[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":647},["ShallowReactive",2],{"i-kinnu:logo":3,"i-kinnu:origami-folding":8,"tile-history-world-history-the-usa-from-native-societies-to-the-cold-war":12,"i-lucide:chevron-right":642,"i-lucide:menu":645},{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":7},0,27,false,"\u003Cg fill=\"none\">\u003Cpath d=\"M0.046875 1.05555C0.046875 1.03541 0.048197 1.01579 0.0507438 0.996728C0.0987149 0.438619 0.586845 0 1.18194 0H25.4398C26.451 0 26.9575 1.171 26.2424 1.85585L15.7301 11.9243L1.31574 0.903476C1.17475 0.79568 1.01137 0.761884 0.859586 0.784111L26.2936 25.1441C27.0086 25.829 26.5022 27 25.4909 27H1.18194C0.555061 27 0.046875 26.5133 0.046875 25.9129V1.05555Z\" fill=\"currentColor\"/>\u003C/g>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":9,"height":10,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":11},1000,236,"\u003Cg fill=\"none\">\u003Cpath fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\"\n    d=\"M193.68 38.2238C195.994 38.2238 197.87 40.0989 197.87 42.412V231.812C197.87 234.125 195.994 236 193.68 236H4.19013C1.87603 236 2.02305e-07 234.125 0 231.812V42.412C-2.02305e-07 40.0989 1.87603 38.2238 4.19013 38.2238H193.68ZM111.76 89.0072C111.685 87.9474 110.572 87.2905 109.608 87.7376L96.8872 93.641C95.7786 94.1554 95.702 95.7016 96.7545 96.3225L101.579 99.167C94.7045 109.365 90.5733 122.892 90.5732 137.642C90.5733 154.323 95.8569 169.439 104.416 179.945C105.301 181.032 106.9 181.196 107.987 180.311C109.075 179.426 109.238 177.828 108.353 176.741C100.621 167.25 95.6522 153.305 95.6521 137.642C95.6522 123.661 99.6138 111.051 105.963 101.754L110.456 104.403C111.508 105.024 112.826 104.21 112.74 102.991L111.76 89.0072ZM9.63194 136.286C9.14864 136.286 8.75684 136.678 8.75684 137.161C8.7569 137.644 9.14868 138.035 9.63194 138.035H17.2161C17.6993 138.035 18.0912 137.644 18.0912 137.161C18.0912 136.678 17.6994 136.286 17.2161 136.286H9.63194ZM22.6813 136.286C22.198 136.286 21.8062 136.678 21.8062 137.161C21.8063 137.644 22.1981 138.035 22.6813 138.035H30.2655C30.7487 138.035 31.1406 137.644 31.1406 137.161C31.1406 136.678 30.7488 136.286 30.2655 136.286H22.6813ZM35.7464 136.286C35.2631 136.286 34.8713 136.678 34.8713 137.161C34.8713 137.644 35.2631 138.035 35.7464 138.035H44.4973C44.9805 138.035 45.3724 137.644 45.3724 137.161C45.3724 136.678 44.9806 136.286 44.4973 136.286H35.7464ZM49.9977 136.286C49.5144 136.286 49.1226 136.678 49.1226 137.161C49.1226 137.644 49.5144 138.035 49.9977 138.035H57.5819C58.0651 138.035 58.4569 137.644 58.457 137.161C58.457 136.678 58.0651 136.286 57.5819 136.286H49.9977ZM63.0783 136.286C62.595 136.286 62.2032 136.678 62.2032 137.161C62.2033 137.644 62.5951 138.035 63.0783 138.035H70.6625C71.1457 138.035 71.5375 137.644 71.5376 137.161C71.5376 136.678 71.1457 136.286 70.6625 136.286H63.0783ZM76.1277 136.286C75.6444 136.286 75.2526 136.678 75.2526 137.161C75.2527 137.644 75.6445 138.035 76.1277 138.035H83.7119C84.1951 138.035 84.5869 137.644 84.587 137.161C84.587 136.678 84.1951 136.286 83.7119 136.286H76.1277ZM102.266 136.286C101.782 136.286 101.39 136.678 101.39 137.161C101.391 137.644 101.782 138.035 102.266 138.035H109.85C110.333 138.035 110.725 137.644 110.725 137.161C110.725 136.678 110.333 136.286 109.85 136.286H102.266ZM115.338 136.286C114.855 136.286 114.463 136.678 114.463 137.161C114.463 137.644 114.855 138.035 115.338 138.035H122.923C123.406 138.035 123.798 137.644 123.798 137.161C123.798 136.678 123.406 136.286 122.923 136.286H115.338ZM128.403 136.286C127.92 136.286 127.528 136.678 127.528 137.161C127.528 137.644 127.92 138.035 128.403 138.035H135.988C136.471 138.035 136.863 137.644 136.863 137.161C136.863 136.678 136.471 136.286 135.988 136.286H128.403ZM141.468 136.286C140.985 136.286 140.593 136.678 140.593 137.161C140.593 137.644 140.985 138.035 141.468 138.035H149.053C149.536 138.035 149.928 137.644 149.928 137.161C149.928 136.678 149.536 136.286 149.053 136.286H141.468ZM154.541 136.286C154.058 136.286 153.666 136.678 153.666 137.161C153.666 137.644 154.058 138.035 154.541 138.035H162.125C162.609 138.035 163 137.644 163.001 137.161C163.001 136.678 162.609 136.286 162.125 136.286H154.541ZM167.614 136.286C167.131 136.286 166.739 136.678 166.739 137.161C166.739 137.644 167.131 138.035 167.614 138.035H175.198C175.681 138.035 176.073 137.644 176.073 137.161C176.073 136.678 175.681 136.286 175.198 136.286H167.614ZM180.671 136.286C180.188 136.286 179.796 136.678 179.796 137.161C179.796 137.644 180.188 138.035 180.671 138.035H188.255C188.739 138.035 189.13 137.644 189.131 137.161C189.131 136.678 188.739 136.286 188.255 136.286H180.671Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\"\n    d=\"M444.85 38.2277C447.164 38.2277 449.04 40.1028 449.04 42.4159V132.928C449.04 135.241 447.164 137.116 444.85 137.116H255.36C253.046 137.116 251.17 135.241 251.17 132.928V42.4159C251.17 40.1028 253.046 38.2277 255.36 38.2277H444.85ZM361.96 125.388C361.618 125.046 361.064 125.046 360.722 125.388L354.534 131.572C354.192 131.914 354.192 132.468 354.534 132.81C354.876 133.151 355.43 133.151 355.772 132.81L361.96 126.624C362.301 126.283 362.301 125.73 361.96 125.388ZM371.047 116.311C370.705 115.969 370.15 115.969 369.809 116.311L364.446 121.671C364.104 122.012 364.104 122.567 364.446 122.908C364.788 123.249 365.342 123.25 365.684 122.908L371.047 117.548C371.388 117.207 371.388 116.652 371.047 116.311ZM380.124 107.246C379.782 106.904 379.227 106.904 378.885 107.246L373.523 112.606C373.181 112.948 373.181 113.502 373.523 113.844C373.864 114.185 374.419 114.185 374.761 113.844L380.124 108.483C380.465 108.142 380.465 107.587 380.124 107.246ZM385.736 65.8841C385.891 64.6727 384.622 63.7845 383.536 64.3434L371.069 70.7636C370.124 71.2504 369.96 72.5334 370.752 73.2424L381.2 82.5938C382.11 83.4081 383.561 82.8672 383.717 81.6557L384.393 76.3725C391.143 77.1933 398.567 80.7709 404.771 86.9711C411.124 93.3213 414.726 100.952 415.43 107.827C415.573 109.221 416.819 110.236 418.214 110.093C419.609 109.95 420.624 108.703 420.481 107.309C419.644 99.1317 415.435 90.4514 408.362 83.3817C401.466 76.489 393.038 72.3185 385.038 71.338L385.736 65.8841ZM389.2 98.1733C388.859 97.8319 388.304 97.8318 387.962 98.1733L382.6 103.534C382.258 103.875 382.258 104.429 382.6 104.771C382.941 105.112 383.496 105.112 383.838 104.771L389.2 99.4108C389.542 99.0693 389.542 98.5149 389.2 98.1733ZM398.262 89.1047C397.92 88.7633 397.365 88.7632 397.024 89.1047L391.661 94.4649C391.319 94.8065 391.319 95.3608 391.661 95.7024C392.002 96.0436 392.557 96.0438 392.899 95.7024L398.262 90.3421C398.603 90.0007 398.603 89.4463 398.262 89.1047ZM416.431 70.9616C416.089 70.6202 415.534 70.6201 415.193 70.9616L409.83 76.3218C409.488 76.6634 409.488 77.2177 409.83 77.5592C410.172 77.9005 410.726 77.9007 411.068 77.5592L416.431 72.199C416.772 71.8575 416.772 71.3032 416.431 70.9616ZM425.508 61.891C425.166 61.5496 424.611 61.5495 424.27 61.891L418.907 67.2512C418.565 67.5928 418.565 68.1471 418.907 68.4887C419.249 68.8299 419.803 68.8301 420.145 68.4887L425.508 63.1284C425.849 62.787 425.849 62.2326 425.508 61.891ZM434.569 52.8146C434.227 52.4731 433.673 52.4731 433.331 52.8146L427.968 58.1748C427.626 58.5163 427.627 59.0706 427.968 59.4122C428.31 59.7534 428.864 59.7537 429.206 59.4122L434.569 54.052C434.91 53.7105 434.91 53.1562 434.569 52.8146ZM443.638 43.7479C443.296 43.4065 442.742 43.4064 442.4 43.7479L437.037 49.1081C436.695 49.4496 436.696 50.004 437.037 50.3455C437.379 50.6868 437.933 50.687 438.275 50.3455L443.638 44.9853C443.98 44.6438 443.979 44.0895 443.638 43.7479Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\"\n    d=\"M684.066 38.2277C687.798 38.2281 689.667 42.7391 687.027 45.3773L596.473 135.889C595.687 136.675 594.621 137.116 593.51 137.116H506.335C504.021 137.116 502.145 135.241 502.145 132.928V42.4159C502.145 40.1028 504.021 38.2277 506.335 38.2277H684.066ZM514.603 124.566C514.261 124.224 513.707 124.224 513.365 124.566L507.178 130.751C506.836 131.093 506.836 131.646 507.178 131.988C507.519 132.329 508.073 132.329 508.415 131.988L514.603 125.803C514.945 125.462 514.945 124.908 514.603 124.566ZM523.689 115.491C523.348 115.15 522.794 115.15 522.452 115.491L517.09 120.852C516.748 121.193 516.748 121.747 517.09 122.088C517.431 122.43 517.985 122.43 518.327 122.088L523.689 116.728C524.031 116.386 524.031 115.833 