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From protection against germs to regulating the temperature, the skin has quite a few roles to offer. When you take care of your skin, you are helping your skin perform its functions and stay healthy. ",[36,104,211],{"id":37,"data":38,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":40},"86d0b1e1-b2d7-4912-a8c1-c96766d92de8",{"type":25,"title":39},"Importance and Functions of Skin",[41,56,72,88],{"id":42,"data":43,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":47},"94947e22-7705-49a1-b7c8-85a4ff6dc004",{"type":24,"title":44,"markdownContent":45,"audioMediaId":46},"Why skin is important","To take care of your skin, it is essential to realize its importance by learning about **its extraordinary structure** and its role in your body. Skin is the heaviest organ of your body, covering **15% of your weight**.  It is the skin that adds **aesthetic value** and makes humans attracted to each other. But healthier skin does not just add beauty to your appearance; it plays a significant role in your body. \n\n\n ![Graph](image://d8f42690-e786-4c8b-87ee-98eb629624da \"The skin - your biggest organ\")\n\nThe skin is made up of **water, proteins, and lipids**, each of which imparts special functions. From protecting you against germs, providing a barrier against the sunlight, and storing energy, to triggering a response against temperature fluctuations, **skin's importance is undeniable**.\n\n","6f4b34a6-045a-4365-b8b9-14ae015c60f8",[48],{"id":49,"data":50,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"02c2a3c6-be7f-4e62-ba85-cfbc8ed5654d",{"type":51,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":52,"activeRecallAnswers":54},11,[53],"Skin accounts for what percentage of your body weight?",[55],"15%",{"id":57,"data":58,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":62},"ede09c87-c499-4bf6-83be-e879cce61ada",{"type":24,"title":59,"markdownContent":60,"audioMediaId":61},"Functions of healthy skin - protection","**Skin is the physical barrier that protects your body from every foreign entity**. It is your first line of defense against pathogens, which can be bacteria, fungi, parasites, and other forms of germs. \n\nBy forming a waterproof mechanical barrier, the skin helps keep these germs from reaching inside your body. As this barrier is waterproof, it also helps to retain moisture within the skin. **The presence of moisture is one reason why germs cannot enter the skin**.\n\n ![Graph](image://4952cbe4-bde4-4345-a6aa-109712d9540e \"The skin is a protective layer first and foremost\")\n\n**The skin barrier also protects you from UV rays emitted from the sun**. If it were not for the skin, the UV rays could cause changes to our DNA, leading to **diseases and even cancer**.\n\n","2b7b2cc7-652b-4a84-ba59-0f2a4ccb1fa0",[63],{"id":64,"data":65,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"650081b3-49f8-4be9-aefb-bfdbf378dbc8",{"type":51,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":66,"binaryCorrect":68,"binaryIncorrect":70},[67],"What is the primary purpose of the skin?",[69],"To protect the body from foreign entities and UV rays",[71],"To retain moisture",{"id":73,"data":74,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":78},"17bb9091-0f6f-4d19-a6c0-4950b73fb75d",{"type":24,"title":75,"markdownContent":76,"audioMediaId":77},"Functions of a healthy skin – thermoregulation","**Thermoregulation is the ability to keep your body temperature within certain limits no matter how extreme the outside temperature is**. \n\nWhen the outside temperature is higher than your body’s, **blood vessels in the skin undergo expansion**, allowing more blood to flow from inside the body to the skin surface. \n\nAs the blood travels, it also carries the heat to the surface. From there, the heat escapes to the outside environment, lowering the body temperature. \n\n**When the outside temperature is lower, the blood vessels are tightened**. This limits the blood flow to the skin surface, letting less heat reach the surface and escape the body. Excess heat is retained in your body, keeping you warm\n","1452af5e-2f98-4cf5-865d-e1d075af9713",[79],{"id":80,"data":81,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"69eb1088-ad41-48c5-ad9a-57ff20796a39",{"type":51,"reviewType":82,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":83,"clozeWords":85},4,[84],"When the outside temperature is higher than your body’s, blood vessels in the skin undergo expansion, allowing more blood to flow from inside the body to the skin surface.",[86,87],"blood vessels","skin surface",{"id":89,"data":90,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":94},"f1bc21cb-3034-4cbd-930a-4e2b663088b5",{"type":24,"title":91,"markdownContent":92,"audioMediaId":93},"Functions of a healthy skin - sensation","Did you know that your skin helps you feel things? This perception of items coming into contact with you is called **sensation**. Your skin has special structures called **receptors**, which help the skin to recognize heat, cold, pain, and pressure.\n\n\n ![Graph](image://20726ab9-e3a1-4578-81d0-80fe8e02a149 \"Pain receptors can help prevent burns\")\n\nHave you ever tried coming close to the steam emitted from a hot liquid? It must have felt hot, and you might have moved away instantly. This is your skin receptors recognizing the heat and protecting you from severe burns. \n\n**These receptors are also crucial to avoiding injuries from any of these factors**. \n\nImagine that the skin receptors in your hand are damaged, and it needs to be able to tell when something is cold. If you happen to touch an ice jar with this hand, you won’t feel the coldness at all. \n\n","bf707b48-9c91-4f08-ac75-832e9b431bd8",[95],{"id":96,"data":97,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"ebc809ab-0d94-4883-aa1b-302a3a71900e",{"type":51,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":98,"binaryCorrect":100,"binaryIncorrect":102},[99],"What are the structures in our skin that help us recognize heat, cold, pain, and pressure called?",[101],"Receptors",[103],"Antibodies",{"id":105,"data":106,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":108},"2a929a99-9bf2-4107-81c5-4f6f58109199",{"type":25,"title":107},"Skin Structure and Cells",[109,125,140,155,170,196],{"id":110,"data":111,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":115},"758c7d0b-3274-411d-ac00-e4ffbac20ce3",{"type":24,"title":112,"markdownContent":113,"audioMediaId":114},"The skin structure - epidermis","Your skin is a 3-layered structure. The outer layer is called epidermis, which is covered with tiny holes called skin pores. These pores bring the oil, which keeps the skin lubricated, and sweat, which regulates the body temperature, to the skin surface. \n\n ![Graph](image://a6e5e14c-5aad-4b13-9618-812cd03e3b6a \"The skin layers, with the dermis at the bottom\")\n\nThree types of cells make up this epidermis. Most of this outer layer is made up of kerotinocytes, also known as K-cells. Let’s think of K-cells as bricks. Just as multiple bricks make a wall, numerous K-cells join to form the outer layer of the skin, giving it a wall-like appearance. What is used to keep a wall intact? Cement! Lipids act like cement for the wall of K-cells to stay intact, forming a waterproof barrier.\n\nAt the base of this layer, skin regeneration occurs - the old skin cells are flaked off with the new cells replacing them. This renewal keeps your skin glowing.\n\n","8d90d0d2-d16b-4df6-8350-bdf855dabcbd",[116],{"id":117,"data":118,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"eb51ce4b-782c-460d-a5d2-0bdf896438d2",{"type":51,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":119,"binaryCorrect":121,"binaryIncorrect":123},[120],"What acts as a cement that keeps your skin's K-cells intact?",[122],"Lipids",[124],"The Dermis",{"id":126,"data":127,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":131},"313a76cc-b7c4-4815-bd74-eb699479e6ba",{"type":24,"title":128,"markdownContent":129,"audioMediaId":130},"Melanocytes in the epidermis ","Another type of cell that makes up the outer layer of the skin is **melanocytes**, which are present on the inner side of the outer layer of the skin. Melanocytes produce a skin pigment called **melanin**, which is either reddish-yellow or brownish-black in color. To perform its functions, melanin is transported from the base of the epidermis to the K-cells, near the skin's surface.\n\n\n ![Graph](image://ed697ce7-cc37-418d-a8a7-9a90daf49ce5 \"Melanocytes in your skin\")\n\nOnce melanin reaches the surface of the skin, it performs 2 functions, **imparting color to the skin, and providing protection against the UV rays from the sun**. The amount of melanin near the skin determines how dark the skin tone is. Because darker skin has more melanin, it is more efficient in protecting you against the UV rays.\n\n","19a0279d-49cc-4c9b-91b9-d1b831e5190e",[132],{"id":133,"data":134,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"ebaf43b7-b336-420d-bc98-1b72bfd38d99",{"type":51,"reviewType":82,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":135,"clozeWords":137},[136],"Melanocytes produce a skin pigment called melanin, which is either reddish-yellow or brownish-black in color.",[138,139],"Melanocytes","brownish-black",{"id":141,"data":142,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":146},"bbba64f4-caca-4368-83d5-7725f229da8f",{"type":24,"title":143,"markdownContent":144,"audioMediaId":145},"Langerhans cells in the epidermis ","The third group of cells present in the outer layer of the skin is the Langerhans Cells (LC). On a broader aspect, **LCs are a part of your defense system and act as the first line of defense against pathogens, inflammation or redness**.\n\n\n\nOn sensing the danger signals, which may be a germ or skin trauma, LCs are turned on. **They instruct your body’s defense system to produce weapons – the antibodies**. Antibodies fight these danger signals to save you from severe skin infections.\n","9f16f5f2-b8da-4796-b04c-cd5b5c75e9fd",[147],{"id":148,"data":149,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"f9835a72-d6cc-4251-be7b-26b8012c1539",{"type":51,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":150,"binaryCorrect":152,"binaryIncorrect":153},[151],"What do Langerhans Cells (LCs) instruct the body's defense system to produce?",[103],[154],"Pathogens",{"id":156,"data":157,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":161},"67835b4c-96d9-4097-a2c0-3555de80cd5e",{"type":24,"title":158,"markdownContent":159,"audioMediaId":160},"The skin structure – dermis ","Below the outer layer of the skin is the middle layer, called the dermis. The middle layer of your skin has two layers - **papillary dermis and reticular dermis**.\n\n\n ![Graph](image://f703cf58-4bf2-4e79-8ad2-cdc4083feb22 \"The dermis\")\n\n**The papillary dermis is the top part layer of the dermis**, where it supplies nutrients and blood to support the growth of the outer layer of your skin. It also consists of the touch receptors that facilitate your skin in sensing heat, cold and pain.\n\n\n","858785bf-7877-4be7-a113-1bd5eefa926a",[162],{"id":163,"data":164,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"3b6d932b-abf5-4ef6-bbc0-0c6faf975535",{"type":51,"reviewType":82,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":165,"clozeWords":167},[166],"The middle layer of your skin has two layers - papillary dermis and reticular dermis.",[168,169],"papillary dermis","reticular dermis",{"id":171,"data":172,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":176},"f9251e56-ad77-4c56-897f-793138e29e73",{"type":24,"title":173,"markdownContent":174,"audioMediaId":175},"Building blocks of your skin ","The **reticular dermis** makes up the bottom layer of the dermis. It is thicker than the papillary dermis and has more responsibilities. It harbors the two most important proteins - **collagen and elastin** - which are the building blocks of your skin.\n\n**Collagen gives strength and resilience to the skin cells**, while **elastin is crucial in bringing elasticity to the skin**. Because of the elastin, your skin can regain its original shape after being stretched.\n\nThe reticular dermis also hosts **sweat and oil glands**. Sweat glands produce sweat to regulate your body’s temperature, whereas the oil glands help your skin stay soft and smooth.\n","5715b42d-4632-48f2-93f9-3c7f3cf78b16",[177,185],{"id":178,"data":179,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"e18cc19e-e14c-41bb-a8e7-caa04b889dea",{"type":51,"reviewType":82,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":180,"clozeWords":182},[181],"The reticular harbors the 2 most important proteins - collagen and elastin, which are the building blocks of your skin.",[183,184],"collagen","elastin",{"id":186,"data":187,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"fc60f8c8-1144-46a4-9f54-06a52d51ddce",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":188,"multiChoiceCorrect":190,"multiChoiceIncorrect":192},[189],"What two proteins are found in the reticular dermis?",[191],"Collagen and elastin",[193,194,195],"Sweat and oil glands","Elastin and sweat glands","Collagen and oil glands",{"id":197,"data":198,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":202},"381a6ef9-77d0-42a5-964c-360a23d2690f",{"type":24,"title":199,"markdownContent":200,"audioMediaId":201},"The skin structure – hypodermis ","The **hypodermis** is the innermost layer of the skin, also called **the subcutaneous layer**. The hypodermis connects the middle layer of the skin to the bones and muscles via connective tissues. \n\nIt also stores fat in your skin. The stored fat has 2 purposes; **it cushions your vital organs** such as kidneys, liver and intestines, to protect them against trauma. Secondly, it is an **energy reservoir** if your body runs short on food.\n\nTogether with connective tissues and fat, **the hypodermis provides insulation to protect your body against extreme temperature changes**. \n\nOverlooking the care of your skin deteriorates the skin's structure, making it difficult to protect you, regulate your body's temperature, or perform any other function.  \n","d8c6e2bb-3e80-4f0f-abe4-c9a84dc7fc88",[203],{"id":204,"data":205,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"41200b36-1a9c-40bc-aec2-0e28e4292f6e",{"type":51,"reviewType":82,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":206,"clozeWords":208},[207],"The hypodermis is the innermost layer of the skin, also called the subcutaneous layer.",[209,210],"hypodermis","subcutaneous layer",{"id":212,"data":213,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":215},"1e476c27-1e45-4f7a-9d4c-150b73da2323",{"type":25,"title":214},"Consequences of Neglecting Skin Care",[216,232,246,260],{"id":217,"data":218,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":222},"1a931f35-8644-4430-a41b-5fed049a6025",{"type":24,"title":219,"markdownContent":220,"audioMediaId":221},"If neglected, you will encounter dryness and skin problems","**Dry skin** is something that we experience very often. Harsh winds, cold temperature, low humidity, and indoor heating systems can also suck the moisture off your skin, leaving it dry and flaky. \n\nThe dried skin does not only present a snake-like texture, **it makes you vulnerable to infections**. When your skin turns dry, it experiences a deterioration in its waterproof barrier. The weakened barrier leads to moisture loss, forming cracks on your skin. It then becomes easier for the germs to enter your skin through these cracks and cause skin infections.\n\n ![Graph](image://ceb8c3f9-84b1-43be-9a58-521d54cb2a66 \"A lack of skincare is one factor that can lead to acne\")\n\n**The effects of a no skincare routine go beyond skin dryness**. When you don’t clean your skin regularly, germs, dirt, and chemicals gather on your skin surface. This causes the skin pores to become clogged, which eventually leads to breakouts, pimples and acne.\n\n","1940633f-fabd-4ea6-afaf-93b355829d0c",[223],{"id":224,"data":225,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"5a47b23f-3a54-4efb-ab81-924a4b6612dd",{"type":51,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":226,"activeRecallAnswers":228},[227],"What are the effects of having no skincare routine?",[229,230,231],"Skin dryness","Vulnerability to infections","Breakouts, pimples and acne",{"id":233,"data":234,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":238},"5fb3c6c2-e3bc-4703-8d2f-4b360577fe18",{"type":24,"title":235,"markdownContent":236,"audioMediaId":237},"If abandoned, your skin won’t protect you from the sun ","Ever observed your skin turning dark after long hours of sun exposure? That’s your skin producing more melanin than usual. **Melanin guards you against the UV rays**. The more melanin, the better the protection. \n\n ![Graph](image://c3a1a214-99e9-41bb-bd8e-be6781247250 \"A lack of skincare can make skin more vulnerable to sunburn\")\n\n**Sunlight exposes your skin to harmful UV rays**. Spending a few hours outside under the sun is not an issue. However, prolonged exposure without any protection on your skin damages melanin. \n\nThis renders melanin incompetent in keeping the UV rays away from your body. As a result, they penetrate deeper into the middle layer of the skin, damaging the skin cells and making collagen and elastin lose their elasticity. This causes the appearance of freckles and wrinkles on the skin.\n\nIf the proper attention is not given to the skin at this stage, the UV rays impair the skin’s DNA. **Damage to the DNA mutates the cells' genetic makeup, potentially leading to skin cancer**.\n\n","634d745f-dae7-4a22-b384-3aa1deed2d83",[239],{"id":240,"data":241,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"329fe2c5-d6db-4c6d-81c0-3e86467a8752",{"type":51,"reviewType":82,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":242,"clozeWords":244},[243],"Melanin guards your skin against the UV rays.",[245],"Melanin",{"id":247,"data":248,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":252},"c349d00e-a3b7-414e-9673-023c8c79249b",{"type":24,"title":249,"markdownContent":250,"audioMediaId":251},"If abandoned, your skin will lose its glow","Your skin sheds off the old K-cells regularly and replaces them with new ones - a process that occurs in the outermost layer of the skin. Unfortunately, **not every dead cell falls off your skin naturally**. Some of them stay on the skin until wiped off.\n\nAs the dead cells aggregate on your skin, they make it greyish and patchy. The buildup of the dead cells is similar to the buildup of dust on the floor. Unless you sweep, the dust doesn’t go away. But, with a proper skincare routine, **it is possible to wipe these dead cells off your skin and let it stay healthier**.\n \nMoreover, we are exposed to polluted air daily; thanks to urbanization. Besides containing the dust particles, this air also hosts volatile organic compounds, nitrogen oxide, and sulfur dioxide. Exposure to these chemicals sabotages the collagen, leaving your skin uneven.\n","67dd605b-4181-45e6-893f-09b4752bddd0",[253],{"id":254,"data":255,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"eba5794d-720b-4985-8fb4-de6a75fe8469",{"type":51,"reviewType":82,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":256,"clozeWords":258},[257],"Our skin is exposed to volatile organic compounds when we are in urban environments. ",[259],"volatile organic compounds",{"id":261,"data":262,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":266},"cb250e99-7c3a-456a-abfe-dffebe6d8317",{"type":24,"title":263,"markdownContent":264,"audioMediaId":265},"If unattended, your skin will age quicker ","When the signs of aging start appearing before you hit your 40s – **that’s premature aging. Premature skin aging is either intrinsic or extrinsic**. Intrinsic premature aging is the result of genetic changes. It is something you cannot influence.\n\nHowever, you can take control of extrinsic premature aging. Exposure to sunlight, stress, poor dietary patterns, and a poor lifestyle contribute to premature aging. **These factors slow down the skin regeneration process**. As a result, the skin loses its elasticity and thickness and it takes more time for the skin to regain its original shape.\n\n ![Graph](image://f379782a-efcc-47e8-950a-555934541c02 \"The aging of skin can be slowed with the right skincare routine\")\n\nThe skin turns as thin as tissue paper. During this process, your skin becomes transparent enough that bones and veins are easily visible through it. The slackened skin also gives rise to fine lines on the skin.\n\n","692390d8-a424-49ce-9981-aa5a73fe0ce1",[267],{"id":268,"data":269,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"8fad9d75-0f3b-4a22-bf01-b500d232548c",{"type":51,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":270,"activeRecallAnswers":272},[271],"Which four factors will slow down the skin regeneration process?",[273,274,275,276],"Exposure to sunlight","Stress","Poor dietary patterns","A poor lifestyle",{"id":278,"data":279,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"orbs":282},"5883f488-328e-476c-a743-fe238a7d7b81",{"type":27,"title":280,"tagline":281},"Types of Skin","In this tile, you will learn about the 2 types of classification used to classify the skin and how these classifications divide the skin into various types. ",[283,358],{"id":284,"data":285,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":287},"aec05724-d3f6-4f1a-9632-66b446cc9482",{"type":25,"title":286},"Skin Classification Systems",[288,303,330,344],{"id":289,"data":290,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":294},"a5f5f1dc-12dd-4cee-b51a-c8ce104292ae",{"type":24,"title":291,"markdownContent":292,"audioMediaId":293},"Fitzpatrick's classification","**Fitzpatrick's classification, first described in 1975 to determine the risk of sun burns and the chance of developing skin cancer, is the oldest system that classifies the skin based on color**. Sunburning and skin cancer development rely on the efficiency of your skin to produce melanin on exposure to the sun.