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DC","States have their own governments and significant autonomy","The US economy is the largest, making up 25% of global GDP",1,{"id":37,"data":38,"type":39,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":35},"b84de163-c68b-4547-be79-e994dc9a3b33",{"type":39,"intro":40},10,[41,42],"What is the role of the President in the US federal system?","Which state has the largest economy in the US?",[44,88,105,120],{"id":45,"data":46,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":49},"677bed29-0de6-41ba-a7b9-98b52f9120cd",{"type":35,"markdownContent":47,"audioMediaId":48},"The United States of America, commonly known as the United States or simply the US, is a federal republic made up of 50 states, a federal district (Washington, D.C.), five major territories, and various minor islands. The US is the world's third-largest country by land area and the third most populous country, with a population of over 330 million people.\n\n![Graph](image://8931151a-1a0f-488d-adfb-2ed9d5559719 \"The flag of the USA. Image: Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe US was founded in 1776 as a group of colonies declaring independence from Great Britain. It was founded on the principles of a diverse and multicultural society, with a long history of immigration and a commitment to individual freedoms and democracy. The US is also the world's largest economy (accounting for nearly 25% of global GDP) and a global superpower, with significant influence in international politics and diplomacy.","ea8ec171-449e-46e9-919e-8b696e8e462e",[50,62,69],{"id":51,"data":52,"type":53,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":19},"84864e4a-5be0-4fee-9344-9eaa0541ee48",{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":35,"multiChoiceQuestion":54,"multiChoiceCorrect":56,"multiChoiceIncorrect":58,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},11,[55],"What percentage of global GDP does the US economy account for?",[57],"Nearly 25%",[59,60,61],"Nearly 10%","Nearly 50%","Nearly 75%",{"id":63,"data":64,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},"69a43d4f-8847-4c48-847c-74145e294f9d",{"type":53,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":35,"clozeQuestion":65,"clozeWords":67},[66],"The United States is a federal republic with 50 states.",[68],"50",{"id":70,"data":71,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},"4ead6a8b-232e-4f5d-bd0d-816674be566c",{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":35,"collapsingSiblings":72,"multiChoiceQuestion":75,"multiChoiceCorrect":77,"multiChoiceIncorrect":79,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":83,"matchPairsPairs":85},[73,74],"c8b7f3b5-af11-4613-9a52-079fcf277998","017d6f0b-2212-4490-b36c-bc756bff4b43",[76],"What is the significance of the year 1776 in American history?",[78],"Year of the American Revolution and independence from Britain",[80,81,82],"Year the United States Constitution was drafted","Year of the Age of Absolutism","Year the Bill of Rights was created",[84],"Match the pairs below:",[86],{"left":87,"right":78,"direction":19},"1776",{"id":89,"data":90,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":35,"reviews":93},"f51a1c02-b2b6-4b94-bbc6-61f17fdd2c4e",{"type":35,"markdownContent":91,"audioMediaId":92},"The US government is a “federal” system, meaning power is divided between the national government and the states that comprise it.\n\n![Graph](image://56f18fdb-0d87-4a09-adef-ad9830c2d898 \"46th US President Joe Biden\")\n\nThe national government is headed by the President, who is both the head of state and the head of government. The President is known as the executive branch of government. The two other branches are the legislative branch (Congress, made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives) and the judicial branch (the Supreme Court and other federal courts).\n\nThese federal branches of government are located in Washington DC, a district which lies along the east coast of the United States and serves as the capital of the country.\n\nThe city is home to many iconic government buildings, including the White House (the official residence of the President), the Capitol Building (where Congress meets), and the Supreme Court Building (where the highest court in the land holds its sessions).","e0d20665-a658-4255-8fb1-1536d4ebcfa8",[94],{"id":95,"data":96,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},"ccd318e4-f6f8-41f3-b014-34c2425d4b47",{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":35,"multiChoiceQuestion":97,"multiChoiceCorrect":99,"multiChoiceIncorrect":101,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[98],"Where is the US federal government located?",[100],"Washington DC",[102,103,104],"New York City","Los Angeles","Chicago",{"id":106,"data":107,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":35,"reviews":110},"54f70324-ed03-4ac0-a938-61c54b10921c",{"type":35,"markdownContent":108,"audioMediaId":109},"![Graph](image://9e847b68-f913-4e1e-a5c0-758888641fe9 \"The American Constitution\")\n\nIn the United States, the federal government's role is to address issues that affect the entire country, while states have greater autonomy over issues that are more localized.\n\nThe federal government is therefore responsible for a range of issues related to national defense, foreign policy, immigration, interstate commerce, and currency regulation.