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Discover the origins of fashion, the key elements, and its place in modern society. ",[36,90],{"id":37,"data":38,"type":25,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":40},"cf4b082a-ab97-4913-9656-ac23bb21b43b",{"type":25,"title":39},"The Essence of Fashion",[41,66,72],{"id":42,"data":43,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":47},"bbde57fb-5fff-4871-90f8-b3d195ec7ef2",{"type":21,"title":44,"markdownContent":45,"audioMediaId":46},"What is fashion?","Fashion is much more than simply a way of covering the human body. For those who love it, it's the ultimate art form - both a means of self-expression and a deeply embedded part of social and cultural history. Whatever draws you to fashion, be it escapism or your own way of engaging with the world, diving into this world can help you make sense of fashion as more than just a business, and rather, as an art form. \n\n ![Graph](image://bd8db3a0-70c4-40fd-90fb-32d49e09741b \"A model wears a design from Alexander McQueen's Fall 2008 collection. Image: Sgpressevents, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nOn the surface, fashion is best defined as the style of clothing and accessories worn by people. The term can also refer to people’s hair, makeup, decoration, and behavior during a particular period. Fashion is, however, a concept with multiple layers. \n\nFor many, it is much more than your clothes and shoes. It is not just the latest trends in magazines or knowing what and what not to wear. Fashion is an art form that represents freedom of choice. It enables self-expression and creativity.\n\nFashion is often viewed as frivolous, but it lies at the heart of our cultural history. It tells the stories of a particular time and place, providing valuable insight into those who have come and gone before us. \n\n","40e45ca4-784d-446e-93dd-92463f29df25",[48,57],{"id":49,"data":50,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"096abef6-60dd-4334-b8d3-d95e4d938533",{"type":51,"reviewType":52,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":53,"clozeWords":55},11,4,[54],"Fashion is both an art form and a business.",[56],"a business",{"id":58,"data":59,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"0a824138-831d-4049-b6d2-c5f45785ee58",{"type":51,"reviewType":52,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":60,"clozeWords":62},[61],"Fashion is best defined as the style of clothing and accessories worn by people, but it is also hair, makeup, and behavior.",[63,64,65],"hair","makeup","behavior",{"id":67,"data":68,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21},"04f34dac-03dc-4fc8-8a9c-bfc4c639311c",{"type":21,"title":69,"markdownContent":70,"audioMediaId":71},"Why is fashion important?","Fashion is huge. The industry itself is a multibillion-dollar enterprise committed to the making, marketing, and selling of clothes. It is one of the largest industries in the world, relying on the hands and minds of millions of people worldwide, from pattern cutters and textile designers to buyers and stylists.\n\n ![Graph](image://fbf94f9d-c483-4a58-9f90-1a39064ecb2c \"Millions of people work in fashion\")\n\nFashion is important to society because it has a powerful impact on everyone. It has the ability to connect to all of us, forming a relationship whether we like it or not. We all wear clothes, shoes, and accessories in ordinary life. Often, the items we buy are representative of our personalities. \n\nFashion evolves with the times and serves as living cultural history. In wearing clothes, we are continuously documenting our journeys on this planet. It reflects multiple aspects of culture, including belief systems, wealth, status, empowerment, and more.\n\n","a7535fa1-5151-46ad-b702-51ac1a8be4f1",{"id":73,"data":74,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":78},"f519d379-f39d-44e4-978a-3bda00bf51b6",{"type":21,"title":75,"markdownContent":76,"audioMediaId":77},"When did fashion begin?","Fashion has been here since humans started wearing clothes. The earliest clothes were made from naturally available materials and simply wrapped or tied around the body. Sources included fur, leather, plants, grass, and bone.\n\n ![Graph](image://f9fad5dd-5e33-4a4f-89bf-27c356b369c2 \"The House of Worth\")\n\nThe clothing documentation dates back to ancient times when prehistoric humans wore cloth made from vegetable fibers. In colder climates, humans wrapped themselves in animal skins to keep warm.\n\nWhile clothes have been around for centuries, we can pin the beginnings of fashion as we know it today to 1826. Here, the first modern fashion designer arrived and ultimately built the foundations for the future fashion designers that followed.\n\nEnglish-born Charles Frederick Worth founded the first fashion house, House of Worth, in Paris in 1858, specializing in haute couture, ready-to-wear, and perfumes. He dominated Parisian fashion, revolutionized the fashion business, and is considered by many to be the father of haute couture—the most expensive, high-quality clothes in fashion. \n\n","c62e6463-37b9-470f-b7c2-6a97ecc512c2",[79],{"id":80,"data":81,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"e4810865-badf-41be-a516-2f4b12e8bb6b",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":82,"multiChoiceCorrect":84,"multiChoiceIncorrect":86},[83],"Who is considered to be the father of haute couture?",[85],"Charles Frederick Worth",[87,88,89],"Jean Paul Gaultier","Christian Dior","Yves Saint Laurent",{"id":91,"data":92,"type":25,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":94},"68759046-0b81-4337-961e-ec8280ba7afb",{"type":25,"title":93},"Principles of Fashion Design",[95,111,127,140,155,169,186],{"id":96,"data":97,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":101},"e4a3cf72-2b56-4475-b6c5-ed5b69b7d139",{"type":21,"title":98,"markdownContent":99,"audioMediaId":100},"The fundamentals of fashion ","In terms of the design process, fashion has a handful of fundamental principles. Behind every masterpiece is a strict set of rules and practices that make it perfect. \n\nThese rules are concepts that designers in the field use to arrange and create the structural elements of a design. They provide a checklist that ensures the designer covers all critical components to make a design visually satisfying. All of these principles aim to make the viewer want to wear their garment. \n\n ![Graph](image://61681a27-8bee-4ef5-807f-7580e95a0cc6 \"Fashion is an art and a science\")\n\nSilhouette, line, color, and texture are some basic ingredients of the design process. But the five fundamental principles of fashion design are balance, proportion, emphasis, rhythm, and unity (or harmony).\n\n","7eeaac4b-92cd-4976-a190-38f2f035c3f8",[102],{"id":103,"data":104,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"a1e33214-babc-4c11-9b56-67aeb53e3c7c",{"type":51,"reviewType":52,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":105,"clozeWords":107},[106],"The five fundamental principles of fashion design are balance, proportion, emphasis, rhythm, and unity (or harmony).",[108,109,110],"balance","proportion","emphasis",{"id":112,"data":113,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":117},"eac0d2ee-e11a-4dee-9610-b281a624c877",{"type":21,"title":114,"markdownContent":115,"audioMediaId":116},"Balance ","In fashion design, balance describes a garment’s visual aspect. It explores how the overall weight of the garment’s parts and features are distributed, be it a sleeve or a cuff. The design must appear visually stable to the viewer, with details and parts arranged in a particular way. \n\nThe balance of a garment can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical balance is also known as formal balance. It occurs when both sides of the garment match one another.\n\n ![Graph](image://ccd73bc1-d2e1-4995-9a30-a74d28c1f8e5 \"An example of asymetrical balance\")\n\nAsymmetrical balance is the opposite. It is also called informal balance and occurs when one side of a garment is different from the other. A good example of asymmetrical composition is a one-shoulder blouse. A one-shoulder blouse looks visually interesting and still achieves a sense of balance, whereas a jacket with unequal lapels might appear unbalanced.\n","eed72d31-a005-4ded-aed7-b5e6858b9690",[118],{"id":119,"data":120,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"9b517814-ce1f-4399-b0b9-7656d960b5aa",{"type":51,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":121,"binaryCorrect":123,"binaryIncorrect":125},[122],"What is the term used to describe how the overall weight of the garment’s parts and features are distributed?",[124],"Balance",[126],"Symmetry",{"id":128,"data":129,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":133},"4a807cde-055d-4854-8147-008e93095006",{"type":21,"title":130,"markdownContent":131,"audioMediaId":132},"Proportion","Proportion refers to the ratio of all design elements to one another, concerning parts such as size, quantity, and color. When a garment is proportioned correctly, it creates a harmonious relationship between all parts and spaces. For example, when sketching an image of the human figure, proportion refers to the size of the head in relation to the rest of the body.\n\nProportion creates a pleasant feeling of unity when the design is complete. Ultimately, the proportion is what makes the various components of a garment look great together. Without proportion, designs appear off-balance.\n","96154187-9720-4e23-b515-7ec20756fc88",[134],{"id":135,"data":136,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"a8232a7a-9e28-46dc-bdbf-ba5e391ecf96",{"type":51,"reviewType":52,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":137,"clozeWords":139},[138],"Proportion refers to the ratio of all design elements to one another, concerning parts such as size, quantity, and color.",[130],{"id":141,"data":142,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":146},"974380eb-528c-423c-a122-bba5c9da2f5f",{"type":21,"title":143,"markdownContent":144,"audioMediaId":145},"Emphasis","Emphasis, also known as the focal point or center of attraction, is the point of interest that draws the viewer’s eye to a particular part of the design. \n\n ![Graph](image://e5f3b28a-5269-4a59-b31e-109cd5df76c9 \"Color and texture are key components of emphasis in fashion\")\n\nDesigners implement the emphasis principle by contrasting one specific area to the others, using techniques such as color, texture, size, and the use of lines. It brings attention to the most important aspect of a garment, and many designers use this principle to emphasize the overall theme or concept.\n\n","ce0eec49-36c5-488c-8cc8-834f25b93a1b",[147],{"id":148,"data":149,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"27160ebd-696e-435f-b047-b2fbee044a2a",{"type":51,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":150,"binaryCorrect":152,"binaryIncorrect":153},[151],"What principle is concerned with bringing out the key focal points of a garment?",[143],[154],"Exclamation",{"id":156,"data":157,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":161},"64705ff0-3635-45de-9624-4fe47a7680c7",{"type":21,"title":158,"markdownContent":159,"audioMediaId":160},"Rhythm","Rhythm is the repetition of one or more visual elements of a garment, such as patterns, colors, shapes, and textures. \n\n ![Graph](image://6913eda9-d1de-408b-b1e7-27c44a17bd07 \"Rhythm is achieved through repeated patterns or motifs\")\n\nThese components are used repeatedly to create continuity and controlled movement, promoting excitement in the viewer. Rhythm makes a design come to life and helps draw the eye to and from the different elements.\n\n","3b530352-f227-41ff-be4d-77175b8dc4ac",[162],{"id":163,"data":164,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"72c83bf2-d419-4665-9b02-57de6d546ba2",{"type":51,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":165,"binaryCorrect":167,"binaryIncorrect":168},[166],"What is the repetition of visual elements of a garment called?",[158],[143],{"id":170,"data":171,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":175},"6de074f1-f548-419c-927f-fa3f9d8a375f",{"type":21,"title":172,"markdownContent":173,"audioMediaId":174},"Unity/Harmony","The final principle of fashion design is unity, which is also known as the harmony principle. It is a crucial concept that brings together all design principles to create the finished look of a garment. \n\nThe designer must combine all elements in such a way that the final invention is harmonious, with every part purposefully placed and well-matched. Essentially, the design appears complete rather than disorderly and unfinished. \n","f76c9cef-b665-4968-91ad-0cec65efccba",[176],{"id":177,"data":178,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"4725b3fc-1708-4f33-beb7-bb518d849fd4",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":179,"multiChoiceCorrect":181,"multiChoiceIncorrect":183},[180],"What is the principle of fashion design that brings together all design principles to create the finished look of a garment called?",[182],"Unity",[184,124,185],"Variety","Contrast",{"id":187,"data":188,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":192},"cdb710ef-4d9b-4be2-b8f6-6f2005b517b7",{"type":21,"title":189,"markdownContent":190,"audioMediaId":191},"Understanding the fashion cycle ","The fashion cycle refers to the life span in which the fashion exists and the process that it travels through. Fashion ultimately rises and phases out over time. It moves through five stages: introduction, rise, peak, decline, and obsolescence.\n\nThe cycle begins with the introduction of a new style produced in small quantities. The second stage sees the trend rise in popularity. Manufacturers replicate and mass-produce the limited designs for a cheaper cost. \n\nIn the third stage, the style is at its peak. It is widely accepted among the mainstream audience and is stocked by most retailers. The peak phase is unpredictable. Fast fashion designers often update the original style with alternative details to prolong its peak length.\n\nThe decline stage occurs when consumer demand for a particular product is limited due to market oversaturation. People no longer want to wear the item that everybody else is wearing. \n\nIn the obsolescence stage, the once sought-after style is no longer considered ‘trendy’. While obsolete trends are still available, most consumers are ready to move on to new trends. \n","52fe261c-dc7b-4ec3-b952-b16aaa8849d1",[193,202],{"id":194,"data":195,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"2d1e4822-f31e-4c37-a7e7-56a1af23ab62",{"type":51,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":196,"binaryCorrect":198,"binaryIncorrect":200},[197],"How many stages does the fashion cycle have?",[199],"Five",[201],"Three",{"id":203,"data":204,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"b1147124-9a44-4e57-b3fd-0ed54ff03bd5",{"type":51,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":205,"binaryCorrect":207,"binaryIncorrect":209},[206],"The fashion cycle consists of five stages: introduction, rise, peak, decline, and ...",[208],"Obsolescence",[210],"Renewal",{"id":212,"data":213,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"orbs":216},"7a089497-863c-4b43-bbb1-9e0d3c68e506",{"type":27,"title":214,"tagline":215},"Fashion Masterminds: Those Who Defined Fashion ","Who invented fashion? Learn all about the genius minds behind fashion, the definition of a fashion designer, and some big names to know. ",[217,270,360],{"id":218,"data":219,"type":25,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":221},"0ab4e094-ab23-4bc3-965a-9a768185d244",{"type":25,"title":220},"Understanding Fashion Design",[222,238,256],{"id":223,"data":224,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":228},"efa18dbd-aeda-44be-adcf-7a5f350a8c2e",{"type":21,"title":225,"markdownContent":226,"audioMediaId":227},"What is a fashion designer?","A fashion designer is a person that creates designs for new and original clothing, shoes, and accessories. Fashion designers use their knowledge of fashion, from its history to the current trends, to come up with fresh ideas. They then put their technical skills to use, playing with shapes, silhouettes, color, patterns, and texture.\n\n ![Graph](image://d896743a-6380-4d7f-8f37-182f9a9e121f \"Iconic designer Jimmy Choo\")\n\nMany fashion designers possess drawing skills, and tend to sketch their designs by hand. Today, many prefer to use technical tools, such as computer-aided design to produce their work. \n\nA fashion designer may specialize in one area or several, depending on their skills and interests. For example, Coco Chanel is known for her innovations in womenswear, while Malaysian fashion designer Jimmy Choo is world-famous for his beautiful shoes. The designer is the individual behind the creation, while a designer brand is built on reputation.\n\n","ecf328dc-33ce-4bb0-b0e1-cbbab21ba92f",[229],{"id":230,"data":231,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"ed15d8c1-c0b2-41f3-b99e-6376a1fbb63d",{"type":51,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":232,"binaryCorrect":234,"binaryIncorrect":236},[233],"In the fashion industry, who is responsible for creating new clothes?",[235],"Fashion designer",[237],"Fashion photographer",{"id":239,"data":240,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":244},"5ab8649c-8cb8-4601-8e0c-f74a1120e9c6",{"type":21,"title":241,"markdownContent":242,"audioMediaId":243},"Key fashion designer duties","Fashion designers have many day-to-day tasks, from making mood boards to liaising with clients. The exact duties depend on the market they are in, and whether the designer is working for a company, within a team, if they make the clothes single-handedly, or are working on a self-employed basis at home.\n\nA designer typically requires a creative flair to produce clothing and accessories that people want to buy and wear. It is a highly creative role that includes multiple processes to produce and finalize an idea. Often, a designer will work alongside others to develop the perfect garment.\n\n ![Graph](image://84e0051a-e077-4d3b-be08-2deb73500907 \"Many designers sketch their ideas on paper as a first step\")\n\nA typical day for a designer may include visualizing an idea, creating the idea on paper or using computer-aided design (CAD), keeping on top of current trends, working closely with a design team, visiting trade shows, and communicating with buyers, forecasters, models, and production and sales teams.\n\n","7d68c2b4-84ec-42fe-8574-738cfa488bef",[245],{"id":246,"data":247,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"b9cdfb62-8f8f-4f2b-ba13-80d10a84d289",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":248,"multiChoiceCorrect":250,"multiChoiceIncorrect":252},[249],"What does CAD stand for in the context of design?",[251],"Computer-aided design",[253,254,255],"Computer-animated drawing","Computer-aided drawing","Computer-assisted design",{"id":257,"data":258,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":262},"dab9aeb4-b431-42aa-a53c-856442c886bb",{"type":21,"title":259,"markdownContent":260,"audioMediaId":261},"Key roles in fashion","We count on the fashion designer to invent our clothes, but it takes a full team of people to bring a garment to our wardrobes. What started off as an interaction between client and designer has grown into an entire industry of working professionals in various roles.\n\n ![Graph](image://7f68a88e-691d-4c2a-87cf-ae2b89c7402d \"It often takes a full team of people to bring an idea to fruition\")\n\nIt begins with those who possess the practical skills to turn a vision into a physical item. Roles in the production department include designers, textile designers, garment technologists, pattern cutters, and fashion illustrators. All of these professions contribute to the clothes you buy and wear. \n\nNext, you have those working outside of production. There are the buyers, marketers, visual merchandisers, journalists, writers, trend forecasters, stylists, models, and photographers. When you explore these roles in detail, you will discover more figureheads who have contributed to our history, knowledge, and views of fashion. \n\n","d023daab-e272-4f33-b58a-4064cebf4a2b",[263],{"id":264,"data":265,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"a40b8505-4187-4ac0-9d38-edf8fbdedfeb",{"type":51,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":21,"activeRecallQuestion":266,"activeRecallAnswers":268},[267],"What is the team of people responsible for bringing a garment to our wardrobes called?",[269],"The production department",{"id":271,"data":272,"type":25,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":274},"bbe4d2e3-9b79-4ba0-90e9-f51483f52278",{"type":25,"title":273},"Historical Foundations of Fashion",[275,288,302,318,334],{"id":276,"data":277,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":281},"f1dc5275-cfd9-4890-b64d-a96a4a049291",{"type":21,"title":278,"markdownContent":279,"audioMediaId":280},"The first designers ","Humans have been making and wearing clothes for hundreds of thousands of years. In the early days, clothes were a necessity rather than a luxury. \n\nOur ancestors made clothing from plants, bones, and other natural sources for practical purposes, like keeping warm and dry.\n\n ![Graph](image://ab240222-4228-4d37-96ed-56ed57d319ef \"A gown from the early modern era. Image: Mike Peel, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nAs time passed, clothes soon became a symbol of status, wealth, and splendor. In the West, women typically wore elaborate gowns, like the mantua dress—a loosely draped gown with a train and matching petticoat. Men wore knee-length coats with a full skirt, knee breeches, and a matching waistcoat. \n\nThere are a handful of names that fashion historians consider to be among the world’s first fashion designers. But the origin of modern fashion design as we know it dates back to the nineteenth century.