrace (**Pillar 5: being in the here and now**).","e5fb95b7-1f0a-4276-a4e7-35de5683deb5",[351],{"id":352,"data":353,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"37384c8f-32f5-46c3-adf1-34f38c7d36e6",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":354,"multiChoiceCorrect":356,"multiChoiceIncorrect":358,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[355],"Why is the Japanese tea ceremony an example of Ikigai?",[357],"It takes joy in little things",[359,360,361],"It takes years of practice","It is a sign of material wealth","It is an ancient tradition",{"id":363,"data":364,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":367},"0693247e-594a-408e-bc33-db409967355c",{"type":25,"markdownContent":365,"audioMediaId":366},"In her pioneering book, *Ikigai-ni-Tsuite* (What Makes Our Life Worth Living), Kamiya made an important distinction that has significantly influenced subsequent research on ikigai. Kamiya was the first to define ikigai as both **the object that most makes one feel their life is worth living** (ikigai source) and the feeling or state of mind that comes as a result.\n\nAccording to Kamiya, ikigai as a source (or *ikigai taishō*) presents several key traits: 1) It is unique for every person and should be compatible with their identity, 2) It is a means of expressing oneā€™s true self, 3) It contributes to the sense of living with purpose and worth, 4) It has intrinsic value (such as the meticulous pursuit of an activity) rather than instrumental value, 5) It builds a personal set of values by which one lives, and 6) It shapes an internal mental world that allows one to live freely.","4e9867c5-5091-4bef-9276-c4b324ba1cee",[368],{"id":369,"data":370,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"3ac9c8e1-2728-4bfd-a00e-940931730480",{"type":67,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":371,"binaryCorrect":373,"binaryIncorrect":375},[372],"What's the purpose of the 'ikigai taishō' concept?",[374],"It's about making something the reason your life is worth living",[376],"It's a framework for fitting ikigai into your daily routine",{"id":378,"data":379,"type":26,"version":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"summaryPage":381,"introPage":389,"pages":395},"d9b8366e-b44a-460e-b9d2-d059312e9153",{"type":26,"title":380},"Defining Ikigai",{"id":382,"data":383,"type":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"c1154e91-4207-4bba-a707-dbde1a208153",{"type":36,"summary":384},[385,386,387,388],"Ikigai is the feeling that life is worth living, not just happiness or work satisfaction.","Ikigai arises from effortful activities and future-oriented intentions.","To feel ikigai, one needs life satisfaction, growth, a bright future, meaningful relationships, freedom, self-actualization, and life value.","Ikigai is personal and varies; it involves past, present, and future experiences, and requires self-agency.",{"id":390,"data":391,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"a2de2129-8c2e-4140-a80e-a6971c36ba21",{"type":53,"intro":392},[393,394],"What is the difference between ikigai and hatarakigai?","What are the seven essential personal needs to feel ikigai according to Kamiya?",[396,413,428],{"id":397,"data":398,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":401},"3c66a5af-016b-419e-9fe6-0bfdae2f4df7",{"type":25,"markdownContent":399,"audioMediaId":400},"The elusive nature of ikigai makes it **difficult even for Japanese people to correctly identify it**. Some may say their work is their ikigai when, in fact, they may confuse the feeling that *ā€œoneā€™s life is worth livingā€* with *hatarakigai*, the sense that *ā€œoneā€™s work is worth doing.ā€* Others still may mistake feelings of happiness for ikigai.\n\nThe perception of ikigai (*ikigai-kan* in Japanese) defines the feeling arising when one lives **a life worth living**; it is essential in identifying oneā€™s ikigai and distinguishing it from other types of well-being, such as happiness.","1e0283f9-f3d5-4f4e-9933-814e69a100df",[402],{"id":403,"data":404,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"b589aecd-d2f3-42ce-81e8-a70b40b494fc",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":405,"multiChoiceCorrect":407,"multiChoiceIncorrect":408,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":409,"matchPairsPairs":410},[406],"Which of the following most closely applies to Hatarakigai?",[211],[207,209,210],[213],[411],{"left":412,"right":211,"direction":36},"Hatarakigai",{"id":414,"data":415,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":418},"313acdfc-a9fc-4af3-bba0-8f702e7df6a3",{"type":25,"markdownContent":416,"audioMediaId":417},"Compared to happiness, ikigai-kan arises from actions devoted to something worthwhile, engaging in effortful activities, or enduring difficulties. According to Kamiya, feeling true ikigai involves future-oriented intentions, relates more strongly to oneā€™s sense of self, and is associated with oneā€™s value and achievement to a greater extent than happiness.\n\nIn her extensive study of ikigai, Kamiya asserted that the sense of life worth living (ikigai perception) appears after the individual has satisfied seven essential personal needs.\n\nAccording to Kamiya, to feel ikigai, one needs to 1) **experience life satisfaction** which arises when an individualā€™s life is going in the desired direction, 2) **experience change to grow**, 3) **believe their life will unfold toward a brighter future** (mirai-sei), 4) **build and nurture meaningful relationships** that resonate in oneā€™s surroundings (hankyo), 5) **feel freedom and autonomy**, 6) **develop oneā€™s core identity** (self-actualization), and 7) **have meaning and value in life**.","978c1b16-de98-4dec-9593-2e38b7efe5fb",[419],{"id":420,"data":421,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"e1b442ec-036b-43cc-80f6-ee8aa9833e63",{"type":67,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":422,"binaryCorrect":424,"binaryIncorrect":426},[423],"According to Mieko Kamiya, feeling true ikigai comes from:",[425],"One's sense of self",[427],"How one is perceived in the community",{"id":429,"data":430,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":433},"bbfbd5ac-82de-4188-a5ed-1801a3140193",{"type":25,"markdownContent":431,"audioMediaId":432},"However, Professor Noriyuki Nakanishi explains that these needs are not exhaustive, and each person would require the satisfaction of a certain number of needs in varying degrees to experience ikigai. Furthermore, depending on their ikigai source, some needs may converge with others. Aligning with the subjective nature of ikigai, the needs leading to oneā€™s **ikigai will also differ from person to person**.\n\nInfluenced by Kamiyaā€™s revolutionary work on ikigai, and specifically her separation of ikigai as both the object or source of oneā€™s purpose in life and the feeling of a life worth living, Hasegawa developed a framework to help visualize the fundamental components of ikigai.\n\n![Graph](image://f488d2e2-a348-4007-80bb-aa2c3420d072 \"Constituent elements of ikigai\")\n\nHasegawa separated the concept of ikigai into three basic elements. On the left is **the object or source of ikigai**, which can come from oneā€™s past experiences, present (current life situation or activities), and future (reflecting the future-oriented characteristic of ikigai). On the right is ikigai as **the feeling of purposeful living**, described as self-realization, motivation to live, or sense of fulfillment in everyday life. Hasegawaā€™s framework places **the self, the individual in pursuit of ikigai**, at the center of the two elements. The inclusion of self-agency reflects the idea of control over oneā€™s life and the notion that ikigai, while emerging from a lived experience, cannot happen without action.","733a2cb1-2222-4fc7-b764-bce37a2901a1",[434],{"id":435,"data":436,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"d666a4cf-4eb9-4864-a4af-3039558cf6eb",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":437,"multiChoiceCorrect":439,"multiChoiceIncorrect":442,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":22,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[438],"Which two elements make up the 'source of ikigai' in Hasegawa's framework?",[440,441],"Present","Future",[443,444,445],"Self-realization","Motivation to live","Fulfilment",{"id":447,"data":448,"type":26,"version":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"summaryPage":450,"introPage":458,"pages":464},"0972c6f5-3341-4814-9699-7784c5a5496a",{"type":26,"title":449},"Social or Individual?",{"id":451,"data":452,"type":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"88b59352-9db9-47df-a7ce-09cd2a423704",{"type":36,"summary":453},[454,455,456,457],"Ikigai can mean self-realization (jiko jitsugen) or commitment to a group/role (ittaikan)","Ikigai as ittaikan involves dedication to family, work, or social roles","Ikigai as jiko jitsugen focuses on personal dreams and creative efforts","Ikigai is shaped by personal choice and social influences",{"id":459,"data":460,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"6b249982-7664-4c30-b32d-f3d8698035d1",{"type":53,"intro":461},[462,463],"What does ikigai as ittaikan mean?","How does ikigai as jiko jitsugen differ from ittaikan?",[465,486,502,519],{"id":466,"data":467,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":470},"52a1a4b0-713a-4ca3-a13b-7980c63c8a5b",{"type":25,"markdownContent":468,"audioMediaId":469},"The rising interest in ikigai in Japan and the termā€™s subtleties have fostered debate among Japanese people and authors alike over what ikigai means or should mean. In his study of the Japanese self and ikigai, anthropologist Gordon Mathews identifies two primary conceptions of ikigai in written works as well as society. According to Mathews, some Japanese commentators on ikigai explicitly define it as *jiko jitsugen* or self-realization.