\n\nThe federal government also plays a key role in administering programs that provide social welfare and support, such as Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid. Additionally, the federal government is responsible for enforcing laws related to civil rights, environmental protection, and consumer protection, among other areas.","2777642d-86a3-486f-aecd-934ab95c1d7a",[111],{"id":112,"data":113,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},"b8f6e7b4-5e00-4a42-9770-7c8bf5da0b4d",{"type":53,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":35,"binaryQuestion":114,"binaryCorrect":116,"binaryIncorrect":118},[115],"Which level of government in the United States is responsible for addressing issues related to the entire nation?",[117],"Federal government",[119],"State government",{"id":121,"data":122,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":35,"reviews":125},"47128b0d-93fb-4338-b74d-98b34fb7c4d6",{"type":35,"markdownContent":123,"audioMediaId":124},"The 50 states of America are political subdivisions of the country, each with their own government and constitution. Each state has its own executive branch (governor and other officials), legislative branch (state senate and state house of representatives), and judicial branch (state courts).\n\n![Graph](image://4ff131b1-bf53-4581-bc8c-dedceb67b2fd \"The Bill of Rights. Image: David Jones, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nStates in the US have a significant amount of autonomy and are responsible for many areas of governance, including education, transportation, public safety, and social services. They can also enact their own laws and regulations, as long as they do not conflict with federal law or the US Constitution.\n\nSome states have more influence and resources than others, depending on factors such as population, economic strength, and political power. For example, California is the most populous state and has one of the largest economies in the world.","7da10e2f-b993-479c-a0a3-12dbfa91bb48",[126,134],{"id":127,"data":128,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},"9ab1b6b1-2fbb-4ee5-9b9c-7c795bbbac55",{"type":53,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":35,"clozeQuestion":129,"clozeWords":131},[130],"Each US state has its own executive, legislative, and judicial branches, with a significant amount of autonomy.",[132,133],"executive","legislative",{"id":135,"data":136,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},"f3e68464-90b0-4235-bc1e-7a97930ee565",{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":35,"multiChoiceQuestion":137,"multiChoiceCorrect":139,"multiChoiceIncorrect":141,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[138],"What is the condition for states enacting their own laws and regulations?",[140],"Not conflicting with federal law or the US Constitution",[142,143,144],"Approval from the President","Ratification by other states","Permission from the United Nations",{"id":146,"data":147,"type":25,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":149,"introPage":157,"pages":163},"8e6c306d-4cef-4f16-998b-418adcf554dc",{"type":25,"title":148},"Foundations of American Politics",{"id":150,"data":151,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":35},"d72d8923-d584-46c3-9e80-b8c5eddecaa3",{"type":19,"summary":152},[153,154,155,156],"Thirteen colonies declared independence from Britain in 1776","The U.S. Constitution was drafted in 1787 in Philadelphia","The Magna Carta established that everyone is subject to the law","John Locke's philosophy influenced America's founding principles",{"id":158,"data":159,"type":39,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":35},"c43c2b32-0401-4d57-82c8-84d01b0d2131",{"type":39,"intro":160},[161,162],"What was the main principle behind the government formed by the original thirteen states?","Which Enlightenment philosopher influenced the Declaration of Independence?",[164,192,220],{"id":165,"data":166,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":169},"dacada97-2f40-4d97-8c90-8f8a443d0c5a",{"type":35,"markdownContent":167,"audioMediaId":168},"The original thirteen states of the United States were once individual colonies of Great Britain. They were established by British settlers in the 17th and 18th centuries and had varying degrees of autonomy prior to the American Revolution.\n\n![Graph](image://056e3416-7dca-4c81-8644-c3c9be7fc8fa \"The Founding Fathers meet to draft the constitution\")\n\nIn 1776, following the American Revolution, and independence from Britain, thirteen colonies on the continent declared their intention to found a form of government distinct from its European counterparts. This would be based solely on popular sovereignty rather than hereditary rule or divine right.\n\nFollowing independence from Britain, there emerged a need to enforce economic stability and political unity among the newly formed states. In response to this need, a group of delegates from each state convened in Philadelphia in 1787 to draft a constitution that would establish a federal government and ensure the protection of individual rights.\n\nDespite being over 200 years old, the United States Constitution remains the supreme law of the land.","c02e8624-19e4-4632-89ae-3d29e2894574",[170,181],{"id":171,"data":172,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},"1354392d-3247-4785-9a68-7dcc6005e8f3",{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":35,"multiChoiceQuestion":173,"multiChoiceCorrect":175,"multiChoiceIncorrect":177,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[174],"What was the purpose of the 1787 convention in Philadelphia?",[176],"Draft a constitution",[178,179,180],"Declare war on Britain","Negotiate trade agreements","Establish a new currency",{"id":73,"data":182,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":35,"collapsingSiblings":183,"multiChoiceQuestion":184,"multiChoiceCorrect":186,"multiChoiceIncorrect":187,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":188,"matchPairsPairs":189},[70,74],[185],"What does the year 1787 signify in the history of the United States?",[80],[78,81,82],[84],[190],{"left":191,"right":80,"direction":19},"1787",{"id":193,"data":194,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":197},"9fce3965-a4cc-44c5-a734-5037c07fe34e",{"type":35,"markdownContent":195,"audioMediaId":196},"In the 18th century, the founding of the United States’ Constitution was politically radical, and its emphasis on democratic ideals and institutions has long since served as a model for many other nations globally.