\n\nWhen you set out to discover the first designers of fashion, one name in particular crops up every time. Often referred to as the ‘father of haute couture’ and ‘the first couturier’, Charles Frederick Worth was an English fashion designer worthy of his huge reputation. \n\n","bd21bd84-a5c0-4370-a1b2-d77bb3c9dc62",[282],{"id":283,"data":284,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"b6714e26-5b05-4966-b60c-710d2e71144c",{"type":51,"reviewType":52,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":285,"clozeWords":287},[286],"Charles Frederick Worth is often referred to as the 'father of haute couture' and 'the first couturier'.",[85],{"id":289,"data":290,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":294},"eb5056d3-ee3f-410d-bc2c-3c08214cbf44",{"type":21,"title":291,"markdownContent":292,"audioMediaId":293},"Case study: Charles Frederick Worth ","Charles Frederick Worth is an infamous name in fashion. The English fashion designer is one of the greatest masterminds who defined fashion as we know it today. He is known by several titles, including ‘the father of haute couture’ and ‘the first couturier’. \n\n ![Graph](image://0ae61a94-5e9c-4f4b-a4d7-b90954dfd33f \"Charles Frederick Worth\")\n\nBorn in Bourne, Lincolnshire, England in 1825, Worth began his career in the textile industry. He relocated to Paris in 1845, where, after selling textile goods for the Parisian fabric seller Gagelin-Opigez & Cie, he eventually founded a dressmaking department within the company. In 1858, Worth opened his own firm called House of Worth. \n\nWorth continued to create unique pieces for clients in the House of Worth workshop. He began using live models to showcase his designs, whereas previously clothes were only ever presented on mannequins. It is here that he earned his titles, as well as his legacy as an innovator and true genius in the origins of luxury fashion design. \n\n","76a2719a-6fa6-4490-b47f-49c6ba898340",[295],{"id":296,"data":297,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"d8eae74b-0fb4-4f49-9ed2-20f1f78d5656",{"type":51,"reviewType":52,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":298,"clozeWords":300},[299],"Charles Frederick Worth is known as the 'father of haute couture'",[301],"haute couture",{"id":303,"data":304,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":308},"f3f6ac35-139a-4552-a48b-895fb4e12caa",{"type":21,"title":305,"markdownContent":306,"audioMediaId":307},"Case study: Rose Bertin","Rose Bertin is another name among the world’s first fashion designers. The French milliner is considered the first celebrity fashion designer. \n\n ![Graph](image://72245658-57c1-4b00-827e-5e443c895e58 \"Rose Bertin\")\n\nShe is primarily known as the dressmaker to her most famous client, Marie Antoinette, the last queen of France before the French Revolution. Although inextricably linked to Marie Antoinette, Bertin’s records show she had hundreds of clients of high stature, including actresses, European aristocrats, and other queens.\n\nFollowing a successful apprenticeship in millinery in Paris, Bertin opened up her own shop in 1770, a Parisian boutique called Le Grand Mogol. Due to her link with royalty and other celebrities, her work is thought to have put Paris on the fashion map, establishing the city as an epicenter for luxury fashion. \n\nBertin is synonymous with the extravagant style of French women in the mid-18th century, with trends including the elaborate pouf hairstyle, lavish dresses, and rustic muslin gowns. Much of Marie Antoinette's signature style was invented by Bertin. \n\n","3bc90bbb-192c-473b-b9fb-b017a79a1c9f",[309],{"id":310,"data":311,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"90d106b4-b1cf-465d-8952-416a3a2651c7",{"type":51,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":312,"binaryCorrect":314,"binaryIncorrect":316},[313],"Who was the dressmaker to Marie Antoinette?\t",[315],"Rose Bertin",[317],"Madame Tussaud",{"id":319,"data":320,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":324},"c97c87fa-d175-4bb7-ad20-e67d92339a46",{"type":21,"title":321,"markdownContent":322,"audioMediaId":323},"The first fashion houses","A fashion house is a company that specializes in the designing, making, and selling of high fashion goods. \n\nMost fashion houses are linked to prominent designers and are recognized worldwide. Some of the biggest and most powerful fashion houses operating today include Gucci, Chanel, Dior, and Louis Vuitton. \n\nCharles Frederick Worth is considered the primary inventor of fashion as we know it today, showcasing haute couture as an art form, as opposed to the practical fashion that had come before. \n\nAs he established the House of Worth, he began the tradition of fashion designers housing their designs within a specialized company. Rather than visiting a seamstress or tailor, clients could buy an entire wardrobe from the House of Worth.\n\nBefore the House of Worth, there was another early fashion house. It differs from what we associate with fashion houses today because it didn’t make or sell high-fashion clothes. Instead, it began its journey by selling quality horse-riding equipment before venturing into other fashion-related avenues. \n\nOne of the first official fashion houses to arrive was Hermès.\n\n","97167a10-9a48-4026-af80-a7e8d5d1fe6e",[325],{"id":326,"data":327,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"ce1ac7de-d2d1-4ae9-9dd7-72489cb81692",{"type":51,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":328,"binaryCorrect":330,"binaryIncorrect":332},[329],"Which French brand, initially known for horse-riding equipment, became one of the world's most prestigious fashion labels?",[331],"Hermès",[333],"Louis Vuitton",{"id":335,"data":336,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":340},"bd7d7428-fac9-49b8-9118-c1f538c5f06d",{"type":21,"title":337,"markdownContent":338,"audioMediaId":339},"Case study: Hermès  ","Hermès is a French fashion house and one of the world’s oldest luxury fashion brands still in existence. Founded by Thierry Hermès in 1837, the house was located in the Grands Boulevards quarter of Paris. \n\n ![Graph](image://70418a0f-c2d8-4160-968c-79333e87d815 \"The Hermès flagship store in Paris\")\n\nIt originally began selling equestrian supplies, like saddles and harnesses, leading to the design of its globally-recognized logo, which features a horse and carriage. \n\nEventually, Hermès created the Haut à Courroies bag. The very first Hermès bag was purposefully designed for carrying horse-riding equipment, including a saddle and riding boots. This was the beginning of the now famous Hermès handbags, including their iconic Kelly and Birkin bags, among others. \n\nToday, Hermès is best known for its luxury handbags. However, the company continues to produce high-quality saddlery, as well as fine leather goods, accessories, jewelry, fragrance, and ready-to-wear clothing for men and women. \n\n","5ef2ea5e-1b03-4371-ab94-3d7d0207b7f1",[341,349],{"id":342,"data":343,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"09bd43c8-50eb-4660-8b69-2278e517491f",{"type":51,"reviewType":52,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":344,"clozeWords":346},[345],"Hermès is a French fashion house and one of the world’s oldest luxury fashion brands still in existence.",[331,347,348],"luxury","fashion",{"id":350,"data":351,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"a002034d-d616-4eb6-8595-e672c5cdba02",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":352,"multiChoiceCorrect":354,"multiChoiceIncorrect":356},[353],"What is the logo of the French fashion house Hermès?",[355],"A horse and carriage",[357,358,359],"A polo payer on a horse","A horse's head","A horse and boot",{"id":361,"data":362,"type":25,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":364},"48057636-4a09-4222-84e1-9dc174a7f46d",{"type":25,"title":363},"Influential Figures in Fashion",[365,379],{"id":366,"data":367,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":371},"9369b9d8-4950-42a2-ae3b-275a4eaadf49",{"type":21,"title":368,"markdownContent":369,"audioMediaId":370},"The first fashion models","The first modern clothing model was Marie Augustine Vernet, the wife of the first couturier Charles Frederick Worth. In the mid-1800s, Worth decided to use live models instead of mannequins to showcase his work. \n\n ![Graph](image://6809ecc4-28a8-4fc9-aee8-7cddb13a73d8 \"Marie Augustine Verdet\")\n\nPrior to this, only mannequins were used to advertise designs in clothing stores and window displays. These wax dolls allowed the customer to view how a piece of clothing looked on the body. When Worth introduced human models, they were known as ‘live mannequins’ up until around the late 1930s, when the word mannequin began to take on the meaning of ‘dummy’. \n\nModeling remained a low-paid, underrepresented job until the 1920s hit, and the advent of mass media and the relaxing of social norms meant that modeling became a viable career choice for women. In 1923, John Robert Powers founded the world’s first modeling agency in New York City. Modeling schools became a thing, and the idea of marketing clothes on people paved the way for what is now a billion-dollar industry operating worldwide. \n\n","0564bfcd-47af-4cdd-9cd7-adc31039e24b",[372],{"id":373,"data":374,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"1f229244-f85c-4572-bc37-7b01a02fae04",{"type":51,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":21,"activeRecallQuestion":375,"activeRecallAnswers":377},[376],"Who was the first modern clothing model?",[378],"Marie Augustine Vernet",{"id":380,"data":381,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":385},"4c252fea-5805-42b2-9869-22312a1a78c5",{"type":21,"title":382,"markdownContent":383,"audioMediaId":384},"Shifting trends ","There are dozens of masterminds who have shifted our perception of fashion and brought new ideas into the mainstream. Certain moments in time changed fashion forever.\n\nThe major players who brought their creations to the forefront of society have had a profound influence on the development of fashion as a business and leading industry, as well as an art form. \n\n ![Graph](image://573c73ad-0465-4d73-bb78-7fcc1ad15477 \"An early example of a little black dress. Image: M.N.A. van den Bogaart, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia \")\n\nMany of the trends we take for granted today began with a single, revolutionary moment. For example, the introduction of Coco Chanel’s little black dress in the 1926 October issue of American Vogue epitomized the Roaring Twenties. It turned the color black, which was previously reserved only for mourning, into an elegant and affordable statement. \n\nLater, Christian Dior’s ‘New Look’ in 1947 said goodbye to the austerity of WW2 and welcomed a delightfully feminine look that honored the female form. The ‘New Look’ consisted of a cinched waist, a full skirt, and rounded shoulders.\n\n","20ead420-fc6a-4b02-95d6-ce053dbeb2d1",[386],{"id":387,"data":388,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"f260db45-d0b4-4663-b16e-630c39d6eab1",{"type":51,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":389,"binaryCorrect":391,"binaryIncorrect":393},[390],"What did Coco Chanel introduce in the 1926 October issue of American Vogue?",[392],"The little black dress",[394],"Chanel No. 5",{"id":396,"data":397,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"orbs":400},"76ecf5a2-b94a-4907-9a2f-ead4439a65f4",{"type":27,"title":398,"tagline":399},"The Birth of the Fashion Show","Fashion shows today are extravagant media spectacles, but it wasn’t always that way. When did the concept begin? Discover the history of the fashion show.\n",[401,502,544],{"id":402,"data":403,"type":25,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":405},"1fa78a26-e733-497d-bab9-7cdeb692dca8",{"type":25,"title":404},"The Evolution of Fashion Shows",[406,424,438,469,487],{"id":407,"data":408,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":412},"db543eb7-65bb-4b57-a7f7-c8bc8bd8cd7a",{"type":21,"title":409,"markdownContent":410,"audioMediaId":411},"The early days","The best fashion shows can transport an entire physical and virtual audience into a different universe. They bring a designer’s precious work to life on models’ bodies within a set created to tell the story of the collection. \n\n ![Graph](image://9c98d2c8-00ea-4cdf-811b-3bd81262ed1f \"Fashion in the late 19th century\")\n\nThe concept of the fashion show has evolved. Before catwalk shows featuring live models wearing the clothes, fashion was solely advertised on mannequins. There was no movement or flourish to reveal how the clothes would look on an actual person. Customers could only imagine how a garment might look on themselves, based on still, motionless dolls.\n\nEventually, the first fashion parades arrived in the 1860s and featured real, breathing models wearing the clothes. Customers could now see the rhythm and movement of a garment, bringing designs to life. The birth of the fashion show by fashion’s earliest pioneers paved the way for the modern catwalks we know today.\n\n","0c5b19fa-fb7e-4617-ab3f-a0bc887bbf55",[413],{"id":414,"data":415,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"a82129bf-cece-46e4-9849-34f8f090c5a0",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":416,"multiChoiceCorrect":418,"multiChoiceIncorrect":420},[417],"When did the first fashion parades featuring real models wearing the clothes take place?",[419],"In the 1860s",[421,422,423],"In the 1910s","In the 1770s","In the 1840s",{"id":425,"data":426,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":430},"e39d8db3-a4ac-499a-af07-2e6374a24cfc",{"type":21,"title":427,"markdownContent":428,"audioMediaId":429},"The world’s first fashion show","The beginnings of the fashion show date back to the 1860s in Paris when English designer Charles Frederick Worth ditched mannequins for real-life models. He hired young women to model his collections, including his wife, Marie Augustine Vernet, who is credited as the world’s first fashion model. \n\nThese early shows were known as fashion parades, which saw one model after another wearing the designs to showcase to an audience. They were small events, unlike the mind-blowing spectacles we see now. They were simple presentations with no music, elaborate set design, or special effects. However, these parades were just the beginning, setting the way for the arrival of the modern catwalk show.\n \nThese women were dressed in Worth’s haute couture creations, which featured rich fabrics and elements of historical dress, bringing luxury fashion to the forefront of women’s minds. Worth is synonymous with being the pioneer of several first critical fashion movements, including the fashion show, haute couture, and the first to revolutionize fashion as a business. \n","b98c0c83-e457-4150-8d74-9fc7ab6bea4d",[431],{"id":432,"data":433,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"d8ed9bb9-18ef-4c51-93d4-67b7302ec62d",{"type":51,"reviewType":52,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":434,"clozeWords":436},[435],"Charles Frederick Worth ditched mannequins in favor of real-life models",[437],"mannequins",{"id":439,"data":440,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":444},"8c63a5d4-c549-427c-805a-16903f9faea5",{"type":21,"title":441,"markdownContent":442,"audioMediaId":443},"Case study: Lady Duff-Gordon","Lucy Christiana, Lady Duff Gordon, also known professionally as Lucile, was another fashion design pioneer and is credited as being among the first people to debut the world’s first catwalk show. \n\n ![Graph](image://4cbf1cf5-6d2b-4f0a-9dbf-0a11a3f73536 \"Lady Duff-Gordon\")\n\nLike Charles Frederick Worth, the British designer also used live mannequins in fashion parades in early 20th century London. Unlike Worth, she is regarded as creating the first catwalk show with all the additional theatrical elements we associate with the modern catwalk, including scenic stages, music, special lighting, and models striking poses in the gowns. \n\nThis new approach introduced the fashion show as more of a performance rather than a presentation solely showcasing the clothes. Lady Duff-Gordon revealed her collections on models at her shop in Hanover Square in Mayfair, London. The audience attended by invitation only to view the latest creations in luxury fashion.\n\nAside from being a Titanic survivor, Lady Duff-Gordon is best known for her early runway shows, training professional models, and dressing high society in feminine silhouettes with slit skirts and low necklines. \n\n","a9218071-b9e8-4067-b674-25d30f869e76",[445,453,460],{"id":446,"data":447,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"3017cda7-707f-4d6c-836b-de0c0b39b983",{"type":51,"reviewType":52,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":448,"clozeWords":450},[449],"Lucy Christiana, Lady Duff Gordon, also known professionally as Lucile, was another fashion design pioneer and is credited as being among the first people to debut the world’s first catwalk show.",[451,452],"Lady Duff Gordon","catwalk show",{"id":454,"data":455,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"a5540532-ba1b-4e40-9aca-5f076e10d62c",{"type":51,"reviewType":52,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":456,"clozeWords":458},[457],"Lady Duff-Gordon is best known for her early runway shows, which she debuted in London, and for dressing high society in feminine silhouettes with slit skirts and low necklines.",[459],"London",{"id":461,"data":462,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"d7e2c567-f505-456b-aa1b-59bc80abc51e",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":463,"multiChoiceCorrect":465,"multiChoiceIncorrect":466},[464],"Who is credited as staging one of the world's first catwalks?",[451],[467,468,88],"Hugo Boss","Coco Chanel",{"id":470,"data":471,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":475},"aef979e3-60f2-4192-9c95-11ce43a402e5",{"type":21,"title":472,"markdownContent":473,"audioMediaId":474},"Case study: Paul Poiret","Meanwhile, in the early 20th century, French designer Paul Poiret was also playing with the fashion show concept and presenting his designs on live bodies in action. \n\nHe is another name linked to the early development of haute couture and is considered one of its founding fathers as he dressed the Parisian elite before the First World War. \n\n ![Graph](image://2cbd4dd4-7282-455b-9991-1a3db91381fc \"Paul Poiret\")\n\nPoiret was famous for throwing elaborate society balls that helped showcase his work. These events made him one of the first couturiers to use publicity as a marketing tool for his designs. In 1911, he staged the 1002 Nights costume party to launch his new brand of perfumes. The party was Persian-themed and took place at his mansion, with guests arriving in Persian dress. \n\nThe highlight of the evening was Poiret’s wife Denise sitting in a gilded cage wearing his latest style of harem pants. Poiret had realized the huge power that social currency could hold in the art of marketing fashion. \n\n","cfdde068-6346-4248-af0f-b8d26ca301ce",[476],{"id":477,"data":478,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"43675ead-5ad5-46a2-8d25-1ed95ac003e1",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":479,"multiChoiceCorrect":481,"multiChoiceIncorrect":483},[480],"What did Paul Poiret use to showcase his designs?",[482],"Live models",[484,485,486],"Mannequins","Drawings","Photographs",{"id":488,"data":489,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":493},"b561fcfc-60e1-49c6-a234-32a0a04296b5",{"type":21,"title":490,"markdownContent":491,"audioMediaId":492},"Case study: Coco Chanel","Gabrielle “Coco” Chanel was the French designer and founder of the Chanel brand who ruled Parisian fashion in the 1900s.\n\nHer 31 Rue Cambon apartment in Paris served as her home residence, boutique, and haute couture atelier spread across the floors. \n\n ![Graph](image://725ef9c2-608f-490c-b70a-ea2fac3602e0 \"Coco Chanel. Image: By Los Angeles Times, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nIt was here that she would stage salon shows to showcase her creations to an audience. It is believed that Chanel would perch herself on the steps of the now famous mirrored Art-Deco staircase and watch her shows in secret, supposedly watching the audience’s faces in the reflections. \n\nChanel’s signature styles incorporated elements of men’s fashion, notably in the form of her famous yachting trousers inspired by male sailors. She also used a lightweight jersey for most of her garments—a material previously popular for making men’s underwear. Her collections at the salon shows offered women a versatile and more practical way of dressing.\n\nToday, 31 Rue Cambon remains the epicenter for the House of Chanel. \n\n","6db4831d-6f7c-49e1-8a59-4bf44391ff16",[494],{"id":495,"data":496,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"c556d9a5-2281-4876-96bf-65136c075ce9",{"type":51,"reviewType":52,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":497,"clozeWords":499},[498],"Gabrielle “Coco” Chanel was the French designer and founder of the Chanel brand who ruled Parisian fashion in the 1900s.",[500,501],"Chanel","Parisian",{"id":503,"data":504,"type":25,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":506},"5f6a3abc-17c7-4411-a5b1-9b1750d94e02",{"type":25,"title":505},"The Birth of Fashion Weeks and Editorials",[507,521],{"id":508,"data":509,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":513},"c73da1bb-8ea1-498f-8d4f-017a6ec4b7a2",{"type":21,"title":510,"markdownContent":511,"audioMediaId":512},"The birth of the fashion week","A fashion week is a week-long event where a range of fashion designers showcase their upcoming collections on the runway. Fashion weeks occur in several cities around the world, but the most prestigious fashion weeks are held in the top four fashion capitals; New York, London, Milan, and Paris. \n\nThe first official fashion week, named initially ‘Press Week,’ arrived in 1943 amidst World War Two. Due to the war, Paris shows were canceled, and the American fashion media could not enter France for inspiration. Instead, the media turned to New York City. Press Week soon became Fashion Week, with multiple fashion shows taking place across the city. It became the first city to organize seasonal fashion shows. \n\nEleanor Lambert, an American publicist, is best known as the founder of New York Fashion Week (NYFW). She championed American fashion and advocated for America as a fashion capital. Today, New York Fashion Week is among the four major fashion weeks known as the Big Four.