523.689 115.491ZM532.102 65.8295C530.707 65.6872 529.46 66.7017 529.318 68.0957C529.175 69.4896 530.189 70.7355 531.584 70.8787C538.463 71.5825 546.096 75.1826 552.45 81.5329C558.723 87.8037 562.312 95.3226 563.079 102.13L557.738 102.392C556.518 102.452 555.865 103.855 556.607 104.827L565.115 115.969C565.76 116.814 567.051 116.751 567.611 115.847L574.992 103.928C575.635 102.889 574.848 101.555 573.628 101.615L568.161 101.882C568.161 101.878 568.162 101.874 568.161 101.871C567.324 93.6931 563.114 85.0124 556.041 77.9425C548.968 70.873 540.283 66.6668 532.102 65.8295ZM532.766 106.421C532.425 106.079 531.871 106.079 531.529 106.421L526.166 111.781C525.825 112.123 525.825 112.676 526.166 113.018C526.508 113.359 527.062 113.359 527.403 113.018L532.766 107.657C533.108 107.316 533.108 106.762 532.766 106.421ZM541.843 97.3445C541.501 97.003 540.948 97.003 540.606 97.3445L535.243 102.705C534.901 103.046 534.902 103.6 535.243 103.941C535.585 104.283 536.139 104.283 536.48 103.941L541.843 98.5809C542.185 98.2393 542.185 97.686 541.843 97.3445ZM550.92 88.2778C550.578 87.9363 550.025 87.9363 549.683 88.2778L544.32 93.638C543.978 93.9796 543.978 94.5329 544.32 94.8745C544.662 95.2161 545.215 95.2161 545.557 94.8745L550.92 89.5142C551.262 89.1727 551.262 88.6193 550.92 88.2778ZM569.066 70.1405C568.724 69.799 568.17 69.7991 567.829 70.1405L562.466 75.5008C562.124 75.8423 562.124 76.3956 562.466 76.7372C562.808 77.0788 563.361 77.0788 563.703 76.7372L569.066 71.377C569.407 71.0354 569.407 70.4821 569.066 70.1405ZM578.143 61.0699C577.801 60.7284 577.247 60.7285 576.906 61.0699L571.543 66.4302C571.201 66.7717 571.201 67.3251 571.543 67.6666C571.885 68.0082 572.438 68.0082 572.78 67.6666L578.143 62.3064C578.484 61.9648 578.484 61.4115 578.143 61.0699ZM587.219 51.9896C586.878 51.6481 586.324 51.6481 585.982 51.9896L580.62 57.3498C580.278 57.6914 580.278 58.2447 580.62 58.5863C580.961 58.9279 581.515 58.9279 581.857 58.5863L587.219 53.2261C587.561 52.8845 587.561 52.3312 587.219 51.9896ZM596.288 42.9249C595.947 42.5833 595.392 42.5833 595.05 42.9249L589.689 48.2851C589.347 48.6267 589.347 49.18 589.689 49.5216C590.03 49.863 590.584 49.8631 590.926 49.5216L596.288 44.1613C596.63 43.8198 596.63 43.2664 596.288 42.9249Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\"\n    d=\"M850.814 38.2277C854.547 38.2281 856.416 42.739 853.777 45.3773L763.223 135.889C762.437 136.674 761.371 137.116 760.26 137.116H673.176C669.443 137.116 667.574 132.605 670.213 129.966L760.768 39.4544C761.554 38.6692 762.62 38.2277 763.731 38.2277H850.814ZM761.338 121.8C760.855 121.8 760.463 122.191 760.463 122.674V131.13H762.213V122.674C762.213 122.191 761.821 121.8 761.338 121.8ZM761.338 108.971C760.855 108.971 760.463 109.363 760.463 109.846V118.301H762.213V109.846C762.213 109.363 761.821 108.971 761.338 108.971ZM761.338 96.1402C760.855 96.1406 760.463 96.5321 760.463 97.0149V105.47H762.213V97.0149C762.213 96.532 761.821 96.1404 761.338 96.1402ZM782.263 71.887C781.043 71.951 780.395 73.3571 781.139 74.3257L784.474 78.6631C779.115 82.951 771.242 85.7443 762.35 85.7444C753.366 85.7442 745.421 82.8944 740.059 78.5305C738.972 77.6461 737.373 77.8099 736.488 78.8961C735.602 79.983 735.766 81.582 736.853 82.467C743.231 87.6574 752.348 90.8207 762.35 90.8209C772.209 90.8208 781.205 87.746 787.568 82.6884L790.833 86.9341C791.577 87.9025 793.103 87.6391 793.479 86.4767L797.791 73.138C798.118 72.127 797.33 71.1017 796.268 71.1566L782.263 71.887ZM761.338 70.4847C760.855 70.4851 760.463 70.8767 760.463 71.3594V79.8147H762.213V71.3594C762.213 70.8766 761.821 70.485 761.338 70.4847ZM761.338 57.656C760.855 57.6564 760.463 58.048 760.463 58.5307V66.986H762.213V58.5307C762.213 58.0479 761.821 57.6563 761.338 57.656ZM761.338 44.8293C760.855 44.8297 760.463 45.2212 760.463 45.704V54.1592H762.213V45.704C762.213 45.2211 761.821 44.8295 761.338 44.8293Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath\n    d=\"M995.759 38.2277C999.53 38.228 1001.42 42.5171 998.752 45.0253L959.55 81.9005L905.796 41.5363C905.271 41.1418 904.662 41.0182 904.096 41.0994L997.485 130.319C1000.15 132.828 998.262 137.116 994.491 137.116H905.298C902.96 137.116 901.065 135.333 901.065 133.134V42.0941C901.065 42.0204 901.07 41.9483 901.079 41.8786C901.258 39.8345 903.079 38.2277 905.298 38.2277H995.759Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath\n    d=\"M505.873 0C506.657 4.57042e-05 507.307 0.195499 507.823 0.587023C508.338 0.969046 508.596 1.53802 508.596 2.29251C508.596 2.76034 508.467 3.19015 508.209 3.58162C507.951 3.96344 507.497 4.26401 506.848 4.48361V4.54114C507.65 4.67487 508.205 4.96191 508.51 5.4012C508.816 5.83087 508.969 6.31772 508.969 6.86193C508.969 7.74056 508.672 8.41851 508.08 8.89604C507.497 9.38304 506.733 9.62731 505.787 9.62738C504.861 9.62738 504.158 9.42172 503.68 9.0111C503.212 8.60054 502.935 8.08005 502.849 7.44993L503.881 7.10571L503.924 7.24028C504.035 7.54934 504.211 7.82925 504.454 8.07986C504.731 8.36635 505.166 8.50986 505.758 8.50989C506.465 8.50989 506.943 8.32772 507.191 7.9648C507.449 7.6019 507.579 7.20078 507.579 6.7615C507.579 6.2173 507.378 5.80683 506.977 5.52992C506.585 5.25295 505.93 5.10026 505.013 5.07161V4.15402C505.901 4.12537 506.489 3.92484 506.776 3.55237C507.062 3.18009 507.206 2.82242 507.206 2.47876C507.206 1.62801 506.752 1.17539 505.845 1.12237L505.658 1.11749C505.467 1.11752 505.242 1.14605 504.985 1.2033C504.736 1.25105 504.511 1.3274 504.31 1.43245L504.081 2.56457L503.05 2.44951L503.322 0.687461C503.666 0.49653 504.068 0.33454 504.526 0.200875C504.985 0.0671945 505.434 0 505.873 0Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath\n    d=\"M905.727 2.30616L904.638 2.4066L904.466 1.26083H901.428V3.72497C901.533 3.71544 901.643 3.71034 901.757 3.71034H902.086C902.755 3.71034 903.386 3.78668 903.979 3.93949C904.58 4.09229 905.068 4.38363 905.44 4.8132C905.822 5.23335 906.014 5.84949 906.014 6.66106C906.014 7.64468 905.722 8.38068 905.14 8.86776C904.557 9.36434 903.783 9.6127 902.818 9.61275C901.91 9.61275 901.213 9.40711 900.725 8.99648C900.248 8.59544 899.96 8.08007 899.865 7.44993L900.911 7.10571C901.007 7.49723 901.203 7.8271 901.499 8.09449C901.795 8.37131 902.211 8.50985 902.746 8.50989C903.395 8.50989 903.869 8.33787 904.165 7.99405C904.461 7.65981 904.609 7.22507 904.609 6.69031C904.609 5.87861 904.337 5.3625 903.792 5.14279C903.248 4.91361 902.612 4.79958 901.886 4.79955C901.695 4.79955 901.489 4.80365 901.27 4.8132C901.059 4.82275 900.854 4.83701 900.653 4.85611L900.224 4.44071V0.143343H905.569L905.727 2.30616Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\"\n    d=\"M765.49 6.04576H766.966L766.837 7.14862H765.49V9.48404H764.185V7.14862H759.857L759.713 6.04576L762.909 0.143343H765.49V6.04576ZM760.96 6.04576H764.185V1.26083H763.541L760.96 6.04576Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath d=\"M4.80573 6.47481H6.41154V7.60693H1.81068V6.47481H3.50235V1.27546H1.81068V0.143343H4.80573V6.47481Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath\n    d=\"M254.359 0C255.353 0 256.055 0.239186 256.466 0.716715C256.877 1.18447 257.083 1.68072 257.083 2.20573C257.083 2.85516 256.849 3.44346 256.38 3.96875C255.912 4.49397 255.348 4.96638 254.689 5.38657C254.039 5.79717 253.437 6.15968 252.883 6.47481H256.423L256.538 5.42948L257.599 5.51529L257.426 7.60693H251.407L251.292 6.58987C252.582 5.73032 253.638 4.98523 254.46 4.35489C255.281 3.71509 255.693 3.05632 255.693 2.37832C255.693 1.53787 255.166 1.11749 254.115 1.12237L254.115 1.11749C253.924 1.11754 253.695 1.14604 253.427 1.2033C253.16 1.25104 252.916 1.32238 252.697 1.41783L252.467 2.47876L251.45 2.3637L251.707 0.60165C252.118 0.401088 252.563 0.253475 253.041 0.15797C253.519 0.0529708 253.958 1.99446e-05 254.359 0Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\u003C/g>",{"tile":13,"orbsWithOnlyMarkdownPages":245},{"id":14,"data":15,"type":16,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"orbs":21},"d2a7dd27-01ac-41dc-953a-458b7c163e47",{"type":16,"title":17,"tagline":18},9,"The USA: From Native Societies to the Cold War","Gain an understanding of the major figures, events, and periods of the USA.",3,2,[22,76,136,208],{"id":23,"data":24,"type":20,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":26},"62dba8bf-cb75-4664-b306-69a15c1ac2d0",{"type":20,"title":25},"Early American History",[27,45,61],{"id":28,"data":29,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":34},"9aa2c130-6c0a-4def-a2bd-51b013b84e9a",{"type":30,"title":31,"markdownContent":32,"audioMediaId":33},1,"Pre-colonial America (prior to 1585)","15-20,000 years ago, ancient peoples crossed the Bering Strait, either by foot or sail, from Kamchatka to Alaska and populated the Americas with hundreds of rich societies.