\n\nAt the time of America's War of Independence from Britain, Europe was dominated by an “Age of Absolutism”, a term used to describe a period between 1600 and the French Revolution of 1789, where monarchs and rulers sought to establish absolute authority and control over their territories, unrestrained by parliaments, feudal elites, churches, or other institutions.\n\nSome well-known examples of absolutist monarchs include Louis XIV of France, who famously declared, \"L'état, c'est moi\" (\"I am the state\"), Peter the Great of Russia, and Frederick the Great of Prussia.\n\n![Graph](image://287aa5b9-2ae7-4769-b2bf-e22618384088 \"A Prussian monarch in ceremonial dress\")\n\nBy 1688, Britain had moved to be governed more directly by its parliament, but the royal sovereign remained in place through what is known as a “constitutional monarchy”—a system still in place today.","7c3b5128-8eca-407a-be19-4cd705e6b680",[198,209],{"id":199,"data":200,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},"ae81882c-f59a-41df-9ba8-99e3c3ede4fb",{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":35,"multiChoiceQuestion":201,"multiChoiceCorrect":203,"multiChoiceIncorrect":205,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[202],"What type of governance had Britain adopted by 1688?",[204],"Constitutional monarchy",[206,207,208],"Absolute monarchy","Republic","Parliamentary democracy",{"id":210,"data":211,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},"a8d0cabc-47dd-46a2-b86d-f2b8f53dfae2",{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":35,"multiChoiceQuestion":212,"multiChoiceCorrect":214,"multiChoiceIncorrect":216,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[213],"What term describes the period between 1600 and the French Revolution of 1789?",[215],"Age of Absolutism",[217,218,219],"Age of Enlightenment","Age of Exploration","Age of Monarchy",{"id":221,"data":222,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":225},"97025d71-52a7-4ce0-b2e3-7aeec0a00c69",{"type":35,"markdownContent":223,"audioMediaId":224},"Though revolutionary at the time, America's political system was founded on centuries-old ideas about individual freedoms and liberties.\n\nThe Magna Carta of 1215 laid the groundwork for political rights in Britain, establishing the principle that everyone, including the king, was subject to the law, had the right to a fair trial, and should be protected against arbitrary imprisonment.\n\nThese ideas were further developed in the English Bill of Rights of 1689, which enshrined limits to the government's power and individual rights. This was influenced by the Enlightenment philosophy of John Locke. Locke held that all individuals had the fundamental rights to life, liberty, and property, and that these rights could not be taken away by a government, which should rule only by consent of the people.\n\n![Graph](image://3b4def5c-ecfb-460c-a735-37e644ddab12 \"The founding fathers\")\n\nAmerica’s Declaration of Independence went on to adopt this philosophy as its founding principle of government. It asserted that “all men are created equal”, endowed with unalienable rights including life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness.","922d787d-4064-492c-8d52-98ac91aa2da1",[226,237,254],{"id":227,"data":228,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},"d154200b-5998-4e46-8d4d-91ab076db0c9",{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":35,"multiChoiceQuestion":229,"multiChoiceCorrect":231,"multiChoiceIncorrect":233,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[230],"Which philosopher's ideas influenced the English Bill of Rights and American Declaration of Independence?",[232],"John Locke",[234,235,236],"Thomas Hobbes","Jean-Jacques Rousseau","Immanuel Kant",{"id":238,"data":239,"type":53,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":19},"af40082d-0be7-4d8b-b3bf-75acad5d9f8a",{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":35,"collapsingSiblings":240,"multiChoiceQuestion":243,"multiChoiceCorrect":245,"multiChoiceIncorrect":247,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":250,"matchPairsPairs":251},[241,242],"6d785ab2-e2ef-409b-bbdb-0dec11d2fe3b","3a027c0f-6587-49da-83fb-f2b646327b0d",[244],"Which of the following applies to absolutism?",[246],"Dominant in Europe during America's War of Independence",[248,249],"Advocated for by John Locke","Dominant in England during the 17th century",[84],[252],{"left":253,"right":246,"direction":19},"Absolutism",{"id":255,"data":256,"type":53,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":19},"a0c8eef6-63ab-4b88-bd01-9060af61c7d6",{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":35,"collapsingSiblings":257,"multiChoiceQuestion":261,"multiChoiceCorrect":263,"multiChoiceIncorrect":265,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":269,"matchPairsPairs":270},[258,259,260],"d4d3c946-40f8-401d-9f56-0a3982592b4a","028b1df2-456f-45e0-9af4-a1dc6eda3124","9b0a7758-f159-4a43-a450-f4c70ed3a475",[262],"Which of the following was a consequence of America's War of Independence?",[264],"End of the Age of Absolutism in America",[266,267,268],"Expanded rights to include women","Extended protections to all citizens in state law","Abolished slavery throughout the United States",[84],[271],{"left":272,"right":264,"direction":19},"America's War of Independence",{"id":274,"data":275,"type":25,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":277,"introPage":285,"pages":291},"078a8ec7-195f-409a-9659-49d838e7d040",{"type":25,"title":276},"The