\n","02c50ed5-3297-4173-af24-262400d79911",[514],{"id":515,"data":516,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"64eb7de6-6bf0-4479-abd2-36590c596358",{"type":51,"reviewType":52,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":517,"clozeWords":519},[518],"Eleanor Lambert, an American publicist, is best known as the founder of New York Fashion Week (NYFW).",[520],"New York Fashion Week",{"id":522,"data":523,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":527},"3419d3ee-fa6f-4af4-8623-c7c30fd29ab9",{"type":21,"title":524,"markdownContent":525,"audioMediaId":526},"The first fashion editorial ","French couturier Paul Poiret is known as the ‘King of Fashion’ as he led the fashion industry in the first decade of the 20th century. \n\n ![Graph](image://e02f50f0-2ef0-43e7-8d67-27a507483e8c \"Edward Steichen\")\n\nAs well as introducing the hobble skirt and the lampshade dress, freeing women from corsets in favor of the brassiere, and dressing Paris’s finest, Paul Poiret’s work contributed to the first fashion editorial. \n\nHe changed the course of fashion when, in 1911, American photographer Edward Steichen shot Poiret’s designs for the April issue of Art & Décoration magazine. This is said to be the first modern fashion photography shoot, promoting fashion as fine art. It featured women modeling Poiret’s gowns, shot at new and creative angles. \n\nThe event paved the way for the fashion editorial we consider today an essential part of fashion magazines. Fashion editorials not only bring us beautiful images to look at but tell a story of the collection without words. \n\n\n","56b1eab2-e0f1-43df-8fdc-1453fa6f9e98",[528,537],{"id":529,"data":530,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"0996246a-95c9-40c1-afdd-28856313b228",{"type":51,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":531,"binaryCorrect":533,"binaryIncorrect":535},[532],"What event is said to be the first modern fashion photography shoot?",[534],"Edward Steichen shooting Paul Poiret’s designs for the April issue of Art & Décoration magazine",[536],"Paul Poiret introducing the hobble skirt and the lampshade dress",{"id":538,"data":539,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"11fd8fbc-0186-437d-b128-0c05f36da84c",{"type":51,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":21,"activeRecallQuestion":540,"activeRecallAnswers":542},[541],"Which French pioneer was known as the 'King of Fashion'?",[543],"Paul Poiret",{"id":545,"data":546,"type":25,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":548},"82cc87cc-5a12-4ea3-846d-aec27cda30a0",{"type":25,"title":547},"The Rise of Supermodels",[549,567,584],{"id":550,"data":551,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":555},"b64cfdf2-c218-4791-9ee7-a35e0bfa013c",{"type":21,"title":552,"markdownContent":553,"audioMediaId":554},"The first supermodel","The idea of the supermodel arose when models began taking big beauty contracts that brought their faces to the forefront of magazines, billboards, and the runway, making them stand out from the countless other models working in the industry. A handful of names are associated with the world’s first supermodels. \n\n ![Graph](image://0fb529b8-f480-4287-b0ee-717c55a12be3 \"Evelyn Nesbit\")\n\nEvelyn Nesbit, for example, was one of the most in-demand fashion models in the early 20th century. Her face appeared everywhere, from newspapers and magazines to souvenirs. As she rose to fame, she came to define the meaning of the term ‘supermodel’ and is generally considered the first supermodel.\n\nLesley Hornby, aka Twiggy, was another of the first international supermodels and an icon of the 1960s. Janice Dickinson was one of the biggest names in the business in the 1970s and 1980s. She is considered one of America’s first significant supermodels and claims to have coined the term ‘supermodel’ in 1979, referring to herself as “the world’s first supermodel.” \n\nHowever, it wasn’t until the 1980s that models truly became supermodels. By the 1990s, the supermodel craze was in full swing as a selection of models, like Christy Turlington and Naomi Campbell, became superstars in the media, earning extortionate amounts of money.\n\n","c148d884-4747-4bb8-9016-8c56388199e1",[556],{"id":557,"data":558,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"ae6c174a-4f4d-4d28-b4f4-c380a892d5c4",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":559,"multiChoiceCorrect":561,"multiChoiceIncorrect":563},[560],"Who is generally considered the first supermodel?",[562],"Evelyn Nesbit",[564,565,566],"Naomi Campbell","Janice Dickinson","Christy Turlington",{"id":568,"data":569,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":573},"fc4f8e1b-a673-45ea-a2b9-c072e529970a",{"type":21,"title":570,"markdownContent":571,"audioMediaId":572},"The 1990s ‘Original’ Supermodels","The 1990s was the golden era for supermodels. At this time, models were more than faces on the catwalk. They were sharing their personalities all over the media, appearing on talk shows, dominating magazine columns, and even landing roles in the film industry. \n\n![Graph](image://5dd48924-4511-4cb4-b7fb-82b01fa05c87 \"Christy Turlington. Image: By Kingkongphoto, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nIconic photographs from the likes of Peter Lindbergh and Herb Ritts documenting these superwomen contributed to their fame and fortune. Christy Turlington, Cindy Crawford, Linda Evangelista, Naomi Campbell, and Tatjana Patitz are considered the ‘Original Supermodels’ and were dubbed the ‘Big Five.’ Claudia Schiffer eventually replaced Patitz, and the ‘Big Five’ became the ‘Big Six’ with the arrival of a young Kate Moss in the mid-1990s.\n\nTyra Banks, Heidi Klum, and Gisele Bündchen later joined the supermodel scene. Today, all of these women remain household names with worldwide reputations. While there are many influential models in the present day, they have yet to match the power of the 90s originals. \n\n","7c8665bb-8719-418a-8158-b15a208fb998",[574],{"id":575,"data":576,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"b442f975-4091-4b03-ae73-acb1dcabbf0d",{"type":51,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":21,"activeRecallQuestion":577,"activeRecallAnswers":579},[578],"Who were the 'Big Six' supermodels of the 1990s",[566,580,581,564,582,583],"Cindy Crawford","Linda Evangelista","Tatjana Patitz","Kate Moss",{"id":585,"data":586,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":590},"3fdbc9fd-3782-407d-be13-6e401f63724d",{"type":21,"title":587,"markdownContent":588,"audioMediaId":589},"Versace Fall 1991 show","Gianni Versace’s Fall 1991 show stands out as one of the most iconic runway shows of all time. It delivered an iconic moment in fashion history because it epitomized the 1990s supermodel era. \n\n ![Graph](image://fe161f5f-629c-4f1e-91a0-264eae492a0e \"Versace's iconic fall 1991 show finale. Image: Marek Śliwecki, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nIn the grand finale, Versace sent Linda Evangelista, Cindy Crawford, Naomi Campbell, and Christy Turlington down the runway, four of the industry’s most powerful supermodels. They were wearing black, red, and yellow cocktail dresses and miming the lyrics to George Michael’s “Freedom! ’90” in an unexpected recreation of the original music video, in which they all starred the year before.\n\nThe moment solidified their supermodel status within popular culture and merged fashion with the celebrity world. This particular show sparked the idea that the catwalk was not only a place to reveal a collection but a place to create an exciting media spectacle. Although the show occurred pre-internet, it hit the mainstream media with force. \n\nThe show took place in Milan and featured leather suits, cropped jackets, baroque prints, large belts, thigh-high boots, lots of black, and a lot of embellishment. \n\n","22be1429-563f-4880-ab00-bd4f7ee3f302",[591],{"id":592,"data":593,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"f8da5bc0-aa49-4e53-883b-6792608ab437",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":594,"multiChoiceCorrect":596,"multiChoiceIncorrect":598},[595],"What song soundtracked Linda Evangelista, Cindy Crawford, Naomi Campbell, and Christy Turlington's shared catwalk performance at Gianni Versace’s Fall 1991 show?",[597],"“Freedom! ’90”",[599,600,601],"“Thriller","“Like a Prayer”","“I Wanna Dance with Somebody”",{"id":603,"data":604,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"orbs":607},"883f34ef-69e5-40e4-b412-741fd816d621",{"type":27,"title":605,"tagline":606},"20th Century: Fashion Through the Decades","Alongside people and society, fashion evolves with the times. A brief history of the fashion timeline in the 20th century.",[608,688,751],{"id":609,"data":610,"type":25,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":612},"1846cf37-8f5f-4552-9cf2-0375ea561464",{"type":25,"title":611},"The Evolution of Corsetry",[613,627,641,656,674],{"id":614,"data":615,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":619},"0001565e-0c8a-4bc8-92ee-ba47bb8eb229",{"type":21,"title":616,"markdownContent":617,"audioMediaId":618},"Case study: The corset","The corset is a structured garment designed to shape the torso. It features a bodice with rigid lines and was traditionally worn as an undergarment to reduce the size of the waist, lift the breasts, and train the waist into the desired shape over time. \n\nThese rigid undergarments hidden beneath clothes gave form to the latest fashions. The corset remains prominent in fashion history as a controversial garment that disfigured the body and put women’s health in danger. \n\n ![Graph](image://2760d8e1-03b2-4288-b6a3-637194805114 \"An early corset\")\n\nCorsetry dominated women’s fashion between the 16th and early 20th centuries. They were made with whalebone and steel used between the layers of material. Though they were designed to provide support - much like modern bras, excessive boning sometimes altered women’s bodies into unnatural shapes considered attractive at the time, such as the S-bend corset of the 1900s. \n\nThis form of corset was later considered detrimental to health, causing many women to faint due to restricted breathing. Eventually, corsetry began to decline in popularity as women switched to wearing brassieres following material shortages during the First World War. ","8f1c1dce-664b-4819-8156-035beaef11b1",[620],{"id":621,"data":622,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"b49a2cc4-61e6-4a6c-87e3-de6236562c9d",{"type":51,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":21,"activeRecallQuestion":623,"activeRecallAnswers":625},[624],"When did corsetry begin to decline in popularity?",[626],"During the First World War",{"id":628,"data":629,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":633},"18f4fea2-90c7-4d42-9a28-e3da3dadf9a1",{"type":21,"title":630,"markdownContent":631,"audioMediaId":632},"The 1900s","The most fashionable item of clothing during the 1900s was the S-bend corset. The S-bend corset allowed the bosom to hang lower while pushing the hips back, morphing the body into the shape of the figure S. This silhouette ruled women’s fashion and was often called the ‘Pouter Pigeon’ as the puffiness from the waist resembled the bird puffing its chest feathers.\n\n ![Graph](image://bb37ebe9-a9fd-4be9-a8e1-09083802cd7c \"An S-bend corset\")\n\nAlthough the corset forced women’s bodies into a form that was deemed desirable, people’s clothes remained modest. Full-sleeve, full-length dresses typically covered the entire body from the neck down. They were emphasized with extra fabric, frills, puffs, lace, and other forms of embellishment. The trumpet skirt was narrow from the hip to the knee before flaring at the hem. Accessories-wise, enormous hats were the norm, completing the overall look of the sophisticated, well-dressed woman of the 1900s. \n\nMeanwhile, men wore three-piece lounge suits and a range of coats depending on the occasion, such as knee-length top coats and dinner jackets.\n\n","fbe1f136-42ad-44f8-b68f-dd0cc2188d61",[634],{"id":635,"data":636,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"c64819b9-92b0-469c-b9ac-5ce7026ba0f1",{"type":51,"reviewType":52,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":637,"clozeWords":639},[638],"The most fashionable item of women's clothing during the 1900s was the S-bend corset.",[640],"S-bend corset",{"id":642,"data":643,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":647},"745ca0cd-916d-433e-8091-045edf7d5532",{"type":21,"title":644,"markdownContent":645,"audioMediaId":646},"The 1910s ","The previous contorted shape of the 1900s softened. Several designers liberated women from the corset in favor of more relaxed silhouettes, including Paul Poiret and Lady Duff-Gordon. \n\n ![Graph](image://24489bbc-4373-4ab8-be18-5cbe3f327f4c \"An example of a dress from the 1910s. Image: Shakko, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nTheir new designs focused on highlighting the natural form of the female body rather than distorting it with heavy, highly-restrictive, and uncomfortable styles. Women were becoming more conscious of the health risks that putting such pressures on their bodies could lead to.\n\nPaul Poiret, in particular, defined the era with his inventive designs. Although he \"freed\" women from corsets, he restricted their legs with the hobble skirt, a fitted, ankle-length skirt that grew narrower at the bottom. It made it difficult for women to walk, forcing them to hobble awkwardly. \n\nDue to their restricting nature, hobble skirts were relatively short-lived, and historians generally date the wearing of the hobble skirt from 1908 to 1914. Poiret also designed the lampshade tunic, a long shirt with a rigid bottom worn over a hobble skirt or harem trousers. \n\n","831b0729-6cae-47e3-9425-354fe710da00",[648],{"id":649,"data":650,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"df6daf07-357e-478f-af8a-b2fd3f8d9f44",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":651,"multiChoiceCorrect":653,"multiChoiceIncorrect":654},[652],"Who designed the lampshade tunic?",[543],[655,468,88],"Lady Duff-Gordon",{"id":657,"data":658,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":662},"9e842507-51fc-4db8-be24-286474210be6",{"type":21,"title":659,"markdownContent":660,"audioMediaId":661},"The 1920s","‘La Garconne’ dominated the 1920s and referenced the style of the flappers. Following the war, people wanted more freedom, swapping formality with comfortable and more relaxed fits. \n\nThe Roaring Twenties was a time of prosperity and vast economic growth. Many Americans had extra cash to spend on clothes, cars, and other consumer goods. The cultural change meant that people were now leading a more active and sociable lifestyle.\n\n\n ![Graph](image://dec5e319-13ee-4473-8da1-23b52ad6bb47 \"The iconic 'flapper dress'\")\n\nThe symbolic 1920s look was the knee-skimming dress that allowed free-spirited women to move and dance with ease. Pleated skirts, cloche hats, and embellished evening wear were all typical elements of the glamorous scene in the Roaring Twenties.\n\nArt Deco, the art and architectural style, emerged in the 1920s and soon crossed over into fashion. The design introduced geometric form, long lines, and vivid colors. It created a modern, sleek, sophisticated aesthetic that radiated luxury and wealth. \n\nFrench designer Jeanne Lanvin is closely associated with Art Deco fashion, although her most prominent designs arrived in the 1930s. Her evening dresses epitomized the concept of Art Deco as she combined geometry with long, clean lines.\n\n","7426c9b0-2f56-45ab-85a7-156d35b0756b",[663],{"id":664,"data":665,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"090fd5c8-6177-4ec1-aaab-38c9a46991dc",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":666,"multiChoiceCorrect":668,"multiChoiceIncorrect":670},[667],"What was the symbolic look of the 1920s?",[669],"Knee-skimming dresses",[671,672,673],"Pencil skirts","Corsets","Miniskirts",{"id":675,"data":676,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":680},"edac9740-2dc1-475e-b2b1-2de89e922182",{"type":21,"title":677,"markdownContent":678,"audioMediaId":679},"The 1930s","In the 1930s, women left the boyish look of the 1920s behind and returned to the feminine aesthetic. Garments reverted to hugging the female proportions while the silhouette became more slim and elongated.\n\n ![Graph](image://667f7b45-ded9-4072-8af6-818fd7fbc7a3 \"Hollywood stars increasingly influenced fashion in the 1930s\")\n\nMuch of 1930s fashion was heavily influenced by fashionable women in the Hollywood movie industry, like Marlene Dietrich, Jean Harlow, and Vivien Leigh.\n\nA widely adopted style was the bias cut, the technique of cutting the fabric at a 45-degree angle. This allowed the fabric to drape and skim the female curves, creating a slinky silhouette. Beautiful bias-cut gowns in satin were a favorite choice for eveningwear. Another defining trend was the strong shoulder on suits and dresses made with padding and layers. Elsa Schiaparelli pioneered the shoulder pad, but Joan Crawford later popularized it after wearing a flamboyant dress with oversized ruffled shoulders in the 1932 film Letty Lynton. Costume designer Gilbert Adrian created the iconic dress, especially for the film.\n\n","90aae560-6295-46b7-9d4c-727f7047e522",[681],{"id":682,"data":683,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"b525f6e5-290f-49c6-9e64-6beb731f9139",{"type":51,"reviewType":52,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":684,"clozeWords":686},[685],"A widely adopted style was the bias cut, the technique of cutting the fabric at a 45-degree angle.",[687],"bias cut",{"id":689,"data":690,"type":25,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":692},"9a9edf39-a243-43a3-9e4d-a6056732c6eb",{"type":25,"title":691},"Mid-20th Century Fashion",[693,707,722,737],{"id":694,"data":695,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":699},"e8ac6888-47fa-43bf-b23d-901ed3fb3b15",{"type":21,"title":696,"markdownContent":697,"audioMediaId":698},"The 1940s","World War Two had an overpowering impact on fashion in the first half of the 1940s. Fashion effectively stalled as rations meant clothing styles were limited. \n\nIn Britain, utility clothing was introduced as part of a rationing scheme in response to the shortage of materials in 1941. Rationing was not as severe in the US, although there were limitations on certain items, such as wool and silk. \n\n\n ![Graph](image://e4fbfb89-2310-4f85-ae59-0b0fe8b16b19 \"Utility was an important consideration for many in the 1940s\")\n\nMost of the time, men and women in the 1940s were dressed in either uniform or utility clothes. Everything was less fussy. Utility wear was simple, standardized, and purchased with coupons. It included everything from coats and trousers to shirts, socks, and gloves. \n\nWhile clothing felt very military and practical, the 1940s still managed to capture new styles despite the hardships of the time. Things were also looking up when Christian Dior’s groundbreaking silhouette with cinched-in jackets and full skirts heavily defined women’s post-war style. Tailored skirt suits and slimmer skirts were also popular pieces. \n\n","14c16052-9275-4daf-a2b0-42c0ae043f51",[700],{"id":701,"data":702,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"c3148415-0ea4-49d3-a5fd-3b0cf44bbfeb",{"type":51,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":21,"activeRecallQuestion":703,"activeRecallAnswers":705},[704],"When was utility clothing introduced in Britain as part of a rationing scheme?",[706],"1941",{"id":708,"data":709,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":713},"ba1d4423-356f-44ac-8a27-43e3ca576e68",{"type":21,"title":710,"markdownContent":711,"audioMediaId":712},"The 1950s ","1950s fashion has several hallmarks. Women were now embracing new styles as they could afford to shop for clothes after living through the Second World War. While elements of conservatism remained, many designers were now offering more fun and freeing casual wear. \n\n ![Graph](image://c0982e22-1b38-4393-ac72-e6898b734bd1 \"The pencil skirt was popular in the 1950s\")\n\nChristian Dior’s New Look launched in 1947 and maintained popularity in the 1950s. It honored the hourglass figure which dominated the decade, as women wore cinched waistlines and full skirts with exaggerated hips. In 1954, Dior introduced the modern pencil skirt, which also hugged the waist. Unlike his billowing skirts, it created a narrow silhouette. \n\nShirtwaist dresses—a dress that buttons at the front from the neck to the waist or hem—became popular as a casual, toned-down alternative to the more oversized silhouettes. \n\nFor trips to the beach, women were now donning short shorts, halter tops, and pedal pushers. German designer Sonja de Lennart invented capri pants in 1948, and they became a staple in the 1950s wardrobe. Cristóbal Balenciaga flourished during this time, introducing creations that defined his career, like the sack dress and the ‘baby doll’ dress.\n\n","addaeed7-f221-40af-b484-1e27ff599340",[714],{"id":715,"data":716,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"d653283e-9e85-4776-a3af-c90e8fe1b499",{"type":51,"reviewType":52,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":717,"clozeWords":719},[718],"In the 1950s, Christian Dior's New Look silhouette was popular, and Sonja de Lennart invented capri pants.",[720,721],"New Look","capri",{"id":723,"data":724,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":728},"b8bb2ea9-bd5d-420b-a8c7-f9bbf439a7bb",{"type":21,"title":725,"markdownContent":726,"audioMediaId":727},"The 1960s ","The 1960s is a defining decade for fashion. The way people were dressing represented a cultural shift in conventional norms, as fashion began to target a younger market. \n\nIt was a new era of style, brought about by a youth movement that challenged attitudes. The rise of influential designers further shaped it. \n\n ![Graph](image://847b9e7d-acac-4c76-86fb-049f212ecd5d \"The 1960s was an incredibly inventive time for fashion\")\n\nThe decade was full of controversy, with clothes that remain signature looks of a bright, colorful, and optimistic time. Swinging London was the hub of 1960s fashion, with boutiques like Barbara Hulanicki’s Biba and Mary Quant’s Bazaar selling the latest designs to ordinary young people. People flocked to London’s boutique scene to obtain influential clothes that were affordable. \n\nThe groundbreaking trends that came out of the Swinging Sixties include mini skirts and mini dresses, shift dresses, berets, psychedelic prints, color blocking, tie-dye, and vinyl. Mod subculture also emerged in the early 1960s. Mod women donned short haircuts and short hemlines, while mod men wore tailored slim-fit suits, knitted polo shirts, and parka jackets.