\n\nPrior to the arrival of the Europeans, the Americas were a land teeming with cultural diversity, estimated to have as high a population as Europe before the Columbian Exchange brought devastating diseases across the Atlantic.\n\n![Graph](image://e4d53810-fb40-4bdc-92a6-c168d407d6e6 \"A member of the Hopi people\")\n\nPrevious generations have tended to stereotype Native Americans as being primitive, nature-loving, hunter-gatherers rather than credit the incredible array of cultures displayed across the continents. There were peaceful tribes like the Hopi, Zuni, and Pueblo peoples of the arid deserts of the southwest who built incredible clay structures.\n\nThe Maya and Aztec people of Central America and Mexico were known for their warlike human-sacrificing empires. There were nomadic buffalo-hunting tribes like the Apache, Comanche, and Sioux who lived in tipis, and there were agriculturally-focused tribes in the southeast, like the Cherokee, Choctaw, and Chickasaw, who lived in permanent structures and practiced advanced techniques like interseeding and crop rotation to avoid depleting soil nutrients.","9642c3ce-4940-44e9-be9b-f9603204c1a3",[35],{"id":36,"data":37,"type":38,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":19},"c230ee3e-c680-4fd5-a863-707c62144865",{"type":38,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":30,"binaryQuestion":39,"binaryCorrect":41,"binaryIncorrect":43},11,[40],"Where were the Hopi people to be found in North America?",[42],"The South West",[44],"The North",{"id":46,"data":47,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":51},"a6888357-01cd-4bdd-8a97-3d3f69941128",{"type":30,"title":48,"markdownContent":49,"audioMediaId":50},"Colonial America (1585-1763)","The English began exploring and settling the New World in the late 16th century. This proved challenging, as the first English colony at Roanoke quickly disappeared after being left for 3 years by its governor, John White. It wasn’t until 1607 that the first permanent colony, Jamestown, Virginia was established.\n\n![Graph](image://c871be13-d775-48fd-b346-3a1c36e7b5ea \"English governor John White\")\n\nThough the vast majority of settlers died in the winter of 1609-1610, the spring brought new settlers and the strategy of farming tobacco, which allowed the fledgling colony to survive. 10 years later, a group of Calvinists, also known as ‘Pilgrims', landed at Plymouth Rock near Boston and established a second colony.\n\nThe 13 colonies developed into 3 distinct regions, the economies of which were largely dictated by topography and climate. New England, made up of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island and New Hampshire, was theocratic and trade-focused.\n\nThe Middle Colonies of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware became the ‘breadbasket’ of the colonies by focusing on growing grains and oats. Finally, the Southern Colonies of North and South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, and Georgia produced cash crops such as tobacco, rice, and eventually, cotton.","5592a653-d274-45df-ad03-922129085b6a",[52],{"id":53,"data":54,"type":38,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":19},"077262ab-72bf-495d-8aba-d5410d58ddfe",{"type":38,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":30,"binaryQuestion":55,"binaryCorrect":57,"binaryIncorrect":59},[56],"When did the English establish the first permanent colony in the New World?",[58],"1607",[60],"1597",{"id":62,"data":63,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":67},"ebb121be-206b-4ac0-ab10-0e908a529721",{"type":30,"title":64,"markdownContent":65,"audioMediaId":66},"Causes of the American Revolution (1763-1783) ","Initially, the colonies enjoyed a period of ‘salutary neglect,’ in which Britain rarely enforced any of its mercantilist trade policies. The colonies grew prosperous, becoming used to their autonomy, but this robust era ended with a victory in the colonies' first major conflict. The conclusion of the ‘French and Indian War,’ or ‘Seven Years War,’ saw Britain and the colonies expel France from North America, at a great financial cost to the British Empire.\n\n![Graph](image://b54acb88-2cee-44ac-87aa-30f9896a64dc \"Image- A map of North America during the Seven Years' War. Image: Jon Platek, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nFinally, Britain began enforcing its latent trade policies, and instituting new taxes such as the infamous ‘Stamp Act’ to get the colonists to help pay the costs of the war. Many colonists supported the taxation, but wanted to be given the same rights as citizens born in England, specifically the right to vote and send representatives to the British Parliament.\n\nNot wanting to go down the slippery slope of allowing representatives from all parts of their massive empire, the British refused. This gave rise to the famous ‘no taxation without representation’ offense the colonists would use to push for independence.","3c9511b6-11e7-4001-834a-5c00338be815",[68],{"id":69,"data":70,"type":38,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":19},"47903419-ba10-4fbe-8ae2-65b9aa472724",{"type":38,"reviewType":71,"spacingBehaviour":30,"clozeQuestion":72,"clozeWords":74},4,[73],"Initially, the colonies enjoyed a period of ‘salutary neglect,’ in which Britain rarely enforced any of its trade policies.",[75],"salutary neglect",{"id":77,"data":78,"type":20,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":80},"6c24b56e-8ddd-4536-93ec-01120eec79ca",{"type":20,"title":79},"The Revolutionary Era",[81,106,120],{"id":82,"data":83,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":30,"reviews":87},"2ac1bd76-2760-4a2b-b671-919fa72a5288",{"type":30,"title":84,"markdownContent":85,"audioMediaId":86},"The American Revolution (1776-1783)"," After a period of escalation, shots were fired at Lexington and Concord in 1775 and King George III declared the colonies to be in rebellion. In 1776, a ‘Declaration of Independence’ was signed and a makeshift government was constructed. Britain won the majority of contests at the start of the war until momentum was shifted in 1777 with the Battle of Saratoga, which convinced France to declare war on Britain. \n\n ![Graph](image://72dfe715-6c22-4218-889d-ca6bd7e854a0 \"The Battle of Lexington and Concord\")\n\nThe impact of the French entering the war was immense, providing high-quality military supplies and more importantly, forcing Britain to fight the conflict on a global scale rather than concentrate the full force of their mighty empire solely on the colonies.\n\nThe American army spent the winter of 1777-1778 at Valley Forge, where 2 major developments took place: colonial soldiers were inoculated against smallpox, and renowned Prussian officer Baron Von Steuben was hired to train the army into a world-class force. Soon after, Washington’s forces began scoring victories, culminating in the Battle of Yorktown in 1781, where the last British Army in the colonies was forced to surrender. \n\n","64207406-2041-4432-bfe7-36d1949a8eb8",[88,95],{"id":89,"data":90,"type":38,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":19},"34e020cc-045e-4867-a948-944b1364979f",{"type":38,"reviewType":30,"spacingBehaviour":30,"activeRecallQuestion":91,"activeRecallAnswers":93},[92],"When did the Battle of Saratoga take place?",[94],"In 1777",{"id":96,"data":97,"type":38,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":19},"b767d7fc-3d13-435d-a121-77fb7bbe0458",{"type":38,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":98,"multiChoiceCorrect":100,"multiChoiceIncorrect":102},[99],"In 1777, what event convinced France to declare war on Britain?",[101],"The Battle of Saratoga",[103,104,105],"The Battle of Lexington and Concord","The Battle of Yorktown","The signing of the Declaration of