Constitution",{"id":278,"data":279,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":35},"65592aad-49df-4942-8ef0-6c45422623a2",{"type":19,"summary":280},[281,282,283,284],"The Constitution splits government into three branches: legislative, executive, judicial","The Bill of Rights guarantees freedoms like speech and religion","The Second Amendment allows Americans to bear arms","Republicans and Democrats evolved from early political factions",{"id":286,"data":287,"type":39,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":35},"842403e5-2c47-435d-9283-dda658f442ee",{"type":39,"intro":288},[289,290],"What is the main purpose of the Bill of Rights?","Why is the Second Amendment controversial today?",[292,309,337,362],{"id":293,"data":294,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":297},"88a94289-ea8c-4109-86f3-dafbb9ce52c6",{"type":35,"markdownContent":295,"audioMediaId":296},"![Graph](image://ebaf50a5-2d48-4343-89ba-691bde7eee19 \"A portrait of Thomas Jefferson\")\n\nThe American Constitution, ratified in 1788, is the fundamental law of the United States, and sets out the structure and powers of the federal government.\n\nOne of the key features of the Constitution is the mandate that each branch of government should have its own separate powers and responsibilities.\n\nThe Constitution is divided into seven articles, each of which outlines a different aspect of the federal government. Article I establishes the legislative branch, which is responsible for making the laws of the United States. Article II creates the executive branch, which is responsible for enforcing the laws. Article III establishes the judicial branch, which is responsible for interpreting the laws and resolving disputes.\n\nThis is accompanied by a system of checks and balances to ensure that no single branch becomes too powerful. Each branch of government has the power to check or limit the actions of the other branches.","09dcedbb-8cfc-43b1-bd5f-d2961106fb2e",[298],{"id":299,"data":300,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},"d87371c4-63c6-49db-a02d-32cf33950768",{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":35,"multiChoiceQuestion":301,"multiChoiceCorrect":303,"multiChoiceIncorrect":305,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[302],"What does Article I of the Constitution establish?",[304],"The legislative branch",[306,307,308],"The executive branch","The judicial branch","The system of checks and balances",{"id":310,"data":311,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":314},"7e4be01c-6a8c-42f3-b93b-36c8e2483e97",{"type":35,"markdownContent":312,"audioMediaId":313},"The American Constitution is a living document, and has been amended several times since its ratification in 1788. An amendment is a change to the original text of the Constitution that can be proposed by Congress or ratified by three-fourths of the states.\n\nThe first ten amendments, known as the Bill of Rights, were added in 1791 and guarantee certain basic rights such as freedom of speech and religion; protection against unreasonable search and seizure; due process; equal protection under law; right to bear arms; prohibition on cruel or unusual punishment.\n\n![Graph](image://1ed55546-54eb-4f4e-bed1-4a25f8fff39a \"A depiction of the American Civil War, which led to the passing of the 13th Amendment, abolishing slavery. Image: Adam Jones from Kelowna, BC, Canada, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nSince then, there have been over twenty additional amendments passed which further clarify these rights or expand them to include new groups such as women in the 19th Amendment (1920), and the 13th Amendment abolishing slavery (1865).","525450b7-bf06-411f-a31c-8dde947a1eb4",[315,326],{"id":258,"data":316,"type":53,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":19},{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":35,"collapsingSiblings":317,"multiChoiceQuestion":318,"multiChoiceCorrect":320,"multiChoiceIncorrect":321,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":322,"matchPairsPairs":323},[255,259,260],[319],"Which of the following was a consequence of the passing of the 19th Amendment?",[266],[264,267,268],[84],[324],{"left":325,"right":266,"direction":19},"Passing of the 19th Amendment",{"id":74,"data":327,"type":53,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":19},{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":35,"collapsingSiblings":328,"multiChoiceQuestion":329,"multiChoiceCorrect":331,"multiChoiceIncorrect":332,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":333,"matchPairsPairs":334},[70,73],[330],"What is the significance of the year 1791 in the context of American political history?",[82],[78,80,81],[84],[335],{"left":336,"right":82,"direction":19},"1791",{"id":338,"data":339,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":342},"4e6c5b0e-d9b3-45cc-bfea-06af228bdc9b",{"type":35,"markdownContent":340,"audioMediaId":341},"One of the most controversial additions to the Constitution is the Second Amendment of 1791. It states that “A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed”.\n\nThe purpose of the Amendment was to guarantee citizens a means of self-defense and ability to mobilize against external threats or a tyrannical government.\n\nSome have argued, however, that it is due to this Amendment that the USA accounts for over 70 percent of mass shootings globally. Critics hold that the framers of the Constitution could not have anticipated the development of advanced weaponry such as assault rifles and high-capacity magazines, widely available to Americans due to second amendment rights.