\n\nIn contrast, others implicitly describe it as *ittaikan*, meaning **a sense of oneness or commitment to a group or role**. The concept of ikigai as ittaikan entails oneā€™s devotion to an existing social construct, whether a group (family, company) or a role (parent, employee). Advocates of ikigai as ittaikan (both Japanese people and authors) consider that a person can achieve true ikigai only through complete dedication to their work and company or family and children, representing the true source of fulfillment in life.","ae87171a-473a-49a7-b913-3f5f985ad4fc",[471],{"id":472,"data":473,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"5f58eaa1-9b27-4e10-93ef-2ef4698427aa",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":474,"multiChoiceCorrect":476,"multiChoiceIncorrect":478,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":482,"matchPairsPairs":483},[475],"Which of the following most closely applies to Jiko Jitsugen?",[477],"Pursuit of personal dreams",[479,480,481],"Devotion to social construct","Commitment to personal quality standard and attention to small details","Pleasure of doing something, inner satisfaction",[213],[484],{"left":485,"right":477,"direction":36},"Jiko jitsugen",{"id":487,"data":488,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":491},"43652f75-c3fe-46d5-a4d5-26529ef11ccf",{"type":25,"markdownContent":489,"audioMediaId":490},"As Japanā€™s economic growth and affluence established a comfortable standard of living for most of the population, many people were left wondering whether dedicating themselves to their work or family was enough to live a life worth living. Japanese conceptions of ikigai, as described in existing literature, seem divided between ikigai as **the commitment to a group or role** (*ittaikan*) and **the pursuit of personal fulfillment**, oneā€™s self-realization (*jiko jitsugen*).\n\nThose who see ikigai as self-realization argue that simply taking on the social role of an employee or mother is a questionable source of true ikigai. For example, Kamiya, cited by Mathews, writes, *ā€œIf you act as a mother only from custom or duty ā€¦ that cannot be your real ikigai.ā€* Ikigai as jiko jitsugen focuses on the individual rather than the group and their pursuit of personal dreams and creative efforts that may come to fruition in the future.","cbce59ea-032f-4747-baf6-dd398b7410a4",[492],{"id":493,"data":494,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"2fa4fb37-2492-48ec-9f90-adc25fe2b86a",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":495,"multiChoiceCorrect":497,"multiChoiceIncorrect":498,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":499,"matchPairsPairs":500},[496],"Which of the following most closely applies to Ittaikan?",[479],[477,480,481],[213],[501],{"left":198,"right":479,"direction":36},{"id":503,"data":504,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":507},"24e5b337-c74b-4c31-87c5-c77f1e79df76",{"type":25,"markdownContent":505,"audioMediaId":506},"In *The Stuff of Dreams*, Mathews introduces the theory that ikigai, whether perceived as *ittaikan* (commitment to group or role) or *jiko jitsugen* (self-realization), is both individual and social. Ikigai as ittaikan points to oneā€™s commitment to an existing social construct. Conversely, ikigai as jiko jitsugen seems more focused on the person than the group and implies oneā€™s commitment to a future social world.\n\nAs Mathews demonstrates, both conceptions of ikigai involve a projection into a ā€˜world beyond the selfā€™ and a commitment to something in oneā€™s existing or imagined social setting. Ikigai, in the broader sense of ā€˜what makes life worth living,ā€™ inevitably pertains to something within the individualā€™s social environment. At the same time, ikigai is an individual matter. Regardless of what one lives forā€”such as company, family, creative endeavors, or the desire to carry out a mission in lifeā€”it is **a personal choice that can be made only by oneself.**","e720313a-1c50-4bab-b56a-a6d877af9ee8",[508],{"id":509,"data":510,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"3fe80d63-7ad6-46dc-8f35-32b19c1c1b57",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":511,"multiChoiceCorrect":513,"multiChoiceIncorrect":515,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[512],"Which of these statements is most accurate?",[514],"Ikigai should combine individual and social elements",[516,517,518],"Ikigai is an individual endeavour","Ikigai is a group endeavour","Ikigai is about avoiding groups",{"id":520,"data":521,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26},"abed8ab1-7e16-418b-a713-18fead31aa34",{"type":25,"markdownContent":522,"audioMediaId":523},"The realm of ikigai possibilities is large. People can formulate their ikigai from various cultural conceptions available in their societies. Typically, interpretations of value can be found in television shows, newspapers, or movies. However, what ends up being someoneā€™s ikigai is often shaped by the cultural and social environment in which they live.\n\nWhile the choice of ikigai remains resolutely personal, it is also negotiated with oneā€™s ā€˜circle of immediate others,ā€™ who sometimes act in a way so as to divert attention towards what they feel should be oneā€™s ikigai. Anthropologist Mathews describes statements such as, *ā€œIā€™m not sure you have enough drive to become an executive for this company,ā€ ā€œDo you really love me?,ā€* or *ā€œWhat do you mean, you only want to write music? You canā€™t eat that way!ā€* as phrasings of ikigai negotiation. Mathews further explains how large-scale factors such as tax rules or wage imbalances may influence *ā€œoneā€™s pursuit of ikigai down some paths and not others.ā€*","de35f670-a590-46ae-b243-ab5212db9564",{"id":525,"data":526,"type":28,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"orbs":529},"339bc87d-6da0-4013-b1f0-06dc177ba51e",{"type":28,"title":527,"tagline":528},"Ikigai in Japanese Culture vs. Western Culture","This tile compares ikigai with similar concepts in Western culture, explores the interpretation of ikigai outside of Japan, and discovers common myths and misconceptions about ikigai.",[530,615],{"id":531,"data":532,"type":26,"version":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"summaryPage":534,"introPage":542,"pages":548},"b6626c5a-7819-48aa-b47c-ba7b724cc0a5",{"type":26,"title":533},"What Ikigai Isn't",{"id":535,"data":536,"type":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"2be4a601-157e-4f00-a076-60e707bcb843",{"type":36,"summary":537},[538,539,540,541],"Ikigai is a Japanese concept about finding purpose and fulfillment in life.","The Western ikigai Venn diagram is based on Andres Zuzunagaā€™s purpose diagram.","Ikigai in Japan is more about dedication to an activity than financial gain.","Ikigai aligns with what you love, not necessarily what you are good at or paid for.",{"id":543,"data":544,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"f6de4c83-f386-4765-8821-dcde4ded52c6",{"type":53,"intro":545},[546,547],"What is the origin of the ikigai Venn diagram?","Why is ikigai not about financial freedom?",[549,565,581,586],{"id":550,"data":551,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":554},"f9970e96-6101-4948-b6d8-e652eb24cb6d",{"type":25,"markdownContent":552,"audioMediaId":553},"The relentless search for a reason to live, a life worth living, and the happiness and benefit of being alive is a universal human experience. The Japanese express the pursuit of a more fulfilling life through ikigai, but the desire to find purpose in oneā€™s existence pervades all cultures.\n\nAlthough ikigai is considered by Japanese authors to be an ambiguous, intuitive, irrational, and nuanced conceptā€”as well as less philosophical than related terms in Western languagesā€”Japanese authors often compare ikigai to Viktor Franklā€™s *The Will to Meaning* and Abraham Maslowā€™s pyramid of needs.