\n\n","f66392aa-e869-4e2f-877f-fed640d15c86",[729],{"id":730,"data":731,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"ce3f6496-2537-40a5-866c-905b1f6fd710",{"type":51,"reviewType":52,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":732,"clozeWords":734},[733],"The groundbreaking trends of the 1960s included mini skirts and berets.",[735,736],"mini skirts","berets",{"id":738,"data":739,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":743},"1016dd7d-0df7-4af8-a2cd-f355d130c8dc",{"type":21,"title":740,"markdownContent":741,"audioMediaId":742},"The 1970s","The 1970s was another decade bursting with memorable fashion moments. Numerous looks helped define the decade’s style as it moved away from the swinging vibe of the 1960s and toward the modern disco scene. \n\nThe glamor associated with 1970s fashion blossomed with the rise of disco music. Society continued to progress with the rise of different movements, such as women’s rights, racial equality, and sustainability. \n\n ![Graph](image://40ca115f-87a2-40d6-898d-28d2feceb685 \"Countercultural fashion in the 1970s\")\n\nThe hippie movement that began in the 1960s continued into the 1970s, translating through fashion in the form of flowing garments, such as bell bottoms, maxi dresses, and kaftans. Men and women were dressing more alike with a distinctive flared silhouette—tight on the top and loose on the bottom.\n\nThe disco side of things was all about the glamor. It featured sequins, sparkles, metallics, flares, and platform shoes. Other defining garments include hot pants, jumpsuits, and halter tops popularized by designers such as Halston and Missoni. \n\nElsewhere, punk was emerging as an anti-fashion movement, offering a completely alternative aesthetic to the glitz and glamor.\n\n","74229101-6e7f-4710-85f7-2fd49c0ded6b",[744],{"id":745,"data":746,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"0bc955f5-11de-48ae-9105-c35ee9fc4e33",{"type":51,"reviewType":52,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":747,"clozeWords":749},[748],"The glamor associated with 1970s fashion blossomed with the rise of disco music.",[750],"disco",{"id":752,"data":753,"type":25,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":755},"22e589a2-be0e-44c3-a67b-4fc6c51c40c2",{"type":25,"title":754},"Modern Fashion Trends",[756,774,790],{"id":757,"data":758,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":762},"904f8a81-141b-407d-975e-0a8cde6d9b10",{"type":21,"title":759,"markdownContent":760,"audioMediaId":761},"The 1980s","When the 1980s arrived, everything got more extravagant. A recurring theme throughout 80s fashion was the desire to be bright and bold. \n\nIt was about making a statement in loud outfits featuring neon colors, quirky patterns, and many accessories, such as leg warmers, hair scrunchies, sheer tights, large earrings, and chunky necklaces. The fabrics of chiffon, silk, lycra, spandex, and velour were unquestionably 1980s.\n\n ![Graph](image://b9d32454-be6d-47fe-85eb-0ce11553b59f \"Princess Diana's wedding dress from the 1980s\")\n\nEverything got more prominent, too, with oversized blazers, shoulder pads, parachute pants, baggy t-shirts, and big hair. Silhouettes were oversized and over-the-top compared to the previous decades. \n\nThe everything in excess approach was also prevalent on the catwalks. The Thierry Mugler Fall 1984 show celebrated the tenth anniversary of the brand, with model Pat Cleveland descending from the ceiling as a Madonna-like figure amongst models dressed up as angels. \n\nMany trendsetters dominated 80s fashion, especially in the music industry, with artists like Madonna, Cyndi Lauper, and Grace Jones. Elsewhere, Princess Diana remains an 80s style icon thanks to her bold fashion choices. Her ivory taffeta wedding gown for the royal wedding in 1981 when she married Prince Charles is symbolic of the big, flouncy, and exaggerated look that characterized the decade’s fashion. \n\n","9a6bfe7d-2c11-443a-9aba-b875f26c25bc",[763],{"id":764,"data":765,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"8e18049e-d619-46b5-8925-257bffd77a9e",{"type":51,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":21,"activeRecallQuestion":766,"activeRecallAnswers":768},[767],"What fabrics were popular during the 80s?",[769,770,771,772,773],"Chiffon","Silk","Lycra","Spandex","Velour",{"id":775,"data":776,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":780},"54298836-4d70-4b26-8403-630d1df0c8b6",{"type":21,"title":777,"markdownContent":778,"audioMediaId":779},"The 1990s","The 1990s hit, and we began to say goodbye to the glitz and glamor of the 1970s and 1980s in favor of a more casual way of dressing.\n\nIn essence, clothes went back to basics as fashion reverted to minimalism. Instead of volume, frills, and padded shoulders, people were now wearing simple slip dresses with spaghetti straps, denim overalls, bike shorts, combat trousers, and baby tees. \n\n ![Graph](image://a3c362ee-8e50-4142-bc47-e92156837b34 \"Grunge heavily shaped the fashion of the 1990s\")\n\nGrunge emerged in Seattle in the late 1980s and soon became widespread. Signature grunge looks included everyday clothing like baggy jeans, flannel shirts, and Dr. Martens boots. Style at this time was also influenced heavily by supermodels like Kate Moss and Naomi Campbell and other celebrities such as Sarah Jessica Parker, Winona Ryder, and Kurt Cobain. \n\nCalvin Klein, Helmut Lang, Jean Paul Gaultier, and Thierry Mugler are among the most prevalent designers of the decade.\n\n","4e02260e-9248-4691-af96-5f0ca8cacd8f",[781],{"id":782,"data":783,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"2f6dd1f6-5122-4359-a96c-2725244b799d",{"type":51,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":784,"binaryCorrect":786,"binaryIncorrect":788},[785],"What type of fashion emerged in the late 1980s and became widespread in the 1990s?",[787],"Grunge",[789],"Y2K",{"id":791,"data":792,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":796},"cde137c6-a628-4405-87a1-17cfda801ef8",{"type":21,"title":793,"markdownContent":794,"audioMediaId":795},"The 2000s","Many trends in the noughties stemmed from the rise of fast fashion and the growing influence of celebrities as fashion icons. \n\nThe decade witnessed many of trends come in and out of style. At the beginning of the decade, fashions were built around the Y2K aesthetic. Y2K is a distinctive look from the late 1990s and early 2000s when the internet entered the mainstream. It blended popular culture with the latest advancements in technology, creating a mix of futuristic and retro fashion. \n\n ![Graph](image://cd057974-b943-426d-9410-eb75420e70a4 \"Bright colors and tracksuits were popular in the Y2K era of fashion\")\n\nThose growing up at this time typically wore wide-leg jeans, baby tees, trendy sneakers, tracksuits, metallics, and other shiny materials. People couldn’t get enough of jeans either. Low-rise jeans were popular at the start of the era before progressing to skinny jeans and the revival of distressed jeans. \n\nAmerican casual wear brand Juicy Couture was iconic in the 2000s due to their brightly-colored velour tracksuits with the ‘Juicy’ bling logo printed across the rear.\n\n","5a4c70e7-6eda-4d5a-a722-00bf141144d0",[797],{"id":798,"data":799,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"f0596fb1-6c96-49f3-bf07-bab56526abd0",{"type":51,"reviewType":52,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":800,"clozeWords":802},[801],"At the beginning of the 2000s, many trends were built around the Y2K aesthetic.",[789],{"id":804,"data":805,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"orbs":808},"b415afa2-b6e0-4ac1-8239-31490df78ee8",{"type":27,"title":806,"tagline":807},"Definitive Styles and Their Origins","You can trace every piece of clothing you wear back to a critical moment in history. Here is a look at some signature styles you might be familiar with and where they came from.\n",[809,893],{"id":810,"data":811,"type":25,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":813},"7f899b0a-4110-444d-a40d-ebeaec4edc21",{"type":25,"title":812},"Fashion Evolution",[814,820,843,857,875],{"id":815,"data":816,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21},"72b4c556-1250-4bb5-a649-d6018bad482b",{"type":21,"title":817,"markdownContent":818,"audioMediaId":819},"Defining style","Styles come and go, incorporating various aspects of previous trends to create new variations. They also differ across the globe, spanning countries and cities. There are, however, some instantly recognizable styles that capture a particular period or movement.\n\nClothes embody history and culture and are deeply rooted in social histories, from art and music to economics and politics. A multitude of factors contribute to the creation of a particular fashion genre. Through different styles, we can identify signature elements of specific decades, countercultures, and significant turning points in human history. \n\nModern fashion is always influenced by what has come before. Whatever your outfit, you can attribute elements to a key moment, be it the punk subculture of the 1970s or the rise of feminist power in the 1960s. \n","9877b243-dfb5-4384-9be2-2faa22dcccf1",{"id":821,"data":822,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":826},"eca1a109-4909-4ef9-aaec-bce08639d2e2",{"type":21,"title":823,"markdownContent":824,"audioMediaId":825},"Bohemian ","Bohemian, or boho style, is primarily associated with the hippie movement of the 1960s. It borrows elements that represent the core aesthetic of a socially unconventional lifestyle. \n\nHowever, the bohemian style's roots go back further than the hippies. The true origin began with the counterculture of bohemians that emerged in France following the French Revolution. The movement consisted of artists, writers, and other creatives that sought to express creativity and reject the strict social rules of the time. \n\n ![Graph](image://84d9b79e-e42d-409b-946a-cf27e35c5089 \"The 'bohemian' style of dressing has its roots in counterculture\")\n\nBohemian style is born from a sense of free spirit and features natural fabrics, neutral and earthy colors, and mixed patterns. The clothing is recognizable by loose silhouettes, such as long, floaty dresses and skirts, peasant-style blouses, lots of layers, and statement jewelry. \n\nToday, the bohemian style is synonymous with summertime and festival culture. Florals, kimonos, maxi dresses, slouchy bags, and wide-brimmed hats are popular garments encountered when searching for bohemian fashion.\n\n","74c2ccd2-bc95-4bde-aa4d-8db67a2b3722",[827,836],{"id":828,"data":829,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"54aaab16-952d-4657-bce1-7d7e0d22a368",{"type":51,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":830,"binaryCorrect":832,"binaryIncorrect":834},[831],"Where did the term 'Bohemian' originate?",[833],"France following the French Revolution",[835],"The hippie movement of the 1960s",{"id":837,"data":838,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"91832f36-8927-456e-8416-a87f5b8e006a",{"type":51,"reviewType":52,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":839,"clozeWords":841},[840],"Bohemian, or boho style, is primarily associated with the hippie movement of the 1960s.",[842],"hippie",{"id":844,"data":845,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":849},"f56c8526-5498-49e3-a243-e4a7de231213",{"type":21,"title":846,"markdownContent":847,"audioMediaId":848},"Punk","Punk fashion references the clothes, hairstyles, makeup, accessories, and attitude of the punk counterculture movement. It embodies the ideologies that emerged as a counter message to the mainstream rock scene, incorporating music and politics. The punk ethos primarily stems from the belief system of non-conformity and anti-authoritarianism. \n\n\n ![Graph](image://c4a3ce6f-57b1-4bfc-b74a-5ce9374d1dbf \"Some examples of punk outfits\")\n\nPunk is a distinctive style that emerged in the United Kingdom in the mid-1970s, stemming from depressive economic and social conditions. Punk is recognizable by a rebel aesthetic and youth anarchy. Statement punk elements include leather jackets, motorcycle boots, skinny jeans, ripped denim, bondage trousers, provocative messaging, and clothing adorned with metal studs, spikes, safety pins, and plaid. Mohawks and spiked hair are also symbolic of the punk movement. \n\nVivienne Westwood is credited with shaping the punk fashion movement. She sold her designs in her clothing store SEX on King’s Road in London, along with partner and collaborator Malcolm McLaren. Together, they helped shape the movement with clothes designed to shock, such as fetishwear, latex, and narrow silhouettes.\n\n","4a1ed339-5cb4-4021-b6d1-c4e310bef4ce",[850],{"id":851,"data":852,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"53c81d27-90fb-40c1-9426-66b8dd0daa9e",{"type":51,"reviewType":52,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":853,"clozeWords":855},[854],"Vivienne Westwood is credited with shaping the punk fashion movement.",[856],"Vivienne Westwood",{"id":858,"data":859,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":863},"d6ca8cf1-1261-4b67-af57-c61bd97065ad",{"type":21,"title":860,"markdownContent":861,"audioMediaId":862},"Grunge ","Grunge was born in Seattle, Washington, in the late 1980s before growing in popularity by the mid-1990s. The grunge subculture rose alongside the grunge rock scene, commonly referenced as the Seattle sound, which included several alternative rock bands like Nirvana, Pearl Jam, and Soundgarden, who popularized the grunge style. \n\n ![Graph](image://ed69ac6a-30b7-43f8-99c9-456f95910b9d \"King of Grunge Kurt Cobain\")\n\nThe decline of punk ultimately influenced the grunge movement. Unlike punk, the concept of grunge was not to make a statement and instead focused on mundane, everyday attire.\n\nThe grunge uniform primarily consisted of thrift-store finds, including baggy t-shirts, oversized knits, flannel shirts, tartan, ripped jeans, and untidy hair. Individuals wearing grunge-style clothing typically display an androgynous, disheveled, and unkempt appearance. Nirvana’s frontman Kurt Cobain epitomized the grunge style with his somewhat shabby appearance. \n\nWhat began as a step away from the elaborate clothing of the 80s soon reached the mainstream when designer Marc Jacobs brought grunge to the catwalk. In the spring/summer 1993 show for Perry Ellis, a collection of grunge-inspired clothing hit the runway, including beanie hats, layered flannels, and slip dresses.\n\n","0e874e27-0102-4380-94db-c304a5798338",[864],{"id":865,"data":866,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"0508b9f9-e88d-4849-91cd-0b78fc06048f",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":867,"multiChoiceCorrect":869,"multiChoiceIncorrect":871},[868],"Where was the grunge subculture born?",[870],"Seattle, Washington",[872,873,874],"Los Angeles, California","New York, New York","London, England",{"id":876,"data":877,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":881},"f9f6a35f-631c-4ba6-b0f6-e4f696d541b7",{"type":21,"title":878,"markdownContent":879,"audioMediaId":880},"Classic","Classic describes an individual’s dress sense that references timeless fashion. Unlike bohemian, grunge, and punk styles that reflect an alternative aesthetic, classic style is a polished, clean-cut look that focuses on staple wardrobe items. Many adopt a classic style when going to work or social events. \n\nA classic wardrobe may include blazers, button-down shirts, jeans, pencil skirts, tailored trousers, cashmere knitwear, and a trench coat. It incorporates minimalism, clean lines, tailoring, simple silhouettes, and usually high-quality materials that stand the test of time. These clothes are long-lasting, versatile, and accessible. \n\nA good example of a classic garment is the little black dress or LBD. The origins of the little black dress date back to the late 1920s when Parisian designer Coco Chanel popularized the statement piece. She intended the LBD to be an affordable dress for the broader market. The original little black dress appeared in a Vogue illustration in 1926. It had long, narrow sleeves and a mid-length that covered the knees. Now, almost every woman owns an LBD. \n","a905f3b8-27da-4888-afe0-e27ba9148e6e",[882],{"id":883,"data":884,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"9824550c-eb20-4b4f-9ab1-66e7db18eafe",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":885,"multiChoiceCorrect":887,"multiChoiceIncorrect":889},[886],"What is the name of the iconic garment popularized by Coco Chanel in the late 1920s?",[888],"The little black dress (LBD)",[890,891,892],"The little white dress (LWD)","The little red dress (LRD)","The little blue dress (LBD)",{"id":894,"data":895,"type":25,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":897},"ee2ff609-6911-4d10-9e93-b1a5dc4a3c25",{"type":25,"title":896},"Modern Trends",[898,916,932,946],{"id":899,"data":900,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":904},"8697cf1e-aa3a-4b80-876e-e33402fd9485",{"type":21,"title":901,"markdownContent":902,"audioMediaId":903},"Streetwear ","Streetwear, or street style, can be defined as a form of casual clothing. It is more than that, however, and has its roots in subcultural movements from the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, including hip-hop, skate, and surf cultures. \n\n ![Graph](image://cc1d6731-2d2d-467a-add3-457a52b23fe7 \"A streetwear outfit\")\n\nIt primarily has connections to California, Los Angeles, and New York, but elements of street style also emerged from Japan in the 1980s. \n\nStreet clothes are essentially comfortable but trendy. It includes hoodies, sweatpants, baggy trousers, printed t-shirts, baseball caps, and designer sneakers. Pioneers of the style include Shawn Stussy, a Californian surfboard maker who founded Stüssy, and British-American James Jebbia, the founder of skateboarding shop and skate brand Supreme. \n\nStreet style is a significant part of the clothing and apparel industry. Many people, particularly the younger generation, go to great lengths to keep up with the latest streetwear trends, with a strong focus on limited-edition designer items that sell for exceptionally high prices. \n\n","96300af0-c019-4662-943e-4665c50fca54",[905],{"id":906,"data":907,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"62ae2dce-f559-4593-8027-f75271c676fe",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":908,"multiChoiceCorrect":910,"multiChoiceIncorrect":912},[909],"What is the definition of streetwear?",[911],"A form of casual clothing",[913,914,915],"A form of formal clothing","A form of workwear","A form of evening wear",{"id":917,"data":918,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":922},"0ea1fcaa-e0c3-4652-b535-0527595ef401",{"type":21,"title":919,"markdownContent":920,"audioMediaId":921},"Athleisure ","Athleisure can also be considered sportswear or sporty style. It pulls together elements of athletic clothing to produce a comfortable and casual aesthetic that is also flattering and stylish.\n\n\n ![Graph](image://2413c306-b5c8-4fc2-8852-a1192ba71505 \"Athleisure has gained popularity in recent years\")\n\nThis style brings garments that you might wear to the gym, such as yoga pants, cycling shorts, and sweatpants, to the forefront of fashion. These clothes are no longer for playing sports; you can wear them anywhere. Athleisure creators tend to use functional materials suitable for carrying out day-to-day activities. \n\nFashion experts credit Lululemon as the brand that sparked the athleisure trend. In 1997, Canadian businessman Chip Wilson founded the athletic apparel company as a result of attending his first yoga class.\n\nLululemon revolutionized fashion with stylish workout clothes suitable for the gym and the street. Before this, the likes of leggings, tank tops, and sports bras were designed purposefully and solely for a specific sport.\n\n","db6c2b17-f895-45ce-b609-959766176bab",[923],{"id":924,"data":925,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"cd81a191-8165-4ad4-bbcf-f0369b04bd18",{"type":51,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":926,"binaryCorrect":928,"binaryIncorrect":930},[927],"Who is credited with sparking the athleisure trend?",[929],"Lululemon",[931],"Anthropologie",{"id":933,"data":934,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":938},"4ecaa981-91de-4d00-8323-b82b8ec08609",{"type":21,"title":935,"markdownContent":936,"audioMediaId":937},"Androgynous ","The term androgyny means the possession of both feminine and masculine traits. Androgynous fashion refers to gender-inclusive clothing that is neither feminine nor masculine.\n\n ![Graph](image://32b2d78b-27fd-400f-ab57-5b470d1a1aa0 \"Bloomer outfits were designed by early women's rights activists to be androgynous\")\n\nAndrogynous style can be considered unisex or gender-fluid fashion, with garments and accessories that steer away from distinctive male and female characteristics. \n\nThe concept of androgynous fashion can be traced back as far as the 19th century. Elizabeth Smith Miller, an advocate of the women’s rights movement, is best known for inventing the ‘bloomers’ or the ‘bloomer costume’. Bloomers consisted of a knee-length skirt over loose trousers gathered at the ankles. The introduction of the bloomers became one of the first times women began wearing pants as an alternative to dresses. \n\nLater, another key example of androgynous culture arrived. In 1966, Yves Saint Laurent debuted ‘Le Smoking,’ the first women’s tuxedo suit and one of history's most powerful fashion creations. He used the same codes as the traditional male tuxedo and adapted it to fit the female form.\n\n","d0ef2b3a-b0a3-4bec-a470-47c6801ee5ff",[939],{"id":940,"data":941,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"b8812995-daba-4390-a679-89b7dea227ef",{"type":51,"reviewType":52,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":942,"clozeWords":944},[943],"The term androgyny means the possession of both feminine and masculine traits.",[945],"androgyny",{"id":947,"data":948,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":952},"3c7f7966-568f-4b61-b3e5-91451529f80a",{"type":21,"title":949,"markdownContent":950,"audioMediaId":951},"Vintage ","Vintage fashion is the generic term for clothes and accessories taken from past eras. \n\nWhen discussing vintage fashion, there is often confusion between vintage and retro clothing, another term commonly used interchangeably. The key differences lie in the age of the garment in question. \n\nThe true meaning of vintage typically describes clothes made between 20 and 100 years ago. These clothes must possess stylistic elements associated with the particular era. \n\n ![Graph](image://864cf831-7ac4-46cc-8665-c6a190ab7157 \"1950s styling remains popular for lovers of vintage fashion\")\n\nFor example, a vintage 1920s dress might feature a dropped waistline and skim the knees, while a vintage 1950s dress could have characteristics such as a cinched waist and a full skirt. \n\nRetro clothes, on the other hand, aren’t necessarily old. Retro clothing, shoes, and accessories are imitations of old designs or copies of vintage items. For example, a 1920s-style dress made in the last ten years can be considered retro. \n\nWearing vintage fashion is a great way to develop a personal style, with unique items that other people cannot copy or find on the high street. It is also an eco-conscious way to shop.