\n\nConversely, groups such as the National Rifle Association (NRA) maintain that it is the right of all Americans to bear arms, with no restrictions at all. That includes advanced and extremely lethal weaponry. The constitutional case for their position is simple: the Second Amendment states that all Americans have the right to bear arms. The government, in their view, has no right to interfere at all in this right.\n\nSuch a case highlights the difficulty of abiding by a document now written over two centuries ago. While it provides a strong foundation for American democracy, it cannot account for all the technological advancements and societal changes that have occurred since its inception.","59b3e4ad-8543-4ce8-914e-228e4952941a",[343],{"id":344,"data":345,"type":53,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":19},"dd9b978f-470c-4aeb-a1a7-a315ca23ce75",{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":35,"collapsingSiblings":346,"multiChoiceQuestion":350,"multiChoiceCorrect":352,"multiChoiceIncorrect":354,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":358,"matchPairsPairs":359},[347,348,349],"b4982a31-d462-449a-b3f6-2df6fac4d7b9","711e78a0-e734-4a46-bd77-8c858d482e15","367fee67-38ee-4213-870e-d465bd41e51b",[351],"Which of the following applies to the NRA?",[353],"Supports the Second Amendment",[355,356,357],"Legislative branch of the U.S. government","Judicial branch of government","Executive branch of the U.S. government",[84],[360],{"left":361,"right":353,"direction":19},"NRA",{"id":363,"data":364,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":367},"94f0939f-6418-49a4-8a66-417dd3ee7830",{"type":35,"markdownContent":365,"audioMediaId":366},"The Constitution established a system of government that created opportunities for political factions to organize and advocate for their interests, and for political leaders to form coalitions to advance their agendas.\n\nEarly political factions included Federalists, who favored a strong central government, and Anti-Federalists, who supported a weaker government with greater state autonomy.\n\nIn the 19th century, various factions evolved to become the two political parties that dominate today: the Republicans and the Democrats.\n\nThe two parties have undergone significant changes over the years. During the Civil War, the Republican Party was the party of Abraham Lincoln and the Union, and the northern states, while the Democratic Party was associated with the Confederacy and the South.\n\n![Graph](image://499a3ee0-7253-4ee1-97aa-5a8eee8c70ba \"Democrat president Lyndon B. Johnson signing the Voting Rights Act of 1965 into law\")\n\nIn the 20th century, the two parties shifted their focus to economic issues. The Democratic Party became associated with progressive policies and government intervention in the economy, while the Republican Party became associated with conservative policies and limited government.","556b90cf-594c-47b7-9a06-550718a3fd70",[368],{"id":369,"data":370,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},"c41571b4-0435-4385-b9f5-65be3b167373",{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":35,"multiChoiceQuestion":371,"multiChoiceCorrect":373,"multiChoiceIncorrect":375,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[372],"Which party was associated with the Confederacy during the Civil War?",[374],"Democratic Party",[376,377,378],"Republican Party","Federalist Party","Anti-Federalist Party",[380,509,616],{"id":23,"data":24,"type":25,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":27,"introPage":36,"pages":381},[382,414,449,479],{"id":45,"data":46,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":49,"parsed":383},{"data":384,"body":387,"toc":412},{"title":385,"description":386},"","The United States of America, commonly known as the United States or simply the US, is a federal republic made up of 50 states, a federal district (Washington, D.C.), five major territories, and various minor islands. The US is the world's third-largest country by land area and the third most populous country, with a population of over 330 million people.",{"type":388,"children":389},"root",[390,397,407],{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":393,"children":394},"element","p",{},[395],{"type":396,"value":386},"text",{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":398,"children":399},{},[400],{"type":391,"tag":401,"props":402,"children":406},"img",{"alt":403,"src":404,"title":405},"Graph","image://8931151a-1a0f-488d-adfb-2ed9d5559719","The flag of the USA. Image: Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":408,"children":409},{},[410],{"type":396,"value":411},"The US was founded in 1776 as a group of colonies declaring independence from Great Britain. It was founded on the principles of a diverse and multicultural society, with a long history of immigration and a commitment to individual freedoms and democracy. The US is also the world's largest economy (accounting for nearly 25% of global GDP) and a global superpower, with significant influence in international politics and diplomacy.",{"title":385,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":413},[],{"id":89,"data":90,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":35,"reviews":93,"parsed":415},{"data":416,"body":418,"toc":447},{"title":385,"description":417},"The US government is a “federal” system, meaning power is divided between the national government and the states that comprise it.",{"type":388,"children":419},[420,424,432,437,442],{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":421,"children":422},{},[423],{"type":396,"value":417},{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":425,"children":426},{},[427],{"type":391,"tag":401,"props":428,"children":431},{"alt":403,"src":429,"title":430},"image://56f18fdb-0d87-4a09-adef-ad9830c2d898","46th US President Joe Biden",[],{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":433,"children":434},{},[435],{"type":396,"value":436},"The