\n\n**Fitzpatrick's scale divides the skin into 6 types**: white, fair, average, light brown, brown, and black colors. The **lighter skin colors do not produce enough melanin to protect them against the damaging effects of UV rays**. \n\nThey burn easily with sun exposure which can lead to skin cancer. On the other hand, **darker skin colors have comparatively more melanin**. They are less susceptible to sunburns when exposed for 30-40 minutes. The higher melanin protects the darker color from developing skin cancer.\n","603d2f0b-d818-449e-8a85-5f8c2f71c1c0",[295],{"id":296,"data":297,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"a7a25cfa-c20c-410b-a4ec-17d356218501",{"type":51,"reviewType":82,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":298,"clozeWords":300},[299],"Fitzpatrick's classification, first described in 1975 to determine the risk of sun burns and the chance of developing skin cancer, is the oldest system that classifies the skin based on color.",[301,302],"Fitzpatrick's","skin cancer",{"id":304,"data":305,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":309},"c8ce42f3-681c-46f7-88c4-3b2aa043bc7b",{"type":24,"title":306,"markdownContent":307,"audioMediaId":308},"Skin classification according to the balance","Fitzpatrick's system classifies the skin according to its color and **does not consider the skin's physiological content**. While the system helps determine the aspect of sunburns, it is ineffective in choosing skin care products to avoid acne, wrinkles, or premature aging.\n\n ![Graph](image://e80ade7b-22cc-4a47-9964-19d8d8f96767 \"Knowing  your skin type is essential to good skincare\")\n\n**Another skin classification is based on the balance of water, lipid, and sensitivity**. The balance of these three is essential for healthy skin. However, genetics and environmental conditions can change their ratio, resulting in deviation of the skin from a typical skin, which constitutes different skin types .\n\nAccording to this classification, there are **five skin types - normal, oily, dry, sensitive, and combination**. Each of these skins has its characteristics and requires a different skincare approach. Therefore, knowing your skin type can help you choose the best skin care products for your skin.  \n","30b73835-6e21-4321-8dfd-77cf5f734240",[310,319],{"id":311,"data":312,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"2d875432-8629-4099-bfa4-0075e38372a1",{"type":51,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":313,"binaryCorrect":315,"binaryIncorrect":317},[314],"How many skin types are there according to the skin classification based on the balance of water, lipid, and sensitivity?",[316],"5",[318],"3",{"id":320,"data":321,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"9281cb43-d17f-4d70-8aba-9ddc72994c8d",{"type":51,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":322,"activeRecallAnswers":324},[323],"What are the five skin types?",[325,326,327,328,329],"1) normal"," 2) oily"," 3) dry"," 4) sensitive"," 5) combination",{"id":331,"data":332,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":336},"827c17d7-e081-4de4-8aa0-0fc1050abd99",{"type":24,"title":333,"markdownContent":334,"audioMediaId":335},"Normal skin","Scientifically, **normal skin is called eudermic**. It is one of the lottery winners because **it requires less maintenance than other types**. Normal skin has the proper moisture and lipids (oil) ratios that make it well-balanced and this, in turn, prevents the loss of excess moisture from the skin, helping it stay hydrated.\n\n**This physiological balance keeps the skin from breakouts, blemishes, and flakiness**. In addition, normal skin has the right amount of collagen and elastin to keep it firm and elastic. Another characteristic of normal skin is that **it has small pores**, keeping the skin radiant. \n\nUnfortunately, normal skin is not generally observed in adults. As people hit puberty and experience hormonal changes, their skin balance often changes . Therefore, even if you have normal skin, you can still experience breakouts or blemishes occasionally. That’s why it is important to have a consistent skincare regimen to avoid future skin issues. \n","8c3e2648-6882-4285-ae55-818b62cea00f",[337],{"id":338,"data":339,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"3acb2a5c-9c82-4254-92d7-90e39d55f4b1",{"type":51,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":340,"activeRecallAnswers":342},[341],"What is the scientific term for normal skin?",[343],"Eudermic",{"id":345,"data":346,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":350},"e4940f71-cd26-4351-ab08-4036c392a96b",{"type":24,"title":347,"markdownContent":348,"audioMediaId":349},"Dry skin","In general, **the skin’s middle layer hosts sebaceous glands**, which produce sebum - the natural oil of your skin. The amount of oil produced in the skin varies from person to person, depending on genetics and environmental conditions. \n\nWhen the skin produces less oil than usual, it leads to ‘dry skin.’ **As a result, fewer lipids are formed, which damages your skin's protective barrier**. \n\n ![Graph](image://d6243b56-789f-461b-89a0-af05389bf975 \"Using a good moisturizer can prevent the death of skin cells caused by dry skin\")\n\nA damaged skin barrier can no longer withhold enough moisture to the skin. The lack of water leads to the death of more skin cells than normal, creating a layer of dead cells on the skin surface, making the skin patchy and dull.\n\nBecause of the dead skin cells, **people with dry skin can feel tight and irritated**. A good skincare routine can keep your skin hydrated and avoid slackness. Cracked heels are one easily recognizable result of dry skin.\n\n","901fe483-44c5-4745-9b1a-2846210a2757",[351],{"id":352,"data":353,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"d3df3a78-3be7-4e26-a766-4b42f13efb05",{"type":51,"reviewType":82,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":354,"clozeWords":356},[355],"In general, the skin’s middle layer hosts sebaceous glands, which produce sebum - the natural oil of your skin.",[357],"sebaceous",{"id":359,"data":360,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":361},"49769dad-1cf5-426f-bd8c-b19f8a1176f8",{"type":25,"title":280},[362,378,396,411,425,431],{"id":363,"data":364,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":368},"a9dfa601-715e-4ddb-8bf0-9abf3bd44410",{"type":24,"title":365,"markdownContent":366,"audioMediaId":367},"Oily skin","For some skins, **the activity of sebaceous glands is increased**. They produce more sebum than normal, resulting in oily skin. **Oily skin looks shiny around the forehead, nose, and chin**. \n\nThe skin industry often describes this region as the T-zone. The T-zone might look shiny, but at the same time, it is greasy . Oily skin is usually thick and heavy in texture. However, it is generally pretty good at tolerating changes in temperature and soaps. \n\n**This oil is usually produced in the middle layer of the skin before traveling to the skin surface, with the help of skin pores**. Since there is more oil in this skin type, the size of the skin pores increases to accommodate this excess amount . \n\nAs the oil enters the pores, it also takes dead cells along, which can lead to the pores becoming blocked. This makes it difficult for the pores to let the oil out. Hence, they turn into blackheads and pimples. \n","da004c38-526c-43e3-97ec-a5c0156a8154",[369],{"id":370,"data":371,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"6c9fd1e2-566b-4220-b9bf-ccc07ecc96d0",{"type":51,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":372,"binaryCorrect":374,"binaryIncorrect":376},[373],"What happens when the activity of sebaceous glands is increased?",[375],"They produce more sebum than normal, resulting in oily skin",[377],"They produce less sebum than normal, resulting in dry skin",{"id":379,"data":380,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":384},"24f829dd-24a8-4f8d-bf99-7f5e8a9c5ddd",{"type":24,"title":381,"markdownContent":382,"audioMediaId":383},"Combination skin","You probably guessed it by the name - **combination skin has features of both dry and oily skin**. Combination skin means having oiliness in your T-zone and dryness in your U-zone. While the T-zone consists of forehead, nose and chin, the U-zone consists of the right and left cheek. \n\n**Combination skin has fine lines and wrinkles on cheeks and large pores on the nose, forehead, and chin**. You can experience acne and tightness at the same time. \n\nYour T-zone might be greasy and shine, while the U-zone might have a rough texture. Combination skin results from an imbalance in the distribution and production of the oil due to genes and hormones. \n\n**Combination skin gets overly oily during summers and extremely dry during the winters**, is thick in some regions and thin in others. \n\nYou are not very sure how the combination skin will act up, so taking care of this type of skin is quite tricky. It is essential to avoid products specifically made for oily and dry skin. \n","b960c0ed-0414-4b36-89ea-ee7da212a4f9",[385],{"id":386,"data":387,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"2f309834-1f28-4c39-89f3-ca657a18cdb1",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":388,"multiChoiceCorrect":390,"multiChoiceIncorrect":392},[389],"What two zones does combination skin have?",[391],"T-zone and U-zone",[393,394,395],"U-zone and V-zone","T-zone and V-zone","S-zone and U-zone",{"id":397,"data":398,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":402},"cc0c43e7-fa8d-4051-a00c-88d3c4fa055b",{"type":24,"title":399,"markdownContent":400,"audioMediaId":401},"Sensitive skin","**Damage to the skin barrier due to stress, hormonal fluctuations, the sun’s UV rays, or a skincare product can weaken the skin barrier, making the nerve endings under your skin over-sensitive**. \n\nSuch skin burns on exposure to detergents, perfumed soaps, sun rays, heat, and cold. Sensitive skin gets irritated readily and often feels itchy: even eating spicy meals can make your skin fleshy and irritated.\n\n ![Graph](image://b3409a29-e56b-4f56-83f4-9ebfd8d44d6c \"Sensitive skin loses its protective barrier more easily, and is more prone to infection\")\n \n**Since sensitive skin loses its protective barrier, it is easier for germs and other irritants to enter the skin and create infections.** \n\nBy identifying what irritates your skin, you can prevent your skin from overreacting. Does an artificial ring make your skin itch? Wear stone or gold instead. Does your soap make your face red? Replace it. \n\nSensitivity can coexist with normal, oily, or dry skin. Your eyelids, armpits, groin, and genitalia have more sensitive skin than other body parts. So, **take extra care to treat them well**.\n\n","b9fae41c-44ff-47c6-94c9-25f2631f3c35",[403],{"id":404,"data":405,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"2e8ad9aa-b0e5-41ec-adb2-399026b6835a",{"type":51,"reviewType":82,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":406,"clozeWords":408},[407],"Damage to the skin barrier due to stress, hormonal fluctuations, the sun’s UV rays, or a skincare product can weaken the skin barrier, making the nerve endings under your skin over-sensitive.",[409,410],"skin barrier","nerve endings",{"id":412,"data":413,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":417},"76a86955-16ef-446d-956d-dcc4d5f31397",{"type":24,"title":414,"markdownContent":415,"audioMediaId":416},"How to identify your skin type","**A good skincare routine** is a key to avoiding dryness, acne, and blemishes. So, how do you know what product is best for you? The answer is simple - by identifying your skin type.\n\n**A simple at-home test can help you identify your skin type**. Take a piece of tissue paper or toilet paper, and gently blot in on different parts of your face. \n\nIf you look at the paper, and see plenty of oil marks, you probably have oily skin. If there is little to no oil, you probably have dry skin. If the paper absorbs oil from the forehead and nose, but not from the rest of the face, then you probably have combination skin.","96442326-4841-43b3-8912-59be650709c3",[418],{"id":419,"data":420,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"d1e6ca19-f42f-4725-bfe4-cc25e9d77043",{"type":51,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":421,"activeRecallAnswers":423},[422],"What is a simple at-home test to identify your skin type?",[424],"A test using a piece of paper to observe oil marks",{"id":426,"data":427,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25},"5c2c1476-01ab-45b3-8957-a49da3499145",{"type":24,"title":428,"markdownContent":429,"audioMediaId":430},"The reasons for different types of skin","There are 3 reasons for your skin type: your **genes, lifestyle, and age** . You might have noticed that your skin resembles your blood relatives more than your friends. That’s because you share the same genes; you are likely to have dry or oily skin if one of your parents has.\n\n ![Graph](image://fc61f4c5-59c3-46e2-832d-2eafcb97cba0 \"Family genes are one factor in determining skin types\")\n\nLikewise, **you will have dehydrated, tanned skin if you spend more time under the sun**.\n \n**Your skin might be oily if you live in regions of hot and humid climates**. However, **living in cold regions often leads to dry skin**. The drop in the temperature and the indoor heating system dries the moisture from the skin. \n\nThis also promotes the loss of water from the outer layer of the skin - a process called trans epidermal water loss. As a result, the skin turns flaky and cracky. \n\n","cead1f3d-1dcb-46ad-a325-ed6611325777",{"id":432,"data":433,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":437},"04d83da7-e15f-4b97-aed6-7d50c5b1272a",{"type":24,"title":434,"markdownContent":435,"audioMediaId":436},"How are age and skin type related?","**Age is an essential contributor to the type of skin you possess**. Your skin is the youngest and most radiant when you are between 0 and 6 years old. Then, **as you grow up, your skin begins to change**. \n\nHitting puberty brings oiliness to the skin for most people. This also increases the chance of breakouts and acne. Research conducted by the Children’s Hospital Los Angeles suggests that approximately 75% of people aged 11-30 experience acne in the United States. \n\nBut, as you grow old, the skin proteins - collagen and elastin - begin to break down and lose their function. This turns the skin thinner and dehydrated. \n\nThere is more chance of children having normal skin, youngsters having oily skin, and older people having dry skin. **You can have healthier skin even during puberty and old age with the proper skincare routine and a healthier diet**.\n","74f22638-84bd-4597-a24b-d4b5d8e0d551",[438],{"id":439,"data":440,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"3a234ee8-eb72-4840-bd39-0789e18c19c9",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":441,"multiChoiceCorrect":443,"multiChoiceIncorrect":444},[442],"What is the most common skin type among 11-30 year olds in the United States?",[365],[333,347,381],{"id":446,"data":447,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"orbs":450},"87954618-0816-4f8e-a265-2ba92390dced",{"type":27,"title":448,"tagline":449},"Lifestyle Adaptations for Healthier Skin","Learn about the lifestyle adaptations to take care of your skin beyond skincare products. These involve managing stress, quitting smoking, exercising, and taking a healthier diet. ",[451,559,609],{"id":452,"data":453,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":455},"8752f619-68cf-4a52-8204-61c508c5cc02",{"type":25,"title":454},"Skincare Essentials",[456,474,499,520,534],{"id":457,"data":458,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":462},"c92718ff-5ed8-4d39-a9e3-bb72cdfa530c",{"type":24,"title":459,"markdownContent":460,"audioMediaId":461},"Introduction ","**Skincare has gained a lot of popularity over the past decade**. Social media is a huge advocate of a 10 or more-step skincare routine. You might have also tried taking care of your skin following a skincare regimen. And for that, probably choosing a few skincare products was the first thing you did.\n\n ![Graph](image://116bece5-69c5-49ad-bea6-252c5eae5967 \"Skincare products are useful - but habits are even more important\")\n\nBut, in the urge to purchase the best and the most expensive product, **people forget the vital part, which is their habits**. This might come as a surprise, but **skincare starts with you and your lifestyle**. Skincare products come second. \n\nYour lifestyle is the primary driver of how healthy your skin is. If you want flawless skin or to avoid breakouts, you really have to start by adopting a skin-friendly lifestyle. **A few of the healthier adaptations you could make include getting a better night's sleep, eating a healthier diet, avoiding smoking, cleaning your skin more, and managing stress better**.\n\n","41c5d70e-8149-4334-9b5e-c4d359479f2b",[463],{"id":464,"data":465,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"ff199939-0c87-434b-9a72-5643f0eea9e7",{"type":51,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":466,"activeRecallAnswers":468},[467],"What should people do to have healthier skin?",[469,470,471,472,473],"Get a better night's sleep","Eat a healthier diet","Avoid smoking","Clean their skin more","Manage stress better",{"id":475,"data":476,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":480},"f3da614c-56c3-4a02-b02d-2ba93dbdf233",{"type":24,"title":477,"markdownContent":478,"audioMediaId":479},"Include fruits and vegetables in your diet","**Fruits and vegetables are packed with water and vitamins that are super helpful for your skin**. While water keeps your skin hydrated, vitamins act as antioxidants. **An antioxidant knocks down the free radicals and prevents skin concerns from occurring**.\n\n ![Graph](image://256b26b9-d3af-4c49-b001-8dfd25ffd4bb \"Good skin starts with a healthy diet\")\n\n**Free radicals are unstable molecules**. A small amount of free radicals is okay, but a high level can damage the skin DNA, collagen, and elastin. \n\nFor instance, substances released from processed food and smoking can lead to high levels of free radicals, which can result in premature aging. **These free radicals slow down the skin’s regeneration process**; the old cells are not removed, and new cells take longer to form .\n\n ![Graph](image://a78754db-f7bf-4563-bdac-dfbf6543d668 \"Ordinary veg can provide ample antioxidants\")\n\nFortunately, abundant fruits and vegetables offer antioxidants in the form of vitamin C and E, zinc, and catechins. You can, therefore, eat oranges, broccoli, carrots, spinach, avocados, blueberries, and bell peppers as just a few examples. \n\n","6e8a8dba-110b-464d-a116-9a71f78be709",[481,488],{"id":482,"data":483,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"3359e4c1-d880-48de-8052-b1541a3ec1f6",{"type":51,"reviewType":82,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":484,"clozeWords":486},[485],"While water keeps your skin hydrated, vitamins act as antioxidants.",[487],"vitamins",{"id":489,"data":490,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"83778d8c-2a13-4dc2-859e-f64c89e022f7",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":491,"multiChoiceCorrect":493,"multiChoiceIncorrect":495},[492],"What are substances released from processed food and smoking that can harm your skin?",[494],"Free radicals",[496,497,498],"Antioxidants","Vitamins","Water",{"id":500,"data":501,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":505},"bc36b1a8-4b31-4d73-ac9d-84adf36515b6",{"type":24,"title":502,"markdownContent":503,"audioMediaId":504},"Protect your skin from sun","Remember how UV rays can damage your skin leading to wrinkles, aging, and dryness? Although sunscreens are a great asset against UV rays, sunscreens alone are sometimes not enough. \n\nYou should also avoid going outdoors during the peak hours, between 12-3 pm. During these hours, the sun is right above you and emits stronger rays than at other times of the day. \n\nBesides that, **tomatoes and sweet potatoes can protect your skin from the harmful effects of the sun's rays**. The two vegetables offer protection from the sun through carotenoids, which are the colored pigments in these plants that have immense nutritional benefits.\n\n**Carotenoids also guard your skin against sunlight**. Exposure to the sun produces free radicals that leave the skin less elastic and with the appearance of wrinkles. Carotenoids initiate a natural process to scavenge the free radicals developed due to sun exposure and stop them from sagging the skin.\n","1baf3ffc-7b3e-422d-9d8f-330bab35c0bb",[506,513],{"id":507,"data":508,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"43562434-06ac-47ab-ab86-7cd9a1f411a3",{"type":51,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":509,"activeRecallAnswers":511},[510],"How do tomatoes and sweet potatoes protect your skin from the sun's rays?",[512],"Through carotenoids",{"id":514,"data":515,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"e8c593f1-bfbe-4cbb-98b8-5ef86a6363bc",{"type":51,"reviewType":82,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":516,"clozeWords":518},[517],"Tomatoes and sweet potatoes can protect your skin from the harmful effects of the sun's rays.",[519],"sweet potatoes",{"id":521,"data":522,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":526},"4f6386b7-708e-4ae7-b763-a2008b4f9430",{"type":24,"title":523,"markdownContent":524,"audioMediaId":525},"Proper sleep","Have you ever observed **dark circles** after an all-nighter or two? That’s actually your skin acting up **due to a lack of sleep**. A good night’s sleep is equally essential for your skin as it is for your heart or mental health. Scientifically speaking, your brain is more active when you are asleep.