\n\nMaslow places **self-actualization** and **significance** at the top of the hierarchy, after the fulfillment of basic human needs such as security, love, and respect. Similarly, ikigai is considered the highest level of desire in Japanese culture and contributes to cultivating an individualā€™s inner potential or self-actualization.","a972aba3-4aaf-4cff-aecc-41db0a5ccfcc",[555],{"id":556,"data":557,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"529d1b1f-56dd-4c5c-9ad1-4c63ad391cdd",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":558,"multiChoiceCorrect":560,"multiChoiceIncorrect":562,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[559],"What comes at the top of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?",[561],"Self-actualization",[16,563,564],"The need for love","The need for security",{"id":566,"data":567,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":570},"210d7ac3-9eb7-4d83-9858-e514304bab94",{"type":25,"markdownContent":568,"audioMediaId":569},"The desire to live with purpose, to experience ikigai, echoes Franklā€™s premise that man is driven by **the search for and fulfillment of meaning** in life. Outside of Japan, the concept of ikigai is invariably associated with the Venn diagram consisting of four overlapping circles: 1) **what you love**, 2) **what you are good at**, 3) **what you can be paid for**, and 4) **what the world needs**. At the intersection of the four circles is the word ikigai. This visual representation aims to provide a roadmap to finding your ikigai and suggests that you can achieve real ikigai only by fulfilling all four elements.\n\n![Graph](image://3428a239-45a2-4099-8d40-d2834f6709b3 \"The infamous ikigai Venn diagram. Image: en:User:Nimbosa derived from works in the PUBLIC DOMAIN by Dennis Bodor (SVG) and Emmy van Deurzen (JPG), CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nHowever, the ikigai Venn diagram is nothing more than Spanish author Andres Zuzunagaā€™s 'purpose' Venn diagram, created in 2011. A few years later, blogger Marc Winn wrote an article about ikigai, where he merged the purpose Venn diagram with Buettnerā€™s depiction of ikigai in his famous TED Talk on ā€˜Blue Zones,ā€™ or communities in which elders live with vim and vigor to record-setting ages. *ā€œIn 2014, I wrote a blog post on the subject of ikigai. \\[...\\] I changed one word on a diagram and shared a ā€˜newā€™ meme with the world,ā€* Winn writes on his blog.","964e3de9-3068-4e61-afe2-4b00c3019e86",[571],{"id":572,"data":573,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"77792802-764f-49d4-8d4f-857a46bd6a6d",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":574,"activeRecallAnswers":576},[575],"What are the four circles of the so-called 'Ikigai Venn diagram'?",[577,578,579,580],"What you love","What you're good at","What you can be paid for","What the world needs",{"id":582,"data":583,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36},"59eb2935-02e1-418f-8ca1-d27635ca9034",{"type":25,"markdownContent":584,"audioMediaId":585},"Despite its persistent popularity, **this interpretation of ikigai fails to capture the Japanese understanding of the concept** and links ikigai inexorably with profession and money. Ikigai is much more complex than something to be defined only in a diagram. The desire to find purpose and happiness in life is a shared human experience. On an individual level, we all look for a sense of significance, the feeling that weā€™re valued, and the perception that our life matters. Yet our perspective on what makes life worth living is largely influenced by our cultural and societal environment.\n\nHowever specific to Japanese culture, and despite its lack of a precise equivalent in other languages, the concept of ikigai attempts to respond to the same basic human needs. In his comparative studies of how the Japanese and Americans pursue happiness and purpose in life, Gordon Mathews demonstrated that ikigai can be understood and applied not only within Japanese culture but also to American lives. According to Mathewsā€™ theory, ikigai can be viewed as a cross-cultural concept relevant to Western culture and **applicable in a multitude of contexts**.","789f34e0-f38f-4386-93b8-cd35400fccf4",{"id":587,"data":588,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":591},"14162468-e8ef-46c9-a7b2-eb9a1a3d3326",{"type":25,"markdownContent":589,"audioMediaId":590},"Despite its persistent popularity outside of Japan, the interpretation of ikigai as a Venn diagram reduces the Japanese concept to a single monumental life goal to achieve. However, ikigai encompasses much more and is, in many ways, the opposite of that notion. For Japanese people, ikigai is more about **dedication and the meticulous pursuit of an activity** than what you are good at. Some Japanese conceptions describe ikigai as a commitment to a social construct, which typically refers to a close group or role, such as work or family, rather than serving the world.\n\nPerhaps most notably, ikigai is not about financial freedom; it is about achieving a state of mind where one can live freely and purposefully. According to Mogi, the only component of the Venn diagram aligning with the Japanese concept is ā€˜**what you love**.ā€™ While this visualization may not reflect the true meaning of ikigai, it reflects Western cultureā€™s idea of a life worth living and can be a helpful guide in life.","1cf0be49-15c6-4632-ad13-9e842199528d",[592,604],{"id":593,"data":594,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"1abc0741-c907-4d5f-baf9-1bdd40e28863",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":595,"multiChoiceCorrect":597,"multiChoiceIncorrect":600,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":22,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[596],"Identify two problems with the Ikigai Venn diagram:",[598,599],"It wasn't initially related to ikigai","It puts too much emphasis on the idea of one big goal",[601,602,603],"It doesn't take into account what you can be paid for","It isn't career-oriented enough","It is too traditional and not practical",{"id":605,"data":606,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"1bb4c1f4-2109-429f-818e-0a8b8f20d6d4",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":607,"multiChoiceCorrect":609,"multiChoiceIncorrect":611,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[608],"Which of these is Ikigai NOT about:",[610],"Financial freedom",[612,613,614],"Personal satisfaction","Achieving a free mindset","Finding purpose",{"id":616,"data":617,"type":26,"version":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"summaryPage":619,"introPage":627,"pages":633},"d2dcab96-e6c1-448a-bedb-42e65a9b8871",{"type":26,"title":618},"Ikigai and Society",{"id":620,"data":621,"type":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"abbf05e7-b280-4e07-a2c7-8c5e3b43b176",{"type":36,"summary":622},[623,624,625,626],"Ikigai can change with life stages like career shifts or retirement","Japanese men often link ikigai to work, while women link it to family","Younger Japanese break norms, seeking ikigai in passions like Westerners","Ikigai can be small daily joys, not just big life goals",{"id":628,"data":629,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"bfa91337-c033-45d2-a196-5a32f0115039",{"type":53,"intro":630},[631,632],"What did the 2006 study find about men's ikigai?","How does Mogi describe the concept of ikigai?",[634,647,652,676],{"id":635,"data":636,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":639},"7ae11691-13c1-4685-8e4b-9439b00440ce",{"type":25,"markdownContent":637,"audioMediaId":638},"When we think of finding our purpose or meaning in life, we tend to imagine a single, all-encompassing source that fuels our entire existence. However, modern psychological literature indicates that a person may have multiple purposes throughout life. Similarly, a personā€™s ikigai can change depending on their age and their stage in life.\n\nAlthough some Japanese people in their 20s tend to focus more on pursuing pleasures in the present moment, most focus on dreams of what their future self might become. Their ikigai may be conventional by societal and cultural standards, such as marriage for women or success in work for men. However, others dare to break conventions and seek goals that are more familiar to Western cultures, such as quitting a regular job to pursue an activity they are passionate about.","2068bfc9-4723-4894-9df1-e5ff501b79db",[640],{"id":641,"data":642,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"7303853f-63c1-402f-8a14-b6169ec7f565",{"type":67,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":643,"binaryCorrect":645,"binaryIncorrect":646},[644],"Someone's ikigai can change over the course of their life.",[189],[187],{"id":648,"data":649,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26},"de123221-9d01-4880-b236-74d8368491c7",{"type":25,"markdownContent":650,"audioMediaId":651},"Ikigai shifts as a reflection of oneā€™s evolving life circumstancesā€”career change, marriage, children, retirement, or the loss of a loved one. Each stage in life provides an opportunity to find a new ikigai. The Japanese conceptions of ikigai seem to reflect societyā€™s traditional gender-based division of roles, where men devote themselves to work and women take care of household duties and nurture their families.