national government is headed by the President, who is both the head of state and the head of government. The President is known as the executive branch of government. The two other branches are the legislative branch (Congress, made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives) and the judicial branch (the Supreme Court and other federal courts).",{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":438,"children":439},{},[440],{"type":396,"value":441},"These federal branches of government are located in Washington DC, a district which lies along the east coast of the United States and serves as the capital of the country.",{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":443,"children":444},{},[445],{"type":396,"value":446},"The city is home to many iconic government buildings, including the White House (the official residence of the President), the Capitol Building (where Congress meets), and the Supreme Court Building (where the highest court in the land holds its sessions).",{"title":385,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":448},[],{"id":106,"data":107,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":35,"reviews":110,"parsed":450},{"data":451,"body":452,"toc":477},{"title":385,"description":385},{"type":388,"children":453},[454,462,467,472],{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":455,"children":456},{},[457],{"type":391,"tag":401,"props":458,"children":461},{"alt":403,"src":459,"title":460},"image://9e847b68-f913-4e1e-a5c0-758888641fe9","The American Constitution",[],{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":463,"children":464},{},[465],{"type":396,"value":466},"In the United States, the federal government's role is to address issues that affect the entire country, while states have greater autonomy over issues that are more localized.",{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":468,"children":469},{},[470],{"type":396,"value":471},"The federal government is therefore responsible for a range of issues related to national defense, foreign policy, immigration, interstate commerce, and currency regulation.",{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":473,"children":474},{},[475],{"type":396,"value":476},"The federal government also plays a key role in administering programs that provide social welfare and support, such as Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid. Additionally, the federal government is responsible for enforcing laws related to civil rights, environmental protection, and consumer protection, among other areas.",{"title":385,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":478},[],{"id":121,"data":122,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":35,"reviews":125,"parsed":480},{"data":481,"body":483,"toc":507},{"title":385,"description":482},"The 50 states of America are political subdivisions of the country, each with their own government and constitution. Each state has its own executive branch (governor and other officials), legislative branch (state senate and state house of representatives), and judicial branch (state courts).",{"type":388,"children":484},[485,489,497,502],{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":486,"children":487},{},[488],{"type":396,"value":482},{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":490,"children":491},{},[492],{"type":391,"tag":401,"props":493,"children":496},{"alt":403,"src":494,"title":495},"image://4ff131b1-bf53-4581-bc8c-dedceb67b2fd","The Bill of Rights. Image: David Jones, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":498,"children":499},{},[500],{"type":396,"value":501},"States in the US have a significant amount of autonomy and are responsible for many areas of governance, including education, transportation, public safety, and social services. They can also enact their own laws and regulations, as long as they do not conflict with federal law or the US Constitution.",{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":503,"children":504},{},[505],{"type":396,"value":506},"Some states have more influence and resources than others, depending on factors such as population, economic strength, and political power. For example, California is the most populous state and has one of the largest economies in the world.",{"title":385,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":508},[],{"id":146,"data":147,"type":25,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":149,"introPage":157,"pages":510},[511,546,581],{"id":165,"data":166,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":169,"parsed":512},{"data":513,"body":515,"toc":544},{"title":385,"description":514},"The original thirteen states of the United States were once individual colonies of Great Britain. They were established by British settlers in the 17th and 18th centuries and had varying degrees of autonomy prior to the American Revolution.",{"type":388,"children":516},[517,521,529,534,539],{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":518,"children":519},{},[520],{"type":396,"value":514},{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":522,"children":523},{},[524],{"type":391,"tag":401,"props":525,"children":528},{"alt":403,"src":526,"title":527},"image://056e3416-7dca-4c81-8644-c3c9be7fc8fa","The Founding Fathers meet to draft the constitution",[],{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":530,"children":531},{},[532],{"type":396,"value":533},"In 1776, following the American Revolution, and independence from Britain, thirteen colonies on the continent declared their intention to found a form of government distinct from its European counterparts. This would be based solely on popular sovereignty rather than hereditary rule or divine