\n\n","d359f9ce-cd91-4852-8439-e19ac1ef44a3",[953],{"id":954,"data":955,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"8a4b16e1-4f7f-4232-bccd-8ffd1cd997a0",{"type":51,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":956,"binaryCorrect":958,"binaryIncorrect":960},[957],"Which of these refers to clothes made a long time ago, as opposed to imitations of older clothes?",[959],"Vintage",[961],"Retro",{"id":963,"data":964,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"orbs":967},"bb7b1bf3-e65f-4762-b37f-31c12debe8eb",{"type":27,"title":965,"tagline":966},"Haute Couture vs. Ready-to-Wear","Do you know your haute couture from your prêt-à-porter? An explanation and history of the two terms. \n",[968,1054,1073],{"id":969,"data":970,"type":25,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":972},"cad25996-4c8d-40a6-b17b-24ef1daa17e4",{"type":25,"title":971},"Understanding Haute Couture",[973,988,1006,1020,1036],{"id":974,"data":975,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":979},"aed06d6f-cfe7-4533-939c-02d1406fc4ec",{"type":21,"title":976,"markdownContent":977,"audioMediaId":978},"Defining the two terms","Do you know which category your clothes belong to? \n\nA fundamental part of learning about fashion is understanding the terminology used in the industry. Professional designers don’t just use these words to confuse non-fashion experts. \n\nThey serve a purpose, allowing designers, buyers, garment workers, and other industry professionals to communicate and understand the garments they are working with.\n\n ![Graph](image://9fc170eb-5bcd-49dd-8087-2356a9251203 \"Most shops sell ready-to-wear clothes\")\n\nTwo of the most important concepts you will encounter are haute couture and prêt-à-porter, or ready-to-wear. These terms define two different approaches to clothes-making in fashion. The techniques vary, the fabrics vary, and most importantly, the price varies between these concepts, ultimately determining who has access to such clothes. \n\n","8a1df5e6-365b-483e-aa93-5b7d96fcfae9",[980],{"id":981,"data":982,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"e1bd6f9e-64f6-4f00-abb8-deed4132fc3e",{"type":51,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":21,"activeRecallQuestion":983,"activeRecallAnswers":985},[984],"Which two concepts define two different approaches to clothes-making in fashion?",[986,987],"Haute couture","Prêt-à-porter",{"id":989,"data":990,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":994},"8f4c2938-6cdd-43dc-81bd-83aafc1d62e8",{"type":21,"title":991,"markdownContent":992,"audioMediaId":993},"What is haute couture? ","Haute is the French word for ‘high,’ and couture is French for ‘sewing’ or ‘dressmaking’. Together, these words create fashion’s most popular term, haute couture. \n\nThe literal translation means high sewing or dressmaking, but it is generally referred to as ‘high fashion’. \n\n ![Graph](image://d22e47c6-8513-480c-a7a5-ce279af26a74 \"For many years, all clothes were made to measure\")\n \nHaute couture is as big as fashion gets. It is the highest quality clothing on the planet, created for only a handful of clients. Each piece is made-to-measure and perfectly matched to the client’s shape. It represents unmatched craftsmanship and luxury like no other. For this reason, haute couture is the most expensive form of clothing, as it is the best money can buy. In fact, it is estimated that the current number of regular couture clients worldwide is only around 4,000. \n \nYou won’t catch somebody on the street in a couture gown, but you can appreciate these exclusive creations as they head down the couture catwalks at the world’s most beautiful shows.\n\n","d2cdf0ac-fc13-44ab-bf20-55e6c4ac97d1",[995],{"id":996,"data":997,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"0d48dd8c-4443-4da4-ae0f-c0057005f602",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":998,"multiChoiceCorrect":1000,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1002},[999],"What is the literal translation of the term 'haute couture'?",[1001],"High sewing",[1003,1004,1005],"High fashion","High quality","High luxury",{"id":1007,"data":1008,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1012},"16531ebd-9b44-4a11-963f-938f7a4a5208",{"type":21,"title":1009,"markdownContent":1010,"audioMediaId":1011},"Who founded haute couture?","Before the spectacular affairs of the Parisian Haute Couture shows, an ordinary albeit extremely talented man was paving the way for what was to come. \n\n ![Graph](image://aa7f4ea3-aa07-4b16-8495-07f2217fc4e4 \"Charles Frederick Worth\")\n\nHis name was Charles Frederick Worth, and he was the father of couture in the late 19th century. The English-born designer moved to Paris, where in 1858, he opened up the House of Worth on the rue de la Paix. \n \nAfter preparing and showcasing a collection of designs on live models in presentations, clients would select the pieces they wanted. In his workshop, he would make tailor-made clothes for his wealthy clients, dressing them in luxuriant fabrics fitted to perfection. \n \nIn 1868, a regulating commission called the Chambre Syndicale de la Couture was established. The idea behind the commission was initially to stop couture designs from being copied. It ultimately served to protect high fashion. Designers now had to earn the title of haute couture under a strict criterion.  \n\n","95846946-5273-4392-a125-7b2a65499080",[1013],{"id":1014,"data":1015,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"426f0acf-b71e-45cb-b15c-784274fcf529",{"type":51,"reviewType":52,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":1016,"clozeWords":1018},[1017],"In the year 1868, a regulating commission called the Chambre Syndicale de la Couture was established.",[1019],"1868",{"id":1021,"data":1022,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1026},"cf2983b7-5367-4858-9620-da54767a52cf",{"type":21,"title":1023,"markdownContent":1024,"audioMediaId":1025},"Haute couture regulation ","Not anybody can become a couture designer. Even some of the most established fashion designers do not have a space at the couture table. Only a limited number of designers are allowed to place themselves under the term of haute couture. \n \nThe haute couture industry is tightly controlled. Paris’s Fédération de la Haute Couture et de la Mode (FHCM) governs the practice and designers invited to the official Haute Couture club must adhere to strict regulations. \n\n ![Graph](image://733a5b85-1f40-4b15-87da-be13b3fe1ebf \"A haut couture show in Paris\")\n\nOnly fashion houses and companies approved by a commission controlled by the Chambre Syndicale de la Couture are eligible to qualify for couture status. To qualify, a brand must create made-to-measure clothes for private clients, own a workshop in Paris with at least fifteen full-time employees, and present two collections per year with evening and day looks.  \n \nThe FHCM was founded in 1868. In January 1945, ‘Haute couture’ became a legally protected term, contributing to the grandeur associated with high fashion. Those who gain membership also gain a slot on the official Haute Couture schedule with collections presented twice yearly, in January and July.  \n\n","38ee5365-9412-4dff-a164-240ca0c2cb57",[1027],{"id":1028,"data":1029,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"b5cd9fe1-5a4a-405e-a4cb-2011e99f06ed",{"type":51,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":1030,"binaryCorrect":1032,"binaryIncorrect":1034},[1031],"What organization governs the practice of haute couture in the 21st century?",[1033],"The Fédération de la Haute Couture et de la Mode (FHCM)",[1035],"The Chambre Syndicale de la Couture",{"id":1037,"data":1038,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1042},"7fba923c-2d51-4fa3-aa26-cdb0092e572a",{"type":21,"title":1039,"markdownContent":1040,"audioMediaId":1041},"Who are the key players in couture? ","The Fédération de la Haute Couture et de la Mode comprises three central cabinets, or Chambres Syndicales. These include Haute Couture, Women’s Fashion, and Men’s Fashion. The FHCM is dedicated to promoting French fashion culture, bringing together the world’s greatest fashion brands, with designers displaying the highest craftsmanship standards to impress the committee. \n \nThere are currently just over 100 Haute Couture members. Some of the biggest names include Alexander McQueen, Balenciaga, Chanel, Céline, Dior, Elie Saab, Givenchy, Hermès, Jean Paul Gaultier, Louis Vuitton, Maison Margiela, Saint Laurent, Schiaparelli, and Valentino. \n \nMembers have a position on the Haute Couture schedule, which means they can show their collections at Paris Haute Couture Week. This particular fashion week is one of the industry’s most lavish events. Only a select few people can attend to see the latest creations on an invite-only basis. These shows tend to be avant-garde, theatrical, and memorable events. \n","2c08a1aa-159b-41be-86b5-b67242a4d57e",[1043],{"id":1044,"data":1045,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"168be22f-1255-4bc6-b6b0-cc3b10d48f11",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":1046,"multiChoiceCorrect":1048,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1050},[1047],"How many members are currently part of the Fédération de la Haute Couture et de la Mode?",[1049],"Just over 100",[1051,1052,1053],"Just over 50","Just over 200","Just over 300",{"id":1055,"data":1056,"type":25,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":1057},"7653da8c-4bdd-4bb8-82f7-9afa069184fd",{"type":25,"title":404},[1058],{"id":1059,"data":1060,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1064},"90efe5a5-0a50-4b88-be6e-e7a9dc9282a2",{"type":21,"title":1061,"markdownContent":1062,"audioMediaId":1063},"The Battle of Versailles Fashion Show","It’s hard to believe that the highly anticipated haute couture shows we know today weren’t always in existence. While fashion parades emerged in the 1860s, the invention of the fashion week didn’t come until the 1970s. \n \nThe first official Paris Fashion Week took place in 1973, founded by the Fédération Française de la Couture. The week opened with the infamous Battle of Versailles Fashion Show, held in the Palace of Versailles in an effort to raise money for its restoration. \n\n ![Graph](image://59a07aa4-975d-4f85-8ca0-fd707449cd46 \"Famous attendees of the Battle of Versailles fashion show\")\n\nThe show reflected what was going on politically and socially at the time, bringing together the different aesthetics of French and American fashion on a shared stage. \n \nIt hosted some of the most respected designers in the world, including Yves Saint Laurent, Christian Dior’s Marc Bohan, Emanuel Ungaro, Pierre Cardin, and Hubert de Givenchy. The American lineup included designers Anne Klein, Halston, Bill Blass, Oscar de la Renta, and Stephen Burrows. The fashion extravaganza also had a performance from Liza Minnelli. \n\n","1c997fc6-d768-49da-a5ea-351f5ca465ef",[1065],{"id":1066,"data":1067,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"100b63ab-e21d-4868-8c80-3f10b459afa3",{"type":51,"reviewType":52,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":1068,"clozeWords":1070},[1069],"The first official Paris Fashion Week took place in 1973, founded by the Fédération Française de la Couture and held in the Palace of Versailles.",[1071,1072],"1973","Palace of Versailles",{"id":1074,"data":1075,"type":25,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":1077},"4ce16206-18de-466b-9c74-0a8a1d90aea4",{"type":25,"title":1076},"The Evolution of Ready-to-Wear",[1078,1093,1124,1142],{"id":1079,"data":1080,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1084},"75b48b9f-b37c-4bc1-9d0c-259333368c4d",{"type":21,"title":1081,"markdownContent":1082,"audioMediaId":1083},"What is prêt-à-porter? ","Prêt-à-porter translates to ready-to-wear in English, and thus, the two terms can be used interchangeably. Ready-to-wear describes ready-made garments. \n\nUnlike couture clothing which is customized and made for a specific client, ready-to-wear are clothes you can buy straight off the rack. There is no need for fittings or measurements, as these clothes are produced in small runs and come in standard sizes to fit most people. \n\n ![Graph](image://5f0fa5bd-9c67-48c2-a4f8-ae94c6c0c6fb \"Prêt-à-porter means 'ready to wear'\")\n\nAlthough ready-to-wear garments are still made by talented designers, the concept doesn’t have the same luxury appeal as couture. \n\nFor many, the allure of couture is its exclusivity, as not many people can afford these stunning but incredibly pricey pieces. However, ready-to-wear has its own appeal because the garments are well-made and more affordable than couture pieces.  \n\nIt is also a more cost-effective and time-saving method of producing clothes. A couture gown can take hundreds and even thousands of hours to make for a minimum cost of thousands of dollars. Meanwhile, ready-to-wear is inexpensive to produce as it is made in factories with automated processes to streamline production. \n\n","a76d516f-8f42-4388-a849-832bc24caed8",[1085],{"id":1086,"data":1087,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"c04651de-35f3-4a1b-9f00-4fe265d22ac5",{"type":51,"reviewType":52,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":1088,"clozeWords":1090},[1089],"Ready-to-wear has its own appeal because the garments are well-made and more affordable than couture pieces.",[1091,1092],"Ready-to-wear","couture",{"id":1094,"data":1095,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1099},"b643a0a0-3e5d-4a33-b592-05ef84683291",{"type":21,"title":1096,"markdownContent":1097,"audioMediaId":1098},"Beginnings of ready-to-wear","For centuries, clothes had always been made to measure. The process was time-consuming, with seamstresses and tailors sewing every piece by hand to fit a single customer. \n\nThis eventually changed in the 1800s when the US government started mass-producing uniforms for the military. Men's sizes were taken to create average sizes for making ready-to-wear garments. \n\n ![Graph](image://ec870fbb-445e-4492-85a5-26b4b6f9a97a \"Ready-to-wear men's fashion arrived before women's\")\n\nAfter this, ready-to-wear men’s clothing became more popular and was fairly accessible from certain department stores. For instance, the Dewachter Brothers were among the first to sell ready-to-wear lines for men and children. \n\nWomen, on the other hand, did not have the same access to such convenient clothing. This was primarily because the fashions were more complicated in terms of design and fit. It made it difficult to replicate through mass production. Women continued to make or have clothes custom-made to suit their body types. \n\nHowever, interest in the concept soured when in 1966, French fashion designer Yves Saint Laurent became the first couturier to launch a ready-to-wear collection and boutique. \n\n","263db327-1982-43e2-961a-63b832b4fd6d",[1100,1107,1118],{"id":1101,"data":1102,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"2d015c15-78bf-44ea-985d-bcf41293a0e4",{"type":51,"reviewType":52,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":1103,"clozeWords":1105},[1104],"Men's sizes were taken to create average sizes for making ready-to-wear garments.",[1106],"ready-to-wear",{"id":1108,"data":1109,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"fa1fc98c-3522-4fba-9d55-53bb57fe7f7c",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":1110,"multiChoiceCorrect":1112,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1114},[1111],"When did the US government start mass-producing uniforms for the military?",[1113],"In the 1800s",[1115,1116,1117],"In the 1900s","In the 1700s","In the 1600s",{"id":1119,"data":1120,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"fa2d2e1e-dd6e-49f7-bc86-31d60340e0b8",{"type":51,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":21,"activeRecallQuestion":1121,"activeRecallAnswers":1123},[1122],"Which fashion designer was the first to launch a ready-to-wear collection and boutique?",[89],{"id":1125,"data":1126,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1130},"9f62bdbf-1bf1-47ba-93d4-78115237f9e9",{"type":21,"title":1127,"markdownContent":1128,"audioMediaId":1129},"Case study: Yves Saint Laurent ","Yves Saint Laurent is a French fashion designer accredited with many things, including popularizing tuxedos for women with his invention of the first female suit. Furthermore, he is known for sparking interest in ready-to-wear fashion.\n\n ![Graph](image://b32b4051-4ab4-4f7c-ba23-1d434167fbba \"Yves Saint Laurent - one of the truly iconic fashion houses. Image: ajay_suresh via Flickr\")\n \nIn 1966, Yves Saint Laurent spotted a gap in the fashion market and launched the first ready-to-wear line at his Rive Gauche boutique in Paris. Instead of waiting weeks for a new dress or blouse, women could now visit the store and buy and wear a garment that same day. The line offered a range of high-end clothes for the female wardrobe with an affordable price tag. \n\n","d325ba8d-6374-4617-bac2-6eafbb9e9303",[1131],{"id":1132,"data":1133,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"4642a964-3306-4fa5-a95d-0c425400e324",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":1134,"multiChoiceCorrect":1136,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1138},[1135],"When did Yves Saint Laurent launch the first designer ready-to-wear line?",[1137],"In 1966",[1139,1140,1141],"In 1956","In 1976","In 1986",{"id":1143,"data":1144,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1148},"a6b5d025-10d2-48c9-a3b3-48e0d5466ed7",{"type":21,"title":1145,"markdownContent":1146,"audioMediaId":1147},"High street fashion","High street fashion is clothing and accessories you can purchase from stores on the high street. Everybody can access high street stores in ordinary towns and cities. These clothes are mass-produced and are typically sold at low prices to fit the budget of a wide range of customers. \n\n\n ![Graph](image://60c9dcba-1226-4909-93dd-94e22634a3b2 \"Zara is one example of a high street brand\")\n \nAlthough ready-to-wear is produced for multiple customers rather than a single client, it differs from high-street fashion. Ready-to-wear is designed and produced by high-end fashion designers, many of which also create couture. Garments are made in relatively small production runs to ensure quality, while high street fashion is factory-produced in large quantities.\n \nHigh street fashion arrived as a concept around the 1860s in Britain and further flourished at the turn of the 20th century, as consumers became more aware of purchasing mass-produced clothes. This sparked the creation of many high-street retailers in the mid-20th century, such as Zara, H&M, and Topshop. \n\n","9db9762d-096f-4d54-9ec7-802e91381123",[1149],{"id":1150,"data":1151,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"29aacdd7-481f-4718-ae21-fc57ce535551",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":1152,"multiChoiceCorrect":1154,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1156},[1153],"When did the concept of high street fashion arrive?",[1155],"Around the 1860s in Britain",[1157,1158,1159],"Around the 1660s in Britain","Around the 1960s in Britain","Around the 1760s in Britain",{"id":1161,"data":1162,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"orbs":1165},"9ee6aa95-d9df-44cc-b2f2-358e9506ce61",{"type":27,"title":1163,"tagline":1164},"Pivotal Fashion Events ","How did fashion progress and help shape societal norms? These are some defining events that changed fashion. ",[1166,1261],{"id":1167,"data":1168,"type":25,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":1170},"dc411e0d-a967-4040-be34-17f1b454ce4e",{"type":25,"title":1169},"The Evolution of Fashion Icons",[1171,1196,1211,1229,1243],{"id":1172,"data":1173,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1177},"a55927da-361a-414f-8584-a58745d6c5a2",{"type":21,"title":1174,"markdownContent":1175,"audioMediaId":1176},"The rise of denim jeans","Jeans are a wardrobe staple, but these casual everyday bottoms have a long history. The blue jean we know and love today, characterized by indigo denim and front and back pockets reinforced with copper rivets, arrived in May 1873. \n\n ![Graph](image://6f2d67f2-a3a8-4fa5-8e0c-a7ff0ce2b155 \"Jeans arguably shaped the past 50 years of fashion more than any other garment\")\n\nTailor Jacob Davis and wholesaler Levi Strauss patented the process of riveting men’s work pants. While denim pants had been around for some time, it was the rivets that transformed them into jeans.\n \nThe blue jean design improved with other inventions, like belt loops and zippers. The popularity of the classic blue jean grew in the 1920s and 1930s when Hollywood began dressing actors, such as John Wayne and Gary Cooper, in jeans. Later, in the 1950s, actors Marlon Brando and James Dean further popularized jeans. These casual-wear pants were now associated with rebellion, sex appeal, and the working class. \n \nIn 1976, Calvin Klein brought blue jeans to the runway for the first time. By the 1990s, many more luxury fashion houses had joined the jeans market.\n\nThe garment has evolved frequently over the decades, and today we have access to jeans in a vast range of styles, such as baggy, skinny, bootcut, wide-legged, high-waisted, low-rise, ripped, and tapered fit.