\n\nA 2006 study of factors associated with ikigai found that men closely associated *ā€œincome, working days, and work for benefitā€* with ikigai. In contrast, for women, ikigai was closely connected with *ā€œfamily relations such as having a spouse.ā€*","4f88db76-1b3c-4267-ac98-ef8c0632f966",{"id":653,"data":654,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":657},"aaa0dd11-08fd-4e43-b790-a29eeabf37d8",{"type":25,"markdownContent":655,"audioMediaId":656},"The findings echo earlier work from Gordon Mathews. His research revealed that most Japanese salarymen found a sense of self-worth in their work or company and women in their family or motherhood. However, Mathews also identified exceptions among younger women and men who rejected domestic life or work as their ikigai. Moreover, Mathewsā€™ comparison between American and Japanese individualsā€™ pursuit of meaning in life reveals that the stereotypical gender division of ikigai is not exclusive to Japan, finding many instances where Americans, too, identified with these roles.\n\nBecause of the similarities between ikigai and the English terms ā€˜purposeā€™ or ā€˜meaning of life,ā€™ people outside Japan tend to expect that ikigai implies an overarching goal that one pursues throughout oneā€™s life and may even be able to achieve in one lifetime, such as becoming a politician or a renowned chef.","e49f7af4-83f0-438a-ae0e-65a8a372dc65",[658,667],{"id":659,"data":660,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"2a32e4f2-2ca7-4f84-9986-a7108d529d85",{"type":67,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":661,"binaryCorrect":663,"binaryIncorrect":665},[662],"According to Gordon Mathews' research, which group tended (with some exceptions) to associate ikigai more with family?",[664],"Women",[666],"Men",{"id":668,"data":669,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"09018cfc-f654-4df7-b6ed-1d88a718bf0b",{"type":67,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":670,"binaryCorrect":672,"binaryIncorrect":674},[671],"What is a common misconception of ikigai in the West?",[673],"That it is about achieving great goals",[675],"That it is about taking joy in small things",{"id":677,"data":678,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":681},"2e9924db-42fc-49c1-ae44-a81d328729aa",{"type":25,"markdownContent":679,"audioMediaId":680},"However, oneā€™s ikigai can include much more modest and humble goals. In Japan, ikigai does not necessarily imply ambitious projects or accomplishments; instead, it focuses on something small and manageable every day. Furthermore, it may have nothing to do with economic status.\n\nAs Mogi explains, even the highest achievement takes small steps to build, and concentrating on the little things is key to experiencing true ikigai. He further emphasizes that ikigai is available to everyone, calling it a ā€˜democratic conceptā€™ in which reaching a significant objective in life can be a byproduct of ikigai, not ikigai itself.","16b2631c-63b0-4c73-b45c-6888ba870145",[682],{"id":683,"data":684,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"a79b57e4-91bc-46ed-893a-f4398a5a9a98",{"type":67,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":685,"binaryCorrect":686,"binaryIncorrect":688},[69],[687],"Goals are achieved as a byproduct of practising Ikigai",[689],"Ikigai is a method for you to achieve your goals",{"id":691,"data":692,"type":28,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":21,"orbs":695},"ae43bf33-e2d1-481e-99ea-f9b4504cc409",{"type":28,"title":693,"tagline":694},"Ikigai, Kodawari, and Work","This tile explores how ikigai can benefit your work, improve your work-life balance, and help you find fulfillment in your career with job crafting.",[696,764,817],{"id":697,"data":698,"type":26,"version":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"summaryPage":700,"introPage":708,"pages":714},"1f52d936-7750-4bb4-8e34-b2bd26c5296a",{"type":26,"title":699},"Where to Find Ikigai",{"id":701,"data":702,"type":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"9a61bfb4-ce49-4b10-befc-79a6b52c137b",{"type":36,"summary":703},[704,705,706,707],"Creativity and ikigai both focus on enjoying the process, not just the result","Ikigai can change throughout life, inviting creativity to find new reasons to get up","Ikigai can be found outside of work through hobbies, volunteering, or small daily pleasures","Work can reflect a deeper ikigai, like serving family, blending personal and professional life",{"id":709,"data":710,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"9d337df1-1878-49d5-be38-a1db66054f1e",{"type":53,"intro":711},[712,713],"How can ikigai be found outside of work?","What role do interpersonal relationships play in finding ikigai?",[715,732,747],{"id":716,"data":717,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":720},"634ce2f8-4807-4430-8b7f-500519db7a53",{"type":25,"markdownContent":718,"audioMediaId":719},"Frequently misunderstood as an innate talent, creativity is an ability that can manifest in any aspect of life. Creativity allows us to see the world in a new light, make new connections, and find solutions to our problems. It is also about enjoying the process rather than the result.\n\nIn this sense, **ikigai and creativity are closely related**. As with the creative process, ikigai provides a sense of worth and accomplishment through immersion in the activity rather than in reaching a grand goal. Whether doing craftwork, engaging in artistic activities, or pursuing daily occupations, ikigai fuels an individual with the intrinsic motivation that allows creativity to flourish.\n\n![Graph](image://7aa5a55b-0075-4704-a829-14fc1b48ca6f \"A potter crafting a vase. Image: Kritzolina, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nMoreover, the very pursuit of ikigai is a creative endeavor. As ikigai typically changes throughout oneā€™s life, it naturally invites creativity to find a new reason to get up in the morning. This ability is vital when unexpected events challenge oneā€™s ikigai, such as a career change, children growing up, retirement, illness, or a move to a different country.","c0a9d087-3aad-43e8-9c83-594de04fe443",[721],{"id":722,"data":723,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"a1661e49-cf53-4c8f-bb42-aea040aead0e",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":724,"multiChoiceCorrect":726,"multiChoiceIncorrect":728,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[725],"Ikigai has a strong relationship to...",[727],"Creativity",[729,730,731],"Intelligence","Hard work","Economic status",{"id":733,"data":734,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":737},"dde3a791-d230-49b6-895a-f2af71d708a0",{"type":25,"markdownContent":735,"audioMediaId":736},"Some people may be able to call their work their ikigai, but this doesnā€™t always have to be the case. For example, approaching work to meet financial needs is an opportunity to experience ikigai beyond oneā€™s career and even transform how we perceive work itself.\n\nIt may seem difficult to find meaning in everyday life when work takes up most of our time. However, having ikigai outside of work can involve a completely different activity or the sum of smaller undertakings. For example, **meticulously pursuing a hobby**, **volunteering**, **learning a new language**, or simply enjoying the small pleasures of daily life can create a sense of ikigai.\n\nHaving ikigai beyond work can also take the form of interpersonal relationships. Whether being in a group of friends supporting each other or caring for oneā€™s family, the feeling of connection and contribution to the lives of others enhances oneā€™s ikigai, which imbues oneā€™s entire life with a sense of worth.","40474d64-8556-4b52-8c10-535da45724aa",[738],{"id":739,"data":740,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"c5fd1103-1311-4acd-a0d2-265992e4ad03",{"type":67,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":741,"binaryCorrect":743,"binaryIncorrect":745},[742],"Ikigai beyond work could take the form of...",[744],"Pursuing hobbies",[746],"Pursuing wealth",{"id":748,"data":749,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":752},"3fc6e248-e7fa-4081-9084-c5df395aa44a",{"type":25,"markdownContent":750,"audioMediaId":751},"Work-life balance is about finding a healthy way to divide your time between your personal life and your career. However, achieving perfect harmony is challenging and we cannot completely separate the two, as our professional pursuits and our personal lives are intertwined.