right.",{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":535,"children":536},{},[537],{"type":396,"value":538},"Following independence from Britain, there emerged a need to enforce economic stability and political unity among the newly formed states. In response to this need, a group of delegates from each state convened in Philadelphia in 1787 to draft a constitution that would establish a federal government and ensure the protection of individual rights.",{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":540,"children":541},{},[542],{"type":396,"value":543},"Despite being over 200 years old, the United States Constitution remains the supreme law of the land.",{"title":385,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":545},[],{"id":193,"data":194,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":197,"parsed":547},{"data":548,"body":550,"toc":579},{"title":385,"description":549},"In the 18th century, the founding of the United States’ Constitution was politically radical, and its emphasis on democratic ideals and institutions has long since served as a model for many other nations globally.",{"type":388,"children":551},[552,556,561,566,574],{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":553,"children":554},{},[555],{"type":396,"value":549},{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":557,"children":558},{},[559],{"type":396,"value":560},"At the time of America's War of Independence from Britain, Europe was dominated by an “Age of Absolutism”, a term used to describe a period between 1600 and the French Revolution of 1789, where monarchs and rulers sought to establish absolute authority and control over their territories, unrestrained by parliaments, feudal elites, churches, or other institutions.",{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":562,"children":563},{},[564],{"type":396,"value":565},"Some well-known examples of absolutist monarchs include Louis XIV of France, who famously declared, \"L'état, c'est moi\" (\"I am the state\"), Peter the Great of Russia, and Frederick the Great of Prussia.",{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":567,"children":568},{},[569],{"type":391,"tag":401,"props":570,"children":573},{"alt":403,"src":571,"title":572},"image://287aa5b9-2ae7-4769-b2bf-e22618384088","A Prussian monarch in ceremonial dress",[],{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":575,"children":576},{},[577],{"type":396,"value":578},"By 1688, Britain had moved to be governed more directly by its parliament, but the royal sovereign remained in place through what is known as a “constitutional monarchy”—a system still in place today.",{"title":385,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":580},[],{"id":221,"data":222,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":225,"parsed":582},{"data":583,"body":585,"toc":614},{"title":385,"description":584},"Though revolutionary at the time, America's political system was founded on centuries-old ideas about individual freedoms and liberties.",{"type":388,"children":586},[587,591,596,601,609],{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":588,"children":589},{},[590],{"type":396,"value":584},{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":592,"children":593},{},[594],{"type":396,"value":595},"The Magna Carta of 1215 laid the groundwork for political rights in Britain, establishing the principle that everyone, including the king, was subject to the law, had the right to a fair trial, and should be protected against arbitrary imprisonment.",{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":597,"children":598},{},[599],{"type":396,"value":600},"These ideas were further developed in the English Bill of Rights of 1689, which enshrined limits to the government's power and individual rights. This was influenced by the Enlightenment philosophy of John Locke. Locke held that all individuals had the fundamental rights to life, liberty, and property, and that these rights could not be taken away by a government, which should rule only by consent of the people.",{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":602,"children":603},{},[604],{"type":391,"tag":401,"props":605,"children":608},{"alt":403,"src":606,"title":607},"image://3b4def5c-ecfb-460c-a735-37e644ddab12","The founding fathers",[],{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":610,"children":611},{},[612],{"type":396,"value":613},"America’s Declaration of Independence went on to adopt this philosophy as its founding principle of government. It asserted that “all men are created equal”, endowed with unalienable rights including life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness.",{"title":385,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":615},[],{"id":274,"data":275,"type":25,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":277,"introPage":285,"pages":617},[618,653,683,715],{"id":293,"data":294,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":297,"parsed":619},{"data":620,"body":621,"toc":651},{"title":385,"description":385},{"type":388,"children":622},[623,631,636,641,646],{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":624,"children":625},{},[626],{"type":391,"tag":401,"props":627,"children":630},{"alt":403,"src":628,"title":629},"image://ebaf50a5-2d48-4343-89ba-691bde7eee19","A portrait of Thomas Jefferson",[],{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":632,"children":633},{},[634],{"type":396,"value":635},"The American Constitution, ratified in 1788, is the fundamental law of the United States, and sets out the structure and powers of the federal government.",{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":637,"children":638},{},[639],{"type":396,"value":640},"One of the key features of the Constitution is the mandate that each branch of government should have its own separate powers and