Independence",{"id":107,"data":108,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":30,"reviews":112},"1aaab5fb-8191-4f16-a345-2750a66b4db7",{"type":30,"title":109,"markdownContent":110,"audioMediaId":111},"The young republic (1783-1812)","\nThe former colonists' first attempt at a government with the ‘Articles of Confederation’ proved to be a failure as the lack of a federal authority led to problems. The most glaring incident was ‘Shay’s Rebellion,’ where poor farmers in Massachusetts led a revolt that had to be put down by a privately funded militia. \n\n ![Graph](image://75e7a193-6326-40a0-888c-b145c5ddf055 \"Scenes from the War of 1812\")\n\nThe states then sent delegates to Philadelphia for the ‘Constitutional Convention’ and drafted a new government with 3 branches, including a powerful executive. The Constitution was ratified by the states and George Washington became the first and only unanimously-elected president in U.S. History. The Bill of Rights was officially added two years later in 1791. \n\nIn the early years, the U.S. often found itself at odds with the European powers of France and Great Britain. As the two powers battled one another, American ships were often targeted by both sides, a situation which escalated to the ‘War of 1812’ between the U.S. and Britain. Though the war ended in a draw, it started a period of U.S. isolationism when it came to global affairs. \n\n","a6316584-1404-4466-a709-3c1e5c913c3e",[113],{"id":114,"data":115,"type":38,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":19},"d606db5a-ea4f-40b7-88d3-8859968adffe",{"type":38,"reviewType":71,"spacingBehaviour":30,"clozeQuestion":116,"clozeWords":118},[117],"The former colonists' first attempt at a government in America was the ‘Articles of Confederation’",[119],"Articles of Confederation",{"id":121,"data":122,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":30,"reviews":126},"7dc73f3e-ef2b-4b36-9b8e-10fe23938130",{"type":30,"title":123,"markdownContent":124,"audioMediaId":125},"Antebellum period (1812-1861)","\nThe period leading up to the Civil War is called the ‘Antebellum’ period, from the Latin for “before the war.”  This time is known for its 3 major periods of change: westward expansion, northern industrialization, and southern slavery.\n\nThe northern states industrialized with the aid of a constant influx of cheap immigrant labor and cheap natural resources from the western territories. The construction of railroads and factories led to urbanization and widespread population growth.\n\n ![Graph](image://64d299d5-2dee-4ef5-842f-e44ad4065c2f \"Slaves harvesting cotton\")\n\n“Manifest Destiny,” or the belief that American expansion was moral and justified by God, led to rapid westward expansion. Natives were moved with force, and land was taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War in the late 1840s.\n\nThe invention of the ‘cotton gin’ allowed enslaved workers to produce 50 times the amount of cotton per day. Slavery expanded dramatically, becoming entrenched in southern economy and culture.\n","f2ad049e-ad62-4006-a90b-48a839b60068",[127],{"id":128,"data":129,"type":38,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":19},"a92631cb-3e5a-4920-8a01-d5e5fe9e330f",{"type":38,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":30,"binaryQuestion":130,"binaryCorrect":132,"binaryIncorrect":134},[131],"What is the period leading up to the American Civil War called?",[133],"Antebellum",[135],"Postbellum",{"id":137,"data":138,"type":20,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":140},"0da093f3-f4e6-4f8b-a121-cf4c09eb340a",{"type":20,"title":139},"The Civil War and Reconstruction",[141,155,173,194],{"id":142,"data":143,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":30,"reviews":147},"cbff1e9e-e32f-4399-8532-bf260ba2c96c",{"type":30,"title":144,"markdownContent":145,"audioMediaId":146},"The American Civil War and reconstruction (1860-1877)","\nThe issue of slavery festered until the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860. Since he had campaigned on preventing the expansion of slavery, his victory prompted southern states to secede. The war began when Confederates fired on Fort Sumter Federal Military Base in South Carolina in 1861.\n\nThe American Civil war would go on to last 4 years, killing over 620,000 American soldiers. The North was able to win due to its significant material advantages including population, railroad development, factories, and the size of its navy. Lincoln enacted the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863. \n\nAs well as an ideological statement against the practice of slavery, this was also a necessary wartime measure to weaken the Confederate states and prevent them from gaining an alliance with European nations, which had banned slavery decades before. \n\n ![Graph](image://8b7eed12-0063-4ade-b7c0-f8090f0320be \"The American Civil War was a hugely violent conflict\")\n\nThe Reconstruction Period (1865-1877) saw tremendous progressive gains at the federal level but many were largely nullified as southern whites regained power at the state and local levels. The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution were passed, abolishing slavery, granting citizenship, and giving voting rights to black Americans. However, the lack of any reparations, combined with the passage of segregation and restricting voting rights, led the South to the racist “Jim Crow” era.\n\n","4ac98b8c-2bae-4310-8476-25c2d66e62dd",[148],{"id":149,"data":150,"type":38,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":19},"a02f2cd6-505d-419c-a968-9c7b2fe9db8c",{"type":38,"reviewType":71,"spacingBehaviour":30,"clozeQuestion":151,"clozeWords":153},[152],"The issue of slavery festered until the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860.",[154],"slavery",{"id":156,"data":157,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":30,"reviews":161},"615f2029-09a4-4c5d-8ff5-4c089ff4e491",{"type":30,"title":158,"markdownContent":159,"audioMediaId":160},"The Gilded Age (1870-1900)","\nThe combination of cheap labor, access to abundant natural resources, and a nearly complete lack of restriction on business practices led to a period of unprecedented economic growth, but also growing inequality. Some of the richest men to ever live, known as the “Robber Barons,” built incredible wealth through establishing monopolies and ruthlessly crushing both their competitors' and their employees' attempts to unionize and gain more rights. \n\nDuring this period, movements to improve both worker’s rights and women’s rights began to build momentum, but both would not see great improvements until the next century. In the South, African Americans began fleeing persecution and lynchings in large numbers. This began the “Great Migration” that would last for most of the next century. The infamous Plessy vs Ferguson Supreme Court Decision of 1896 declared segregation legal and would stay in place into the 1950s.","58daad33-69e6-4e73-a0df-1e997ece5d8e",[162],{"id":163,"data":164,"type":38,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":19},"d27753a9-2594-4a39-bb54-b0b0b8dc1262",{"type":38,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":165,"multiChoiceCorrect":167,"multiChoiceIncorrect":169},[166],"What Supreme Court Decision declared segregation legal in 1896?",[168],"Plessy vs Ferguson",[170,171,172],"Brown vs Board of Education","Roe vs Wade","Dred Scott vs Sanford",{"id":174,"data":175,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":30,"reviews":179},"191df1d0-36f1-4737-8c25-aa74993a6c4b",{"type":30,"title":176,"markdownContent":177,"audioMediaId":178},"The early 20th century (1900-1920s)","\nThe turn of the century saw the United States cement itself as the leading economic power in the world. This happened because of robust industrial growth, continued waves of immigration, and tremendous profit, stemming from trade in World War I. While every other industrial power was mired in the war and heading into debt in 1914, the U.S. initially stayed neutral and played arms dealer for its eventual allies.