\n\nThe concept of ikigai teaches us that it is not so much about balancing two distinct worlds but about finding meaning in all aspects of life. When Japanese people speak about the influence of ikigai in their lives, they typically see no distinction between their personal and professional lives. Instead, they complete each other to become an ecosystem centered on what matters most.\n\nSometimes, oneā€™s dedication to work may reflect another source of ikigai that is unrelated to the job. Mathews notes in his study of ikigai and the Japanese self that for some Japanese people, although they may express a contrary view, work is a means to serve their familiesā€”their true ikigai. The Okinawan fisherman who continued to catch fish for his family embodies work-life harmony. Having ikigai makes you feel as if **youā€™re doing something meaningful and worthwhile in every area of your life**.","1dd1c95c-9a2a-4115-a089-17d11d4cb162",[753],{"id":754,"data":755,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"5501b328-350f-41ce-987d-d1dd44553961",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":756,"multiChoiceCorrect":758,"multiChoiceIncorrect":760,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[757],"Which of these statements applies to Ikigai?",[759],"It applies to both personal and professional life",[761,762,763],"It's a method for getting richer","It applies to work exclusively","It applies to your personal life exclusively",{"id":765,"data":766,"type":26,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":36,"summaryPage":767,"introPage":775,"pages":781},"37199bf5-2c7e-479f-bd95-66d4547ed975",{"type":26,"title":241},{"id":768,"data":769,"type":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"43fa0a10-1bc3-4b1b-81bd-b6df627604e6",{"type":36,"summary":770},[771,772,773,774],"Kodawari is about paying extraordinary attention to small details and taking pride in improvement.","Ikigai is the joy of immersing oneself in an activity, not chasing an end goal.","Ikigai and kodawari fuel each other, creating a sense of mastery and inner satisfaction.","The Japanese value doing things properly, enriching their ikigai and creating a calm appreciation of each moment.",{"id":776,"data":777,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"9a89539e-195f-4cc1-b1f8-e7658e5f6202",{"type":53,"intro":778},[779,780],"How does kodawari relate to ikigai?","Why is ikigai not about public recognition?",[782,787,800],{"id":783,"data":784,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36},"376f95ae-e889-421a-998b-30d18cbcfbf6",{"type":25,"markdownContent":785,"audioMediaId":786},"*Kodawari* is a Japanese word describing the commitment to a personal quality standard when undertaking a particular action. For some, this may be their work, hobby, or a leisure occupation such as gardening. Kodawari involves paying *ā€œextraordinary attention to very small detailsā€* and taking pride even in the slightest improvement.\n\nAt its core, ikigai is intimately related to the sense of mastery embodied in kodawari. Ikigai focuses on the pleasure of doing something and immersing oneself entirely in action rather than in chasing an end goal. Ikigai is about the inner satisfaction arising from the relentless pursuit of an activity, however great or small and regardless of the individualā€™s skill level, echoing the essence of kodawariā€”**continuous improvement**.","3d4d3679-4e45-47a1-b55e-9ece63fbd49b",{"id":788,"data":789,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":792},"f6c27690-9652-48d0-8617-15e4ab49415f",{"type":25,"markdownContent":790,"audioMediaId":791},"Mogi frequently talks about ramen noodle chefs as an example of how ikigai and kodawari fuel each other. According to Mogi, great care and effort are expended in perfecting the noodles, from taste to texture, **regardless of whether the consumer is immediately aware of it**.\n\n![Graph](image://eafaf60d-bb04-473e-8e59-ab5f83e1306d \"Ramen noodle chefs. Image: Marufish from Alor Setar, Malaysia, CC BY-SA 2.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nJapanese people frequently experience ikigai through hobbies. However, there is a certain quality to the way they pursue even the most mundane activity.\n\nAs cited by Gordon Mathews, psychiatrist and author Kobayashi Tsukasa states that *ā€œyou cannot simply say ā€¦ your ikigai is writing haiku. If, like Masaoka Shiki \\[a famed 19th-century haiku poet\\], you quit college for the sake of haiku, and then, while struggling with tuberculosis and dying at 36, still manage to leave behind a fabulous record of haikuā€”only then can you say your ikigai is haiku.ā€*","c814161c-7684-4148-9a27-13138ccd559c",[793],{"id":794,"data":795,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"8b6b6cd9-f0d8-4da5-9cb5-de067bac1ffc",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":796,"activeRecallAnswers":798},[797],"What does 'kodawari' mean?",[799],"The commitment to a personal standard of quality",{"id":801,"data":802,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":21,"reviews":805},"67a19dcb-30da-489f-b3cf-4b1a32386131",{"type":25,"markdownContent":803,"audioMediaId":804},"Tsukasaā€™s statement emphasizes the dedication to oneā€™s hobby rather than the explicit pursuit of success. Mogi and Mathews hold similar opinions regarding ikigai: **One can feel a strong sense of a life worth living even if they are not remarkably talented or do not receive public recognition.**\n\nAccording to anthropologist Iza Kavedžija, ikigai is inextricably linked to the Japanese attitude toward life, which is to value ā€˜doing things properlyā€™. She emphasizes that the Japanese have an innate ability to be present in the now and to engage in any activity, no matter how complex or trivial, with the highest degree of dedication.\n\nKavedžija points out that the Japanese approach to work and effort, whether in the context of oneā€™s job or in the pursuit of a passion, may seem oppressive to foreigners at first, but as they become accustomed to it, they understand it is a form of mastery.\n\nThe Japanese attitude creates a space of calm and appreciation of each moment, enriching their ikigai. Having a source of ikigai helps people make sense of life, while **success and money are only byproducts of ikigai**.","213d75f6-3ed7-4910-839e-c4f1dea83b84",[806],{"id":807,"data":808,"type":67,"version":26,"maxContentLevel":36},"9640590c-d853-4d47-8190-acff861961ea",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":809,"multiChoiceCorrect":811,"multiChoiceIncorrect":813,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[810],"Ikigai is related to which Japanese attitude towards life:",[812],"'Do things properly'",[814,815,816],"'Respect your elders'","'Work hard, play hard'","'Live within your means'",{"id":818,"data":819,"type":26,"version":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"summaryPage":821,"introPage":829,"pages":835},"30b5d07a-0a1e-4477-9288-3ce6801e86a2",{"type":26,"title":820},"Ikigai at Work",{"id":822,"data":823,"type":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"b3b5534e-ab95-450a-9f0c-7adde13b1201",{"type":36,"summary":824},[825,826,827,828],"Job crafting means tweaking your current job to make it more meaningful.","A housekeeper found purpose by seeing her role as part of patient healing.","In Japan, work often becomes the default ikigai, even if the job isn't loved.","Students often pick high-paying jobs as ikigai, but money isn't always the best choice.",{"id":830,"data":831,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"d558fb24-ce49-4685-ae25-c18f71e898df",{"type":53,"intro":832},[833,834],"What is job crafting?","How did the housekeeper at the university hospital find meaning in her job?",[836,851,864],{"id":837,"data":838,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":841},"23e72883-ead1-4fd7-bd37-98dd9467d610",{"type":25,"markdownContent":839,"audioMediaId":840},"Finding ikigai at work is possible even if the job is less than ideal. Furthermore, transforming your career into your ikigai does not necessarily entail a job change, rather, it means making some changes in oneā€™s current occupation. First introduced in 2001 by Jane Dutton and Amy Wrzesniewski, job crafting describes the process of altering the job you have to make it more meaningful and rewarding.