\n\n ![Graph](image://86bf3af7-043c-425a-b753-54318948fc8e \"Sleep is essential for healthy skin\")\n\nIt requires more blood circulation to work properly. **This increases blood flow to all body parts, including the skin**. \n\nThe boost in blood circulation helps your skin make new collagen that gives your skin resilience. Such skin is less likely to sag or wrinkle. \n\nOn the other hand, skimping on sleep slows blood circulation. Your skin fails to form enough collagen and elastin, and it loses its flexibility. \n\nThis turns skin dull and prone to fine lines. A study conducted in 2017 concluded that only 2 days of sleeplessness adversely affected the skin health. \n\n","75264104-5991-49bf-ad31-138f1437c5ad",[527],{"id":528,"data":529,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"b7fa7495-a969-4679-a284-2c19e3e6e73b",{"type":51,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":530,"activeRecallAnswers":532},[531],"What happens when blood circulation is increased to the skin?",[533],"It helps the skin make new collagen that gives the skin resilience",{"id":535,"data":536,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":540},"d409fa60-e9bc-4716-b3dd-937c7e83c331",{"type":24,"title":537,"markdownContent":538,"audioMediaId":539},"Don’t stress","**Trying to improve your skin health and not managing your stress levels is just futile**. You might have observed your skin breaking out before an exam or an important meeting. This is just one sign of how stress can wreak havoc on your skin.\n\n ![Graph](image://a99aa19b-f01a-482d-bc1b-b6449da13a71 \"Minimizing stress is another essential habit for healthy skin - and health in general\")\n\n**Stress sets your body to release stress hormones called cortisol, which influences your brain to release another hormone, the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)**. \n\nCRH prompts the oil glands in the skin to produce more oil than required, causing the skin pores to become blocked, causing acne and breakouts. **Stress can also aggravate existing skin conditions like eczema, rosacea, or psoriasis**. \n\nSo, **make conscious efforts to curb stress** to avoid acne and breakouts. Set some time for yourself amidst your daily routine. Do things that make you happy. This can be writing, painting, visiting friends, gardening, meditating, or even cooking. \n\n","370bb5a2-06bb-4bd0-a1dd-dea1c0a189d1",[541,548],{"id":542,"data":543,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"7f8c2e2b-a860-4e23-b7ed-1368a8be6491",{"type":51,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":544,"activeRecallAnswers":546},[545],"What can we do to curb stress and avoid acne and breakouts?",[547],"Set some time for yourself amidst your daily routine to do things that make you happy",{"id":549,"data":550,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"ec0cfc5e-535e-419e-9ffe-4cd8179d78b7",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":551,"multiChoiceCorrect":553,"multiChoiceIncorrect":555},[552],"What can help to avoid acne and breakouts?",[554],"Making conscious efforts to curb stress",[556,557,558],"Trying to improve your skin health","Releasing stress hormones","Aggravating existing skin conditions",{"id":560,"data":561,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":563},"80764f2c-666f-4182-bd1b-024d0dedcb77",{"type":25,"title":562},"Exercise and Skin Health",[564,579,595],{"id":565,"data":566,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":570},"f9b1ff7a-99fd-4070-854a-293c06e1d0a4",{"type":24,"title":567,"markdownContent":568,"audioMediaId":569},"Do regular exercise ","**One way to curb the stress and bring good to your skin is doing regular exercise**. Exercise increases blood circulation throughout your body, including the skin. \n\nAn increased blood circulation means your skin receives a consistent supply of nutrients and oxygen, which helps form new skin cells, bringing plumpness and softness to the skin.\n\n ![Graph](image://d30f1f9e-87d9-4a94-b139-c36af7670115 \"Regular exercise is another essential habit for healthy skin\")\n\n**The blood’s job is not only to deliver the nutrients but also to carry away the waste**. With improved blood circulation due to exercise, the excision of dead skin cells also becomes quicker. So, if there is any waste or dead cells in the skin, these are removed with increased blood circulation.\n\nThe good news is **you don’t really have to do strenuous workouts to improve skin texture**. You can choose simple exercises that only mildly make you out of breath. Brisk walking, swimming, cycling, and boxing are a few exercises that can make your skin look younger. \n","be47c411-45b4-4429-85af-d8923d5647a0",[571],{"id":572,"data":573,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"c6d80f08-3710-46b2-b4dc-bc61b5ce111b",{"type":51,"reviewType":82,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":574,"clozeWords":576},[575],"Exercise increases blood circulation throughout your body, including the skin.",[577,578],"Exercise","skin",{"id":580,"data":581,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":585},"850c6a04-806c-48fb-b4f6-fef020b9263d",{"type":24,"title":582,"markdownContent":583,"audioMediaId":584},"Exercise can delay the skin aging","**The benefits of exercise for the skin go beyond blood circulation**. Exercise can delay the aging of the skin that makes your skin resemble that of a baby. \n\nUnderstanding this process requires looking through your skin at the cellular level. Each skin cell has tiny organelles called **mitochondria**.\n\n![Graph](image://e9876fcd-f572-447c-b7c4-2f48c50f49b5 \"Staying fit ensures healthy mitochondria\")\n\nMitochondria fuel your cells by making packets of energy called ATP. **ATP repairs the damaged skin barrier and promotes collagen formation, so skin remains young and resilient**. As you grow older, mitochondria also grow with you. \n\nThis decreases their number in the body, which is one reason your skin starts sagging with age. **Studies suggest that, with exercise, it is possible to reverse mitochondria aging and keep your skin young**. The sweat released during the exercise also removes the dead cells and waste from the skin, allowing it to radiate.\n\n","ff3e7ba2-48d2-44f0-893a-c120665981fc",[586],{"id":587,"data":588,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"34434e03-3c1c-4aa5-b0c4-3eb5f7c604d4",{"type":51,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":589,"binaryCorrect":591,"binaryIncorrect":593},[590],"What is the process that helps keep skin young and resilient?",[592],"ATP repairs the damaged skin barrier and promotes collagen formation",[594],"Mitochondria fuel your cells",{"id":596,"data":597,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":601},"8e44c3df-9375-46b2-8331-49c78d8e2316",{"type":24,"title":598,"markdownContent":599,"audioMediaId":600},"Quit smoking ","**Shunning smoking is one of the essential things for glowing, young skin**. Tobacco consists of more than 4,000 chemicals. Most of them, including nicotine and tar, are harmful to the skin. \n\nThey break down the skin proteins - collagen, and elastin, making  the skin hard over time. **The skin can also experience wrinkles between the eyebrows and around the lips.** \n\nExposure to cigarette smoke also makes your skin produce more melanin than usual. **A high degree of melanin results in dark spots all around the skin, especially on the face**. \n\n\n ![Graph](image://55e0a2af-806b-4cef-a8c8-3f902c0aab77 \"Smoking reduces circulation which damages skin\")\n\nThe tar in the smoke constricts your blood vessels, reducing the amount of blood that reaches the skin. A lack of sufficient blood makes the skin look dull and saggy.\n\nThis is not all. A decreased blood flow delays wound healing; if your skin encounters a bruise or scar, it will take more time for them to heal. \n\n","4158a5b6-1a06-4d0f-a2a2-9dda21da33d9",[602],{"id":603,"data":604,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"3b3510ed-8322-44f8-9622-ab5d28d74f3a",{"type":51,"reviewType":82,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":605,"clozeWords":607},[606],"Avoiding smoking is one of the essential things for glowing, young skin.",[608,578],"smoking",{"id":610,"data":611,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":613},"dd00d912-2e21-43b6-8384-47685a331174",{"type":25,"title":612},"Skin Hygiene Practices",[614,631],{"id":615,"data":616,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":620},"daa03a1a-0f26-497c-80d6-6209f61c1cb8",{"type":24,"title":617,"markdownContent":618,"audioMediaId":619},"Wash your skin with warm water","**Starting your day by taking a bath is great for your skin, as it removes the dirt off your skin**. But make sure that you wash your skin with **warm water**, not hot water. \n\n ![Graph](image://eaef6037-2ced-4099-abfa-05dd03cc678f \"Use warm, not hot, water to wash your face\")\n\nHot water strips the oil from your skin, leaving it dry. It also damages the protective skin barrier, initiating a chain of reactions leading to many skin concerns. **You can encounter infections, acne, and sagginess**. \n\nOn top of that, if you have sensitive skin, you are more likely to be affected by the hot water than a person with normal, dry, oily, or combined skin. **An extremely hot temperature can break skin capillaries up**. \n\nThe broken capillaries are not broken, but this is just a term defining permanent redness on the skin when skin blood vessels become damaged. The skin then fails to receive sufficient blood, making it stiff, less elastic, and muffled.\n\nWashing with cold water can also have benefits, like reducing puffiness and boosting circulation, but washing with warm water is generally the best approach.\n","e79f83d9-5e48-49b6-9e02-735f2522f6ae",[621],{"id":622,"data":623,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"6b057c4a-5419-4a45-852d-e44f0e21f390",{"type":51,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":624,"activeRecallAnswers":626},[625],"What are some negative effects that can occur if you wash your skin with hot water?",[627,628,629,630],"Infections","Acne","Sagginess","Broken skin capillaries",{"id":632,"data":633,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":637},"2db84b8d-f59e-408c-b618-446fe393a4ae",{"type":24,"title":634,"markdownContent":635,"audioMediaId":636},"Wash your makeup brushes","Although it’s more of a hygiene tip, **cleaning your makeup brushes and sponges is extremely important**. Most people make over their faces regularly, but hardly anyone makes sure to clean makeup products. \n\n ![Graph](image://e5772e0c-3df3-4d7a-ba46-313dfa486462 \"Dirty makeup brushes can be a major no-no for skin\")\n\nYour sponges and makeup brushes might hold onto foundation and concealer very well, but they also attract dust and germs. \n\nIf not cleaned, the dust and germs can get transferred to your skin. Once on the skin, they can block the skin pores, leading to breakouts and acne. Clogged pores are a favorite place for germs to reside and reproduce. This results in your skin experiencing infections.\n\n","60c57798-8091-45ef-b1a7-b13a1f42ae71",[638],{"id":639,"data":640,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"1bcb5f44-0401-427e-99a1-28841898bdc3",{"type":51,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":641,"binaryCorrect":643,"binaryIncorrect":645},[642],"Why is it important to clean makeup brushes and sponges?",[644],"To avoid transferring dust and germs to the skin, which can lead to breakouts and acne",[646],"To avoid transferring dust and germs to the air",{"id":648,"data":649,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"orbs":652},"afea474d-b9ab-4451-a869-4fe6c6fbaef2",{"type":27,"title":650,"tagline":651},"How To Take Care of Skin: Basic Skincare Regimen","In this tile, you will learn the basics and step-by-step guide to a skincare routine. ",[653,744,785],{"id":654,"data":655,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":657},"abc89736-3b3d-4fd7-9835-3cb3d539dd52",{"type":25,"title":656},"Basic Skincare Essentials",[658,676,691,705,720],{"id":659,"data":660,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":664},"2e86e930-e1b7-46c8-9205-f78eb9472f33",{"type":24,"title":661,"markdownContent":662,"audioMediaId":663},"Basic skincare regimen","Your skin guards you against **germs, pollutants, and other irritants**. So, it is essential to pay your skin back by taking care of it, not just once or twice a month, but regularly. \n\n ![Graph](image://b5466606-429c-442e-8d9c-a6f3a1769e62 \"Picking the right skincare product is not easy\")\n\nHowever, **choosing a skincare routine comes with certain challenges**. With hundreds of skincare products out there, it is natural to feel overwhelmed. Amidst the flood of **moisturizers, serum, anti-wrinkle cream and anti-aging lotions**, it is tricky to make the best decision for your skin type. \n\nHow many products should I use? Which products should I apply first? And, what do these skincare products do? These are some of the questions that most beginners might wonder. The answer is simple. **Always start with the basics**.\n\nThe skincare basics include a cleanser, toner, serum, moisturizer, and sunscreen. Having these products in your routine is crucial to keeping your skin healthy regardless of your skin type. \n\n","56fa603e-413d-4f71-8a2e-7c29758ba8f7",[665],{"id":666,"data":667,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"5af7fdc1-455d-4680-8e6d-a98e58be46a1",{"type":51,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":668,"activeRecallAnswers":670},[669],"What are the five skincare basics?",[671,672,673,674,675],"1) cleanser"," 2) toner"," 3) serum"," 4) moisturizer"," 5) sunscreen",{"id":677,"data":678,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":682},"e97b218f-ee5d-4f31-ac95-d8feb9bea52a",{"type":24,"title":679,"markdownContent":680,"audioMediaId":681},"The importance of layering a skincare regimen ","Applying the skincare products in the right order is as important as choosing the suitable products. The rule of thumb is to **go from thin to thick**. The products with thinner consistency need to be applied first and thicker ones later. \n\nRemember how your skin keeps things from reaching inside? Because of the strong skin barrier, **only a few skincare product ingredients actually get in**. Even the ones that get inside the skin take some time to work their action.\n\n**Applying thicker products before the thinner ones will make it even more difficult for the thinner products to cross the skin barrier**. Dermatologists suggest waiting at least 30 minutes for one product to get absorbed before applying the next one. That’s why layering in the right order is essential to fulfilling your skincare goals. \n\nThis requires starting with a cleanser. Move to the serum, put on some moisturizer, and end your regimen with sunscreen.\n","1cf89fb1-8507-4481-89b4-a72bc2e0f886",[683],{"id":684,"data":685,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"c0b2a6b3-68cb-4429-905b-2b58eb3fd596",{"type":51,"reviewType":82,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":686,"clozeWords":688},[687],"Applying the skincare products in the right order is as important as choosing the suitable products.",[689,690],"skincare","order",{"id":692,"data":693,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":697},"c84893aa-d7ef-4c18-a4c2-528c8b9a5563",{"type":24,"title":694,"markdownContent":695,"audioMediaId":696},"Start with a cleanser","**Start your skincare routine with a cleanser**. Exposure to car exhaust, cigarette smoke, and other air pollutants can throw dust and germs on the skin. Cleansers help to remove them with the help of surfactants. These are the chemicals that provide the cleansers with the superpower of eliminating dust and dead cells. \n\n ![Graph](image://644c469a-bcd4-4298-9940-6994ef4586c2 \"All skincare routines should start with a cleanser\")\n\nIt can take a lot of force to remove the dust and germs from the skin when washing it with water, so surfactants stick to the skin to reduce the force required to strip the dirt from the skin. Massaging your skin with a cleanser **promotes the blood flow through the skin, providing a fresh, rejuvenated look**.\n\nWhen choosing a cleanser, do not forget to consider its pH. As the skin’s pH is 7, it is important to choose a cleanser with a pH of no more than 7 because the skin is meant to be acidic. **A higher pH can disturb the skin's acid balance, inducing dryness**. \n\n","954d10d3-f656-4a16-ab15-a25954e80036",[698],{"id":699,"data":700,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"a721a291-540a-4e1f-aee1-fe5ed1d34bfd",{"type":51,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":701,"activeRecallAnswers":703},[702],"What can happen if the pH of a cleanser is higher than 7?",[704],"It can disturb the skin's acid balance, inducing dryness",{"id":706,"data":707,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":711},"ab1e8e76-77e6-44f4-9e57-3508d8ee16fb",{"type":24,"title":708,"markdownContent":709,"audioMediaId":710},"Apply toner after the cleanser","**While a cleanser cleans the skin, it may sometimes leave the skin dry**. That is where a toner jumps in. A toner is a liquid skincare product consisting of water and humectant.\n\n\n ![Graph](image://e7139bd6-a6d6-4dd4-aae4-e2aaf101c1de \"A toner is the next step after cleansing\")\n\nHumectants are chemicals that attract water; they help absorb the moisture from the air to keep your skin hydrated. Applying the toner using a cotton swab gives you 2 benefits: **it hydrates the skin and eliminates dirt residues that may have remained even after cleansing**. An added advantage of water is that the toners reduce the appearance of pores to make your skin smoother. \n\nThe process adds a glowing effect to the skin and prepares it for the next steps of the skincare routine. Sometimes, toners are packed with vitamin B5, licorice root, and beta-glucan to fight blemishes and other skin concerns. While making a choice, go for the toner that is most suitable for your skin type. \n\n","2d04264d-7e40-443f-a27c-9579b4de08bb",[712],{"id":713,"data":714,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"8d019ee6-e15b-4893-acfd-ff7d1488d221",{"type":51,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":715,"activeRecallAnswers":717},[716],"What are the two benefits of applying toner using a cotton swab?",[718,719],"It hydrates the skin","It exfoliates the skin",{"id":721,"data":722,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":726},"d6d26a55-6cba-4b10-a5db-23bf832a7df1",{"type":24,"title":723,"markdownContent":724,"audioMediaId":725},"Serum comes next ","**Serums are water-based skincare products with a high concentration of ingredients that benefit the skin**. Some ingredients used in skin serums include L-ascorbic acid and retinoids. \n\n ![Graph](image://0be8fdc9-688c-463d-b4bc-050d4a1dcbc3 \"Serums are full of ingeredients that nourish the skin\")\n\nIf you have complaints of redness, aging, dull skin or sun-damaged spots on the skin, then serums are going to be your best buddy. **Redness, aging, or dull skin are all an indication of a damaged skin barrier**. Fortunately, serums have the power to cater to these complaints.\n\nFor instance, **L-ascorbic acid in serums is effective in minimizing sunspots**. Sunspots are brownish spots that appear on the parts of the skin as a result of exposure to the sun. L-ascorbic acid reduces the molecules that promote the formation of these spots. \n\nSimilarly, retinoids are potent chemicals that can delay skin aging and reduce the appearance of wrinkles. Serums also contain kojic acid. This chemical creates an environment which makes it harder for the germs to thrive. With no germs, your skin remains safe and brightened.\n\n","e316aa51-2a10-4474-9195-b76a89dfa6ab",[727,735],{"id":728,"data":729,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"0f36052e-b813-47d0-a5ba-66efde55a0bb",{"type":51,"reviewType":82,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":730,"clozeWords":732},[731],"Some ingredients used in the skin serum include L-ascorbic acid and retinoids.",[733,734],"L-ascorbic acid","retinoids",{"id":736,"data":737,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"320c5365-6a76-4168-adf5-fcb89b6a0521",{"type":51,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":738,"activeRecallAnswers":740},[739],"What are some indications of a damaged skin barrier?",[741,742,743],"Redness","Aging","Dull skin",{"id":745,"data":746,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":748},"61869d6c-8fa8-4876-b2b6-e306ce6739ad",{"type":25,"title":747},"Moisturizing and Hydration",[749,767],{"id":750,"data":751,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":755},"72053263-887b-4e84-bf86-158586a34c9a",{"type":24,"title":752,"markdownContent":753,"audioMediaId":754},"Moisturizers come fourth ","**Your skin needs sufficient moisture content for the enzymes to work and bring the younger cells up to the surface**. This movement makes the skin look young and smooth. However, a lower water content does not let the enzymes work efficiently, making the skin dry and flaky. \n\n ![Graph](image://a3fd7426-5ac9-4709-9ddb-c84205acfb31 \"Moisturizers - valuable both for hydrating and moisturizing your skin\")\n\nThat’s where moisturizers come in! They add 2 factors to the skin - **hydration and moisturization**. Hydration is the concentration of water in the skin’s top layer; moisturization is the suppleness of the skin.\n\n**Moisturizers have emollients to keep the skin supple. Emollients are lipids, or oils that heal damaged skin barriers**. They fill in the cracks of a damaged skin barrier to form a protective layer on the top, locking in the moisture to provide a smooth texture to the skin. Squalene, wool fat, and mineral oil are a few of the emollients used in moisturizers.