\n\n","a1806ea5-80b6-4be0-9ab2-b045610f3ad9",[1178,1185],{"id":1179,"data":1180,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"9745dbe0-4146-4006-b2c4-ecd1045d3e70",{"type":51,"reviewType":52,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":1181,"clozeWords":1183},[1182],"While denim pants had been around for some time, it was the rivets that transformed them into jeans.",[1184],"rivets",{"id":1186,"data":1187,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"cc2259e1-5d98-4118-9af0-d9d48e472f74",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":1188,"multiChoiceCorrect":1190,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1192},[1189],"When were blue jeans first patented?",[1191],"In May 1873",[1193,1194,1195],"In May 1976","In May 1950","In May 1920",{"id":1197,"data":1198,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1202},"4bf8e925-1a2e-4822-8acd-30638303f237",{"type":21,"title":1199,"markdownContent":1200,"audioMediaId":1201},"Coco Chanel popularizes women’s trousers","Aside from the little black dress, Coco Chanel is recognized for pioneering trousers for women. Although women’s pants were invented during the First World War as women took on traditionally male roles in the workforce, Chanel is credited with popularizing them in the 1920s. \n \nChanel was a fan of trousers. She often wore men’s trousers borrowed from her partners and took inspiration from men’s fashion before launching her range. It began with yachting pants—wide trousers inspired by sailors that allowed women to move freely while enjoying leisurely activities. \n\nThese trousers offered comfortable elegance to women previously constricted by impractical, long skirts. Her designs also ventured away from the restrictions of other female garments, like cinched waists. She began making her sportswear designs out of jersey, a soft, stretchy material that enabled freedom of movement. \n \nIn the mid-20s, women’s trousers were a staple among ladies who wanted to dress smart and stylishly while remaining comfortable. \n","95f24f63-d2d2-4a59-9184-45b3a59b6a13",[1203],{"id":1204,"data":1205,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"254aa110-5237-45f0-95df-f08518b3b601",{"type":51,"reviewType":52,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":1206,"clozeWords":1208},[1207],"Coco Chanel is credited with popularizing women's trousers in the 1920s, beginning with yachting trousers and using jersey as a material.",[1209,1210],"yachting","jersey",{"id":1212,"data":1213,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1217},"ac3cf468-779a-4d7c-b63d-4260f45803c5",{"type":21,"title":1214,"markdownContent":1215,"audioMediaId":1216},"The Flapper dress","We often remember 1920s fashion for its glamor, and one of the most familiar trademarks of the Roaring Twenties is the flapper. Flappers were a subculture of fashionable young women who enjoyed socializing and defying conventional standards of acceptable behavior. \n\nThey smoked cigarettes in public, drank alcohol, and danced freely in jazz clubs. They had bobbed hair and wore short skirts, high heel shoes, lingerie, and makeup. The flapper symbolized newfound freedom and liberation for young women after the first world war.\n \nThe flapper dress was short and calf-revealing, with a lower neckline and a dropped waistline. It was sleeveless, straight, and loose-fitting, creating a new silhouette that was androgynous and slender. The 1920s style of the flappers was known as ‘La Garconne,’ which translates to ‘boyish.’ The flapper was tomboyish without being overly masculine.\n \nDesigners Coco Chanel, Elsa Schiaparelli, and Jean Patou were pivotal figures in flapper fashion.\n\n","e2d5d968-f612-418a-b7e3-bb00d8ead18d",[1218],{"id":1219,"data":1220,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"2b3ac657-ab54-4abb-afee-fd5bade3a8f1",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":1221,"multiChoiceCorrect":1223,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1225},[1222],"What was the style of the flapper dress known as?",[1224],"La Garconne",[1226,1227,1228],"La Femme","La Femme Fatale","La Femme Fleur",{"id":1230,"data":1231,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1235},"24c450b0-7f4e-4d2c-aec2-894a5f1f5447",{"type":21,"title":1232,"markdownContent":1233,"audioMediaId":1234},"Elsa Schiaparelli’s surrealist fashion","Elsa Schiaparelli was a pioneer in couture and is well known as the fashion designer to interpret surrealism through fashion. The Italian-born French designer collaborated with the leading artists of the surrealist movement, including Jean Cocteau and Salvador Dali. The result was surrealism brought to life in garments that made unique fashion statements. \n \nSchiaparelli began creating Avante-Garde gowns in the 1920s, but she is best known for her work in the 1930s. In 1937, she made the unusual ‘lobster dinner dress’ in collaboration with Dali. The evening gown featured a lobster motif printed onto off-white silk organza. Schiaparelli’s designs were often humorous. Another outrageous surrealist design was her ‘shoe hat,’ again in collaboration with Dali. It was a hat crafted in the shape of an upside-down, high-heeled shoe.\n \nAside from the wild creations above, Schiaparelli is strongly remembered for her other trademarks, including trompe l’oeil (visual illusions) and popularizing shocking pink. This color came to be known as ‘Schiaparelli pink.’\n","61151961-5701-47c5-9fd8-79f8f8d45040",[1236],{"id":1237,"data":1238,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"49102f2b-021b-4c91-9bc5-954ad154457c",{"type":51,"reviewType":52,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":1239,"clozeWords":1241},[1240],"Elsa Schiaparelli was an early pioneer in couture and is well known for bringing surrealist art into fashion.",[1242],"Elsa Schiaparelli",{"id":1244,"data":1245,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1249},"e5395d9d-2d6f-4632-881a-2ae4fac4b763",{"type":21,"title":1246,"markdownContent":1247,"audioMediaId":1248},"Christian Dior and the “New Look”","On 12 February 1947, Christian Dior unveiled his very first couture collection in Paris. The Spring/Summer 47 collection launched his reputation as one of the most critical couturiers of the twentieth century. \n\nIt remains one of fashion’s greatest debuts because it delivered a look that nobody had ever seen before. It was immediately dubbed the “New Look” by American journalists.\n\n\n ![Graph](image://97833478-b4dc-4018-b764-70bc9f8dc522 \"Christian Dior's 'New Look'\")\n \nNinety silhouettes made up the collection. The “New Look” had prominent characteristics that celebrated femininity and exaggerated female proportions. It featured cinched waists, full A-line skirts, tight-fitting jackets, padding, and rounded shoulders—a far cry from the utility-style clothing of women’s wartime fashion.\n\nIt sought to move away from the austerity of the Second World War, creating a new vision for post-war society. It was a welcome change and a fresh start for women everywhere. \n \nThe “New Look” skyrocketed the French couturier to fame, despite having only opened his first atelier in December 1946.  \n\n","f5c85614-acd0-4547-b6ef-a32d65684b52",[1250],{"id":1251,"data":1252,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"f766b676-764a-42bb-9500-85d6d137f6f0",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":1253,"multiChoiceCorrect":1255,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1257},[1254],"What was the name of Dior's first couture collection that launched his reputation as one of the most critical couturiers of the twentieth century?",[1256],"The Spring/Summer 47 collection",[1258,1259,1260],"The Fall/Winter 47 collection","The Spring/Summer 46 collection","The Fall/Winter 46 collection",{"id":1262,"data":1263,"type":25,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":1265},"e7b7aef9-a6d1-4de5-b531-00ba0ca6d70a",{"type":25,"title":1264},"Iconic Fashion Moments",[1266,1280,1294,1308,1326],{"id":1267,"data":1268,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1272},"391c475d-e273-4950-a337-5b58a354d887",{"type":21,"title":1269,"markdownContent":1270,"audioMediaId":1271},"Jackie Kennedy’s Halston pillbox hat","Former first lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis is one of the most significant fashion icons of the 1960s. Her signature style included Chanel suits, tailored coats, shift dresses, and oversized sunglasses. But perhaps the pillbox hat is the most iconic accessory connected to Jackie Kennedy.\n \nIn 1961, Jackie attended her husband John F. Kennedy’s presidential inauguration. She wore a blue pillbox hat to match her duck-egg blue Oleg Cassini coat. The hat was created by Roy Halston Frowick, the designer later known as Halston. According to Halston, Jackie accidentally dented the hat when trying to save it from blowing from her head in the wind. Hat makers then began replicating the pillbox hat and copying the signature dent.\n \nThe event marked the first lady as a style icon and symbol of the new generation. At the time, Halston was an emerging milliner in New York City. At the end of the decade, he launched his fashion label and went on to define fashion throughout the 1970s disco era. \n","85ee35b0-cbd7-4990-ac01-d93740c5a452",[1273],{"id":1274,"data":1275,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"fd4dc6e9-ac43-4d21-91be-5bfdceaa0b5c",{"type":51,"reviewType":52,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":1276,"clozeWords":1278},[1277],"The pillbox hat is the most iconic accessory connected to Jackie Kennedy.",[1279],"Jackie Kennedy",{"id":1281,"data":1282,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1286},"9ecdf55d-1ae7-4481-b53f-c2f20cbb142c",{"type":21,"title":1283,"markdownContent":1284,"audioMediaId":1285},"Audrey Hepburn in Breakfast at Tiffany’s","In the American romantic comedy film Breakfast at Tiffany’s, Audrey Hepburn wowed audiences with her portrayal of society girl Holly Golightly. It wasn’t just her performance that caught attention, but the impact of the film’s most iconic outfit—a little black dress. \n\n ![Graph](image://6e5fd985-191a-4844-b65a-55ad7019de85 \"Audrey Hepburn's style inspired a generation\")\n \nAmerican costume designer Edith Head hired the French fashion designer Hubert de Givenchy to create the character’s wardrobe. The first Givenchy dress appears in the opening scene, where Golightly gets out of a taxi in a floor-length, black satin dress. She carries a coffee in one hand and a croissant in the other as she stops to view the Tiffany and Co. jewelry store window. Her hair is pinned up, and she is wearing a five-strand pearl necklace, now another iconic accessory of the film.\n \nGivenchy’s dress was an interpretation of Coco Chanel’s little black dress, which she introduced to the world in 1926. It put a modern spin on the classic design, and is one of the 20th century’s most powerful dresses, frequently referenced by fashion historians.\n\n","0aae1ee1-e5c9-4ac4-bc41-71603bb2a65b",[1287],{"id":1288,"data":1289,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"2edf139e-353b-44cb-91eb-d6973beb03bf",{"type":51,"reviewType":52,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":1290,"clozeWords":1292},[1291],"In Breakfast at Tiffany’s, Audrey Hepburn wowed audiences with her portrayal of society girl Holly Golightly.",[1293],"Audrey Hepburn",{"id":1295,"data":1296,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1300},"936a29e9-13af-4051-bb35-6c03fdcbe489",{"type":21,"title":1297,"markdownContent":1298,"audioMediaId":1299},"Mary Quant’s mini skirt","The launch and rise of the mini skirt was another defining moment that changed fashion forever. \n\nA handful of designers are associated with the mini skirt invention, but British fashion designer Mary Quant remains forever linked to the iconic piece. \n\n ![Graph](image://5a08cb22-9b7e-48da-a229-e07bd90064a5 \"Mary Quant was a legend of 60s style. Image: Jack de Nijs for Anefo / Anefo, CC BY-SA 3.0 NL, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\n \nIn 1963, the mini skirt appeared in the window of Quant’s small boutique, Bazaar, on King’s Road. The King’s Road in Chelsea was the hub of Swinging London in the Swinging Sixties era. \n\nIt was a time when the English capital became the influential center of fashion, art, and music, driven by a cultural revolution. Quant was an instrumental fashion figure, designing exciting new clothing that matched the energy of the youth movements at the time.\n \nThe above-the-knee mini skirt was an innovation for contemporary women. \n\nIt removed the restrictions of previously-worn long skirts, freeing the legs so that women could now move around with ease, be it to run, catch a bus, or dance. The mini skirt is symbolic of the 1960s, along with hotpants, or short shorts,—another legendary creation by the British designer.\n","049601db-3b91-417c-845f-595684aa94ca",[1301],{"id":1302,"data":1303,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"c2e31924-aadf-41f5-9256-b132e9e58807",{"type":51,"reviewType":52,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":1304,"clozeWords":1306},[1305],"A handful of designers are associated with the mini skirt, but British fashion designer Mary Quant remains forever linked to the iconic piece.",[1307],"Mary Quant",{"id":1309,"data":1310,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1314},"254ffa8f-ee3b-4f96-8b37-69be79ee244d",{"type":21,"title":1311,"markdownContent":1312,"audioMediaId":1313},"Yves Saint Laurent and Le Smoking","In his Autumn/Winter 1966 collection, Yves Saint Laurent introduced the “Le Smoking” tuxedo suit. \n\nIt was a tuxedo suit like no other because this was the first tuxedo suit designed for women. While he used many of the same design elements, it was not an exact replica of the male tuxedo. Instead, it was purposefully transformed to fit the shape of the female body.\n\n ![Graph](image://fde11903-9058-4d83-9f18-b296ba88e350 \"YSL's feminine smoking jackets. Image: David Hilowitz, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n \nUp until this defining moment, the tuxedo was strictly male-only. It was originally invented as an evening garment to wear in a smoking room, to protect a gentleman’s clothing from falling ash and the smell of cigars. Before it was a tuxedo, it was called a smoking jacket. \n \nThe Le Smoking suit faced a lot of criticism upon its debut. Yves Saint Laurent was blurring the lines between feminine and masculine fashion, and many people did not welcome this new androgynous style that saw women wearing trousers. However, the iconic garment proposed a cultural shift and revolutionized how women’s fashion was perceived.\n\n","8b1cc7c3-94db-47b6-8e34-b949a3c13a9d",[1315],{"id":1316,"data":1317,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"4d61db85-7309-4151-a669-ab4e9d8ad43f",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":1318,"multiChoiceCorrect":1320,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1322},[1319],"What was the name of the tuxedo suit Yves Saint Laurent designed for women in 1966?",[1321],"Le Smoking",[1323,1324,1325],"La Cigarette","La Veste à Diner","Le Tux ",{"id":1327,"data":1328,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1332},"dca4b5b9-519c-484f-9569-7a8f5ee2266a",{"type":21,"title":1329,"markdownContent":1330,"audioMediaId":1331},"The power of shoulder pads","Shoulder pads originated in 1877 as a practical measure to pad out and protect the shoulders of American football players.\n\n ![Graph](image://3cbc1791-5f62-44b6-8574-a3ebbde579c0 \"Elsa Schiaparelli's shoulder pads\")\n\nHowever, the shoulder pad soon moved into women’s fashion when Elsa Schiaparelli included them in her 1931 collection. Schiaparelli enjoyed tricking the eye while experimenting with female silhouettes. The use of shoulder pads and wide lapels created the strong shoulder that dominated her coats and suits. \n \nAmerican costume designer Adrian Adolph Greenberg brought shoulder pads to the mainstream when he introduced them to the silver screen in the 1930s. Actress Joan Crawford helped popularize the style as shoulder pads became part of her signature look. Shoulder pads were more than just a fashion statement. They reflected a shift in gender roles as women sought equality with their male counterparts.  \n \nIn the 1980s, shoulder pads were a primary feature of the power suit, coupled with oversized lapels and sharp cuts. The exaggerated shoulders allowed women to take on a more masculine appearance to match their male colleagues in the workplace. \n\n","2b50f49d-f6eb-4e4f-9323-44a3f7226040",[1333],{"id":1334,"data":1335,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"f2015b37-d2b0-422b-b647-b7e0ec8de096",{"type":51,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":21,"activeRecallQuestion":1336,"activeRecallAnswers":1338},[1337],"Which designer brought shoulder pads to the mainstream in the 1930s?",[1339],"Adrian Adolph Greenberg",{"id":1341,"data":1342,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"orbs":1345},"e38a4e10-1298-4498-ad07-64a15f4f10de",{"type":27,"title":1343,"tagline":1344},"Manufacturing Processes","How are clothes made? An overview of the clothes creation business.",[1346,1437],{"id":1347,"data":1348,"type":25,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":1350},"452c62d8-704d-49db-b14f-78da57d902df",{"type":25,"title":1349},"The Evolution of Textile Manufacturing",[1351,1369,1385,1403,1421],{"id":1352,"data":1353,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1357},"47e9894b-df6a-42e6-870b-c7bf560db1e1",{"type":21,"title":1354,"markdownContent":1355,"audioMediaId":1356},"How are clothes made? ","Do you ever wonder how your clothes are made? If you’ve never made a garment yourself, you might be surprised at the work that goes into every item of clothing you own. A series of steps make up the clothes-making process, from the design concept to the finished product. \n\nThere are a number of operations, but the process can generally be categorized into five steps: pre-production, planning, cutting, quality control, and delivery.\n\n ![Graph](image://34671490-1471-456d-8053-aca167868e43 \"All clothing manufacturing starts with pre-production\")\n\nPre-production is the process that occurs before bulk production. It includes sourcing raw materials, sampling, pattern making, garment costing, and buyer approvals. A knit sweater, for instance, would require the sourcing of yarn from suppliers at a reasonable price. \n\nOnce secured, the production planning stage begins, where the planning department allocates the design to a sewing line and fixes dates for the garment factories to begin an order to ensure delivery on time.\n\nNext, the cutting begins. Pattern cutting is the process of creating the basic patterns that will make up the design. Factories cut the fabrics ready for sewing, following specific instructions from the design team for measurements and sizing. Once complete, the quality control team inspects the garment samples to ensure quality before the components are sewn together. \n\nIn the final stage, the order is delivered to the client when the garments pass the quality control checks. \n\n","bd2353d6-d8d0-4c08-8349-6da1b60ed42d",[1358],{"id":1359,"data":1360,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"90f20748-7714-46f0-8b8f-7613f23c13f8",{"type":51,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":21,"activeRecallQuestion":1361,"activeRecallAnswers":1363},[1362],"What are the five steps of the clothes-making process?",[1364,1365,1366,1367,1368],"Pre-production","Planning","Cutting","Quality Control","Delivery",{"id":1370,"data":1371,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1375},"ca825537-7b76-4f2b-84d1-88cea95571e4",{"type":21,"title":1372,"markdownContent":1373,"audioMediaId":1374},"Case study: The Industrial Revolution","The Industrial Revolution transitioned from conventional means of making goods by hand to using machines instead. It was a period of new technology and advancements in manufacturing that occurred in the 18th century and permanently changed society. \n\nIt had a significant impact on the textile industry. Before the Industrial Revolution, clothes and textile goods were produced on a small scale. It was a slow and humble process, with many people making goods at home and on their farms. Industrialization changed all this, enabling the mass production of goods with new inventions that innovated the industry. \n\n\n ![Graph](image://c9a5e63a-7426-44f2-9459-55e38c9a3889 \"The power loom revolutionized manufacturing. Image: Clem Rutter, Rochester, Kent., CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nFor example, in 1764, James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny, a multi-spindle spinning frame. In 1769, Richard Arkwright improved on this further and created the water frame, a spinning frame powered by a water wheel. In 1785, Edmund Cartwright created the power loom. \n\nThe power loom mechanized the loom function, speeding up the weaving process. Eli Whitney’s cotton gin removed cotton fibers from their seeds, and the Jacquard loom by Joseph Marie Jacquard allowed the weaving of complex designs. \n\n","7a506de3-e106-42cf-b9a1-d1e4bea26b42",[1376],{"id":1377,"data":1378,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"8c5edef1-dc2d-459f-a390-33e31f856a14",{"type":51,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":1379,"binaryCorrect":1381,"binaryIncorrect":1383},[1380],"What invention enabled the mass production of clothes during the Industrial Revolution?",[1382],"Power loom",[1384],"Ready-to-wear collections",{"id":1386,"data":1387,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1391},"d7cb36a7-86dd-43da-ba05-08cefe05a58a",{"type":21,"title":1388,"markdownContent":1389,"audioMediaId":1390},"Case study: The textile mill ","Textile mills marked an important shift in manufacturing processes. The introduction of mills took clothes and textiles creation to the next level, transforming the humble craft into a factory-based model driven by speed and productivity. \n\n ![Graph](image://287694dc-2c8e-4461-a346-c50cccacda04 \"An early 20th-century textile mill. Image: Museokeskus Vapriikki, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe new system enabled many textile goods to reach the masses, allowing the middle and working classes to afford more clothes. It kept the production costs down and opened up many new jobs.\n\nThe first mill was established in 1740 after English machinist John Kray developed the first step toward automatic weaving machines. \n\nHe created the flying shuttle—a machine which allowed a single weaver to make wide fabrics, whereas previously, wide fabrics required two weavers. After Richard Arkwright invented the water frame in 1769, he went on to build Cromford Mill in 1771, the first water-powered cotton mill.\n","4bb4b25a-fb1a-4c03-95e3-f671a314aad1",[1392],{"id":1393,"data":1394,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"4d0ebbe3-20e7-4cbc-8272-0bf4e378358c",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":1395,"multiChoiceCorrect":1397,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1399},[1396],"Who invented the flying shuttle, the first step toward automatic weaving machines?",[1398],"John Kray",[1400,1401,1402],"Richard Arkwright","Charles Babbage","James Watt",{"id":1404,"data":1405,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1409},"3e8c1f05-126c-4d28-8379-e4a76d60146b",{"type":21,"title":1406,"markdownContent":1407,"audioMediaId":1408},"Case study: The sewing machine","Before the sewing machine, all sewing was done by hand using a needle and thread, no matter the project. \n\nThe sewing machine entered the world in the late 18th century and revolutionized how humans make clothes. This device offered a much more efficient way to make garments, and women could now make clothes at home quickly and easily.