\n\nIn a Harvard Business Review article, Professors Dutton and Wrzesniewski describe how a housekeeper at a university hospital found meaning in her job by redefining her role as a form of healing. This shift in perspective meant she paid **additional care** to tasks that would help patients recover more quickly.","18964a3f-098f-40c0-a863-341a1ae80b8b",[842],{"id":843,"data":844,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"62c63c58-4846-4658-96e4-5b9082cb5f4d",{"type":67,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":845,"binaryCorrect":847,"binaryIncorrect":849},[846],"Which of these would be an example of finding ikigai at work?",[848],"Focusing on the impact of your work as a teacher to make it more meaningful",[850],"Rewriting your schedule for work as a software engineer to maximise productivity",{"id":852,"data":853,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":856},"331c1f55-2934-4cd1-b5f0-e5fadd19747d",{"type":25,"markdownContent":854,"audioMediaId":855},"Job crafting can take many forms, such as making marginal changes in tasks, from the choice of tools to how a task is performed; adjusting whom we interact with at work; or **reframing how we view our work**, which is known as **cognitive crafting**. While your work may not be your source of ikigai, any form of job crafting will help you strengthen your perception of ikigai.\n\nWhile some lucky few may succeed in building a career and pursuing their ikigai at the same time, such as becoming a musician, this remains a challenging task. With limited time, oneā€™s ikigai typically becomes whatever one spends the most time doing.","a83a9d5c-1e7b-4dc0-87d4-e731b6929030",[857],{"id":858,"data":859,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"277b2f40-ec6f-4369-a085-8c0a10248904",{"type":67,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":860,"clozeWords":862},[861],"Job crafting is about shaping your perception of your work to find ikigai.",[863],"Job crafting",{"id":865,"data":866,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":869},"0b5aa9cb-7472-4f0d-bb5a-62318abcbaf1",{"type":25,"markdownContent":867,"audioMediaId":868},"According to author and professor Gordon Mathews, work is famous for becoming the de facto ikigai in Japan, even when people have a job they do not particularly like. Mathews also notes that many of his students ask him what their ikigai should be. However, the choice of ikigai is strictly individual.\n\nMathews further points out that the two key choices of ikigai among his students are work and family, or money and love. Typically, students choose the highest-paid job. While this may be an obvious choice of ikigai, as money is indispensable to life, it is not always the best choice. Instead, Mathews suggests that students ask themselves how important money is to them. However, he also explains that money is the only measurement that students have of a good life, as they havenā€™t yet had any work experience.","3e25591a-58b9-45cf-8165-ec820b708b7e",[870],{"id":871,"data":872,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"040edfc4-922d-4312-be26-c12a9d804b6e",{"type":67,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":873,"binaryCorrect":875,"binaryIncorrect":877},[874],"What does Gordon Mathews's research reveal about students and Ikigai?",[876],"They often measure Ikigai by earnings, which is incorrect",[878],"They often have a strong understanding of the principle of Ikigai",{"id":880,"data":881,"type":28,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"orbs":884},"cd49fc26-76be-4e1c-b029-1680e52a1fa0",{"type":28,"title":882,"tagline":883},"The Benefits of Ikigai","This tile discusses the scientifically demonstrated link between ikigai and oneā€™s well-being and how ikigai can benefit people throughout the course of their lives.",[885,982,1057],{"id":886,"data":887,"type":26,"version":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"summaryPage":889,"introPage":897,"pages":903},"b1fedc1b-b705-4f31-ad8c-c4c8a5392fd4",{"type":26,"title":888},"Ikigai and Health",{"id":890,"data":891,"type":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"10062e50-b5f2-41a1-9217-cb336178e3b5",{"type":36,"summary":892},[893,894,895,896],"Ikigai boosts health and active aging in Japan's elderly.","Physical activity enhances ikigai, especially in farming.","Ikigai lowers stress and inflammation, reducing disease risks.","Strong ikigai delays dementia and improves mental health.",{"id":898,"data":899,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"62bfaf43-9e86-4ce5-9e7a-8674076cb53a",{"type":53,"intro":900},[901,902],"How does ikigai affect stress and recovery?","What role does ikigai play in cognitive protection?",[904,919,932,949,962,967],{"id":905,"data":906,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":909},"c5ce7e76-499d-4bc0-8d18-1ad00631a4c7",{"type":25,"markdownContent":907,"audioMediaId":908},"Ikigai is not only about the joy for living that Japanese people find in their daily lives, it is also the subject of substantive research and has even received political recognition. As Japanā€™s population has grown older, matters of healthy aging have become the focus of the Japanese government and a prominent topic in many newspapers, popular books, and academic journals.\n\nThe effects of ikigai on the well-being of the elderly have been studied extensively in Japan. The results align with prior findings from similar studies on the meaning or purpose in life, demonstrating that **ikigai contributes to better health and active aging**.","d11e4afe-4516-478a-b185-17ca8363204f",[910],{"id":911,"data":912,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"054499bf-bb3d-4224-8207-eab24f3d77ed",{"type":67,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":913,"binaryCorrect":915,"binaryIncorrect":917},[914],"What is one health benefit of Ikigai that has been widely researched?",[916],"Longevity",[918],"Digestive health",{"id":920,"data":921,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":924},"8b89017f-b259-449b-89d4-be71b5c83a47",{"type":25,"markdownContent":922,"audioMediaId":923},"At the same time, the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare introduced several National Health Promotion Measures to address the demographic challenges posed by a rapidly aging population. The national health plans aim to promote a healthier lifestyle and provide support for the quality of life for the elderly, thus validating ikigaiā€™s indispensable value in well-being.\n\nResearch on the impact of ikigai on the well-being of aging adults indicates a positive correlation between physical activity and ikigai. For example, a cross-sectional study on physical activity in the rural area of Uonuma suggests that physical activity can enhance a personā€™s ikigai.","9d28c815-d989-4abd-b4dd-b33590dca280",[925],{"id":926,"data":927,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"155b8a5d-5629-4f7c-ae06-457f7e7ae0e6",{"type":67,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":928,"clozeWords":930},[929],"In aging adults, physical activity has been shown to increase ikigai and vice versa.",[931],"physical activity",{"id":933,"data":934,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":937},"b0fe9b25-e1a4-4974-805d-ecaf31318317",{"type":25,"markdownContent":935,"audioMediaId":936},"The study also identified a notable difference in the type of physical activity, gender, and perception of ikigai. Based on the results, men had a stronger sense of ikigai when they engaged more frequently in snow-removal activities, while women tended to experience a loss of ikigai. However, **both men and women reported higher ikigai when engaging in farming activities**.\n\n![Graph](image://02c20123-4a49-4e40-83b8-a22c587ead24 \"Shovelling snow. Image: U.S. Air Force photo/Senior Airman Justin Weaver, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe researchers believe this may happen when the additional task of removing snow becomes a burden in womenā€™s daily lives and on their well-being, but they found no explanation for the gender differences in physical activity and ikigai.","7993a4dc-83e0-4260-9995-706763546f91",[938],{"id":939,"data":940,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"662931b7-bb45-475a-84ec-05c427b2e3f4",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":941,"multiChoiceCorrect":943,"multiChoiceIncorrect":945,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[942],"Which kind of activity was shown to create a strong sense of Ikigai?",[944],"Farming activities",[946,947,948],"Scientific activities","Indoor activities","Political activities",{"id":950,"data":951,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":954},"c5624501-3fe8-4366-8fe6-1265ec8a8a86",{"type":25,"markdownContent":952,"audioMediaId":953},"Conversely, other studies suggest that a higher degree of ikigai increases oneā€™s willingness to participate in physical activity and other health-promoting practices. Based on the results of several longitudinal studies undertaken by Japanese researchers who specialize in geriatrics, having a sense of ikigai has been associated with lower mortality risks due to **cardiovascular disease**, **coronary heart disease**, and **cerebrovascular disease** as well as reduced chances of functional disability.