\n\n","276ee7dd-4bb2-4f5f-8c84-dd6f6e26f129",[756],{"id":757,"data":758,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"62d79789-dacf-4b6d-a4f0-0587b908e251",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":759,"multiChoiceCorrect":761,"multiChoiceIncorrect":763},[760],"What are emollients used in moisturizers?",[762],"Lipids, or oils",[764,765,766],"Hydration agents","Exfoliants","Proteins",{"id":768,"data":769,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":773},"fad4cb98-6830-4bf1-a4f6-74266b5cea34",{"type":24,"title":770,"markdownContent":771,"audioMediaId":772},"Hydrating agents in moisturizers","There are two types of ingredients that provide hydration - **humectants and occlusives**. Humectants are chemicals with a sponge-like structure. \n\nThey absorb water from the air and the lower layers of the skin to bring it to the outer layer, making the skin hydrated. **Vitamins, glycerin, and hyaluronic acid are a few humectants that lock the skin barrier's moisture**.\n\n**Occlusives are another type of molecule used in moisturizers**. They are thick waxy substances that form a water-resistant barrier on the skin to prevent the loss of moisture. Occlusives keep the skin pores open to allow the skin to breathe and stay fresh.  \n\nExamples of occlusives include beeswax and petroleum jelly. They may feel sticky and greasy, but they are super beneficial for your skin. Moisturizers can either have both humectants and occlusives or one of them, depending on the type of skin they are made for.\n","60bde191-f7ae-41ac-ac95-92fad9d3f262",[774],{"id":775,"data":776,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"9e33c159-0e29-429e-884f-71268aaed083",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":777,"multiChoiceCorrect":779,"multiChoiceIncorrect":781},[778],"What are two types of ingredients that provide hydration?",[780],"Humectants and occlusives",[782,783,784],"Vitamins and glycerin","Beeswax and petroleum jelly","Hyaluronic acid and occlusives",{"id":786,"data":787,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":789},"dbb38d7f-3a36-4dea-9d5b-9330b22306b0",{"type":25,"title":788},"Sun Protection",[790,805,819],{"id":791,"data":792,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":796},"45615f16-022e-4bb2-ad9a-5d15dd6444dd",{"type":24,"title":793,"markdownContent":794,"audioMediaId":795},"Sunscreen comes last ","Sunlight consists of 2 types of UV rays, **UVA and UVB**. Both of them are harmful to the skin. UVA rays penetrate deeper into the skin and damage the elastin. Elastin is meant to provide flexibility and elasticity to the skin, but it can become stiff over time, which inhibits its ability to recoil, making the skin thin and saggy.\n\n ![Graph](image://5049741c-99cd-4611-ab5d-20379617c3fc \"Sunscreen is necessary to protect from both UVB and UVA\")\n\nUVB rays do not go as deep into the skin as UVA does, but they are still more damaging than UVA. UVB damages melanin, causing sunburn and skin cancer. \n\n**Protecting your skin from UVA and UVB requires you to use sunscreen daily and never miss it**. Sunscreens are either physical or chemical. \n\nPhysical sunscreen consists of zinc oxide or titanium dioxide and work by forming a protective shield on your skin. These shields reflect the UV rays and stop them from inflicting skin damage.\n","c010ca8a-439f-4bd4-83d3-815f37e1d573",[797],{"id":798,"data":799,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"b5763be7-50cb-47c2-95f6-7e1badf13525",{"type":51,"reviewType":82,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":800,"clozeWords":802},[801],"Protecting your skin from UVA and UVB requires you to use sunscreen daily and never miss it.",[803,804],"UVB","sunscreen",{"id":806,"data":807,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":811},"ccaf33bc-dc42-4d3b-b90f-7853d7bf805d",{"type":24,"title":808,"markdownContent":809,"audioMediaId":810},"Chemical sunscreen ","**Chemical sunscreens have organic molecules that are usually present in humans, plants, and animals, like avobenzone, octinoxate, and oxybenzone**. These molecules are compatible with skin and less likely to produce side effects.  \n\nWhen applied on the skin, **the organic molecules of chemical sunscreen react with the UV rays reaching the skin to initiate a chemical reaction**. This reaction converts the UV rays into less damaging heat which is then dissipated into the air. \n\n**That’s how a chemical sunscreen protects your skin from the UV rays**. Chemical sunscreens are more effective as they protect the skin for longer than physical ones. \n\nThe potency of sunscreen is measured by SPF (Sun Protect Factor). SPF determines how many UV rays are required to inflict sunburn with sunscreen on the skin. SPF30 blocks 97% UV rays, but **sunscreens with greater SPF are better at protecting the skin**.","6084c88a-044c-4e80-853e-f510cc0cb8bc",[812],{"id":813,"data":814,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"d0b63230-cf12-4374-944d-dd17bdc5caca",{"type":51,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":815,"activeRecallAnswers":817},[816],"How do chemical sunscreens protect the skin from UV rays?",[818],"By converting UV rays into less damaging heat",{"id":820,"data":821,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":825},"cabc1819-9112-402e-a8c6-d29d1a733235",{"type":24,"title":822,"markdownContent":823,"audioMediaId":824},"Why is the patch important?","Although all skincare products claim they are safe, unfortunately, not every product is. However, this does not mean that the claims from skincare brands are false.\n\nInstead, **every product is different for every individual: a certain sunscreen might not have irritated your friend’s skin, but it can cause inflammation in you**. \n\n\n ![Graph](image://d59e25cf-9074-4e8c-bafc-22b036e2b146 \"When using a new skincare product, test it out on a patch of skin before applying it on your body\")\n\nSo, **always do a patch test** before using a new product  because it is an effective way to determine if a certain product is suitable for your skin. When doing a patch test, you should choose a skin region that’s not directly exposed to UV rays, like the inside of the elbow, back of the neck, or back of the ear. \n\nApply a small amount of the product to the selected area and wait for 72 hours. If you don’t observe rashes, redness, or any other side effect, the product is safe to use. You are free to grab more of that!\n\n","9677425b-df38-4c39-93e2-15d0f9ff014e",[826],{"id":827,"data":828,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"6e715fe3-d569-42a1-bb6d-384613687706",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":829,"multiChoiceCorrect":831,"multiChoiceIncorrect":833},[830],"What is an effective way to determine if a certain skincare product is suitable for your skin?",[832],"Do a patch test",[834,835,836],"Ask your friends","Try it out on your body","Try it on your face",{"id":838,"data":839,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"orbs":842},"c229856c-cc63-41a1-9e10-f49c3543e22e",{"type":27,"title":840,"tagline":841},"What Happens When The Skin Barrier Is Damaged?","This tile is all about the skin barrier. You will learn how the skin barrier is damaged and what happens to the skin after that. ",[843,899],{"id":844,"data":845,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":847},"1f5bc813-0d7f-4e0b-a737-8a00af773538",{"type":25,"title":846},"Understanding the Skin Barrier",[848,863,878],{"id":849,"data":850,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":854},"3c078107-9db6-47dd-9126-20529590acc1",{"type":24,"title":851,"markdownContent":852,"audioMediaId":853},"What is the skin barrier? ","**The skin barrier is the outer layer of the epidermis**. It comprises keratinocytes, lipids, proteins, and humectants.\n\nThe lipid layer of the skin barrier has **cholesterol, fatty acids, and ceramides** that help the skin barrier resist water and germs. These molecules simultaneously impart 2 types of resistance. \n\n![Graph](image://696d46bf-6187-490c-bd0e-b12dccf1f29e \"The skin barrier protects from water and germs\")\n\n**The lipid molecules are hydrophobic**. A hydrophobic molecule does not let water pass through it. Since the skin barrier consists of many of these hydrophobic molecules, it is water-resistant. \n\nThese lipids also give **acidity** to the barrier. Bacteria and other germs cannot survive in an acidic environment, so they remain at arm’s length from the skin. \n\nThe acidity of the barrier helps the skin initiate a buffer system. This buffer becomes your skin’s shield to keep the germs and invaders at a distance.\n\n","65970b63-5dfa-4705-b7a7-93dcf491ef01",[855],{"id":856,"data":857,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"27584dc5-fb31-4685-a947-d1fe70e44e45",{"type":51,"reviewType":82,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":858,"clozeWords":860},[859],"The lipid layer of the skin barrier has cholesterol, fatty acids, and ceramides that help the skin barrier resist water and germs.",[409,861,862],"cholesterol","fatty acids",{"id":864,"data":865,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":869},"8d129fed-f52d-4ffb-9503-1d14a5eecfa2",{"type":24,"title":866,"markdownContent":867,"audioMediaId":868},"Damage to the skin barrier","The skin barrier also hosts a protein called **filaggrin**, which helps the skin cells make **natural moisturizers**. These moisturizers are called **humectants**.\n\nHumectants attract water from the air and deeper layers of the skin to form a water film on the skin's surface. This film keeps your skin **plump and hydrated**.\n\n![Graph](image://b3438019-f148-4f64-aa7e-a440a8584663 \"A damaged skin barrier will lead to dryness\")\n\nAlthough the skin barrier is resilient enough to keep germs and dust from entering, certain lifestyle factors can harm the skin. **This problem often starts with impairment of the skin barrier**. \n\nFor instance, excessive sun exposure, diabetes, stress, or hormonal changes can weaken the buffer system of the skin. This makes the skin barrier less effective against germs. **Bacteria, viruses, and parasites can enter and roam, creating infections**. \n\nYour skin can also experience a loss of water, which leaves the skin dehydrated and flaky. When the skin barrier is damaged, the next thing your skin becomes open to is inflammation.\n\n","fbbcb825-996c-4479-b8eb-3cefb2914df8",[870],{"id":871,"data":872,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"01d9a196-870c-4652-8398-1fa688222be3",{"type":51,"reviewType":82,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":873,"clozeWords":875},[874],"The skin barrier also hosts a protein called filaggrin, which helps the skin cells make natural moisturizers.",[876,877],"filaggrin","natural moisturizers",{"id":879,"data":880,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":884},"69f144c9-3102-4570-94b1-34e534f5e52d",{"type":24,"title":881,"markdownContent":882,"audioMediaId":883},"What is inflammation?","**Germs, dust, and other pollutants** release proteins, called antigens when they enter the skin cells. Since these proteins are foreign to your skin, **the skin’s immune cells — Langerhans cells, or LCs — become active**. \n\n ![Graph](image://83c23e23-76dd-4d52-9b5b-da290e6ed58a \"A severe case of skin inflammation\")\n\nAn LC collects the antigens and displays them to another type of immune cells, called T-cells, which release killing molecules at the skin cells invaded by the germs and dust. **These molecules aim to suppress the germs and dust particles from releasing any harmful substance within the skin**. \n\nBut, the response of LCs, T-cells and foreign particles leads to an increased blood flow. As a result, the area of the skin experiencing the battle becomes red, hot to the touch, and swollen. This response of your skin’s immune cells against the invaders is inflammation. \n\nInflamed parts of the skin can also experience rashes, bumps, and pain. Mostly, inflammation goes away as soon as your skin heals, but sometimes the signs can linger for longer. If not taken care of, **skin inflammation can lead to acne and other skin problems**.\n","8eda934a-7d11-42a0-996f-42e9a95d9708",[885,892],{"id":886,"data":887,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"9a16acaf-4ff1-45db-8106-086248842b05",{"type":51,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":888,"activeRecallAnswers":890},[889],"What can happen if skin inflammation is not taken care of?",[891],"It can lead to acne and other skin problems",{"id":893,"data":894,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"f7c35b5e-b5ce-4941-9bca-2c7f541e7703",{"type":51,"reviewType":82,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":895,"clozeWords":897},[896],"The response of LCs, T-cells and foreign particles in the skin leads to an increased blood flow.",[898],"T-cells",{"id":900,"data":901,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":903},"afb32c43-e075-4333-a6c6-6e5a362aba54",{"type":25,"title":902},"Inflammation and Acne",[904,928,942,957],{"id":905,"data":906,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":910},"4b51479f-1095-41f8-8446-56f884771dd0",{"type":24,"title":907,"markdownContent":908,"audioMediaId":909},"Compromised barrier also leads to acne","A compromised skin barrier fails to provide a necessary shield from foreign entities. **This makes the skin vulnerable to acne.** The skin can then experience **pimples, blemishes and whiteheads**.\n\n ![Graph](image://0aa52cfc-a31a-4f46-b812-41bd8538f3b3 \"A compromised skin barrier can ultimately lead to pimples and acne\")\n\nLet’s understand how this happens! **A flawed skin barrier leads to a slower regeneration of the skin cells**. The dead skin cells remain lingering on the skin surface for a long time, blocking the skin pores. The blocked pores also gather up the oil from the oil glands leading to bumps and pimples on the skin’s surface. \n\nBlackheads and blemishes often accompany these bumps. Since the pimples do not get deeper and remain on the skin, this type of acne is called **non-inflammatory acne**. \n\nThe only good thing about non-inflammatory acne is that these pimples are not painful as they don't have germs inside them. **Non-inflammatory acne occurs on the face, back, and chest skin**.\n","e1a61196-705e-4b00-a871-606eae3af52e",[911,922],{"id":912,"data":913,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"ad7023f5-568b-4ccc-b974-54cd10d0b018",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":914,"multiChoiceCorrect":916,"multiChoiceIncorrect":918},[915],"Where does non-inflammatory acne occur?",[917],"On the face, back, and chest skin",[919,920,921],"On the arms, legs, and feet skin","On the scalp, neck, and shoulders skin","On the hands, abdomen, and back skin",{"id":923,"data":924,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"dbd4106b-e71c-4475-85c1-82273eb38a63",{"type":51,"reviewType":82,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":925,"clozeWords":927},[926],"A flawed skin barrier leads to a slower regeneration of the skin cells.",[409],{"id":929,"data":930,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":934},"609a0be0-5111-4618-a060-555384f4bd80",{"type":24,"title":931,"markdownContent":932,"audioMediaId":933},"What is inflammatory acne?","If non-inflammatory acne is not looked after, it can turn into an inflamed one. **Inflammatory acne begins with bacteria invading the skin pores and feeding on dead skin cells and oil**. \n\nOver time, bacteria reproduce and release harmful substances called 'P.acnes'. As the bacteria grow, the amount of 'P.acne' also increases, which blocks the skin pores, resulting in painful pimples. \n\n**The continuous release of 'P.acne' puts pressure on the skin pores to the extent that they rupture**. This releases the content of the pimple, including oil, 'P.acne', and germs on to the skin. \n\nSince this content is foreign to the skin cells, **it activates the skin’s immune response**. The immune cells assist the skin in healing the ruptured pimple by initiating an inflammatory response that may cause redness and swelling - the signs of inflammation. So, it’s pimples with inflammation on the skin!\n","0a7a0b04-45b9-4059-bf43-8c25d91625ac",[935],{"id":936,"data":937,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"984476fc-b0f6-4733-9ca5-c393fa6f1a2a",{"type":51,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":938,"activeRecallAnswers":940},[939],"What activates the skin's immune response when inflammatory acne begins?",[941],"The release of foreign content from ruptured pimples",{"id":943,"data":944,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":948},"c00af263-1a37-4747-9579-2682a857271b",{"type":24,"title":945,"markdownContent":946,"audioMediaId":947},"A damaged barrier can also lead to hyperpigmentation","Sometimes, a damaged skin barrier together with inflammation might not lead to acne. Instead, it can lead to **hyperpigmentation**. Hyper means excess, and pigment means color. **Hyperpigmentation is the excess of skin pigment, which is melanin, leading to dark spots on the skin**. \n\n ![Graph](image://12f0126e-2454-4e3a-b89c-3459ad576ee6 \"Hyperpigmentation is caused by inconsistent melanin\")\n\nHyperpigmentation is beyond an unpleasant appearance. A lot goes on under the skin that leads to hyperpigmented skin. Inflammation, exposure to the sun, genetics and stress are a few factors that may develop hyperpigmentation. \n\n**These factors damage the melanocytes - the cells that produce melanin**. As a result, these cells do not have consistent melanin. Some parts of the skin produce more melanin, and others receive less melanin. Since the amount of melanin determines the color of the skin, some parts may appear lighter and some darker. **The hyperpigmented skin can also appear pink, brown, or gray**. Hyperpigmented skin is also called sunspots or liver spots. \n","f13b480b-305a-4acb-8418-bb966a1b3522",[949],{"id":950,"data":951,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"a5bc7152-2514-488d-9da1-f6cc8134940a",{"type":51,"reviewType":82,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":952,"clozeWords":954},[953],"Hyperpigmentation is the excess of skin pigment, melanin, leading to dark spots on the skin.",[955,956],"Hyperpigmentation","melanin",{"id":958,"data":959,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":963},"81380c6a-fa63-4c49-b2e2-b96003bd2ea8",{"type":24,"title":960,"markdownContent":961,"audioMediaId":962},"What causes an uneven skin texture?","Did you ever touch your skin and feel dry, rough patches? Or have you ever observed that some areas of your skin are smoother than the rest?\n\n ![Graph](image://2a201566-88cd-4bd0-b875-c984d8606336 \"Deterioration of skin proteins can lead to uneven skin\")\n\n**This is what an uneven skin texture is**. It is caused by the deterioration of your skin proteins - **elastin and collagen**. The presence of these proteins provides **integrity and flexibility** to your skin.\n\nBut exposure to sunlight, aging, and poor diet can damage the skin barrier, leading to the buildup of oil, germs, and dust particles in the skin pores, blocking them and forming bumps and pimples. \n\nSuch skin scatters the sunlight instead of evenly reflecting it, which result in UV rays piercing deeper into the skin and damaging the collagen and elastin. When collagen and elastin lose their function, the skin looks stretched, dull and less youthful. \n\n","9cd2fd01-32e7-4449-8a68-e949dfa164a5",[964],{"id":965,"data":966,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"595c0458-cff5-44aa-afb4-e70be01e65b6",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":967,"multiChoiceCorrect":969,"multiChoiceIncorrect":971},[968],"What are the two proteins that provide integrity and flexibility to the skin?",[970],"Elastin and collagen",[972,973,974],"Vitamin C and Vitamin E","Hyaluronic acid and Retinol","Salicylic acid and Glycolic acid",{"id":976,"data":977,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"orbs":980},"2309bcfd-1b1d-4173-8d7c-828e2e6df3b5",{"type":27,"title":978,"tagline":979},"Rescue The Damaged Skin","Learn what actives are, the different types of actives, and how they can rescue damaged skin. ",[981,1071,1120],{"id":982,"data":983,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":985},"52dfaacb-459b-4e77-9567-9e43f6a78257",{"type":25,"title":984},"Understanding Skincare Ingredients",[986,1004,1019,1035,1057],{"id":987,"data":988,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":992},"61ee9fc9-ab10-49fd-8853-1ac9a67ccd8f",{"type":24,"title":989,"markdownContent":990,"audioMediaId":991},"What makes a skincare product effective?","Skincare products have 2 ingredients: **actives and inactives**. Backed by research, actives are ingredients that change the skin structure and function at the cellular level. **Antioxidants, niacinamide, and retinoids** are a few actives used in skincare. They work to hydrate, nourish, repair, and rejuvenate the skin.\n\n ![Graph](image://7907ed96-46b9-49e8-b86c-f54daa3e5035 \"Some example of inactive ingredients commonly included in skincare products\")\n\n**Inactives do not have any effect on your skin**. They are included to make the skincare formulations work. Fragrances, preservatives, or coatings are a few examples of inactives. They may help the product smell good, last longer, or have a better texture.  \n\nHowever, **the real monetary value lies in actives**. The actives in the skincare product bring plumpness to dull skin, slow inflammation, or reduce acne. Skincare brands not using the right active ingredient and still claiming their product as a game changer is just deception.\n\nSo, it is crucial to understand what actives are and their functions to choose the right product for your skin condition.