\n\n ![Graph](image://591b4899-6e64-4914-8564-d3c511113c4c \"President Woodrow Wilson\")\n\nIn 1917, thanks to incidents with German submarines and the infamous ‘Zimmerman Telegram,’ a request by Germany to Mexico to invade the United States, President Woodrow Wilson entered the war. When Germany and its allies capitulated in 1918, President Wilson pushed his ‘Fourteen Points’ agenda for preventing future conflict. \n\nThe most notable point was the establishment of a ‘League of Nations’ to settle international disputes. However, staunch isolationists in the United States prevented it from joining, leaving the league crippled. Meanwhile, the U.S. took its post-war economic momentum and saw soaring growth in the 'roaring 20s.’ American women finally gained the right to vote via the 19th Amendment, passed in 1919.\n\n","da7000ed-7b3b-45a6-b4ac-7fc6114a6a9c",[180,187],{"id":181,"data":182,"type":38,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":19},"43d39d78-e151-445f-9a8c-028678d9fc25",{"type":38,"reviewType":30,"spacingBehaviour":30,"activeRecallQuestion":183,"activeRecallAnswers":185},[184],"When did the United States enter World War I?",[186],"In 1917",{"id":188,"data":189,"type":38,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":19},"c8fa9906-5357-4362-ac76-0d128b13b5ff",{"type":38,"reviewType":30,"spacingBehaviour":30,"activeRecallQuestion":190,"activeRecallAnswers":192},[191],"Which international organisation was established due to Wilson's 14 points?",[193],"The League of Nations",{"id":195,"data":196,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":30,"reviews":200},"f364a7ed-f0c6-427c-9967-ac3651b3fe8e",{"type":30,"title":197,"markdownContent":198,"audioMediaId":199},"Mid-20th century (1930s-WW2)","\nThe economic boom of the 1920s ended in the stock market crash of 1929 and triggered the Great Depression. The crash was caused by soaring inequality, agricultural overproduction, and rampant stock speculation. In 1932, newly elected President Franklin D. Roosevelt enacted his ‘New Deal,’ kickstarting the most progressive government spending in U.S. history. Social Security, the federal minimum wage, and even the 40-hour workweek were all adopted along with an infrastructure spending plan to create jobs and foster growth.\n\n ![Graph](image://6d9e3208-3e71-4691-8db8-cf382c354c88 \"Hiroshima after the atom bomb\")\n\nWhen World War II broke out, the United States was neutral until the surprise attack on the U.S. Naval Base at Pearl Harbor by the Japanese on December 7th, 1941. There was an outpouring of nationalism and production as the U.S. built an industrial war machine unlike any before.\n\nMomentum was taken from Japan at the battle of Midway in 1942, and Germany’s fate was sealed with the Normandy landings of 1944. President Harry Truman made the controversial decision to utilize the newly invented atomic bomb on both Hiroshima and Nagasaki, causing nearly 200,000 Japanese casualties and leading to Japan’s final surrender.\n\n","fbabf790-6a3c-4913-97a9-f3cf65ed4f75",[201],{"id":202,"data":203,"type":38,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":19},"19c87e89-0562-47e1-9557-598f78036396",{"type":38,"reviewType":71,"spacingBehaviour":30,"clozeQuestion":204,"clozeWords":206},[205],"The US economic boom of the 1920s ended in the stock market crash of 1929 and triggered the Great Depression.",[207],"Great Depression",{"id":209,"data":210,"type":20,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":212},"6de24f81-bd96-4399-a126-c7011ab1912e",{"type":20,"title":211},"Modern American History",[213,227],{"id":214,"data":215,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":30,"reviews":219},"9ecf2213-6c10-4cfc-a048-bd1701558d8e",{"type":30,"title":216,"markdownContent":217,"audioMediaId":218},"Civil Rights era (1954-1968)","\nThe Civil Rights era in America followed an era of \"Jim Crow laws\": a series of state and local statutes enacted primarily in the Southern United States, enforcing racial segregation between Black and white Americans in public places like schools, buses, and restrooms. These laws created a social and legal framework of discrimination that persisted for decades.\n\n ![Graph](image://52a3d857-a3c7-48e8-9d33-8cb6c4525f4a \"Martin Luther King Jr.\")\n\nCharles Hamilton Houston was a pivotal attorney who worked tirelessly to dismantle this system of segregation through the courts. He laid the groundwork for challenging these discriminatory laws, and his protégé, Thurgood Marshall, continued his legacy. Marshall achieved a landmark victory with the Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954, which ruled that segregated schools were unconstitutional. Marshall later became the first Black Supreme Court Justice.\n\nThe movement against racial segregation and discrimination gained significant momentum in 1955 when Emmett Till, a 14-year-old Black boy, was brutally murdered for allegedly whistling at a white woman in Mississippi. \n\nThis shocking event galvanized activists, leading Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. to organize a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama, in support of Rosa Parks, who had been arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white person. \n\nThese events helped spur the Civil Rights Movement into full swing, ultimately resulting in the passage of transformative legislation like the 1964 Civil Rights Act, the 1965 Voting Rights Act, and the 1968 Housing Rights Act.","9700be50-7aaf-447e-9a3d-324c29377212",[220],{"id":221,"data":222,"type":38,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":19},"7b705959-93e9-404e-bf43-b72d51914424",{"type":38,"reviewType":71,"spacingBehaviour":30,"clozeQuestion":223,"clozeWords":225},[224],"Attorney Charles Hamilton Houston set the stage for the end of ‘Jim Crow’ segregation by winning multiple court cases.",[226],"Jim Crow",{"id":228,"data":229,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":30,"reviews":233},"626133e4-2aa2-4936-b751-dacac6d3f65c",{"type":30,"title":230,"markdownContent":231,"audioMediaId":232},"Cold War (1945-1991)","\nThe 'Cold War’ began with the end of World War 2. During the Yalta conference of 1945, the Soviet Union was granted a post-war ‘sphere of influence’ that would include parts of Japan and Germany’s Eastern European former holdings. The Soviet Union established an “Iron Curtain” of communist governments across Eastern Europe and split both Germany and Korea into communist and capitalist segments. \n\n ![Graph](image://2972098c-4ebd-4fa7-8f42-11d65e9bf152 \"US Navy forces during the Cold War\")\n\nMeanwhile, the U.S. adopted a policy of ‘containment,' working to stop the spread of communism, and formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to oppose the communist Warsaw Pact. The ensuing arms race came closest to going nuclear during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, but direct conflict never broke out. \n\nThe U.S. fought several wars during this period, including in Korea from 1950-1953 and in Vietnam from 1962-1973. The Korean War eventually ended in a stalemate after 4 years of fighting. When inflicting heavy civilian casualties turned popular opinion against the U.S., Vietnam became the United States’ first major military defeat.\n\nThe Americans and Soviets worked against one another for decades until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, creating a largely neo-Western prevailing world consensus. \n\n","2bbd82f9-a438-4729-a528-11b4d078c016",[234],{"id":235,"data":236,"type":38,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":19},"07310ab8-a8c4-4bcd-a9d9-e329eba295c2",{"type":38,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":237,"multiChoiceCorrect":239,"multiChoiceIncorrect":241},[238],"When did the 'Cold War' begin?",[240],"With the end of World War 2",[242,243,244],"With the Russian Revolution","With the First World War","With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991",[246,355,451,565],{"id":23,"data":24,"type":20,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":247},[248,290,325],{"id":28,"data":29,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":34,"parsed":249},{"data":250,"body":253,"toc":288},{"title":251,"description":252},"","15-20,000 years ago, ancient peoples crossed the Bering Strait, either by foot or sail, from Kamchatka to Alaska and populated the Americas with hundreds of rich societies.",{"type":254,"children":255},"root",[256,263,268,278,283],{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":259,"children":260},"element","p",{},[261],{"type":262,"value":252},"text",{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":264,"children":265},{},[266],{"type":262,"value":267},"Prior