\n\nResearchers suggest three potential mechanisms through which ikigai helps people live longer and healthier lives. First, by diminishing the activity of the sympathetic nervous system and improving parasympathetic activity, ikigai allows one to perceive stressors as less stressful and to emotionally recover more quickly from adverse events. Second, ikigai may lower cortisol levels and stress-induced elevation of *fibrinogen* and *interleukin 6*. These are inflammatory factors associated with hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and immune reactions.","9acdc25a-9b30-4f7b-997c-c587ee988b17",[955],{"id":956,"data":957,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"71020b58-6e71-4385-afb0-076b1e34a792",{"type":67,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":958,"clozeWords":960},[959],"Ikigai can act on the parasympathetic nervous system to perceive stressors as less stressful",[961],"parasympathetic",{"id":963,"data":964,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36},"1034ad05-a8fc-4a78-8135-2d4b7f9a76f7",{"type":25,"markdownContent":965,"audioMediaId":966},"Third, ikigai creates a positive psychological state in which one feels needed and has a purpose of serving their communities, resulting in greater engagement in productive activities and reduced risk of dementia and physical disability. The proven benefits of ikigai extend beyond better physical health outcomes in aging adults. A dimension of mental health, ikigai reflects a positive psychological factor that has been confirmed to alleviate depressive symptoms, anxiety, sadness, and hopelessness. Moreover, ikigai fosters **self-acceptance**, **problem-solving skills**, and **positive relationships** with others.\n\nAdditionally, some Japanese studies have found ikigai to be effective in cognitive protection. For example, while working as a clinical psychologist at a psychiatric hospital, Hasegawa observed significant differences in the progression of dementia in patients. As he described in a 2019 podcast, his observations revealed that people who had a strong sense of ikigai could delay their dementia, while those who did not have ikigai progressed at a faster pace.","47c0b645-6bdd-4018-a481-6f3d43419d07",{"id":968,"data":969,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":972},"6f3d748c-700f-4a90-920c-da4c167ccc04",{"type":25,"markdownContent":970,"audioMediaId":971},"Other studies have also identified Hasegawaā€™s correlation between ikigai and cognitive protection. The researchers suggest that by creating a positive psychological state, ikigai may enhance the regulation of physiological systems, resulting in a lower risk of dementia. Life comes with many difficulties and suffering, prompting humankind to seek what makes life enjoyable and worth living. Although ikigai provides Japanese people with the ā€˜**joy and benefit of being alive**,ā€™ it is not always felt in favorable situations.\n\nIn fact, the most vivid experiences of ikigai happen when individuals are facing some form of life crisis. Interestingly, many authors and researchers, from Kamiya to Yasuhiro Kotera and Hasegawa, began their lifelong study of ikigai after observing its impact on people who were facing complex challenges. In line with existential psychology, ikigai helps one find meaning in suffering while at the same time empowering one with **the resilience to overcome lifeā€™s challenges**.\n\nHowever, having ikigai does not ensure a life without pain. Instead, it motivates people to engage in meaningful activities and push forward even in lifeā€™s hardest moments. Mogi, the Japanese neuroscientist and author of *The Little Book of Ikigai*, concludes that ikigai *ā€œgives your life a purpose while giving you the grit to carry on.ā€*","b861bdb4-7958-4411-938c-51cd1c391338",[973],{"id":974,"data":975,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"fe038ad6-a1f6-42c8-b5b8-dfa1ef5e153c",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":976,"activeRecallAnswers":978},[977],"What are 3 proven mental health benefits of ikigai?",[979,980,981],"Alleviates depression and anxiety","Fosters self-acceptance","Improves problem-solving skills",{"id":983,"data":984,"type":26,"version":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"summaryPage":986,"introPage":994,"pages":1000},"277a534e-08eb-4cad-8fb2-0c8c6fe84c90",{"type":26,"title":985},"The Power of Community",{"id":987,"data":988,"type":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"0a47a4c0-0c81-4b2e-84bb-a1953b954ed1",{"type":36,"summary":989},[990,991,992,993],"Loneliness in older adults can lead to heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and depression","Okinawans form lifelong support groups called Moai, which help them live longer and happier lives","Young adults with ikigai experience higher self-esteem, goal achievement, and vibrant lives","Ikigai boosts health, longevity, and life satisfaction by giving a sense of purpose and meaning",{"id":995,"data":996,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"c69ca249-62ea-4bf3-b144-83462d66594a",{"type":53,"intro":997},[998,999],"What is a Moai?","How does ikigai impact the health of aging adults?",[1001,1006,1023,1040],{"id":1002,"data":1003,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36},"26535cf5-dc8d-41ce-8a51-a700979e5a4b",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1004,"audioMediaId":1005},"Being part of a community and maintaining interpersonal relationships are indispensable for enhancing the well-being of aging adults. While people can experience loneliness at any age, **loneliness and social isolation in older adults can significantly reduce life expectancy**.\n\n![Graph](image://20903344-ac1e-4fda-afbb-0541f5029c4b \"Loneliness in old age. Image: Public domain via Unsplash\")\n\nStudies indicate that elderly people who lack close friendships are more likely to suffer from heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and depression. Engagement in social activitiesā€”such as being part of a club, providing social contributions, or regularly seeing lifelong friendsā€”allows aging adults **to feel ikigai and live long, happy, and healthy lives.**","686c6a3b-cdd9-4ec9-9613-20d5faf65b49",{"id":1007,"data":1008,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":1011},"9d14184d-8bad-48b0-af45-a41df2f7d4c8",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1009,"audioMediaId":1010},"It is no surprise that the long-lived Okinawan community is based on strong social networks called *Moai*. A Moai is a lifelong circle of friends that the Okinawans form in childhood and that serves as a support group throughout life.\n\nMore than simply gathering to gossip and laugh, members of a Moai can rely on each other for help in dire times. Similarly, author Iza Kavedzija, who studied the interactions of a small group of elderly people in Osaka, found that as a group, they were **able to make sense of the events in their lives** and find the balance between isolation and demanding social connections.","ae6561a0-2a87-4e61-a93b-3a74cec092bb",[1012],{"id":1013,"data":1014,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"a0897301-ee39-45a1-82d8-853a0c06c5e7",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1015,"multiChoiceCorrect":1017,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1019,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1016],"What is a Moai? How does it promote ikigai, especially for the elderly?",[1018],"A circle of friends",[1020,1021,1022],"A way of finding meaning in work","A healthy diet","A mindfulness practice",{"id":1024,"data":1025,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":1028},"9b390a8c-739e-45fe-b322-445f03be2e2f",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1026,"audioMediaId":1027},"The benefits of ikigai for young adults may have less to do with physical health and more with the sense that life is enjoyable and worth living. Interestingly, young adults typically report lower levels of ikigai, with some survey results indicating that ikigai perception rises in one's 30s, remaining steady until it rises again in one's 60s. Although having ikigai is important at any life stage, research suggests that finding oneā€™s reason for being in earlier life stages is the most beneficial.