\n\n","db043c40-dea3-49ea-ab87-9abf2c269520",[993],{"id":994,"data":995,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"5ad5564f-345b-4a02-978f-7049b83b9162",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":996,"multiChoiceCorrect":998,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1000},[997],"What are the two main categories of ingredients in skincare products?",[999],"Actives and inactives",[1001,1002,1003],"Fragrances and preservatives","Antioxidants and retinoids","Niacinamides and coatings",{"id":1005,"data":1006,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1010},"e5e05677-0bff-4676-b36c-0c437de0868c",{"type":24,"title":1007,"markdownContent":1008,"audioMediaId":1009},"Hydroxy acids","The most important actives usually included in skincare products are **hydroxy acids**. They are generally added in **exfoliators** that remove the dead cells from the skin. \n\nTwo types of hydroxy acids are made a part of skincare products, **alpha hydroxy acids (AHA) and beta hydroxy acids (BHA)**. Both AHA and BHA promote the skin regeneration process. They **remove the dead skin cells from the surface** to make the skin radiant and youthful. \n\n ![Graph](image://a6df27b0-a985-4ff3-8343-79ea8d0752d8 \"AHA and BHA help with the skin's regeneration process\")\n\nThey also help in preventing acne breakouts. This happens in 2 ways. Firstly, **they remove the stringent layer of dead cells** from the outer layer of the skin. These dead cells could build up and block the skin pores to create breakouts. \n\nSecondly, **they provide an acidic environment for the skin**. This environment is harsh for germs to thrive, thus they cannot survive and may die off. Applying AHA and BHA on the skin can help keep away breakouts and blemishes. \n\n","7b768546-f7ee-4abb-810d-fcfdfb92ac3c",[1011],{"id":1012,"data":1013,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"74385600-23c3-4bb8-8c91-368e8b6e2f18",{"type":51,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1014,"activeRecallAnswers":1016},[1015],"What are the two types of hydroxy acids used in skincare products?",[1017,1018],"1) alpha hydroxy acids (AHA)"," 2) beta hydroxy acids (BHA)",{"id":1020,"data":1021,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1025},"38b59d7b-b424-4fd3-af0b-6092faef1028",{"type":24,"title":1022,"markdownContent":1023,"audioMediaId":1024},"Difference between the AHA and BHA ","AHA and BHA are excellent exfoliators and are **readily used for skin brightening purposes**. But, they have a slight difference in their exfoliating abilities.\n\n**AHA removes the dead cells superficially**, which means it does not go beyond the outer layer of the skin. On the other hand, **BHA has superpowers to go deeper into the skin**, where it removes the dead cells and excess oil.\n\n ![Graph](image://0e60db5f-8df2-41af-8ee4-e4276f24e4c9 \"A comparison of AHA and BHA\")\n\nThe difference in their abilities to pierce the skin does not make one better than the other. \n\nThe choice of either AHA or BHA depends on your skincare goals. If you have oily skin and want to cater to the damage caused by the sun, then BHA is a better option. However, AHA can do the job when exfoliating dry or hyperpigmented skin .\n\nYou can find AHA on skincare products labeled as glycolic acid, tartaric acid, and BHA as salicylic acid. \n\n","6fe716f1-7e34-4baa-9df2-76646a582d9d",[1026],{"id":1027,"data":1028,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"33288588-714b-4c59-ab92-7b1fba9a3fa4",{"type":51,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1029,"binaryCorrect":1031,"binaryIncorrect":1033},[1030],"What is the difference between AHA and BHA exfoliators?",[1032],"AHA removes the dead cells superficially, while BHA goes deeper into the skin.",[1034],"AHA is better for oily skin, while BHA is better for dry skin.",{"id":1036,"data":1037,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1041},"929b07c0-8092-4df7-9f27-82f31277a22b",{"type":24,"title":1038,"markdownContent":1039,"audioMediaId":1040},"Antioxidants (Vitamin C and Vitamin E) ","Antioxidants are **natural vitamins and minerals** that protect your skin from the damage caused by **free radicals**, which are unstable oxygen molecules that can damage the skin barrier. \n\nA high number of free radicals can initiate an inflammatory response that makes the skin swollen and painful. They can even break down the collagen giving the skin a dull complexion. **Free radicals can form due to cigarette smoke, bad air, UV rays, and industrial chemicals**.\n\n ![Graph](image://77824aa7-7dbe-4fef-b4bf-3a1f14e4c6c8 \"Vitamins C and E can help curb free radical activity\")\n\nVitamin C and E are powerful antioxidants in curbing the effect of free radicals.  **They give some of their electrons to the free radicals and neutralize them, protecting the skin from breaking down**. \n\nYou can slow down skin inflammation and reduce redness by using vitamin C and E in your skincare routine. The 2 of them also encourage your cells to produce more collagen and, thus, reduce the effects of the free radicals on the collagen.\n\n","1ec97fd1-2e94-416b-ab06-8ac9d62c8571",[1042,1049],{"id":1043,"data":1044,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"3c6aa617-c777-4fb5-b6c2-3409057cd9ba",{"type":51,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1045,"binaryCorrect":1047,"binaryIncorrect":1048},[1046],"What are natural vitamins and minerals that protect your skin from the damage caused by free radicals?",[496],[494],{"id":1050,"data":1051,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"3db9900e-fd4b-413b-a58a-74757554befb",{"type":51,"reviewType":82,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1052,"clozeWords":1054},[1053],"Vitamin C and E are powerful antioxidants in curbing the effect of free radicals.",[1055,1056],"free radicals","Vitamin C",{"id":1058,"data":1059,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1063},"6cbc8809-0753-40b6-bf18-11714b3a7e1d",{"type":24,"title":1060,"markdownContent":1061,"audioMediaId":1062},"Antioxidant - retinol","**Retinol is a small antioxidant molecule and a form of vitamin A. It is best known for its ability to mitigate aging**. Aged skin is less hydrated and non-elastic. \n\n![Graph](image://797a820a-7046-4656-b92b-699ab9823b41 \"Retinol - a form of vitamin A with proven effects against aging\")\n\nRetinol prevents skin aging in 2 ways. Firstly, it **promotes the growth of skin cells**, which means newer cells are formed. The presence of newer cells helps the skin barrier resist moisture loss efficiently and keep the skin hydrated. \n\nSecondly, being an antioxidant, **retinol also stabilizes the free radical by donating electrons to them**. Due to its small size, retinol can enter the outer layer and some of the middle layer of the skin. \n\nOnce in the middle layer, retinol kills the free radicals to stop the degradation of collagen and elastin. When the skin proteins remain secured, they add to the firmness and elasticity of the skin. Such skin does not experience wrinkles and fine lines.\n\n","76a58176-0236-4935-8fbc-cbd4fa2926e3",[1064],{"id":1065,"data":1066,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"9e2d114f-6174-4209-8769-dcefd1f24ba0",{"type":51,"reviewType":82,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1067,"clozeWords":1069},[1068],"Once in the middle layer, retinol kills the free radicals to stop the degradation of collagen and elastin.",[1070,1055],"retinol",{"id":1072,"data":1073,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":1075},"e079d4ae-c517-4a85-a125-7fa1069f6ad4",{"type":25,"title":1074},"Hydration and Skin Health",[1076,1089,1105],{"id":1077,"data":1078,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1082},"a8715c2a-6407-465d-87f6-ac78ee95fd2a",{"type":24,"title":1079,"markdownContent":1080,"audioMediaId":1081},"Hyaluronic acid","Hyaluronic acid (HA) is naturally present throughout your body, but **50% of it presents in the skin**. HA is present in the middle and outer layers of your skin, where **it helps retain moisture**. \n\n\n ![Graph](image://f9fe226e-749b-4ded-8367-db098749aa80 \"Hyaluronic acid helps your skin to retain moisture\")\n\nDry skin cannot keep the skin barrier intact and becomes vulnerable to pollutants and germs. **HA can rehydrate your skin**. \n\nResearch supports that a quarter teaspoon of HA has the same hydrating effect on the skin as one and a half gallons of water. HA acts as a humectant and absorbs moisture from the air to keep the skin barrier resilient against infections.\n\nHydrated skin provides smoothness and plumpness to the skin. Studies also support HA’s role in wound healing: gels, serums, and moisturizers containing HA are used to reduce scarring. However, HA should not be applied directly on broken skin as it can take germs along that may cause allergic reactions. \n\n","1734ec20-de6a-4553-b2e8-c66b314bf989",[1083],{"id":1084,"data":1085,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"7b1366c8-bf7c-4944-81a2-f1e72649f252",{"type":51,"reviewType":82,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1086,"clozeWords":1088},[1087],"Hyaluronic acid (HA) is naturally present throughout your body, but 50% of it presents in the skin.",[1079],{"id":1090,"data":1091,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1095},"3be9d53b-23f6-4d46-bdf4-042fa71b3398",{"type":24,"title":1092,"markdownContent":1093,"audioMediaId":1094},"Niacinamide","**Niacinamide** is another name for vitamin B3, one of the essential nutrients acting as an antioxidant in the body. Applying skincare products consisting of niacinamide is valuable in **reducing inflammation**. \n\n ![Graph](image://a369768a-1aff-4766-a142-9cf981a824a3 \"Niacinamide is valuable for reducing inflammation in the skin\")\n\nAccording to the research, niacinamide reduces skin inflammation by blocking the activity of the proteins causing inflammation. \n\nOne such example is **inhibition of the activity of Nf-kB** - nuclear factor kappa B, a protein which gives rise to inflammatory molecules to promote skin inflammation. Together with these inflammatory molecules, **Nf-KB results in skin swelling, redness, and other signs of inflammation**. \n\nLuckily, **niacinamide treats the root cause of the inflammation by blocking Nf-KB proteins**. This helps repair the barrier damage and remove the rashes.  \n\nAs niacinamide lowers the inflammation, it becomes helpful in treating acne and associated scars and enlarged pores. This makes niacinamide an essential ingredient in skincare creams targeting sensitive skin.  \n\n","69fea360-ca9d-4469-9de7-c4e8728a472a",[1096],{"id":1097,"data":1098,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"d3948453-cc9f-4a1f-9289-b766c5f37937",{"type":51,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1099,"binaryCorrect":1101,"binaryIncorrect":1103},[1100],"What is the name of the protein that niacinamide blocks to reduce skin inflammation?",[1102],"Nf-kB",[1104],"NF-KD",{"id":1106,"data":1107,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1111},"8bd96e11-39eb-44ca-8f5f-5f3a577ec2da",{"type":24,"title":1108,"markdownContent":1109,"audioMediaId":1110},"Peptides ","**Peptides are chains consisting of the building blocks of proteins: amino acids**. A single protein is usually made of many chains of peptides. \n\nProviding peptides to the skin means supplying the skin with building blocks of proteins, including the 2 essential proteins of the skin - **collagen and elastin**. Collagen imparts strength, and elastin gives elasticity to the skin. Without these proteins, your skin can experience wrinkles and lose elasticity. \n\n ![Graph](image://4d866073-9ac9-40e2-b322-2e1c0ff314ba \"Collagen - essential to your skin's structure\")\n\n**Smoking, sun exposure, and aging** can break down collagen and elastin, leading to stretched skin. But, making peptides a part of your skincare regimen can increase collagen and elastin formation in the skin. \n\nWhen applied topically, **peptides do not just sit on the skin but sneak into the outer layer, acting as tiny messengers**. Within the outer layer, peptides give the message to the skin cells to build collagen and elastin, which brings resilience to the skin structure.\n\n","0588fa7c-bff0-4d1a-b23c-b365aa6b8683",[1112],{"id":1113,"data":1114,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"09c71737-b375-467b-9f95-8fb6fa1e0d93",{"type":51,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1115,"activeRecallAnswers":1117},[1116],"What can break down collagen and elastin leading to stretched skin?",[1118,1119,742],"Smoking","Sun exposure",{"id":1121,"data":1122,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":1124},"ae834cb0-285d-4da4-a1ba-ea8a223a31a8",{"type":25,"title":1123},"Targeted Skin Treatments",[1125,1139],{"id":1126,"data":1127,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1131},"7117a80e-448f-49ce-97ff-8a6e23aa906a",{"type":24,"title":1128,"markdownContent":1129,"audioMediaId":1130},"Hydroquinone ","Hydroquinone is a **skin-lightening compound**. It exists to lighten the darker patches of the skin due to hyperpigmentation. \n\n**The dark patches observed during the hyperpigmentation result from increased melanocytes** - the cells that produce skin pigment. As the melanocytes increase, the skin pigment also increases, turning the skin darker.\n\n ![Graph](image://51406768-8f72-4779-a338-37e173e2dec3 \"Hydroquinone, used to prevent hyperpigmentation\")\n  \n**Hydroquinone stops the melanocytes from creating more skin pigment to lighten the skin's darker patches**. As it reduces the number of pigment-producing cells, **hydroquinone provides an even tone and brightens skin**. Research suggests that creams or lotions consisting of hydroquinone should be used regularly to have effective results. \n\n**Hydroquinone also helps to reduce freckles, acne scars, and age spots to promote better skin tone**. However, using hydroquinone can make your skin more sensitive to the sun, so it is advisable to use sunscreen when using hydroquinone. \n\n","61e72dae-2f3a-4ada-9148-fe13e1362ba7",[1132],{"id":1133,"data":1134,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"c6858c3b-e958-4856-94f1-82a35e03f08e",{"type":51,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1135,"activeRecallAnswers":1137},[1136],"What does hydroquinone do to promote better skin tone?",[1138],"It stops the melanocytes from creating more skin pigment",{"id":1140,"data":1141,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1145},"1114e50b-ca13-4d73-9825-eabcffdfe6aa",{"type":24,"title":1142,"markdownContent":1143,"audioMediaId":1144},"Caffeine","**Dark circles and puffiness under the eyes** are something we all dread and often stem from those all-nighters and late-night parties. When you skimp on sleep, your skin starts to complain.\n\n ![Graph](image://8d87bcf9-3e46-4652-8f98-0656ab88a40a \"Caffeine - an unexpected remedy for bags under the eyes\")\n\n**When you don’t get enough sleep, the blood vessels under your eyes expand**. This allows more blood to flow in this region of the skin, making the skin darkened: the dark circles are a sign of a high amount of blood. **Using eye creams containing caffeine can reduce these dark circles**.\n\n**Caffeine narrows the otherwise expanded blood vessels**. Constricted blood vessels allow less blood to flow under the eyes. This turns the skin lighter and helps you bid farewell to the eye bags. \n\nA lack of sleep can also increase the amount of water under your eyes, resulting in eyes looking puffier and swollen. Applying **caffeine-rich eye cream** absorbs the build-up of the water to reduce the puffiness.\n\n","b9ffd0b7-bcb6-43a4-b342-e910a998e8c0",[1146],{"id":1147,"data":1148,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"53f01a04-5101-45f3-8953-35e64c4f6cd6",{"type":51,"reviewType":82,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1149,"clozeWords":1151},[1150],"Using eye creams containing caffeine can reduce dark circles.",[1152,1153],"circles","eye cream",{"id":1155,"data":1156,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"orbs":1159},"d56ee252-c38f-43a9-bc96-b84a37ad3b39",{"type":27,"title":1157,"tagline":1158},"Natural vs. Synthetic Skincare: Which is Better?","In this tile, you will learn about synthetic and natural skincare products. The tile will also shed light on the benefits of natural skincare products. ",[1160,1233],{"id":1161,"data":1162,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":1164},"66011325-0c5e-4690-a808-141d4b745610",{"type":25,"title":1163},"Sources and Types of Skincare Ingredients",[1165,1183,1201,1215],{"id":1166,"data":1167,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1171},"7e7e5a67-4f07-424f-b27f-980ca0e2bf9a",{"type":24,"title":1168,"markdownContent":1169,"audioMediaId":1170},"Sources of active ingredients","For a skincare product to be effective, it must have **actives**. These active ingredients are obtained from two sources: **natural and synthetic**. The natural source of active ingredients is plants, whereas synthetic active ingredients are made in the lab. \n\nFor many years, the skincare industry has thrived on products consisting of synthetic ingredients; **moisturizers, serums, eye creams, and cleansers all have synthetic oxides, acids, and their derivatives**.\n\n ![Graph](image://07d826c4-8625-4af5-81c3-635c1cc181f7 \"The skincare industry has been revolutionized in recent years\")\n\nBut, over the past two decades, **the skincare industry has been revolutionized**. People are now seeking more natural products than synthetic ones. This is mainly because of the research done in the food industry that has demonstrated that natural food is better than processed. \n\nAccording to Fox Business, Americans spend around $322 per person per year on skincare, but still, there are no regulations for natural skincare products.\n\n","f9a64be6-cfe2-4000-82f0-2ebe1199b917",[1172],{"id":1173,"data":1174,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"949fcd7c-f8e2-4c54-805a-fa06f476a43c",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1175,"multiChoiceCorrect":1177,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1179},[1176],"What are the two sources of active ingredients for skincare products?",[1178],"Natural and synthetic",[1180,1181,1182],"Organic and inorganic","Natural and processed","Organic and processed",{"id":1184,"data":1185,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1189},"d2a07104-1f16-497c-930b-a01b8e7080c4",{"type":24,"title":1186,"markdownContent":1187,"audioMediaId":1188},"What are synthetic skincare products?","**Synthetic skincare products consist of artificial ingredients created in laboratories after thorough research on natural ingredients**. In short, they are made of synthetic versions of natural ingredients. Synthetic products are also called chemical products.\n\n**Both the actives and inactives of synthetic skincare are made in the lab**. The actives in these products include antioxidants, niacinamide, and retinoids. \n\n![Graph](image://d13dc95c-f045-4357-bd2c-069b5cf0bb76 \"Synthetic skincare products can do more harm than good\")\n\nThe inactives forged in the lab can be dyes, fragrances, and preservatives. **These products use dye to add color and beauty to the product’s texture, while preservatives increase the shelf-life of the products**. \n\n**Combining active and inactive ingredients makes the formulation work and the skincare product effective**. Some of these ingredients can be harmful if not used the right way, but that does not mean that all synthetic products are toxic. In fact, many of them have tremendous benefits for the skin, including collagen protection, screening from the sun, and delaying skin aging. \n\n","719668d9-2a63-48de-9420-019dfe271db5",[1190],{"id":1191,"data":1192,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"436df601-2ea6-489d-be56-003e0486ae52",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1193,"multiChoiceCorrect":1195,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1197},[1194],"What are the actives and inactives of synthetic skincare products made of?",[1196],"Artificial ingredients created in laboratories",[1198,1199,1200],"Natural ingredients","Dyes and fragrances","Collagen protection and sun screening",{"id":1202,"data":1203,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1207},"1ede113a-1270-4651-9ed1-c7b3a9182257",{"type":24,"title":1204,"markdownContent":1205,"audioMediaId":1206},"What are natural skincare products?","**The term ‘natural’ has no straightforward meaning in the skincare industry**. Unfortunately, natural skincare has no legal standard, so many brands call an ingredient ‘natural’ according to their own definitions. \n\nBut, generally, **natural skincare products would typically mean products comprising ingredients sourced from plants**. These skincare products can consist of two types of ingredients: **naturally occurring and nature-derived ingredients**. \n\n ![Graph](image://70209fb1-cd1f-4464-a2a0-1f5c00d71f26 \"Aloe vera is a natural skincare product\")\n\nNaturally occurring ingredients are used in their raw form in skincare products. **These ingredients are rich in antioxidants, carotenoids, and other actives with exceptional skin benefits**. \n\nExamples of naturally occurring skincare products are aloe vera extract, used as a moisturizer, and cucumber juice, used as an anti-inflammation ingredient.\n\nNature-derived ingredients are natural ingredients but are often processed to make their active ingredients accessible to the skin. An example of a nature-derived ingredient is almond kernel extract used in skincare products to treat acne.