\n\nEnglishman and cabinet maker Thomas Saint is credited with designing the first ever sewing machine in 1790. However, his design was on paper only, and he never actually built the device. His original drawings depicted a machine for stitching leather and canvas, and a replica based on his design was constructed in 1874 by William Newton Wilson. \n\n ![Graph](image://1d068191-f04e-42f9-8f49-0e33186327f6 \"A very early example of a sewing machine. Image: Pierre Tribhou, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nSeveral inventors patented the sewing machine, but most inventions were unsuccessful. It was in 1830 when the first successfully-functioning sewing machine arrived, patented by the French inventor Barthélemy Thimonnier. It was made from wood and used a barbed needle to create a chain stitch. \n\nIn 1846, American inventor Elias Howe patented the first modern lockstitch sewing machine. \n\n","fc44f1aa-d706-4741-88dc-d420cd31ce86",[1410],{"id":1411,"data":1412,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"2badb151-011e-46ff-a2c4-42c4f30f5abb",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":1413,"multiChoiceCorrect":1415,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1417},[1414],"Who is credited with designing the first ever sewing machine in 1790?",[1416],"Thomas Saint",[1418,1419,1420],"William Newton Wilson","Barthélemy Thimonnier","Elias Howe",{"id":1422,"data":1423,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1427},"5145519d-dc5f-47f7-a967-e7835a251a78",{"type":21,"title":1424,"markdownContent":1425,"audioMediaId":1426},"Synthetic dye ","As the textile industry blossomed with innovations, another high-tech discovery occurred. In 1856, English chemist William Henry Perkin accidentally synthesized mauveine, or aniline purple, while trying to produce quinine to treat malaria. \n\n ![Graph](image://23d04233-8850-4c81-b2e8-9d8daa10a521 \"William Henry Perkin\")\n\nThis created the first organic synthetic dye in history. His finding paved the way for the synthetic dye and modern chemical industry. Perkin filed a patent for the process and made his fortune. \n\nBefore Perkin’s creation, only the wealthy had color in their wardrobes because fabric dyes were expensive to make. Dyes were derived from natural sources, such as plants, fungi, and insects. \n\nThe color purple, in particular, symbolized wealth as the purple hue was the most expensive to produce. The arrival of mauveine was an exciting new development for ordinary people as beautiful purple fabrics could now be made and sold for a smaller cost.\n\n","7a00f250-6548-4575-bfc9-65ca9fe9321a",[1428],{"id":1429,"data":1430,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"95cbb408-2c12-4e3b-9e12-0ddae537dc7b",{"type":51,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":1431,"binaryCorrect":1433,"binaryIncorrect":1435},[1432],"What was the first organic synthetic dye in history?",[1434],"Mauveine",[1436],"Quinine",{"id":1438,"data":1439,"type":25,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":1441},"910fca65-403d-461c-b231-6b1fe2d4a78f",{"type":25,"title":1440},"Modern Innovations in Fashion",[1442,1460,1473,1489],{"id":1443,"data":1444,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1448},"9ecf9095-dbd6-47b2-b913-5364a7ef1466",{"type":21,"title":1445,"markdownContent":1446,"audioMediaId":1447},"Digital innovations ","The groundbreaking concepts emerging throughout history didn’t stop in the past. Fashion design and garment construction continue to develop and reform as fresh minds conjure new ideas. While the Industrial Revolution skyrocketed manufacturing processes, manufacturers in the 21st century have the help of digital technology to aid progression. \n\nAlthough the way we make clothes in the digital age hasn’t changed much, there are new advancements that eliminate design restrictions and allow more control. For example, 3D printing transforms a three-dimensional digital design into a physical product. It is a one-step manufacturing process that saves money and time and reduces waste. Elsewhere, digital knitting is another unique process that turns 3D designs into knitting patterns.\n","1953da06-165a-4af6-868b-d0eb31ef2cb2",[1449],{"id":1450,"data":1451,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"a77d0e75-1c43-4a6c-88e9-b391aac553c7",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":1452,"multiChoiceCorrect":1454,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1456},[1453],"What is the one-step manufacturing process that saves money and time and reduces waste?",[1455],"3D printing",[1457,1458,1459],"Digital knitting","Sewing","Embroidery",{"id":1461,"data":1462,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1466},"89bae3dd-ae50-464b-9f83-1d1bcc852a2b",{"type":21,"title":1463,"markdownContent":1464,"audioMediaId":1465},"Fast fashion","While new inventions uplifted the clothing manufacturing industry and delivered multiple positive changes, these techniques inevitably led to fast fashion. Fast fashion emerged in the 1990s with the mass production of cheap clothing. \n\nThe New York Times coined the phrase in 1989 when discussing the revelation from retailer Zara about how fast they were making clothes. \n\n\nFast fashion describes the business model of copying clothes from the catwalks and high-fashion houses, as well as what celebrities and TV stars have been wearing, mass producing them, and bringing them to stores almost immediately for a low price. These clothes meet the continuous demand for accessing the latest trends.\n\nH&M, Gap, Topshop, and Zara were among the first fast fashion retailers to emerge.\n\nThe trouble with this business model is its catastrophic impact on the environment. Low quality promotes the idea that clothes are disposable. People no longer take care of the clothes they buy as they always chase the next trend. \n\nReportedly, 64% of garments made each year end up in landfill, with one in two people throwing their clothes in the trash.\n\n","019be67e-3d12-4c69-b01d-be97e6e2803d",[1467],{"id":1468,"data":1469,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"5ceb30c2-238a-4dbb-b026-3ee51a434498",{"type":51,"reviewType":52,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":1470,"clozeWords":1472},[1471],"Fast fashion emerged in the 1990s with the mass production of cheap clothing.",[1463],{"id":1474,"data":1475,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1479},"19c1b296-f2c2-416a-aa68-568895c24a75",{"type":21,"title":1476,"markdownContent":1477,"audioMediaId":1478},"Slow fashion","In contrast to fast fashion, the slow movement has welcomed the rise of slow fashion. Slow fashion is a considered approach to clothes making that differs entirely from fast fashion practices. \n\nIt focuses on well-made clothes produced with minimal harm to the environment. It takes into account all aspects of the supply chain to minimize waste, reduce pollution, respect people and nature, and move away from the damaging effects of instant gratification.\n\nIn essence, slow fashion goes back to basics. Fashion was always slow before the Industrial Revolution hit. People took the time to make their clothes fit perfectly and last a lifetime. They took pride in what they wore and mended any damages should they occur. \n\nFortunately, consciousness is growing, and people are becoming more mindful of their fashion choices. Society as a whole is moving toward a slower way of living with the rise of mending, recycling, upcycling, second-hand shopping, and more mindfulness about brands. \n\nOne example of a brand following slow fashion principles is the American clothing brand Reformation, offering 100% carbon neutral items and ensuring sustainability is at the core.\n\n","c01fdfc9-c287-4850-8064-ffbf98fb1cc3",[1480],{"id":1481,"data":1482,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"e961e399-1895-4a98-9d22-6477df18bcd6",{"type":51,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":1483,"binaryCorrect":1485,"binaryIncorrect":1487},[1484],"What is an example of a brand following slow fashion principles?",[1486],"Reformation",[1488],"H&M",{"id":1490,"data":1491,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1495},"ef04378e-1651-4751-9f9f-2654dee6c78f",{"type":21,"title":1492,"markdownContent":1493,"audioMediaId":1494},"Clothes now ","More than 60% of clothes today are made in developing countries, with 65% of the world’s garments manufactured in China. \n\nIt is the world’s largest goods manufacturer and importer of textiles, and is sometimes referred to as the ‘world’s factory.’ According to the National Bureau of Statistics, a whopping 23.54 billion garments were produced there in 2021. The country is favored for its skilled workforce and low labor costs, attracting both fast fashion and high-end brands. \n\n ![Graph](image://cede6bcc-fd8e-478f-8015-8a750a67d401 \"65% of the world's clothes are made in Chinese factories such as this\")\n\nOver 60% of clothes today are made from synthetic materials, including acrylic, elastane, and nylon. Polyester is the most popular material. Unfortunately, these synthetic fibers are made from chemicals derived from fossil fuels, contributing to fashion’s enormous carbon footprint. \n\nFashion has never been under as much scrutiny as it is today. The spotlight is shining on the industry as consumers demand more transparency about where their clothes are made and who is making them.\n","84a8d521-4490-4a37-bd6e-2b9e6e50223a",[1496],{"id":1497,"data":1498,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"2e18014b-4a96-4a30-bea3-dd89669af762",{"type":51,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":1499,"binaryCorrect":1501,"binaryIncorrect":1503},[1500],"What is the most popular material used to make clothes today?",[1502],"Polyester",[1504],"Cotton",{"id":1506,"data":1507,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"orbs":1510},"3fe0f9d5-f939-4a17-a15a-a05701e8761c",{"type":27,"title":1508,"tagline":1509},"Modern-Day Fashion","What are people wearing today? An exploration of 21st-century style as we know it.",[1511,1564,1614],{"id":1512,"data":1513,"type":25,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":1515},"52a44334-3737-4162-90dc-4a87c85032dd",{"type":25,"title":1514},"Understanding Modern Fashion",[1516,1531,1546],{"id":1517,"data":1518,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1522},"f8af2b25-be71-469b-91a6-ce5c372dbb5f",{"type":21,"title":1519,"markdownContent":1520,"audioMediaId":1521},"What is modern fashion? ","Modern fashion stands apart from previous styles in one major way, and that is choice. We are living in an era where almost everybody in the developed world has access to thousands of items of clothes. \n\nMoreover, social norms surrounding dressing are more relaxed than ever, resulting in people dressing more diversely and without restrictions—mixing and matching styles to find their personal look. \n\nAs fashion is central to modern life, it’s interesting to look at the world around us and review how current dress tastes have changed. It is constantly evolving, even more so in modern times, with the rise of throwaway culture.\n\n\n ![Graph](image://c0865337-2cef-46fb-84dc-58f19f2442ad \"Modern fashion is about self-expression. Image: GoToVan, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nTrends are shifting faster than ever, and it can be impossible to keep up. An outfit you love today could be out of style tomorrow, and vice versa. With fashion moving at such high speed, how do we keep up? \n\nToday, modern style is about finding your unique style. It’s an opportunity to make conscious fashion choices that limit your impact on the environment while dressing in a way that expresses you. \n\n","747da96c-640d-4437-81fd-a5a6cffad423",[1523],{"id":1524,"data":1525,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"ccdc2f1b-e7c2-4656-ad3b-400ebba2f489",{"type":51,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":1526,"binaryCorrect":1528,"binaryIncorrect":1530},[1527],"Modern fashion is characterized by ...",[1529],"Fast-moving trends",[1476],{"id":1532,"data":1533,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1537},"21081084-eb81-4eba-8ba6-571bf2cfce3f",{"type":21,"title":1534,"markdownContent":1535,"audioMediaId":1536},"Current trends","Modern fashion is characterized by extremely fast-moving trends in the media as designers and fashion brands continue to release new products regularly. Depending on where you shop, you can find trends spanning multiple decades. \n\n21st-century fashion differs from the eras that came before it. While we can attribute some signature trends to past decades, like the 1920s cloche hat, the 1950s tea dress, or the 1960s mini skirt, there doesn’t appear to be a standout stylistic mark of modern times. That said, there have been many key fashion moments and popular trends that have come and gone. \n\nSome defining trends of the present include bold colors (notably hot pink), cut-out clothing, and the revival of y2k fashion, with everything from crop tops and ultra-low rise pants to colored sunglasses and chunky footwear. Another major trend in recent years is the shift towards non-binary fashion, and a general move towards queer culture and aesthetics. \n","748c5703-e4b3-4c2b-a812-a8db26544ace",[1538],{"id":1539,"data":1540,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"1a702c71-66cf-44db-8685-837ae1f592aa",{"type":51,"reviewType":52,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":1541,"clozeWords":1543},[1542],"Some defining trends of the early 2020s include bold colors, cut-out clothing, and the revival of y2k fashion.",[1544,1545],"bold colors","y2k",{"id":1547,"data":1548,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1552},"46c5ed47-fda5-40d3-ba9c-46830a5188c8",{"type":21,"title":1549,"markdownContent":1550,"audioMediaId":1551},"Modern fashion innovations","As our views on fashion continue to evolve, so does our approach. With time comes innovations that match the current climate, taking fashion in new directions as the world calls for significant changes in the industry. Today, we have a fashion industry that is seeking new ways to operate and improve. \n\nMany of the modern-day issues faced by the industry link to the global warming crisis. As the second most polluting industry after oil and gas, urgent action is necessary to reduce fashion’s carbon footprint. With climate change at the forefront of people’s minds, many fresh ideas are beginning to emerge. \n\nWe are now seeing the rise of recycled garments and materials, rental marketplaces, clothing reward programs, bio packaging, biodegradable fabrics, and zero-waste initiatives. Many of these factors contribute to extending the lifecycle of a garment, reducing waste, and replacing harmful materials with sustainable alternatives. \n","472baf30-336e-4af8-ba66-3271cfd89772",[1553],{"id":1554,"data":1555,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"c79eea0d-79b8-4855-81f6-d6024fa49c3d",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":1556,"multiChoiceCorrect":1558,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1560},[1557],"What is the second most polluting industry after oil and gas?",[1559],"The fashion industry",[1561,1562,1563],"The automotive industry","The construction industry","The technology industry",{"id":1565,"data":1566,"type":25,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":1568},"93bbbc67-9e0f-464d-8e43-d42b8eb754b3",{"type":25,"title":1567},"Iconic Fashion Brands",[1569,1587,1600],{"id":1570,"data":1571,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1575},"467ac2fa-17f9-4416-8217-6a1268b7aa2f",{"type":21,"title":1572,"markdownContent":1573,"audioMediaId":1574},"Case study: Gucci","Gucci is a powerful name and one of the oldest Italian fashion houses still operating. As of 2022, Gucci remains the most popular luxury fashion brand online for the fifth year, acquiring 15.7% of total search interest for luxury goods. Dior and Chanel follow closely behind. \n\n ![Graph](image://29d8a7be-d7b7-4401-9a55-881a7d26142b \"A classic Gucci bag. Image: Sailko, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nGucci is recognizable by its bamboo bag handles, horse-bit loafers, and signature green and red stripes that feature a single red stripe between two dark green stripes. The official logo is the iconic double G symbol. The Italian fashion house is best known for leather goods, ready-to-wear clothing, watches, and jewelry. \n\nThe first Gucci stores opened in 1921 in Florence, Italy, founded by Italian businessman and fashion designer Guccio Gucci. The Gucci fashion house initially specialized in imported leather luggage. By the fifties, it was a favored label amongst wealthy travelers and the Hollywood elite. In the 1980s, the Gucci reputation was damaged as it struggled to maintain success. This led to the hiring of American designer Tom Ford in 1990, who restored Gucci’s reputation. \n\nAlessandro Michele is the current creative director.\n\n","f5173a6e-547d-4d9f-b7cd-5f479dc5d154",[1576],{"id":1577,"data":1578,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"d2b7d8dc-2268-4882-81ac-8f924749bfc2",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":1579,"multiChoiceCorrect":1581,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1583},[1580],"Who is the current (2022) creative director of Gucci?",[1582],"Alessandro Michele",[1584,1585,1586],"Guccio Gucci","Tom Ford","Dior",{"id":1588,"data":1589,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1593},"dca98820-ee1d-416e-b81c-a67a94d86178",{"type":21,"title":1590,"markdownContent":1591,"audioMediaId":1592},"Case study: Louis Vuitton","French fashion house Louis Vuitton was founded by Louis Vuitton in 1854. After working for 17 years as a craftsman for the Parisian atelier Monsieur Maréchal, Vuitton ventured out and opened his own workshop at number 4 Rue Neuve-des-Capucines. \n\nHe established himself as a master luggage maker, specializing in trunks and suitcases. In 1886, his son, Georges Vuitton, invented a new locking system for trunks, making it impossible for thieves to pick the lock. \n\n ![Graph](image://05b85dc9-4cce-45d5-877c-06e22cd11c75 \"The Louis Vuitton flagship store in Paris. Image: Jorge Láscar from Melbourne, Australia, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nIn 1888, Vuitton created the iconic Damier print that immediately distinguishes the brand. Damier is the French word for ‘checkerboard.’ After the passing of Louis Vuitton in 1892, Georges took over the luxury fashion house. In honor of his father, he introduced the signature LV monogram in 1896, which features the initials LV, flowers, and quatrefoils. \n\nAnother pivotal moment in the brand’s history was when Marc Jacobs was appointed creative director in 1997. He transformed the luggage-only company into a major fashion house with monogram handbags, luxury leather goods, steamer trunks, high-end clothes, shoes, and accessories.\n","27a0f336-86f1-438d-b5d1-6dfd9093d920",[1594],{"id":1595,"data":1596,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"2e5c8295-bdc5-4dbe-9edf-6afff545dab3",{"type":51,"reviewType":52,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":1597,"clozeWords":1599},[1598],"After the passing of Louis Vuitton in 1892, Georges took over the luxury fashion house.",[333],{"id":1601,"data":1602,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1606},"7d51c4c6-2b70-4db6-ba14-5dcf1368fdc1",{"type":21,"title":1603,"markdownContent":1604,"audioMediaId":1605},"Case study: Prada","Like many other fashion powerhouses, Prada began as a luxury leather goods company. It was founded in 1913, when Mario Prada opened the first store in the prestigious Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan, Italy. Prada sold bags, trunks, and other luggage accessories to the wealthy. \n\nIn the mid-seventies, his granddaughter Miuccia Prada joined the family business, focusing on accessories before introducing women’s shoes in 1979. In 1988, Prada hit the Milan catwalk with its first complete ready-to-wear collection for women. \n\n ![Graph](image://a3da2d6f-608f-47c8-843a-c7b847834ded \"Prada - an iconic fashion label. Image: Pavel Gromov (Pagan), CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe Prada shows are some of the most anticipated shows in fashion, and Miuccia Prada is considered one of the most influential designers of our time. Since taking the reins, she has brought us many monumental shows. \n\nA signature Prada concept is ‘ugly chic,’ which debuted in the 1996 Spring/Summer collection. It challenged conventional standards of femininity and beauty, bringing back gaudy colors, clashing patterns, and clumpy footwear. \n\n","d5420df7-190a-400e-95f9-c9eae0889de5",[1607],{"id":1608,"data":1609,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"d364dd9a-c9f1-4154-975d-8c0f3149b821",{"type":51,"reviewType":52,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":1610,"clozeWords":1612},[1611],"In the mid-seventies, Miuccia Prada joined the family business, focusing on accessories before introducing women’s shoes in 1979.",[1613],"Miuccia",{"id":1615,"data":1616,"type":25,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":1618},"97530992-3b2c-461f-a2d2-b36dbb63629d",{"type":25,"title":1617},"Global Fashion Weeks",[1619,1636,1650,1674],{"id":1620,"data":1621,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1624},"13abb62c-005f-4048-8f34-bdd1ff13c52c",{"type":21,"title":520,"markdownContent":1622,"audioMediaId":1623},"In chronological order, New York is the first of the ‘Big Four’ fashion capitals to present at fashion week. The location of NYFW has changed over the years, but it is now situated at Spring Studios in Tribeca. Although, as of late, many designers are returning to presenting off-site.\n\nNew York Fashion Week began with Eleanor Lambert, an American fashion activist and publicist. She paved the way for American fashion, setting up Press Week in 1943, which later became Fashion Week. Paris had always been the fashion epicenter, but under German occupation during the Second World War, the opportunity arose for American fashion designers to showcase their work and gain recognition. New York was now on the fashion map.