to the arrival of the Europeans, the Americas were a land teeming with cultural diversity, estimated to have as high a population as Europe before the Columbian Exchange brought devastating diseases across the Atlantic.",{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":269,"children":270},{},[271],{"type":257,"tag":272,"props":273,"children":277},"img",{"alt":274,"src":275,"title":276},"Graph","image://e4d53810-fb40-4bdc-92a6-c168d407d6e6","A member of the Hopi people",[],{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":279,"children":280},{},[281],{"type":262,"value":282},"Previous generations have tended to stereotype Native Americans as being primitive, nature-loving, hunter-gatherers rather than credit the incredible array of cultures displayed across the continents. There were peaceful tribes like the Hopi, Zuni, and Pueblo peoples of the arid deserts of the southwest who built incredible clay structures.",{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":284,"children":285},{},[286],{"type":262,"value":287},"The Maya and Aztec people of Central America and Mexico were known for their warlike human-sacrificing empires. There were nomadic buffalo-hunting tribes like the Apache, Comanche, and Sioux who lived in tipis, and there were agriculturally-focused tribes in the southeast, like the Cherokee, Choctaw, and Chickasaw, who lived in permanent structures and practiced advanced techniques like interseeding and crop rotation to avoid depleting soil nutrients.",{"title":251,"searchDepth":20,"depth":20,"links":289},[],{"id":46,"data":47,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":51,"parsed":291},{"data":292,"body":294,"toc":323},{"title":251,"description":293},"The English began exploring and settling the New World in the late 16th century. This proved challenging, as the first English colony at Roanoke quickly disappeared after being left for 3 years by its governor, John White. It wasn’t until 1607 that the first permanent colony, Jamestown, Virginia was established.",{"type":254,"children":295},[296,300,308,313,318],{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":297,"children":298},{},[299],{"type":262,"value":293},{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":301,"children":302},{},[303],{"type":257,"tag":272,"props":304,"children":307},{"alt":274,"src":305,"title":306},"image://c871be13-d775-48fd-b346-3a1c36e7b5ea","English governor John White",[],{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":309,"children":310},{},[311],{"type":262,"value":312},"Though the vast majority of settlers died in the winter of 1609-1610, the spring brought new settlers and the strategy of farming tobacco, which allowed the fledgling colony to survive. 10 years later, a group of Calvinists, also known as ‘Pilgrims', landed at Plymouth Rock near Boston and established a second colony.",{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":314,"children":315},{},[316],{"type":262,"value":317},"The 13 colonies developed into 3 distinct regions, the economies of which were largely dictated by topography and climate. New England, made up of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island and New Hampshire, was theocratic and trade-focused.",{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":319,"children":320},{},[321],{"type":262,"value":322},"The Middle Colonies of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware became the ‘breadbasket’ of the colonies by focusing on growing grains and oats. Finally, the Southern Colonies of North and South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, and Georgia produced cash crops such as tobacco, rice, and eventually, cotton.",{"title":251,"searchDepth":20,"depth":20,"links":324},[],{"id":62,"data":63,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":67,"parsed":326},{"data":327,"body":329,"toc":353},{"title":251,"description":328},"Initially, the colonies enjoyed a period of ‘salutary neglect,’ in which Britain rarely enforced any of its mercantilist trade policies. The colonies grew prosperous, becoming used to their autonomy, but this robust era ended with a victory in the colonies' first major conflict. The conclusion of the ‘French and Indian War,’ or ‘Seven Years War,’ saw Britain and the colonies expel France from North America, at a great financial cost to the British Empire.",{"type":254,"children":330},[331,335,343,348],{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":332,"children":333},{},[334],{"type":262,"value":328},{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":336,"children":337},{},[338],{"type":257,"tag":272,"props":339,"children":342},{"alt":274,"src":340,"title":341},"image://b54acb88-2cee-44ac-87aa-30f9896a64dc","Image- A map of North America during the Seven Years' War. Image: Jon Platek, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":344,"children":345},{},[346],{"type":262,"value":347},"Finally, Britain began enforcing its latent trade policies, and instituting new taxes such as the infamous ‘Stamp Act’ to get the colonists to help pay the costs of the war. Many colonists supported the taxation, but wanted to be given the same rights as citizens born in England, specifically the right to vote and send representatives to the British Parliament.",{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":349,"children":350},{},[351],{"type":262,"value":352},"Not wanting to go down the slippery slope of allowing representatives from all parts of their massive empire, the British refused. This gave rise to the famous ‘no taxation without representation’ offense the colonists would use to push for independence.",{"title":251,"searchDepth":20,"depth":20,"links":354},[],{"id":77,"data":78,"type":20,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":356},[357,386,416],{"id":82,"data":83,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":30,"reviews":87,"parsed":358},{"data":359,"body":361,"toc":384},{"title":251,"description":360},"After a period of escalation, shots were fired at Lexington and Concord in 1775 and King George III declared the colonies to be in rebellion. In 1776, a ‘Declaration of Independence’ was signed and a makeshift government was constructed. Britain won the majority of contests at the start of the war until momentum was shifted in 1777 with the Battle of Saratoga, which convinced France to declare war on Britain.",{"type":254,"children":362},[363,367,374,379],{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":364,"children":365},{},[366],{"type":262,"value":360},{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":368,"children":369},{},[370],{"type":257,"tag":272,"props":371,"children":373},{"alt":274,"src":372,"title":103},"image://72dfe715-6c22-4218-889d-ca6bd7e854a0",[],{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":375,"children":376},{},[377],{"type":262,"value":378},"The impact of the French entering the war was immense, providing high-quality military supplies and more importantly, forcing Britain to fight the conflict on a global scale rather than concentrate the full force of their mighty empire solely on the colonies.",{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":380,"children":381},{},[382],{"type":262,"value":383},"The American army spent the winter of 1777-1778 at Valley Forge, where 2 major developments took place: colonial soldiers were inoculated against smallpox, and renowned Prussian officer Baron Von Steuben was hired to train the army into a world-class force. Soon after, Washington’s forces began scoring victories, culminating in the Battle of Yorktown in 1781, where the last British Army in the colonies was forced to surrender.",{"title":251,"searchDepth":20,"depth":20,"links":385},[],{"id":107,"data":108,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":30,"reviews":112,"parsed":387},{"data":388,"body":390,"toc":414},{"title":251,"description":389},"The former colonists' first attempt at a government with the ‘Articles of Confederation’ proved to be a failure as the lack of a federal authority led to problems. The most glaring incident was ‘Shay’s Rebellion,’ where poor farmers in