\n\n","9ba5a248-7d75-4e50-9123-1b5a63877cce",[1208],{"id":1209,"data":1210,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"e88f63bf-5d0f-494c-83af-020b358ef2f2",{"type":51,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1211,"activeRecallAnswers":1213},[1212],"What are the two types of ingredients typically found in natural skincare products?",[1214],"Naturally occurring and nature-derived ingredients",{"id":1216,"data":1217,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1221},"a65884ed-8cec-4d36-9a81-871ad7f9f1eb",{"type":24,"title":1218,"markdownContent":1219,"audioMediaId":1220},"Nature identical ingredients","**Another skincare label widely used containing the word ‘natural’ is nature identical ingredients**. But these ingredients are not natural at all. They are created in the labs, having specific compositions to mimic the natural ingredients.\n\n**Nature identical ingredients might have the same functional benefits to the skin as naturally occurring or nature-derived ingredients, but they are not actually ‘natural.’** \n\nIt wouldn’t be wrong to call nature identical ingredients ‘synthetic.’ ‘Natural identical’ is just another term brands use for synthetic active ingredients resembling natural ingredients. \n\n ![Graph](image://2b24510f-a16b-49f3-bea5-167835798c7f \"Vitamin C may not be as natural as you think\")\n\nAn example of such an ingredient is Vitamin C, a potent antioxidant that helps in skin rejuvenation. Vitamin C is originally present in citrus fruits but is also made in the lab. \n\nSynthetic vitamin C has almost the same structure and functions as natural vitamin C, which is why it is used in moisturizers, and skin serums meant for nourishing the skin.\n\n","4a1c4690-7e17-4996-b115-2e5358ea80b8",[1222],{"id":1223,"data":1224,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"cce650ff-e97d-4aad-aacb-ff28a4b54158",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1225,"multiChoiceCorrect":1227,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1229},[1226],"What is another term for synthetic active ingredients resembling natural ingredients?",[1228],"Nature identical",[1230,1231,1232],"Natural adjacent","Synthetic identical","Artificial identical",{"id":1234,"data":1235,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":1237},"0024c97c-93d0-4a3c-83a2-76b3eb668c59",{"type":25,"title":1236},"Benefits of Natural Skincare Products",[1238,1259,1275,1291,1305],{"id":1239,"data":1240,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1244},"f304f18e-f743-4a14-a0c4-9a47c502d689",{"type":24,"title":1241,"markdownContent":1242,"audioMediaId":1243},"Natural ingredients are safer alternatives","There are actually quite a lot of reasons to start leaning toward natural skincare products. **Studies suggest natural ingredients are safer and cost-effective for skin benefits**. \n\nThis is especially important because some natural ingredients are a great alternative to synthetic ones. For instance, **Bakuchiol extract effectively clears wrinkles and fine lines**. \n\n ![Graph](image://002b9940-1cc3-4f0b-aa9e-cb511a9dfb6a \"Bakuchiol has incredible effects on the skin\")\n\nBakuchiol is sourced from the seeds of a plant called Psoralea corylifolia and works in the same manner in the skin as retinol, helping the skin regenerate faster to stay young and smooth by helping form collagen to keep the skin firm. \n\nResearch suggests that **the topical use of retinol can spark irritation, rashes, and redness**. But, unlike retinol, **bakuchiol extracts do not cause irritation or redness**. This is why bakuchiol stands out and has become a great alternative to retinol.\n\n","4de78d43-9b4e-48fe-a5af-da3ee8bf9cb1",[1245,1252],{"id":1246,"data":1247,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"ad1e202b-9136-4f71-915e-c4f4fa1f2c61",{"type":51,"reviewType":82,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1248,"clozeWords":1250},[1249],"Unlike retinol, bakuchiol extracts do not cause irritation or redness.",[1251],"bakuchiol extract",{"id":1253,"data":1254,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"c23c7038-9fae-4a46-9b1d-edccb693107b",{"type":51,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1255,"activeRecallAnswers":1257},[1256],"What does research suggest about the topical use of retinol?",[1258],"It can spark irritation, rashes, and redness",{"id":1260,"data":1261,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1265},"56ce43bd-a26f-411c-aa0f-54fd7888e0a5",{"type":24,"title":1262,"markdownContent":1263,"audioMediaId":1264},"Natural skincare products are sustainable ","The formulation of synthetic products involves **chemical reactions that can sometimes release harmful environmental substances**. For example, the fragrances added to these products are obtained from petroleum. \n\nThese scents release gases that can deplete the ozone layer, contributing to global warming. **These gases can also cause breathing problems and irritation of the eyes in humans and animals**. Similarly, the disposal of synthetic ingredients also releases harmful chemicals which can kill plants or sea life. \n\nBut **natural products do not cause harm to the environment**. The scents used in natural skincare are usually made by crushing the flowers, so they don’t give off any nasty chemicals. \n\nAs these ingredients are from nature, their disposal is also easier. They degrade in the soil without negatively impacting plants or animals.\n","906cd467-d298-4e9e-a6ae-004eeba4836a",[1266],{"id":1267,"data":1268,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"c359d8d6-0182-46e1-ae5b-e00ec8c0adcd",{"type":51,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1269,"binaryCorrect":1271,"binaryIncorrect":1273},[1270],"What is an advantage of natural skincare products?",[1272],"They are less harmful to the environment",[1274],"They are cheaper",{"id":1276,"data":1277,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1281},"146b7d6d-6b2e-4f7b-8e2a-ee6b88cf936d",{"type":24,"title":1278,"markdownContent":1279,"audioMediaId":1280},"Natural skincare products are rich in beneficial nutrients","**The ingredient list of natural and synthetic products is entirely different**. But, understanding this list is probably the easiest way to decide what product to choose.  \n\nIf you have ever observed the ingredients of synthetic skincare products, you might have read about **petrolatum, siloxanes, or parabens**. Although these ingredients are made carefully in the lab, some of them can still have side effects. \n\n ![Graph](image://3505d470-f2dd-4686-882b-66ea9b212bfd \"Rose petal extract is rich in beneficial nutrients\")\n\nFor example, these products use parabens as preservatives. However, while they efficiently preserve the product's active ingredients, they can cause skin irritation and rashes if used in higher amounts.\n\nHowever, **natural skincare products consist of ingredients that are beneficial to the skin in one way or another**. Rose petals, argan oil, and orange peel are some ingredients added to natural products to make them more effective. These ingredients are loaded with actives like vitamin C, E, and niacinamide that, instead of harming the skin, nourish it . \n\n","6fdeb716-b278-4e53-a461-332124aa1211",[1282],{"id":1283,"data":1284,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"5a5b591c-6fff-4c5d-a6b2-b2d11ce8d980",{"type":51,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1285,"activeRecallAnswers":1287},[1286],"Which ingredients are usually found in synthetic skincare products?",[1288,1289,1290],"Petrolatum","Siloxanes","Parabens",{"id":1292,"data":1293,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1297},"ea1cbd8d-f71b-4f97-8826-6488dd482338",{"type":24,"title":1294,"markdownContent":1295,"audioMediaId":1296},"Natural skincare products do not involve animal testing","**Synthetic skin care products consist of many active and inactive ingredients that make the product effective in skin treatment**. But, as these ingredients are artificial, they can have detrimental effects and cannot be used directly on humans. \n\nFor 80 years, synthetic skincare products have been tested on animals first. If they create no skin reactions or allergies, only then are they used on humans. During the testing, animals are put at risk. Some can acquire skin diseases, and others can lose their lives. \n\n ![Graph](image://18317524-a1f0-4602-9e93-23ff20bf0f11 \"Cucumber has tried-and-tested benefits for the skin\")\n\nFortunately, **natural skincare products do not need animal testing**. They are derived from plants, most of which are already a part of our diet and do not initiate any side effects. For example, honey, cucumber, and almond oil are enjoyable edibles. \n\nBut they are also rich in antioxidants. They are readily used in natural skincare products to make the skin glowing and free of wrinkles.\n\n","e8d76e1a-2b43-4c11-84bb-f162980108d5",[1298],{"id":1299,"data":1300,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"64c36d8d-6d58-4051-a786-984b44d0e124",{"type":51,"reviewType":82,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1301,"clozeWords":1303},[1302],"Fortunately, natural skincare products do not need animal testing.",[1304],"animal testing",{"id":1306,"data":1307,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1311},"9014bb24-70a5-4e33-8aa1-3d6f574195e5",{"type":24,"title":1308,"markdownContent":1309,"audioMediaId":1310},"Natural skincare products have natural colorants","You might perceive a yellowish cleanser or orange-ish moisturizer as appealing, but did you know that **all these colors in synthetic skincare products are artificial**? Besides providing the color to a product, research has shown that these colors have harmful effects on the skin. \n\n**Some of these color additives can block the skin pores, leading to more production of oil**. This is one reason you or someone you know might have gotten acne after using a specific skincare product. Applying artificial color pigments also increases the risk of skin inflammation and allergies. \n\nLuckily, **natural skincare products are devoid of artificial colors**. They consist of natural colors occurring in the plants. A few examples include chlorophyll, a green color pigment, or carotenoid, a reddish color pigment, and anthocyanin, a bluish color. **These colors enhance the skincare products' texture and overall look without harming the skin**. \n","b81d1877-c9fc-4146-86f7-36075dbd03e1",[1312],{"id":1313,"data":1314,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"72f5fdf6-1b56-4fd0-aba4-d26424212af6",{"type":51,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1315,"activeRecallAnswers":1317},[1316],"What are the effects of artificial color pigments in synthetic skincare products?",[1318],"They can block the skin pores",{"id":1320,"data":1321,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"orbs":1324},"1ef11c84-3400-4ad6-b61e-caf0e27f3eef",{"type":27,"title":1322,"tagline":1323},"Choosing the Right Skincare Product","This tile will introduce you to the other side of natural skincare products. You will also learn about organic skincare products and their pros and cons.",[1325,1415],{"id":1326,"data":1327,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":1329},"a75f975e-dd53-42c4-be78-951c4daa1fef",{"type":25,"title":1328},"Natural Skincare Challenges",[1330,1346,1360,1378,1401],{"id":1331,"data":1332,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1336},"bf48bdac-45a0-4a4a-b7eb-51b8c2124a3c",{"type":24,"title":1333,"markdownContent":1334,"audioMediaId":1335},"Natural skincare products are slow","**Natural skincare products contain tons of antioxidants, hydroxy acids, and retinol derivatives that nourish the skin**. However, the absorption of these active ingredients in natural skincare often takes longer than the synthetic skincare product.\n\n ![Graph](image://c6478a76-4d47-45f5-ac69-95da461d7341 \"Synthetic skincare products, when used correctly, can work more quickly than natural ones\")\n\nThis is because **synthetic skincare products contain a type of molecule that makes the absorption of active ingredients quick**. These molecules are called **liposomes**. Liposomes are made in the lab with chemicals identical to the ones that make up your skin. \n\nIn synthetic skincare products, **the actives are thoughtfully packaged in bubbles made up of these liposomes**. Skin recognizes them instantly, allowing the actives to cross the skin barrier and do their magic on otherwise cracked skin.\n\n**This makes synthetic skincare products more efficient in relieving skin problems**. It also means a natural anti-aging cream might take longer to stop collagen breakdown and delay skin aging than a synthetic one. \n\n","8e0877e4-b800-4d42-a65f-5740ca1214c5",[1337],{"id":1338,"data":1339,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"3c75b884-21ea-4093-a228-723259671e72",{"type":51,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1340,"binaryCorrect":1342,"binaryIncorrect":1344},[1341],"What is the molecule that makes the absorption of active ingredients quick in synthetic skincare products?",[1343],"Liposomes",[1345],"Retinol derivatives",{"id":1347,"data":1348,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1352},"b1e821ff-c869-47f9-acea-faac617cf922",{"type":24,"title":1349,"markdownContent":1350,"audioMediaId":1351},"Natural skincare products are not regulated","Although natural skincare products are quite effective, the absence of legal standards is their huge downside. There are zero legal regulations defining what constitutes natural skincare products. \n\n ![Graph](image://fdc0e9b0-d316-4a88-8327-5e59bb913c74 \"Some marketing of natural skincare products can be misleading\")\n\nBut, taking advantage of the situation that people are more inclined toward natural skincare products and consider them entirely safe, many brands end up labeling their products ‘natural’ as a marketing gimmick. **With no regulation and a ‘natural’ label, brands can drive more traffic and increase sales**. \n\nSome products being marketed as natural might also have artificial ingredients in them. This can result in serious health consequences. Suppose that you have bought a natural moisturizer consisting of honey. What you didn’t know is that the product had parabens as preservatives. If your skin is already sun damaged, these parabens can create rashes and redness.\n\nSimilarly, if you have sensitive skin, using a few artificial ingredients can initiate skin inflammation, leading to clogged pores and acne. \n\n","3eaaef07-1481-4e55-a0d5-f8a661d12ef1",[1353],{"id":1354,"data":1355,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"db798909-8ffd-4ac7-aba1-6057fb4df25d",{"type":51,"reviewType":82,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1356,"clozeWords":1358},[1357],"There are zero legal regulations defining what constitutes natural skincare products.",[1359],"natural skincare",{"id":1361,"data":1362,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1366},"b0ba72a3-acfc-4727-a217-4c7e4d13f49c",{"type":24,"title":1363,"markdownContent":1364,"audioMediaId":1365},"Natural skincare products have a low storage life ","**Preservatives are an important inactive of synthetic skincare that discourage the growth of germs and stop undesirable chemical changes**. These germs can release substances that may react with other ingredients of skincare products and initiate allergic reactions, damaging the skin. Thus, **adding preservatives increases the storage life of the skincare products**, making them last for quite a few months and sometimes years. \n\nBut, these preservatives are made in the lab. That’s why natural skincare lacks these preservatives. As a result, **natural skincare products sustain for only 2-3 months**. \n\nThe ingredients expire after this time, releasing harmful substance that can make you sensitive to heat and wind. If used for a longer time, the expired ingredients can suck the skin’s moisture, creating a favorable environment for inflammation. \n","b86482a7-0f91-4097-a84d-268979d85ca9",[1367],{"id":1368,"data":1369,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"ef2892f7-2764-4e69-aff6-1268c5e0d1eb",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1370,"multiChoiceCorrect":1372,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1374},[1371],"How long do natural skincare products typically last?",[1373],"2-3 months",[1375,1376,1377],"6-7 months","4-5 months","8-9 months",{"id":1379,"data":1380,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1384},"1a604e38-9062-4592-835c-e8e40736ff85",{"type":24,"title":1381,"markdownContent":1382,"audioMediaId":1383},"Not all natural ingredients are always safe","The biggest myth concerning natural skincare products is that they're always safe. However, **not every natural product is beneficial for the skin**. \n\nFor example, coconut oil is a famous cleanser and moisturizer among natural skincare fanatics. However, when applied topically, coconut oil can worsen acne in people with oily skin.\n\n ![Graph](image://2ce0c8d0-d180-4fe2-8858-c740835956a9 \"Coconut oil may not always be the right choice for people with oily skin\")\n\nCoconut oil can block the skin pores, leading to blackheads and pimples. A study by the Dermatology department at _Amala Institute of Medical Sciences_ tested the efficacy of coconut oil on rabbit skin. \n\nTheir experiment involved the topical application of coconut oil on the rabbit’s skin for 5 weeks. The pathological examination of ear swabs revealed the growth of several bacteria in the ear. These germs resulted from coconut oil's action on the skin.\n\n","884c7cdb-0f6a-4801-8289-112ad9ccb924",[1385,1392],{"id":1386,"data":1387,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"6f819ea2-c22e-49d7-a625-14b8389a479d",{"type":51,"reviewType":82,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1388,"clozeWords":1390},[1389],"Coconut oil is a famous cleanser and moisturizer among natural skincare fanatics.",[1359,1391],"coconut oil",{"id":1393,"data":1394,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"f66a4228-1b95-43a6-8e69-9c5345652397",{"type":51,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1395,"binaryCorrect":1397,"binaryIncorrect":1399},[1396],"What did the study by the Dermatology department at Amala Institute of Medical Sciences reveal about the effects of coconut oil on the skin?",[1398],"It can worsen acne in people with oily skin",[1400],"It can improve the skin's texture",{"id":1402,"data":1403,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1407},"921359aa-fb76-44cf-a0c1-ba1d13659abe",{"type":24,"title":1404,"markdownContent":1405,"audioMediaId":1406},"Natural skincare products lack consistency","**Synthetic skincare products are formulated to resemble natural ingredients**. During this process, some of them become even stronger than their natural counterparts. Synthetic ingredients are made by research and chemical experiments, and their composition is almost the same every time.\n\n ![Graph](image://0a9c9f6f-e427-4f53-9656-ca786e2e8606 \"Synthetic products are often more precise in their measurements\")\n \nDuring the lab production, the formulation is noted, concentration is recorded, and every step is taken into account to create the exact same product. **This helps to relieve acne with an anti-acne product and pigmentation with the anti-pigmentation product without causing adverse side effects on the skin**. \n\nHowever, for natural skincare products, this is not the case. **Natural products can vary in composition depending on when they were grown, where they were produced, and how they were harvested**.\n\nThis changes their content from time to time. Sometimes, an antioxidant can be higher in quantity than expected, and sometimes it can be lower. Both cases can make the skincare product less effective. \n\n","4388d9d4-4078-4873-88c6-0dcb7eea6fd3",[1408],{"id":1409,"data":1410,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"904efa4b-ef8e-4a3c-b278-bb8eaa6a2fe5",{"type":51,"reviewType":82,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1411,"clozeWords":1413},[1412],"Synthetic skincare products are formulated to resemble natural ingredients.",[1414],"Synthetic skincare",{"id":1416,"data":1417,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":1419},"6c28f0bd-97ee-4c05-a93d-315c80913cc3",{"type":25,"title":1418},"Understanding Organic Skincare",[1420,1438,1452,1466,1480,1496],{"id":1421,"data":1422,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1426},"4c33f277-99da-41bd-8c20-cf481a27308b",{"type":24,"title":1423,"markdownContent":1424,"audioMediaId":1425},"What are organic skincare products?","Besides the natural skincare buzz, another term widely used in the skincare industry is organic. Many brands use natural and organic interchangeably, which is misleading. The term organic refers to the way the ingredient is farmed. \n\nOrganic products are also made up of plants, but these plants are grown naturally, without chemical fertilizers, pesticides, or herbicides. **Organic skincare products do not contain harmful chemicals like parabens, nitrates, and sulfates**. Moreover, these ingredients do not undergo any type of processing. \n\n ![Graph](image://2f1da691-5322-4816-b056-287f82016834 \"Many skincare products are branded as organic - but the term can mean different things\")\n\n\n**Organic skincare products are strictly regulated** under the Agricultural Marketing Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). According to these regulations, there are 3 different labels for organic products. \n\nThe first one is ‘100% Organic.’ The products with the ‘100% Organic’ label consist of ingredients grown naturally without additives. The label is awarded to the skincare products that have successfully passed third-party testing.\n\n","884dea34-5614-4d9e-8d33-d875f25db88f",[1427],{"id":1428,"data":1429,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"6ff9c35e-93e5-4a6f-9158-64e1150c2a32",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1430,"multiChoiceCorrect":1432,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1434},[1431],"What label is awarded to skincare products that have successfully passed third-party testing?",[1433],"100% Organic",[1435,1436,1437],"Organic","Natural","All-Natural",{"id":1439,"data":1440,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1444},"15e15ae8-e102-49b0-b39d-6366bec2631f",{"type":24,"title":1441,"markdownContent":1442,"audioMediaId":1443},"Organic skincare regulations","The second label used in organic skincare world is ‘certified organic.’ Skincare products with a ‘certified organic’ label indicate that at least 95% of the ingredients in the product are organic.\n\nThe remaining 5% includes ingredients necessary for the product to work but are not available in their organic form in the market. For example, some organic skincare products have pectins, which are molecules that act as a cement in skincare products, holding the structure of lotions and creams to provide a smoother texture.\n\n ![Graph](image://d11b5af3-2118-4e40-8c48-edac9b6cc63b \"Organic isn't easy to define when it comes to skincare\")\n\nThe third label is ‘contains organic ingredients,’ which means the product is composed of ingredients, at least 70% of which are organic. However, other non-organic ingredients should still not be produced using practices prohibited by USDA, such as genetic modification. \n\nThese non-organic ingredients can be additives or colors that are not allowed in ‘100% organic’ products. **Under this ruling, a moisturizer can be labelled as ‘made with organic rose, lavender, and jasmine’ or simply ‘made with flower extracts.**’  \n\n","5234ad7c-a0d4-4ee8-9c9e-4d257fe2ca21",[1445],{"id":1446,"data":1447,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"759782e5-e305-4f8c-ac9f-a6e19405177c",{"type":51,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1448,"activeRecallAnswers":1450},[1449],"Which label indicates that at least 95% of the ingredients in a product are organic?",[1451],"Certified organic",{"id":1453,"data":1454,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1458},"472cf95e-0455-492b-8588-b05cc80a1d64",{"type":24,"title":1455,"markdownContent":1456,"audioMediaId":1457},"How is organic skincare different from natural skincare products?","**Natural skincare products consist of ingredients sourced from natural resources, such as fruits and vegetables**. These plants may or may not be produced organically. \n\nThey can contain chemicals from fertilizers and pesticides. They are marketed naturally because their main ingredient is natural plants . \n\nBut **organic skincare products are completely free of synthetic chemicals**. Their ingredients are grown without the use of artificial fertilizers or pesticides. 'Natural' doesn't necessarily mean organic.\n\nYou can go all-natural with organic skincare, but you might not necessarily go organic with a natural skincare regimen. \n\n**Organic skincare products are less likely to irritate your skin or trigger inflammation because organic skincare products are free of synthetic chemicals**. Organic skincare products can be richer in beneficial nutrients and less harmful to the skin. This means using an organic skin serum can provide more antioxidants to the skin. \n","ade3e32f-c06f-4203-bf3c-a8f1adc1a960",[1459],{"id":1460,"data":1461,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"81119680-f7b4-4012-b92c-88392967e236",{"type":51,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1462,"activeRecallAnswers":1464},[1463],"What makes organic skincare products less likely to irritate your skin or trigger inflammation?",[1465],"They are free of chemicals",{"id":1467,"data":1468,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1472},"38bd70fa-1cf8-4265-afec-f1b917989713",{"type":24,"title":1469,"markdownContent":1470,"audioMediaId":1471},"Organic skincare products are contamination free","Plants are the main ingredient of organic skincare products. Mostly, **farmers use pesticides and herbicides to protect the plants from diseases**. Pesticides are chemicals toxic to pests that can otherwise affect plant growth. \n\n ![Graph](image://cd51087f-ee65-453a-946a-1552cfadbb0a \"Pesticides sprayed on natural ingredients can eventually end up on your skin\")\n\nBut some of these chemicals are also powerful enough to enter the plant. **When such a plant comes in contact with human skin, it can create allergies and irritation**. This makes the skin sensitive to the sun and exposure to the UV rays can cause sunburns on such sensitive skin. \n\nHowever, organic plants grow without the use of pesticides or any other chemical repellents. **They grow naturally, which makes them free of harmful chemicals**. As such, they have less chance of causing skin irritation or other problems.\n\n","832f9fc1-230b-49b3-a2dd-48adf022d801",[1473],{"id":1474,"data":1475,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"3e76f1b7-571b-4f81-a4e8-0139f11d9756",{"type":51,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1476,"activeRecallAnswers":1478},[1477],"What makes organic plants less likely to cause skin irritation?",[1479],"They grow naturally, free of harmful chemicals",{"id":1481,"data":1482,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1486},"cd1e5170-09c9-4008-b3f9-cb63826a7e39",{"type":24,"title":1483,"markdownContent":1484,"audioMediaId":1485},"Organic ingredients preserve the environment","The side effects of using fertilizers and pesticides in farming are not limited to plants or humans. **Synthetic chemicals impact the environment as well**. The harmful chemicals such as phosphates and nitrates from these fertilizers can enter the lakes and oceans. Once in the water bodies, these chemicals promote the growth of weeds that can suck most of the oxygen, jeopardizing the survival of sea animals.\n\nMoreover, plants take only half of the nitrates from the fertilizers. The bacteria and other microorganisms take up the rest. **Microorganisms convert this nitrate into nitric oxide, which is released into the air**. \n\nHigh nitric oxide levels can deplete the ozone layer, contributing to **climate change and global warming**.\n\nOrganic farming does not use artificial chemicals, so it protects the Earth from climate change, toxic air qualities and habitat destruction.\n","23f4d928-3002-4838-b44b-3cb58aeeefe2",[1487],{"id":1488,"data":1489,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"c359e4df-053c-4cec-a129-891f771e6d84",{"type":51,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1490,"binaryCorrect":1492,"binaryIncorrect":1494},[1491],"What do microorganisms convert nitrates from fertilizers into?",[1493],"Nitric oxide",[1495],"Nitric acid",{"id":1497,"data":1498,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1502},"1764dbbd-7140-4ba5-94d5-c046646cfa89",{"type":24,"title":1499,"markdownContent":1500,"audioMediaId":1501},"How to choose a skincare product","Choosing a skincare product is not black and white. It’s a somewhat grayish area, and the product choice depends entirely on your skincare and general life goals. **Neither organic, nor natural or synthetic skincare product has the upper hand over another**. \n\nIf you are someone who can wait for the results but want a sustainable solution, then choosing natural/organic products might be a great option. However, synthetic skincare products will be your best friend if you want quick, effective results.\n\nSo, your first step when choosing a skincare product is reading the labels. The labels on the front claiming that a product is ‘all-natural’ can lie, but the ones on the back can prevent you from falling for false marketing strategies. If you are unsure about a specific ingredient, search about it online. Knowing what you're putting on your skin is critical to achieving success in your skincare goals. \n","63e9d406-effb-4514-9b09-86971724c27e",[1503],{"id":1504,"data":1505,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"13c34f82-fb7c-4e1e-8629-ebcc7b494e36",{"type":51,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1506,"activeRecallAnswers":1508},[1507],"Which should you do first when choosing a skincare product?",[1509],"Read the labels",{"id":1511,"data":1512,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"orbs":1515},"ecb18a1a-56ed-4599-b23a-1ba23b95c17a",{"type":27,"title":1513,"tagline":1514},"Skin Variations Based on Gender And Season","Learn about the differences in the skin of females and males. The tile will also help you understand how your skin changes with the season. ",[1516,1605],{"id":1517,"data":1518,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":1520},"7d543116-74fb-43ac-9ad5-5204595da4df",{"type":25,"title":1519},"Differences in Male and Female Skin",[1521,1535,1549,1564,1587],{"id":1522,"data":1523,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1527},"50bf8c69-c177-40a0-a4e6-c0fc86ec37c9",{"type":24,"title":1524,"markdownContent":1525,"audioMediaId":1526},"Do men and women have the same skin?","From a distance, men’s and women’s skin looks quite similar. But, if you have ever observed close-up photos, you would easily recognize the apparent differences between the two.\n\nThe reason for this striking difference between the two sexes is their **testosterone and estrogen levels**. Testosterone is higher in males and lower in females. It’s a male sex hormone that gives a tougher skin texture to males. **Higher testosterone makes men’s skin hairy and oilier than women’s**.\n\n ![Graph](image://6da92f39-850f-43b6-bc4d-9884f601050f \"The different sexes have different factors that affect their skin\")\n\n\nEstrogen is a female sex hormone that is higher in females than males. It gives feminine features, including soft skin with little hair. **A higher estrogen level in females also helps delay skin aging, preventing collagen damage**.\n\nAs a result of the difference between these 2 hormones, men’s and women’s skin have a few differences in thickness, oiliness, and aging.\n","995925c0-7ee1-4cff-ba80-36f4626d95fd",[1528],{"id":1529,"data":1530,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"a7b4a1a5-8b29-4d31-84a3-8bf6805a932b",{"type":51,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1531,"activeRecallAnswers":1533},[1532],"How does testosterone affect men's skin?",[1534],"Higher testosterone makes men's skin hairy and oilier than women's",{"id":1536,"data":1537,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1541},"81bc31aa-4383-4d4d-a0df-1428c5255642",{"type":24,"title":1538,"markdownContent":1539,"audioMediaId":1540},"Men have thicker skin","The basic skin structure in men and women is the same. **There are 3 skin layers in both sexes**. But in men, the dermis (the middle layer), is **20-25% thicker than in women**. The reason for the thicker skin is higher testosterone levels in men.\n\nDue to this, **males have more collagen**, which makes their skin firmer and tighter. This also helps them avoid wrinkles, which are statistically more prominent in women’s thinner skin. \n\nThe collagen reduces with age in both genders, but the rate at which it reduces is constant in males. In females, the reduction of collagen occurs dramatically after menopause - meaning that there is far less consistency.\n\nBut, there is a little downside. **Thicker skin can accumulate more toxins from the environment**. To avoid these toxins from damaging the skin, men should massage their skin frequently during cleansing. This fastens the blood circulation and pushes the toxins away.\n","98d6e103-80d5-496a-b902-cd2678db0ec1",[1542],{"id":1543,"data":1544,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"967fcd5e-853c-4a6e-9fe3-793005295d24",{"type":51,"reviewType":82,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1545,"clozeWords":1547},[1546],"There are 3 skin layers for both men and women.",[1548],"skin layers",{"id":1550,"data":1551,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1555},"6bacc6f9-a181-4d8a-bbb8-336bd5818022",{"type":24,"title":1552,"markdownContent":1553,"audioMediaId":1554},"Men have oilier skin than women","**Higher testosterone increases the skin’s acidity and increases the pore size and oil glands’ activity**. As a result, **men have a more acidic skin than women**, which makes their skin open to germs and inflammation.\n\nSimilarly, **the higher activity of the oil glands produces more oil than a female’s skin**. The excess oil and germs can build up in bigger skin pores more quickly and block them over time. This triggers inflammation, causing acne and breakouts. \n\nBut, with careful skincare, men can avoid these breakouts. So, the first step of their skincare regimen involves washing their face twice daily with an oil control cleanser. \n\nThis will remove the impurities and prevent the germs from building up. Oil control cleansers can balance the higher acidity, making the skin barrier strong against impurities . \n\n**While adult females might have dry skin, adult males don’t because of their oiliness**.\n\n","f2031ebb-f363-4b2b-9d20-c4e75bc93c33",[1556],{"id":1557,"data":1558,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"7b3e9d7c-dbdd-41cc-a699-deca91ff7421",{"type":51,"reviewType":82,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1559,"clozeWords":1561},[1560],"Higher testosterone increases the skin’s acidity and increases the pore size and oil glands’ activity.",[1562,1563],"testosterone","oil glands",{"id":1565,"data":1566,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1570},"a092cf1c-e8bd-4b90-b1e4-2ee38ea537e4",{"type":24,"title":1567,"markdownContent":1568,"audioMediaId":1569},"Males’ skin is more sensitive to the sun ","Another difference between female and male skin is the **number of antioxidants**.  A male’s skin has fewer antioxidants than a woman's.\n\n**Antioxidants are your skin’s defender against the build-up of unstable oxygen molecules which can damage the skin**. One source of these unstable molecules is the sun’s UV rays. The skin’s ability to fight these oxygen molecules becomes difficult with lower antioxidants. \n\n ![Graph](image://e774acb8-7855-4726-9336-1ba37619c684 \"Sunscreen is especially important for men to use\")\n\nThese molecules can hoard in the skin, weakening the skin barrier and increasing the chances of skin cancer. Research suggests that men have more chances of skin cancer than women due to the fact that they tend to have fewer antioxidants. \n\nThis makes the use of sunscreen and skin serums an extreme necessity. While sunscreen protects skin from UV rays, skin serums can provide the necessary antioxidants.\n\n","75139388-6907-47b5-941f-5c3e474ad6bc",[1571,1578],{"id":1572,"data":1573,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"0297717e-db99-49ba-912b-921177293af3",{"type":51,"reviewType":82,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1574,"clozeWords":1576},[1575],"Research suggests that men have more chances of skin cancer than women due to the fact that they tend to have fewer antioxidants .",[1577,302],"antioxidants",{"id":1579,"data":1580,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"240ebb56-dbf6-426f-b25f-973588d3fd78",{"type":51,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1581,"binaryCorrect":1583,"binaryIncorrect":1585},[1582],"What is the difference between female and male skin in terms of antioxidants?",[1584],"Male skin has fewer antioxidants than female skin",[1586],"Male skin has more antioxidants than female skin",{"id":1588,"data":1589,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1593},"8da89291-f45c-4b1f-8c44-deaf3bd49eec",{"type":24,"title":1590,"markdownContent":1591,"audioMediaId":1592},"Males’ skin ages slower than females’ ","**Skin aging depends on the amount of collagen in the skin**. Since men's and women's skin differ in this amount, the aging process is different for both. A greater amount of collagen keeps the skin firm and young for long periods. And since men’s skin has more collagen, their skin ages slower than women’s. \n\n ![Graph](image://ea02204e-6bce-49ee-99b5-1629ddaead66 \"Some dermatologists believe that men's skin is typically fifteen years younger than women's at the same age\")\n\n**Dermatologists claim that women’s skin is about 15 years older than men’s skin of the same age**. A man of 40 might have no wrinkles, but a woman of 40 has many wrinkles and fine lines.\n\n**The lower amount of collagen makes women’s skin age faster, lose elasticity and become saggier**. Women usually have more chances of experiencing premature aging. But, with a suitable anti-aging cream, women can also enjoy young skin in their 40s.\n\n","3ee82ee2-6d5b-4d92-88dd-7bda8c93b89c",[1594],{"id":1595,"data":1596,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"0d2c4c6d-3f5f-4420-9764-d83460773833",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1597,"multiChoiceCorrect":1599,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1601},[1598],"Typically speaking, how much older is a woman's skin compared to a man's skin of the same age?",[1600],"About 15 years",[1602,1603,1604],"About 10 years","About 20 years","About 5 years",{"id":1606,"data":1607,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":1609},"22b194bb-c3ad-4d38-b30c-05d05efe17ff",{"type":25,"title":1608},"Seasonal Skincare Routines",[1610,1624,1639,1661,1677],{"id":1611,"data":1612,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1616},"30885d9e-8234-4e66-8621-e7d20ff795fa",{"type":24,"title":1613,"markdownContent":1614,"audioMediaId":1615},"Skincare for seasons","Regardless of gender, **your skin changes throughout the year, depending on the season**. The environment’s temperature and humidity levels alter the skin’s appearance. This requires you to switch your skincare regimen to survive both high and low temperatures so you can have radiant skin all year round. \n\n![Graph](image://91bea4f0-0485-41ea-bffa-adf5f1b90138 \"Different temperatures demand differeant skincare\")\n\n**Summers are hot with high humidity levels, causing your skin to release sweat to keep the temperature of your body normal**. The release of sweat changes the skin's texture drastically. Summers are followed by autumn, which means a drop in temperature. \n\nWhile you get excited to wear your warmer clothes, it’s also essential to look at your skin changes and choose the skincare products that your skin demands. With a further drop in temperature during winter, your skin can become extremely dry and cracky. \n\nThen, as the temperature increases during spring, your skin regains the moisture levels that help it stay hydrated. \n\n","ca6f8418-f187-4fd4-8c6d-f21a66168c2f",[1617],{"id":1618,"data":1619,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"375b6783-cc1e-4384-ad3c-f08e03852c55",{"type":51,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1620,"activeRecallAnswers":1622},[1621],"When does your skin release sweat?",[1623],"In high temperature and high humidity",{"id":1625,"data":1626,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1630},"024a16bd-1f62-40e0-8173-ede9adc6fd72",{"type":24,"title":1627,"markdownContent":1628,"audioMediaId":1629},"Skincare in summer","**Heat and humidity usually rise during summer**, which makes your oil glands release more oil. The oiliness gives the skin a shiny and dewy complexion. But, not everything about this oil is good. The production of excess oil, along with the outside pollution, can congest your skin pores, **resulting in breakouts and blackheads**. \n\n ![Graph](image://d1cba037-7480-42da-a9c2-36081b0390be \"In summer, the aim is to prevent oiliness\")\n\nYou can avoid pores congestion by washing your facial skin at least 3 times a day; washing removes the germs and dust from the skin. It is also important to not wear heavy makeup during the day as it can also cause congestion leading to pore blockage. \n\nThe same goes for moisturizers. You can opt for lightweight moisturizers and a matte sunscreen that doesn’t block your skin pores. As for skin serums, they can be your best friend during summer. Because they are water-based, they can keep the skin hydrated.  \n\n","b21bcf32-5224-4827-88d8-c721d7a96981",[1631],{"id":1632,"data":1633,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"bf541536-ff73-4257-a7c4-0442d31b5f3e",{"type":51,"reviewType":82,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1634,"clozeWords":1636},[1635],"The production of excess oil, along with the outside pollution, can congest your skin pores, resulting in breakouts and blackheads.",[1637,1638],"breakouts","blackheads",{"id":1640,"data":1641,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1645},"26dfafe4-6dc7-494d-ab7b-cae1d23ada7d",{"type":24,"title":1642,"markdownContent":1643,"audioMediaId":1644},"Skincare during winter","**As the temperature drops dramatically during the winter, it can scratch the moisture off your skin, leaving it dry**. The use of heaters and hot showers further reduce the water from the skin, making it dehydrated and cracky .\n\n**Dehydrated skin makes the skin barrier inefficient in resisting germs, leading to inflammation and acne**. Therefore, winter skin requires moisturizers rich in occlusives. \n\n ![Graph](image://ddce4377-058b-4401-9613-13e08b9009b0 \"In colder weather, dryness is the enemy\")\n\nThese are moisturizing chemicals that form a thicker layer on the skin to lock the moisture in. Beeswax, petroleum jelly and shea butter are a few commonly used occlusives to create creamy-thick consistency.\n\nDo not forget sunscreen of at least 30 SPF during the winters. It feels pleasant to sit in the sun during winter, when the sunlight gives a cozy feeling. However, with no sunscreen, the same sunlight can wreak havoc on the skin.