\n\nNumerous big names have come out of American fashion, including Calvin Klein, Halston, Ralph Lauren, Rick Owens, Oscar de la Renta, and Tom Ford. NYFW is widely associated with minimalism and a more polished aesthetic than the elaborate designs that occur in London and Paris.\n","c6a65ec7-946a-4bd6-b866-c7f3465c164d",[1625],{"id":1626,"data":1627,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"83c6af32-3003-42af-9695-b6ee7580878c",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":1628,"multiChoiceCorrect":1630,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1632},[1629],"Who is credited with setting up Press Week in 1943, which later became New York Fashion Week?",[1631],"Eleanor Lambert",[1633,1634,1635],"Calvin Klein","Halston","Ralph Lauren",{"id":1637,"data":1638,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1642},"1c3b894a-e09f-4c8e-9d53-791a5830a6a5",{"type":21,"title":1639,"markdownContent":1640,"audioMediaId":1641},"Milan Fashion Week","Historically, Milan was the second of the Big Four fashion weeks to arrive. It was born in 1958 and hosted by the Camera Nazionale Della Moda Italia, which translates to the National Chamber of Italian Fashion. It sought to present the best of the Italian fashion industry. \n\nBefore Italy emerged into the international fashion market after World War Two, Italian fashion was small-scale and remained local. Various cities began to compete for a title within the international fashion scene, with shows taking place in Florence, Rome, Venice, and other cities.\n\n ![Graph](image://d81ea950-47d1-4346-b529-957dbcd84d12 \"La Dolce Vita exemplifies Italian style\")\n\nHowever, Milan soon secured its position as a fashion capital, especially later when a stream of Milan-based designers stole the limelight. Key figures include Giorgio Armani, Miuccia Prada, and Gianni Versace.\n\nItalian fashion is adored for its elegance, sensuality, and sexiness. A perfect reference to iconic Italian style is the little black dress worn by Anita Ekberg in Federico Fellini’s 1960s film La Dolce Vita. \n\n","d19c4a21-c43d-4317-8f41-3b9ea5fbffdf",[1643],{"id":1644,"data":1645,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"195645d9-6d85-40b1-8e65-a72a8b7d10c0",{"type":51,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":21,"activeRecallQuestion":1646,"activeRecallAnswers":1648},[1647],"When was the Camera Nazionale Della Moda Italia founded?",[1649],"In 1958",{"id":1651,"data":1652,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1656},"4c09e3b4-2846-4c70-9214-6b854471103e",{"type":21,"title":1653,"markdownContent":1654,"audioMediaId":1655},"Paris Fashion Week","Paris Fashion Week (PFW) marks the end of the fashion month. Many people consider PFW the ultimate fashion showcase, featuring several of the greatest names in the industry, including Chanel, Dior, Louis Vuitton, and Saint Laurent.\n\n\n ![Graph](image://6b1437ef-cc0c-42ba-b036-3aafc2f7cb9d \"Versailles - location of the first Paris Fashion Week. Image: G CHP, CC BY-SA 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe first Paris Fashion Week took place in 1973, with the first fashion show held at the Palace of Versailles. Paris’s shows continued to evolve into the theatrical masterpieces we see today. It is favored for honoring the traditional standards of Parisian haute couture, producing some of the finest craftsmanship in existence. French fashion is best described as elegant yet effortless.\n\n","355e403d-ec0d-4c03-8481-1754978ea7c7",[1657,1663],{"id":1658,"data":1659,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"047602f0-232c-4f0e-b787-c5d0f86d70b8",{"type":51,"reviewType":52,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":1660,"clozeWords":1662},[1661],"Paris Fashion Week (PFW) marks the end of the fashion month.",[1653],{"id":1664,"data":1665,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"de433420-c81b-4be5-aa38-960ddffdef1e",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":1666,"multiChoiceCorrect":1668,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1670},[1667],"When was the first Paris Fashion Week held?",[1669],"In 1973",[1671,1672,1673],"In 1975","In 1971","In 1979",{"id":1675,"data":1676,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1680},"9e28cba8-534d-4568-8ed6-86839465f569",{"type":21,"title":1677,"markdownContent":1678,"audioMediaId":1679},"London Fashion Week","Second on the fashion week schedule, London is the youngest of the capitals to enter the Big Four. London Fashion Week has a particular mood that centers around imagination and fresh, emerging talent. The city boasts a rich history of extraordinary design and fashion visionaries. \n\n\n\n\nPercy Savage set the wheels in motion for LFW, staging the first London fashion show at The Ritz hotel. But it was in 1983 that the British Fashion Council formed before the very first London Fashion Week was born the following year. \n\nThe official first location was in a car park at the Commonwealth Institute in Kensington. Betty Jackson, Ghost, Vivienne Westwood, and design graduate at the time, John Galliano, were among the first designers to partake in London Fashion Week. \n\nThe line-up as of 2022 includes multiple renowned brands, such as Burberry, Erdem, JW Anderson, Molly Goddard, and Rejina Pyo.\n\n","8d951d08-04cd-41bf-ad9a-c97aad6621a5",[1681],{"id":1682,"data":1683,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"92d87c2f-e3d5-466b-a9f6-e63ea89dd23a",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":1684,"multiChoiceCorrect":1686,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1688},[1685],"When was the first London Fashion Week held?",[1687],"In 1984",[1689,1690,1691],"In 1983","In 1982","In 1981",{"id":1693,"data":1694,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"orbs":1697},"dfe921d6-b64e-4261-b323-3505c0249eff",{"type":27,"title":1695,"tagline":1696},"Industry Issues and the Future of Fashion","Historical events have brought us to where we are now, but where is fashion going? An insight into the industry’s future.",[1698,1737,1790],{"id":1699,"data":1700,"type":25,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":1702},"321758ec-977f-4d05-8f26-31b41e6fcfc7",{"type":25,"title":1701},"Challenges in the Fashion Industry",[1703,1717,1723],{"id":1704,"data":1705,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1709},"1b74b8eb-9e27-4e32-96b9-d27cc38e362a",{"type":21,"title":1706,"markdownContent":1707,"audioMediaId":1708},"Is fashion in trouble? ","The fashion industry is far from perfect. Arguably the biggest problems facing fashion now are the environmental and social issues and the new demands of the modern and mindful consumer.\n\n ![Graph](image://b2f26c71-1268-479e-9847-f853a15e5dc7 \"Climate activists are increasingly concerned with the impact of the fashion industry\")\n\nThe environmentally-conscious generation is questioning everything. According to a Genomatica survey, one third of US consumers would purchase all of their clothing from a sustainable store, if they were able to find one. So, with the rise of interest in sustainable and ethical practices, it’s no wonder the industry is under fire. \n\nBehind the glamor is a dark side that is destroying the industry’s reputation. Waste, pollution, and exploitation are just a few of the problems that threaten the future of fashion. While the industry has managed to get away with certain troubles in the past, it’s time for a change. It creates too many problems to continue operating as it is right now. \n\nIs fashion in trouble? Yes. However, these pressing challenges provide an opportunity for the business to implement positive changes once and for all. With sustainability high on the agenda, there is hope for the fashion industry’s future. \n\n","fccdd8ba-d07f-47cc-8330-4d7e4b143de8",[1710],{"id":1711,"data":1712,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"945d304c-4193-486f-8015-bf27e229c448",{"type":51,"reviewType":52,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":1713,"clozeWords":1715},[1714],"The environmental movement is shaping the future of fashion",[1716],"environmental",{"id":1718,"data":1719,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21},"346fb5e0-0444-4d5d-82da-98e9b93ebe73",{"type":21,"title":1720,"markdownContent":1721,"audioMediaId":1722},"Pollution ","The textile and fashion industries are highly polluting. Air and water pollution has significantly increased since the rise of faster manufacturing processes and the expansion of the fashion audience. Non-renewable resources are under pressure, and waste is at an all-time high. \n\nCertain materials require the use of fossil fuels which release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, contributing to climate change. In fact, the global fashion industry produces double the amount of CO2 emissions than the aviation and maritime sectors combined.  \n\nFurthermore, many methods in the production process, such as dyeing fabrics, use toxic chemicals that cause harm to people and nature. Coloring processes also result in a vast amount of water waste and pollute rivers and streams. \n\nA large number of the world’s microplastics come from synthetic textiles. Microplastics are tiny particles of plastic produced from the breakdown of larger plastics. Others are designed intentionally for commercial products, such as clothing and cosmetics. Microplastic pollution harms our oceans and kills marine life. \n","5b54bbdd-a6de-4a60-a5a1-fe3bd05758ff",{"id":1724,"data":1725,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1729},"5f659e06-8b88-4b3b-adcd-12fac887ff10",{"type":21,"title":1726,"markdownContent":1727,"audioMediaId":1728},"Labor concerns ","Numerous concerns arise in the fashion industry, with damaging effects on people, animals, and the environment. A primary problem with cheap clothes is the consequences on the lives of garment workers. \n\nThe instant gratification of purchasing garments for one night’s outfit is only possible because of the drastic reduction in production costs, which unfortunately leads to inhumane working conditions. \n\nIn many developing countries where workers’ rights are limited, millions face poor workplace conditions. Many poor populations are exploited and forced to work for unlivable salaries in unsafe environments. \n\nFurthermore, many workers are made to work unacceptable hours to meet deadlines, especially during peak seasons. A typical day in an inhumane garment factory may be up to 16 hours long. Employees are often pressured to work 96-hour weeks without overtime wages. ","1c279b5c-f079-499a-952f-ab69715b20c6",[1730],{"id":1731,"data":1732,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"91c4fcd1-1064-4294-bf03-e6b259ebb948",{"type":51,"reviewType":52,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":1733,"clozeWords":1735},[1734],"A primary problem with cheap clothes is the consequences on the lives of garment workers.",[1736],"garment workers",{"id":1738,"data":1739,"type":25,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":1741},"23d67a53-6af3-4cb9-8930-f51012782eb4",{"type":25,"title":1740},"Case Studies in Fashion",[1742,1760,1774],{"id":1743,"data":1744,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1748},"452ad58b-f3a0-412b-8dee-dc45dbef16f9",{"type":21,"title":1745,"markdownContent":1746,"audioMediaId":1747},"Case study: The Rana Plaza tragedy ","On 24 April 2013, the eight-story Rana Plaza building in the Dhaka district of Bangladesh collapsed to the ground. The commercial complex housed five garment factories making clothes for worldwide fashion brands. \n\n\n\nThe day before, deep structural cracks were discovered in the Rana Plaza building. Despite safety warnings, garment workers were ordered to return to work the following day as normal. As a result, 1,134 people were killed and thousands more injured. Many people lost their limbs to survive the event. \n\nThe media covered the disaster, with the entire world watching as reports of the death toll flooded in. The Rana Plaza disaster was the worst industrial event to hit the fashion industry. It brought worldwide attention to the highly unethical practices in garment production. Following the tragedy, hundreds of brands, retailers, and trade unions signed the 2013 Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh—a legally binding, five-year agreement created to ensure workplace safety for garment factory workers. \n\n ![Graph](image://81736975-d64c-4023-86d8-45a097ceb8d6 \"The Rana Plaza tragedy sent shockwaves through the fashion industry\")\n\n","46c6d0f6-a582-41ca-9fb9-45f744274fc7",[1749],{"id":1750,"data":1751,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"ddc3adad-6fca-4def-8c29-58e001de10bc",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":1752,"multiChoiceCorrect":1754,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1756},[1753],"What was the name of the building that collapsed in Dhaka, Bangladesh in 2013?",[1755],"Rana Plaza",[1757,1758,1759],"Dhaka Plaza","Rana Building","Dhaka Building",{"id":1761,"data":1762,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1766},"9530de7d-812e-4d10-83e6-9834925e616c",{"type":21,"title":1763,"markdownContent":1764,"audioMediaId":1765},"Case study: #WhoMadeMyClothes campaign","The following year, the wake of the Rana Plaza tragedy sparked a new movement. In 2014, Orsola de Castro and Carry Somers created the #WhoMadeMyClothes campaign as part of Fashion Revolution, their not-for-profit fashion activist movement. \n\n\n ![Graph](image://58009682-39a6-4523-ac5b-16535746cb20 \"Activists from the #WhoMadeYourClothes movement. Image: greensefa, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe manifesto aims to make multiple changes in the fashion industry, including ending human and environmental exploitation, creating safe working conditions and living wages, and promoting a culture of transparency. \n\nThe concept behind the #WhoMadeMyClothes campaign was to encourage consumers to ask the question of who made their clothes. It spread awareness of the problems created by the industry and the issues faced by garment factory workers on a global scale. It also pushed fashion brands to share more information about their supply chains and workers.\n\nIt took place mainly on social media and quickly gained momentum with millions of people getting involved, growing the necessary conversation and encouraging garment workers to respond to the movement with the hashtag #IMadeYourClothes. \n\n","ffd8dcf6-647c-4d40-838d-b230051b12fc",[1767],{"id":1768,"data":1769,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"bbd22023-de22-4fa9-8e8b-5c5a35a8a2a3",{"type":51,"reviewType":52,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":1770,"clozeWords":1772},[1771],"In 2014, Orsola de Castro and Carry Somers created the #WhoMadeMyClothes campaign as part of Fashion Revolution, their not-for-profit fashion activist movement.",[1773],"#WhoMadeMyClothes",{"id":1775,"data":1776,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1780},"1591ee89-5acb-44f1-b72e-f0416879b46a",{"type":21,"title":1777,"markdownContent":1778,"audioMediaId":1779},"The push for sustainability","67% of consumers consider sustainable materials an essential factor when purchasing an item of clothing, confirming sustainability is at the forefront of modern minds. \n\n\n ![Graph](image://52f0707b-4fbe-402f-9945-5bfb571a28e4 \"Most people are now thinking more about the environment when they buy their clothes\")\n\nMost of us want to shrink our carbon footprint and make big and small changes to improve the health of our planet. After all, we all live here, and so will many generations to come. So, to make the Earth a better place for our future families, we can no longer ignore our responsibilities to contribute to a better planet. \n","c1eabe7b-e1cd-4d6e-83bb-bf213a494ac4",[1781],{"id":1782,"data":1783,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"cbdc973f-0687-4651-bff1-f79e69f81fcf",{"type":51,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":1784,"binaryCorrect":1786,"binaryIncorrect":1788},[1785],"What percentage of consumers consider sustainable materials an essential factor when purchasing an item of clothing?",[1787],"67%",[1789],"37%",{"id":1791,"data":1792,"type":25,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"pages":1794},"b055f30f-d004-482d-a185-b19347e43065",{"type":25,"title":1793},"Sustainable Fashion Initiatives",[1795,1813,1828],{"id":1796,"data":1797,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1801},"015bdd3a-afb2-4780-9e54-43fdd74248b2",{"type":21,"title":1798,"markdownContent":1799,"audioMediaId":1800},"Circular fashion ","A circular model eliminates waste, reduces pollution, and extends the life cycle of every garment. \n\nAnna Brismar is the founder of Green Strategy, a consultancy firm that aids the fashion and textile industry in developing sustainability and circularity. \n\nShe coined the term ‘circular fashion’ in 2014 when preparing for a fashion event on sustainability. She later found that the sustainability team at H&M had also been using the phrase in its Swedish translation, “cirkulärt mode.” \n\n ![Graph](image://7063b641-0b30-44d2-b70c-9c9d89e73de5 \"The circular fashion principle illustrated\")\n\nBrismar defines circular fashion as this: \n\n“Circular fashion can be defined as clothes, shoes, or accessories that are designed, sourced, produced, and provided with the intention to be used and circulate responsibly and effectively in society for as long as possible in their most valuable form and hereafter return safely to the biosphere when no longer of human use.”\n\nEssentially, the concept of circular fashion is a regenerative system that extends the life of garments by circulating them for as long as they remain valuable before they return to nature. According to a McKinsey report 60% of fashion executives have already invested or are planning to invest in closed-loop recycling as part of a circular textiles model to reduce waste.\n\n","480911b3-bce5-40b5-a9ee-115cf83f969f",[1802],{"id":1803,"data":1804,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"784d3329-710b-484e-a215-1ba8893249d1",{"type":51,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":1805,"multiChoiceCorrect":1807,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1809},[1806],"What term did Anna Brismar coin in 2014 to describe a regenerative system that extends the life of garments?",[1808],"Circular fashion",[1810,1811,1812],"Circular economy","Circular sustainability","Circular textiles",{"id":1814,"data":1815,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1819},"944ef2b6-a395-466c-80f4-6ee6214683e1",{"type":21,"title":1816,"markdownContent":1817,"audioMediaId":1818},"Brands doing their bit ","The focus on sustainability is continuously growing. Although progress is slow, the world is beginning to see some results. For instance, many fashion leaders have pledged sustainability at COP26, the United Nations Climate Change Conference that brings together industry leaders to get active in solving the climate crisis. \n\nMeanwhile, several brands are leading the way in sustainable business practices. British designer Stella McCartney has been shaping the sustainable fashion movement since her brand’s launch in 2001. She has continued to implement solutions that tackle issues, like using alternative materials, banning animal products, and inventing the label system Clevercare to help consumers practice good garment care. \n\nAmerican designer brand Mara Hoffman also takes alternative approaches to creating responsibly. The brand uses fabrics derived from waste and recycled plastic and materials such as hemp, organic cotton, and linen in collections. ","08c44c0c-e472-41cf-b073-aa7b7c73d154",[1820],{"id":1821,"data":1822,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"478ba622-41d5-4918-8411-72921ee6b694",{"type":51,"reviewType":52,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":1823,"clozeWords":1825},[1824],"British designer Stella McCartney is leading the way in sustainable business practices, using alternative materials, recycled plastic, and linen in collections.",[1826,1827],"alternative materials","recycled plastic",{"id":1829,"data":1830,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":28,"version":21,"reviews":1834},"539495e1-146e-42b8-ac4c-828086df1f84",{"type":21,"title":1831,"markdownContent":1832,"audioMediaId":1833},"How can we help?","The fashion industry is looking bleak, but the good news is that there are many ways we can help. Small, day-to-day changes can lead to big results, especially when everybody participates and does their bit. Perhaps first and foremost, it starts with changing our mindset. The idea that fashion is disposable is dated and no longer acceptable in the current climate. \n\nBuying less and buying high-quality clothing where possible is one of the best strategies to implement at home. It saves resources and prevents more waste from ending up in landfills. This way of living can also promote greater mental well-being and overall satisfaction. Furthermore, purchasing a garment or outfit and wearing it repeatedly also reduces waste. Additionally, repair should be the first port of call when a garment becomes torn, or a button falls off.\n\nShopping for vintage and second-hand clothes gives old clothes new life and is another significant environmental benefit. It’s also possible to upcycle old outfits by altering the length, adding cut-outs, and adding more fabric or embellishments. It is already growing, and as of 2021, the secondhand apparel market worldwide is expected to double in size by 2025.","5a31ffe6-b7f7-4f86-b068-6728f4ad0004",[1835],{"id":1836,"data":1837,"type":51,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":28},"aee851ae-84dd-471a-890a-497831bf12cf",{"type":51,"reviewType":52,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":1838,"clozeWords":1840},[1839],"To help the fashion industry, we can buy less, buy high-quality, and upcycle old clothes.",[1841,1842],"high-quality","upcycle",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":1844,"height":1844,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":1845},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":1844,"height":1844,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":1847},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M12.586 2.586A2 2 0 0 0 11.172 2H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v7.172a2 2 0 0 0 .586 1.414l8.704 8.704a2.426 2.426 0 0 0 3.42 0l6.58-6.58a2.426 2.426 0 0 0 0-3.42z\"/>\u003Ccircle cx=\"7.5\" cy=\"7.5\" r=\".5\" fill=\"currentColor\"/>\u003C/g>",1778228389161]