\n\nAccording to a mixed-methods study examining the pursuit of ikigai among Japanese university students, ikigai provides young adults with several positive outcomes. These include **goal achievement**, **self-enhancement**, **higher self-esteem**, and the sense that their everyday lives are **exciting** and full of **vibrancy** and **worth**. In some cases, a strong sense of ikigai even leads to the pursuit of transformative experiences, such as living abroad. Moreover, the study also found that ikigai motivated students to persevere in meaningful activities, which resulted in **personal or academic accomplishments that further enriched their lives**.","099faa76-53cd-4cb2-9dae-1ff85909a246",[1029],{"id":1030,"data":1031,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"6dca9f01-a4b9-4698-981a-d136b7ba191c",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1032,"multiChoiceCorrect":1034,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1036,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1033],"In which decade of your life is it thought that your Ikigai increases?",[1035],"30s",[1037,1038,1039],"40s","20s","50s",{"id":1041,"data":1042,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":1045},"d4ef039b-93d8-4d88-a5fd-3ce7d92208c5",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1043,"audioMediaId":1044},"In Japan, ikigai is an essential factor contributing to a personā€™s well-being. Studies consistently demonstrate that ikigai can improve health, increase longevity, and reduce the risk of disability in old age, as people who live with a greater sense of purpose tend to engage in more health-promoting activities. Similarly, having ikigai helps people remain hopeful and look forward to the future when they are faced with difficult times, such as suffering from severe illness. Moreover, ikigai improves life satisfaction and self-esteem, bringing happiness and a sense of worth to the lives of Japanese people.\n\nHowever, you might wonder what difference ikigai can make in your life. Since ikigai is different for all of us, what it brings to your life may fluctuate as well, argues author Yukari Mitsuhashi. However, Mitsuhashi is clear in stating that, for everyone, ikigai will help you attain **happiness** and **contentment**, enjoy and tackle every day with **peace of mind**, and grow and progress with **a sense of purpose and meaning in your life**.","029b6f80-5bfa-45f5-9b08-d024d67992f2",[1046],{"id":1047,"data":1048,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"d03af94e-2c24-4837-8ddf-9b851145f4d6",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1049,"multiChoiceCorrect":1051,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1053,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1050],"Which of these was a positive by-product of Ikigai among young people?",[1052],"Goal-achievement",[1054,1055,1056],"Improved earnings","Better grade","Better sex lives",{"id":1058,"data":1059,"type":26,"version":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"summaryPage":1061,"introPage":1069,"pages":1075},"fbe34869-ad62-4c31-aafe-d11820c5ac23",{"type":26,"title":1060},"Ikigai in the West",{"id":1062,"data":1063,"type":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"8fe1f33a-ad39-421d-9a1e-36dcebeedc05",{"type":36,"summary":1064},[1065,1066,1067,1068],"Ikigai is a personal journey, not a destination.","Ikigai helps you understand your past and focus on future goals.","Ikigai can change with life events like job loss or children leaving home.","Losing ikigai is a chance to find a new one.",{"id":1070,"data":1071,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"5ddf8ca1-467e-4462-883f-c9b5e8f40d28",{"type":53,"intro":1072},[1073,1074],"Why do North Americans tend to present themselves more positively in public?","How does the Japanese concept of modesty influence their expression of happiness?",[1076,1091,1106],{"id":1077,"data":1078,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":1081},"6f950cd1-c073-413f-af60-e8e777305db5",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1079,"audioMediaId":1080},"The concept of ikigai has been introduced to the West mainly as the Japanese secret to happiness. In reality, **happiness is only a facet of ikigai**. While happiness can be understood in universal terms to some extent, ultimately, it is a subjective experience that is difficult to measure and compare at a national level, even more so across cultures. First, this is because people tend to inaccurately perceive and evaluate their emotional state. Second, the way we understand happiness depends on societal patterns that are culturally specific.\n\nFor example, North Americans have a tendency to present themselves more positively in public, appearing happier than they truly are. Inversely, Japanese people are **generally reluctant to say they are happy when referring to their ikigai**. According to author Iza Kavedžija, in Japanese culture as well as in other East Asian societies, personal modesty is considered a social value. Under Japanese social conventions, people should speak about themselves in a modest, down-to-earth manner to avoid being perceived as boasting.","6fdf0b70-b211-474c-b4fb-53a3e11d6056",[1082],{"id":1083,"data":1084,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"63cc5fdb-d3be-4225-878e-803d7416d17a",{"type":67,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1085,"binaryCorrect":1087,"binaryIncorrect":1089},[1086],"Which of these is a cultural difference between American and Japanese people?",[1088],"Americans tend to self-present as happier",[1090],"Japanese people tend to self-present as happier",{"id":1092,"data":1093,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":1096},"4808c0c3-361a-4e86-932a-17cb2e3a4cf4",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1094,"audioMediaId":1095},"Ikigai is not a destination but a journey that we travel throughout our lives, as we constantly look for new inspirations and meaning in our daily activities. The truth is that no one can tell you what ikigai should be for you. Instead, existing literature emphasizes the personal nature of ikigai, reflecting *ā€œoneā€™s inner self and expressing it faithfully.ā€*\n\nDrawing on the studies of the most influential ikigai authors, your reason for being is something that helps you understand your past while allowing you to focus on your future goals. Furthermore, the feeling of ikigai imbues your existence when you **immerse yourself fully in the present moment** or **accept and overcome challenging tasks or adverse events in life**.\n\nAccording to Mogi, your ikigai is most likely something that already exists deep within you and requires a process of self-reflection to reveal. Similarly, Yohei Nakajima suggests examining your role within your communityā€”whether that is through your family, work, or circle of friendsā€”and you will probably realize that **what motivates you to keep going is ikigai**.","d7d102d7-09eb-4438-b182-dd49b95503ef",[1097],{"id":1098,"data":1099,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"bf0feebe-757d-45ca-9e67-9f0306de6b49",{"type":67,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1100,"binaryCorrect":1102,"binaryIncorrect":1104},[1101],"Ken Mogi argues that Ikigai can be achieved through...",[1103],"Self-reflection",[1105],"Research",{"id":1107,"data":1108,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":1111},"368c44d2-00f2-411f-9a97-66c025cb9f8c",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1109,"audioMediaId":1110},"Gordon Mathews states that ikigai is only the provisional answer to the question of what makes life worth living. When you have found meaning and purpose in your work, being fired or retiring are certain to affect your ikigai. After years of dedication to a profession, it may feel as if you have suddenly lost your direction in life.\n\nA parent whose children grow up and leave home will experience a loss of ikigai. Dreams may fade, and some people may become ill. In addition, social and institutional constraints, such as tax laws or age restrictions, may limit our pursuit of ikigai.\n\nReflecting the transient nature of life itself, ikigai is ultimately precarious. However, the Japanese demonstrate to us that ikigai can take many shapes throughout the course of our lives. **The loss of ikigai is merely an opportunity to find another one.** As Mathews concludes, while oneā€™s ikigai may vanish, it is nevertheless worth having.","51c921a9-32bf-4356-9577-1fd06c961967",[1112],{"id":1113,"data":1114,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"05934f19-9d49-40fa-84d9-b81ea92c7574",{"type":67,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1115,"binaryCorrect":1117,"binaryIncorrect":1118},[1116],"The loss of one form of Ikigai means the loss of Ikigai altogether",[187],[189],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":1120,"height":1120,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":1121},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":1120,"height":1120,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":1123},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M12.586 2.586A2 2 0 0 0 11.172 2H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v7.172a2 2 0 0 0 .586 1.414l8.704 8.704a2.426 2.426 0 0 0 3.42 0l6.58-6.58a2.426 2.426 0 0 0 0-3.42z\"/>\u003Ccircle cx=\"7.5\" cy=\"7.5\" r=\".5\" fill=\"currentColor\"/>\u003C/g>",1778179481723]