\n\n","79bf0f92-b7c8-4d19-b1a4-c4545047db32",[1646,1654],{"id":1647,"data":1648,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"1f60e25f-0093-4d04-a15b-32cf485b2b4b",{"type":51,"reviewType":82,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1649,"clozeWords":1651},[1650],"Winter skin often requires moisturizers rich in occlusives.",[1652,1653],"moisturizers","occlusives",{"id":1655,"data":1656,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"4489ea96-5970-4365-85be-698e40540325",{"type":51,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1657,"activeRecallAnswers":1659},[1658],"Which moisturizing chemicals are commonly used to lock the moisture in during winter?",[1660],"Occlusives",{"id":1662,"data":1663,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1667},"b6d16923-a3ec-44c5-82e2-1bfe2c64017b",{"type":24,"title":1664,"markdownContent":1665,"audioMediaId":1666},"Skincare in spring","**Entering the spring requires you to exfoliate your skin and remove the dust and dullness of winter**. Although the skin’s regeneration process lasts 365 days, the harsh temperature and cold winter breeze can slow the skin’s regeneration.\n\nThat’s why exfoliating is your first skincare step in the spring. **Exfoliation will remove the dead cells from the skin, and bringing the younger skin cells to the surface will make your skin look more youthful**. \n\n ![Graph](image://e8e4e820-39e4-4d87-ab45-ed33a245a3bf \"Spring is all about exfoliating\")\n\nSpring is also a time to switch your occlusive moisturizer to one rich in emulsifiers such as mustard, egg and stearic acid. **Emulsifiers are the molecules that help the water and oil to mix and form a water-based lightweight moisturizer**. \n\nOcclusive moisturizers can leave a greasy layer on the skin that does not feel good and activates the oil glands to produce more oil. So, choose a lighter, breathable moisturizer to help you stay hydrated and keep your skin plump.\n\n","ee2a554e-4194-4d6c-8555-07e02bb3adcd",[1668],{"id":1669,"data":1670,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"ad96fff7-453a-49d9-ab2a-6e67395dd7ff",{"type":51,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1671,"binaryCorrect":1673,"binaryIncorrect":1675},[1672],"What is the purpose of exfoliation in the spring?",[1674],"To remove the dead cells from the skin and bring the younger skin cells to the surface",[1676],"To activate the oil glands to produce more oil",{"id":1678,"data":1679,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1683},"75439475-5d93-43c4-9894-df82e833594b",{"type":24,"title":1680,"markdownContent":1681,"audioMediaId":1682},"Skincare in autumn","**Autumn prepares you and your skin for the winter**. In autumn, the temperature gets lower with each passing day, and you might want to laze on the couch all day. But being lazy can put your skin at the risk of dehydration and cracks. \n\nStart your skincare with exfoliation to remove dead cells and help your skin rejuvenate. Follow up with a hydrating moisturizer. **This will require you to use a moisturizer rich in humectants that can absorb moisture from the air and keep the skin fresh**. \n\n ![Graph](image://41a155b4-da67-4032-9e74-d01232833844 \"Autumn is a good time to invest in facial oils\")\n\nAutumn can also be the best time to invest in facial oils. Active ingredients in oils are fatty acids and vitamins. They are rich in antioxidants and emollients that nourish the skin barrier to address itchiness and dryness.\n\nSeasonal changes can also make your hands dry, so use hand cream to keep up the water content. Avoid any product that contains drying alcohol, as this can strip the moisture.\n\n","60191652-f285-4216-bc86-c88bde602e0b",[1684],{"id":1685,"data":1686,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"af189ec0-90e9-468c-991e-9fd75b5f28f8",{"type":51,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1687,"binaryCorrect":1689,"binaryIncorrect":1691},[1688],"What should you use to keep your skin hydrated and fresh during autumn?",[1690],"A moisturizer rich in humectant",[1692],"A moisturizer rich in alcohol",{"id":1694,"data":1695,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"orbs":1698},"8fa37c89-3af1-426a-bbbd-8368176b3d19",{"type":27,"title":1696,"tagline":1697},"A Comprehensive Guide on Skin Aging","In this tile, you will learn insights on skin aging by reviewing the process at the molecular level. You will also get to know the best strategies to avoid premature skin aging.",[1699,1803,1854],{"id":1700,"data":1701,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":1703},"83be9e95-9662-4fd2-ba61-c76f789c8074",{"type":25,"title":1702},"Understanding Skin Aging",[1704,1720,1738,1763,1789],{"id":1705,"data":1706,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1710},"8d34e5e6-573e-433c-ab31-1602f18f0353",{"type":24,"title":1707,"markdownContent":1708,"audioMediaId":1709},"What is skin aging?","**Skin is your first and strongest weapon against outside stressors**. It also adds aesthetic value to your overall appearance. But, aging skin provides an unpleasant appearance and does not protect you efficiently. **Wrinkles, fine lines, and loss of elasticity are some signs of aging skin**.\n\n ![Graph](image://6d5b7e34-4e97-4df6-ba4e-eb4e1ca198a4 \"All skin ages eventually\")\n\nAging is normal: it begins right from the time you are born. As you get older, your organs also grow with you. The skin is no exception. Natural skin aging is intrinsic aging, and you shouldn’t worry about it. \n\nBut, **extrinsic or premature aging, which is the result of a poor lifestyle, is worrisome**. Examples of habits that will encourage extrinsic aging include an unhealthy diet, smoking, and poor sleep.\n\nUnsuitable skincare products and sunlight exposure can also lead to extrinsic aging.\n\nAs a result, your skin loses elasticity earlier. The skin barrier becomes weaker, letting germs, sunlight, and piles of dust particles into the skin. This puts both your appearance and health at stake. \n\n","ecc4830a-dbe1-4318-a394-78830b909ca3",[1711],{"id":1712,"data":1713,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"17b65822-2a6f-434c-b150-9d9c310fe384",{"type":51,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1714,"binaryCorrect":1716,"binaryIncorrect":1718},[1715],"Which of these can cause of extrinsic or premature aging?",[1717],"Poor sleep",[1719],"Dust particles",{"id":1721,"data":1722,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1726},"db199fd0-3187-4ccd-b670-d9830aa4dcd7",{"type":24,"title":1723,"markdownContent":1724,"audioMediaId":1725},"The beginning of skin aging","**The loss of a barrier is the first step in premature skin aging**. And the number one reason among all extrinsic factors is exposure to UV rays. Research suggests that UV rays contribute to 80% of skin aging.\n\nExposure to UV rays increases the thickness of the outer layer of the skin, which breaks down the K-cells. In other words, **UV rays reduce the number of bricks on the skin barrier wall**, which collapses the wall allowing germs to enter the skin. This also leads to the loss of moisture, which can make the skin dehydrated and saggy. ","e4a837df-a029-4e94-b205-be03873a841a",[1727],{"id":1728,"data":1729,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"44c55454-37fb-476c-a21d-76f3892923aa",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1730,"multiChoiceCorrect":1732,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1734},[1731],"What is the number one reason for premature skin aging?",[1733],"Exposure to UV rays",[1735,1736,1737],"Exposure to X-rays","Exposure to Infrared Rays","Exposure to Gamma Rays",{"id":1739,"data":1740,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1744},"50b2a51f-2e8f-49d1-982c-b390334dbeeb",{"type":24,"title":1741,"markdownContent":1742,"audioMediaId":1743},"Molecular changes in formation of wrinkles","Understanding what goes on behind the scenes can help you delay skin aging and enjoy true glowing skin for a long time. \n\n**The outer layer of your skin supports the skin barrier, making it resistant to outside stressors**. The outer layer needs nutrients and blood to remain healthy and help the skin barrier stay intact. \n\n ![Graph](image://1e0aab53-77f9-469d-817e-bae18c8c80b1 \"Exposure to sunlight can lead to skin aging\")\n\nIt receives these nutrients from the middle layer by means of a few tissues. But, **exposure to sunlight, tobacco, and industrial chemicals can cut their contact**, leaving the outer layer devoid of sufficient nutrients. \n\nThe separation of the 2 layers makes the outer layer faulty and the skin barrier impotent in resisting foreign entities. Besides making your skin vulnerable to infections, **separating the 2 layers leads to the formation of wrinkles on the skin, which is the number one sign of aging**. \n\n","4b9c668b-7488-41a5-9248-73bf83c91f4c",[1745,1756],{"id":1746,"data":1747,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"2ebe203b-2562-42b6-95e4-05e04d441455",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1748,"multiChoiceCorrect":1750,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1752},[1749],"What is the number one sign of aging?",[1751],"Wrinkles on the skin",[1753,1754,1755],"Sunspots on the skin","Freckles on the skin","Discoloration on the skin",{"id":1757,"data":1758,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"e7bfd333-c925-4f7f-b38b-4e1ffcf8e687",{"type":51,"reviewType":82,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1759,"clozeWords":1761},[1760],"The outer layer needs nutrients and blood to remain healthy and help the skin barrier stay intact.",[409,1762],"nutrients",{"id":1764,"data":1765,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1769},"50daa1b5-7958-4a47-ba09-89ef4d5126ad",{"type":24,"title":1766,"markdownContent":1767,"audioMediaId":1768},"Impairment of DNA ","**Damage to the outer layer of your skin puts the rest of the content, including DNA, in danger**. DNA is the hereditary material passed on from your parents to you. It consists of genes that guide your cells to perform their function. Within the skin, it instructs your skin cells to develop proteins essential for your skin functions, such as collagen and elastin.\n\n ![Graph](image://c3a50c35-f8a6-4c2c-adb9-9ff6592daf87 \"DNA is put in danger by a degraded outer skin layer\")\n\nBut, the constant exposure to sunlight harms this super molecule of your skin. **DNA absorbs the UV rays from the sun, which changes its structure**. Changes in DNA structure can result in the failure of skin cells to perform their function.\n\nFor instance, **impaired DNA can disrupt the cells producing melanin**. The absence of sufficient melanin can turn your skin futile in saving you from sunlight, allowing more UV rays to penetrate the cells. This destroys more DNA molecules, leading to skin cancer.\n\n","ef368ef3-fba8-4f00-999d-2dbe3ed6087e",[1770,1778],{"id":1771,"data":1772,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"01b3d47a-db7c-4d0f-8334-77f7c73e8899",{"type":51,"reviewType":82,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1773,"clozeWords":1775},[1774],"DNA absorbs the UV rays from the sun, which changes its structure.",[1776,1777],"DNA","UV rays",{"id":1779,"data":1780,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"aef68bec-15b4-4251-ac09-dfb2940a90cb",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1781,"multiChoiceCorrect":1783,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1785},[1782],"What happens when DNA absorbs UV rays from the sun?",[1784],"It changes its structure",[1786,1787,1788],"It produces melanin","It produces collagen","It produces elastin",{"id":1790,"data":1791,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1795},"2456c48d-12a9-4212-ab3a-359224bae30e",{"type":24,"title":1792,"markdownContent":1793,"audioMediaId":1794},"Inflammaging","The next change in skin aging is **inflammaging, a type of inflammation that occurs in the deeper layers of the skin, initiating the aging process**. That’s why it is called inflammaging . \n\nInflammaging results in the **buildup of free radicals** that initiate the skin’s defense mechanism to protect the skin from the damage caused by these free radicals. \n\n ![Graph](image://78f77b9f-9f2d-4707-8516-9884e132ca7d \"Shea butter is one solution to inflammaging\")\n\nHowever, continuous exposure to germs, dust, and other invaders due to a weakened skin barrier collapses your body’s defense system. This releases harmful molecules consisting of waste of the invaders into the surrounding skin cells, injuring the middle and inner skin layer.  \n\n**Inflammaging reduces the activity of the oil glands**. Under these circumstances, your skin will produce less oil, giving rise to dry, flaky and itchy skin. Using skin serums rich in coconut oil, olive oil, or shea butter can nourish the skin, bringing the oil content to normal levels.\n\n","cb95408f-63c9-46e9-b3c2-f2cccd7dd583",[1796],{"id":1797,"data":1798,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"d4519bfa-a580-4f70-97b2-9966d74de36b",{"type":51,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1799,"binaryCorrect":1801,"binaryIncorrect":1802},[1800],"What is the name of the type of inflammation that occurs in the deeper layers of the skin and initiates the aging process?",[1792],[742],{"id":1804,"data":1805,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":1807},"22186776-712a-4ee2-8122-0f95ec2d643e",{"type":25,"title":1806},"Effects of Aging on Skin",[1808,1825,1840],{"id":1809,"data":1810,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1814},"4908d126-233f-405d-9369-6e0a0f82968e",{"type":24,"title":1811,"markdownContent":1812,"audioMediaId":1813},"How do changes affect the skin?","**A disfigured DNA, inflammation, and ineffective skin barrier reduces moisture from the skin, making it wide open to germs and dust**. The skin then becomes thinner with time and loses its firm structure. \n\nThe inner layer of skin hosts fat molecules that protect the skin from shocks. These fat molecules are predominantly present under cheeks, eyes, and temples. But, with the afflicted inner layer, these fat molecules are also reduced. **This results in sunken eyes and a leaner look, with a skeletal appearance**. \n\n\n\nWhen the skin layers are harmed, the blood vessels supplying nutrients and oxygen to these layers become fragile. **Even a touch of the nail can tear your skin. And it also takes more time for these wounds and bruises to heal**. \n\nIf you recognize these signs, pay gratitude to your saviors instantly - the active ingredients. Vitamin C, E, and a few others can tremendously help your skin rejuvenate and stay younger. \n","1e7183ec-7adc-4e63-bb04-c6403d67a00a",[1815],{"id":1816,"data":1817,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"2a4874af-b50b-4fbb-a86a-9d4e34e3134a",{"type":51,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1818,"activeRecallAnswers":1820},[1819],"What are the signs of a disfigured DNA?",[1821,1822,1823,1824],"Reduced moisture in the skin","Thinner skin","Reduced fat molecules","Sunken eyes",{"id":1826,"data":1827,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1831},"17e84f20-72b9-4e1f-913a-168a6db36655",{"type":24,"title":1828,"markdownContent":1829,"audioMediaId":1830},"Retinoids for anti-aging","The most effective active ingredient for delaying skin aging is retinoid. **Retinoid-rich anti-aging creams help to avoid the physical features of skin aging**. The first one is the formation of wrinkles, and the second is the thinning of the skin. \n\n**Retinoid inhibits the formation of wrinkles by stopping 2 processes - inflammaging and collagen degradation**. Retinoids can clear the excess oil from the skin, which is otherwise a threat to the skin pores and leads to inflammaging. By restricting collagen breakdown, retinoids help the skin avoid wrinkles and stay firm . \n\nRetinoids help the skin from thinning by instructing your skin cells to form new collagen molecules. The formation of new collagen and no degradation of old collagen tremendously increases the collagen content of the skin and helps bring back the skin thickness. **A thicker skin supports the skin barrier to resist the entrance of invaders**. \n","54de8af2-f7db-4b4d-b32a-adde72ac78fe",[1832],{"id":1833,"data":1834,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"aaaa226a-e247-4ec9-bc37-a415fb905e25",{"type":51,"reviewType":82,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1835,"clozeWords":1837},[1836],"Retinoid inhibits the formation of wrinkles by stopping 2 processes - inflammaging and collagen degradation.",[1838,1839],"Retinoid","wrinkles",{"id":1841,"data":1842,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1846},"8707644f-f890-4982-9346-5268ab746423",{"type":24,"title":1843,"markdownContent":1844,"audioMediaId":1845},"Green tea extract for anti-aging","Besides retinoids, **green tea extracts are also effective anti-aging products**, offering purely natural active ingredients to reduce the signs of skin aging. Tannins, amino acids, caffeine, vitamins, salts, and catechins are the natural active ingredients that green tea offers. \n\n**One aspect of skin aging is the formation of undesirable bonds of the skin proteins with other molecules of the skin**. For example, the nicotine from tobacco smoking can result in the attachment of collagen to DNA. These types of attachments create irregular skin texture and fine lines.  \n\n ![Graph](image://5433e8f8-041b-42c3-bc1d-c912b44723a3 \"Green tea is an effective preventitive of skin aging\")\n\nGreen tea helps delay skin aging by limiting the formation of these irregular bonds. This helps to keep the placement and structure of elastin and collagen secure, resulting in glowing and radiant skin .\n\nBesides this, **the catechins in green tea extracts are strong antioxidants**. They help to reduce the unstable oxygen molecules from the skin to stop the skin infliction caused by sunlight exposure.\n\n","636fe7cb-75f8-46cb-a139-46dd462053f3",[1847],{"id":1848,"data":1849,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"12d07951-173c-43fb-a921-fa9555bd2ae7",{"type":51,"reviewType":82,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1850,"clozeWords":1852},[1851],"The catechins in green tea extracts are strong antioxidants.",[1853],"catechins",{"id":1855,"data":1856,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":1858},"36d44002-5bb7-444c-bafb-0e35d4479ae6",{"type":25,"title":1857},"Preventive Measures for Skin Aging",[1859,1875],{"id":1860,"data":1861,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1865},"f9e011f0-0230-492e-80e4-e11a37fbe6fd",{"type":24,"title":1862,"markdownContent":1863,"audioMediaId":1864},"Blocking the sun to prevent skin aging","Ever heard **prevention is better than cure**? This is as true for skin aging as any other facet of life. Preventing damage to your skin right from the start can help you have radiant skin for a longer time. \n\nThe first step to preventing skin damage is going sunproof. As sunlight is the highest contributor to skin aging, it is crucial in tackling the UV rays first. Your skin has melanin for this purpose. \n\n ![Graph](image://073d1400-2f68-4dec-8147-cf46be638da8 \"Effective aging prevention should start with protecting your skin from the sun\")\n\nBut, **melanin alone is not enough, especially if you have light-colored skin**. So, wear dark-colored clothes with long sleeves and get your hands on a wide-brimmed hat on hot sunny days. Perhaps most importantly, never forget to use sunscreen.\n\nDuring peak hours in summer, SPF 100 can help you protect the skin from harmful UV rays. Research states that SPF 100 can block 99% of UV rays from reaching your skin.\n\n","e99a9eaa-fbe0-4c50-8800-3d6e8a220426",[1866],{"id":1867,"data":1868,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"0d7a2f81-179f-4bb9-a44c-5fd677e71edb",{"type":51,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1869,"binaryCorrect":1871,"binaryIncorrect":1873},[1870],"What is the highest contributor to skin aging?",[1872],"Sunlight",[1874],"Pollution",{"id":1876,"data":1877,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":25,"reviews":1881},"54822fa2-e02b-486e-a64e-e62ec8aa1ff3",{"type":24,"title":1878,"markdownContent":1879,"audioMediaId":1880},"Preventing skin aging with hydration","**Aging is one of the crucial things to understanding the science behind skincare**. As aging turns your skin thin and fragile, you can lose the protective barrier, which lets the germs and dust invade the skin and cause havoc.  \n\nSo, starting the skincare routine by protecting your skin barrier is a great idea. This requires using moisturizers rich in **Hyaluronic Acid** (HA), which is an excellent humectant and keeps the skin barrier hydrated. \n\n ![Graph](image://94354c5e-05cb-4a6a-a74f-fa6c775d8eb1 \"Hyaluronic acid locks in your skin's moisture\")\n\nAvoid soaps and cleansers consisting of heavy doses of perfumes. These can strip the water off your skin, making it dehydrated and weak. \n\nWhen your barrier is healthy, it can help you restore the moisture, keep the germs off and reduce the signs of skin aging. The protected barrier also ensures that the skin proteins do not break down, which keeps the skin young with no wrinkles. ","4aaeda7a-1873-4426-9bb9-da08d5fd14ce",[1882],{"id":1883,"data":1884,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":28},"a9873ca5-e8bc-49ab-bc3e-6880c50968c9",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1885,"multiChoiceCorrect":1887,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1889},[1886],"What is an important ingredient to use in a skincare routine to preserve moisture in the skin barrier?",[1888],"Hyaluronic Acid",[1056,1890,1891],"Collagen","Salicylic Acid",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":1893,"height":1893,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":1894},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":1893,"height":1893,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":1896},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M12.586 2.586A2 2 0 0 0 11.172 2H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v7.172a2 2 0 0 0 .586 1.414l8.704 8.704a2.426 2.426 0 0 0 3.42 0l6.58-6.58a2.426 2.426 0 0 0 0-3.42z\"/>\u003Ccircle cx=\"7.5\" cy=\"7.5\" r=\".5\" fill=\"currentColor\"/>\u003C/g>",1778228390801]