Massachusetts led a revolt that had to be put down by a privately funded militia.",{"type":254,"children":391},[392,396,404,409],{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":393,"children":394},{},[395],{"type":262,"value":389},{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":397,"children":398},{},[399],{"type":257,"tag":272,"props":400,"children":403},{"alt":274,"src":401,"title":402},"image://75e7a193-6326-40a0-888c-b145c5ddf055","Scenes from the War of 1812",[],{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":405,"children":406},{},[407],{"type":262,"value":408},"The states then sent delegates to Philadelphia for the ‘Constitutional Convention’ and drafted a new government with 3 branches, including a powerful executive. The Constitution was ratified by the states and George Washington became the first and only unanimously-elected president in U.S. History. The Bill of Rights was officially added two years later in 1791.",{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":410,"children":411},{},[412],{"type":262,"value":413},"In the early years, the U.S. often found itself at odds with the European powers of France and Great Britain. As the two powers battled one another, American ships were often targeted by both sides, a situation which escalated to the ‘War of 1812’ between the U.S. and Britain. Though the war ended in a draw, it started a period of U.S. isolationism when it came to global affairs.",{"title":251,"searchDepth":20,"depth":20,"links":415},[],{"id":121,"data":122,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":30,"reviews":126,"parsed":417},{"data":418,"body":420,"toc":449},{"title":251,"description":419},"The period leading up to the Civil War is called the ‘Antebellum’ period, from the Latin for “before the war.”  This time is known for its 3 major periods of change: westward expansion, northern industrialization, and southern slavery.",{"type":254,"children":421},[422,426,431,439,444],{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":423,"children":424},{},[425],{"type":262,"value":419},{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":427,"children":428},{},[429],{"type":262,"value":430},"The northern states industrialized with the aid of a constant influx of cheap immigrant labor and cheap natural resources from the western territories. The construction of railroads and factories led to urbanization and widespread population growth.",{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":432,"children":433},{},[434],{"type":257,"tag":272,"props":435,"children":438},{"alt":274,"src":436,"title":437},"image://64d299d5-2dee-4ef5-842f-e44ad4065c2f","Slaves harvesting cotton",[],{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":440,"children":441},{},[442],{"type":262,"value":443},"“Manifest Destiny,” or the belief that American expansion was moral and justified by God, led to rapid westward expansion. Natives were moved with force, and land was taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War in the late 1840s.",{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":445,"children":446},{},[447],{"type":262,"value":448},"The invention of the ‘cotton gin’ allowed enslaved workers to produce 50 times the amount of cotton per day. Slavery expanded dramatically, becoming entrenched in southern economy and culture.",{"title":251,"searchDepth":20,"depth":20,"links":450},[],{"id":137,"data":138,"type":20,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":452},[453,488,505,535],{"id":142,"data":143,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":30,"reviews":147,"parsed":454},{"data":455,"body":457,"toc":486},{"title":251,"description":456},"The issue of slavery festered until the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860. Since he had campaigned on preventing the expansion of slavery, his victory prompted southern states to secede. The war began when Confederates fired on Fort Sumter Federal Military Base in South Carolina in 1861.",{"type":254,"children":458},[459,463,468,473,481],{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":460,"children":461},{},[462],{"type":262,"value":456},{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":464,"children":465},{},[466],{"type":262,"value":467},"The American Civil war would go on to last 4 years, killing over 620,000 American soldiers. The North was able to win due to its significant material advantages including population, railroad development, factories, and the size of its navy. Lincoln enacted the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863.",{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":469,"children":470},{},[471],{"type":262,"value":472},"As well as an ideological statement against the practice of slavery, this was also a necessary wartime measure to weaken the Confederate states and prevent them from gaining an alliance with European nations, which had banned slavery decades before.",{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":474,"children":475},{},[476],{"type":257,"tag":272,"props":477,"children":480},{"alt":274,"src":478,"title":479},"image://8b7eed12-0063-4ade-b7c0-f8090f0320be","The American Civil War was a hugely violent conflict",[],{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":482,"children":483},{},[484],{"type":262,"value":485},"The Reconstruction Period (1865-1877) saw tremendous progressive gains at the federal level but many were largely nullified as southern whites regained power at the state and local levels. The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution were passed, abolishing slavery, granting citizenship, and giving voting rights to black Americans. However, the lack of any reparations, combined with the passage of segregation and restricting voting rights, led the South to the racist “Jim Crow” era.",{"title":251,"searchDepth":20,"depth":20,"links":487},[],{"id":156,"data":157,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":30,"reviews":161,"parsed":489},{"data":490,"body":492,"toc":503},{"title":251,"description":491},"The combination of cheap labor, access to abundant natural resources, and a nearly complete lack of restriction on business practices led to a period of unprecedented economic growth, but also growing inequality. Some of the richest men to ever live, known as the “Robber Barons,” built incredible wealth through establishing monopolies and ruthlessly crushing both their competitors' and their employees' attempts to unionize and gain more rights.",{"type":254,"children":493},[494,498],{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":495,"children":496},{},[497],{"type":262,"value":491},{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":499,"children":500},{},[501],{"type":262,"value":502},"During this period, movements to improve both worker’s rights and women’s rights began to build momentum, but both would not see great improvements until the next century. In the South, African Americans began fleeing persecution and lynchings in large numbers. This began the “Great Migration” that would last for most of the next century. The infamous Plessy vs Ferguson Supreme Court Decision of 1896 declared segregation legal and would stay in place into the 1950s.",{"title":251,"searchDepth":20,"depth":20,"links":504},[],{"id":174,"data":175,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":30,"reviews":179,"parsed":506},{"data":507,"body":509,"toc":533},{"title":251,"description":508},"The turn of the century saw the United States cement itself as the leading economic power in the world. This happened because of robust industrial growth, continued waves of immigration, and tremendous profit, stemming from trade in World War I. While every other industrial power was mired in the war and heading into debt in 1914, the U.S. initially stayed neutral and played arms dealer for its eventual allies.",{"type":254,"children":510},[511,515,523,528],{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":512,"children":513},{},[514],{"type":262,"value":508},{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":516,"children":517},{},[518],{"type":257,"tag":272,"props":519,"children":522},{"alt":274,"src":520,"title":521},"image://591b4899-6e64-4914-8564-d3c511113c4c","President Woodrow Wilson",[],{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":524,"children":525},{},[526],{"type":262,"value":527},"In 1917, thanks to incidents with German submarines and the infamous ‘Zimmerman Telegram,’ a request by Germany to Mexico to invade the United States, President Woodrow Wilson entered the war. When Germany and its allies capitulated in 1918, President Wilson pushed his ‘Fourteen Points’ agenda for preventing future conflict.",{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":529,"children":530},{},[531],{"type":262,"value":532},"The most notable point was the establishment of a ‘League of Nations’ to settle international disputes. However, staunch isolationists in the United States prevented it from joining, leaving the league crippled. Meanwhile, the U.S. took its post-war economic momentum and saw soaring growth in the 'roaring 20s.’ American women finally gained the right to vote via the 19th Amendment, passed in 1919.",{"title":251,"searchDepth":20,"depth":20,"links":534},[],{"id":195,"data":196,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":30,"reviews":200,"parsed":536},{"data":537,"body":539,"toc":563},{"title":251,"description":538},"The economic boom of the 1920s ended in the stock market crash of 1929 and triggered the Great Depression. The crash was caused by soaring inequality, agricultural overproduction, and rampant stock speculation. In 1932, newly elected President Franklin D. Roosevelt enacted his ‘New Deal,’ kickstarting the most progressive government spending in U.S. history. Social Security, the federal minimum wage, and even the 40-hour workweek were all adopted along with an infrastructure spending plan to create jobs and foster growth.",{"type":254,"children":540},[541,545,553,558],{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":542,"children":543},{},[544],{"type":262,"value":538},{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":546,"children":547},{},[548],{"type":257,"tag":272,"props":549,"children":552},{"alt":274,"src":550,"title":551},"image://6d9e3208-3e71-4691-8db8-cf382c354c88","Hiroshima after the atom bomb",[],{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":554,"children":555},{},[556],{"type":262,"value":557},"When World War II broke out, the United States was neutral until the surprise attack on the U.S. Naval Base at Pearl Harbor by the Japanese on December 7th, 1941. There was an outpouring of nationalism and production as the U.S. built an industrial war machine unlike any before.",{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":559,"children":560},{},[561],{"type":262,"value":562},"Momentum was taken from Japan at the battle of Midway in 1942, and Germany’s fate was sealed with the Normandy landings of 1944. President Harry Truman made the controversial decision to utilize the newly invented atomic bomb on both Hiroshima and Nagasaki, causing nearly 200,000 Japanese casualties and leading to Japan’s final surrender.",{"title":251,"searchDepth":20,"depth":20,"links":564},[],{"id":209,"data":210,"type":20,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":566},[567,607],{"id":214,"data":215,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":30,"reviews":219,"parsed":568},{"data":569,"body":571,"toc":605},{"title":251,"description":570},"The Civil Rights era in America followed an era of \"Jim Crow laws\": a series of state and local statutes enacted primarily in the Southern United States, enforcing racial segregation between Black and white Americans in public places like schools, buses, and restrooms. These laws created a social and legal framework of discrimination that persisted for decades.",{"type":254,"children":572},[573,577,585,590,595,600],{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":574,"children":575},{},[576],{"type":262,"value":570},{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":578,"children":579},{},[580],{"type":257,"tag":272,"props":581,"children":584},{"alt":274,"src":582,"title":583},"image://52a3d857-a3c7-48e8-9d33-8cb6c4525f4a","Martin Luther King Jr.",[],{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":586,"children":587},{},[588],{"type":262,"value":589},"Charles Hamilton Houston was a pivotal attorney who worked tirelessly to dismantle this system of segregation through the courts. He laid the groundwork for challenging these discriminatory laws, and his protégé, Thurgood Marshall, continued his legacy. Marshall achieved a landmark victory with the Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954, which ruled that segregated schools were unconstitutional. Marshall later became the first Black Supreme Court Justice.",{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":591,"children":592},{},[593],{"type":262,"value":594},"The movement against racial segregation and discrimination gained significant momentum in 1955 when Emmett Till, a 14-year-old Black boy, was brutally murdered for allegedly whistling at a white woman in Mississippi.",{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":596,"children":597},{},[598],{"type":262,"value":599},"This shocking event galvanized activists, leading Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. to organize a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama, in support of Rosa Parks, who had been arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white person.",{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":601,"children":602},{},[603],{"type":262,"value":604},"These events helped spur the Civil Rights Movement into full swing, ultimately resulting in the passage of transformative legislation like the 1964 Civil Rights Act, the 1965 Voting Rights Act, and the 1968 Housing Rights Act.",{"title":251,"searchDepth":20,"depth":20,"links":606},[],{"id":228,"data":229,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":30,"reviews":233,"parsed":608},{"data":609,"body":611,"toc":640},{"title":251,"description":610},"The 'Cold War’ began with the end of World War 2. During the Yalta conference of 1945, the Soviet Union was granted a post-war ‘sphere of influence’ that would include parts of Japan and Germany’s Eastern European former holdings. The Soviet Union established an “Iron Curtain” of communist governments across Eastern Europe and split both Germany and Korea into communist and capitalist segments.",{"type":254,"children":612},[613,617,625,630,635],{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":614,"children":615},{},[616],{"type":262,"value":610},{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":618,"children":619},{},[620],{"type":257,"tag":272,"props":621,"children":624},{"alt":274,"src":622,"title":623},"image://2972098c-4ebd-4fa7-8f42-11d65e9bf152","US Navy forces during the Cold War",[],{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":626,"children":627},{},[628],{"type":262,"value":629},"Meanwhile, the U.S. adopted a policy of ‘containment,' working to stop the spread of communism, and formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to oppose the communist Warsaw Pact. The ensuing arms race came closest to going nuclear during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, but direct conflict never broke out.",{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":631,"children":632},{},[633],{"type":262,"value":634},"The U.S. fought several wars during this period, including in Korea from 1950-1953 and in Vietnam from 1962-1973. The Korean War eventually ended in a stalemate after 4 years of fighting. When inflicting heavy civilian casualties turned popular opinion against the U.S., Vietnam became the United States’ first major military defeat.",{"type":257,"tag":258,"props":636,"children":637},{},[638],{"type":262,"value":639},"The Americans and Soviets worked against one another for decades until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, creating a largely neo-Western prevailing world consensus.",{"title":251,"searchDepth":20,"depth":20,"links":641},[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":643,"height":643,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":644},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":643,"height":643,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":646},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M4 5h16M4 12h16M4 19h16\"/>",1778228242028]