responsibilities.",{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":642,"children":643},{},[644],{"type":396,"value":645},"The Constitution is divided into seven articles, each of which outlines a different aspect of the federal government. Article I establishes the legislative branch, which is responsible for making the laws of the United States. Article II creates the executive branch, which is responsible for enforcing the laws. Article III establishes the judicial branch, which is responsible for interpreting the laws and resolving disputes.",{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":647,"children":648},{},[649],{"type":396,"value":650},"This is accompanied by a system of checks and balances to ensure that no single branch becomes too powerful. Each branch of government has the power to check or limit the actions of the other branches.",{"title":385,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":652},[],{"id":310,"data":311,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":314,"parsed":654},{"data":655,"body":657,"toc":681},{"title":385,"description":656},"The American Constitution is a living document, and has been amended several times since its ratification in 1788. An amendment is a change to the original text of the Constitution that can be proposed by Congress or ratified by three-fourths of the states.",{"type":388,"children":658},[659,663,668,676],{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":660,"children":661},{},[662],{"type":396,"value":656},{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":664,"children":665},{},[666],{"type":396,"value":667},"The first ten amendments, known as the Bill of Rights, were added in 1791 and guarantee certain basic rights such as freedom of speech and religion; protection against unreasonable search and seizure; due process; equal protection under law; right to bear arms; prohibition on cruel or unusual punishment.",{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":669,"children":670},{},[671],{"type":391,"tag":401,"props":672,"children":675},{"alt":403,"src":673,"title":674},"image://1ed55546-54eb-4f4e-bed1-4a25f8fff39a","A depiction of the American Civil War, which led to the passing of the 13th Amendment, abolishing slavery. Image: Adam Jones from Kelowna, BC, Canada, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":677,"children":678},{},[679],{"type":396,"value":680},"Since then, there have been over twenty additional amendments passed which further clarify these rights or expand them to include new groups such as women in the 19th Amendment (1920), and the 13th Amendment abolishing slavery (1865).",{"title":385,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":682},[],{"id":338,"data":339,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":342,"parsed":684},{"data":685,"body":687,"toc":713},{"title":385,"description":686},"One of the most controversial additions to the Constitution is the Second Amendment of 1791. It states that “A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed”.",{"type":388,"children":688},[689,693,698,703,708],{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":690,"children":691},{},[692],{"type":396,"value":686},{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":694,"children":695},{},[696],{"type":396,"value":697},"The purpose of the Amendment was to guarantee citizens a means of self-defense and ability to mobilize against external threats or a tyrannical government.",{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":699,"children":700},{},[701],{"type":396,"value":702},"Some have argued, however, that it is due to this Amendment that the USA accounts for over 70 percent of mass shootings globally. Critics hold that the framers of the Constitution could not have anticipated the development of advanced weaponry such as assault rifles and high-capacity magazines, widely available to Americans due to second amendment rights.",{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":704,"children":705},{},[706],{"type":396,"value":707},"Conversely, groups such as the National Rifle Association (NRA) maintain that it is the right of all Americans to bear arms, with no restrictions at all. That includes advanced and extremely lethal weaponry. The constitutional case for their position is simple: the Second Amendment states that all Americans have the right to bear arms. The government, in their view, has no right to interfere at all in this right.",{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":709,"children":710},{},[711],{"type":396,"value":712},"Such a case highlights the difficulty of abiding by a document now written over two centuries ago. While it provides a strong foundation for American democracy, it cannot account for all the technological advancements and societal changes that have occurred since its inception.",{"title":385,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":714},[],{"id":363,"data":364,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":367,"parsed":716},{"data":717,"body":719,"toc":753},{"title":385,"description":718},"The Constitution established a system of government that created opportunities for political factions to organize and advocate for their interests, and for political leaders to form coalitions to advance their agendas.",{"type":388,"children":720},[721,725,730,735,740,748],{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":722,"children":723},{},[724],{"type":396,"value":718},{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":726,"children":727},{},[728],{"type":396,"value":729},"Early political factions included Federalists, who favored a strong central government, and Anti-Federalists, who supported a weaker government with greater state autonomy.",{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":731,"children":732},{},[733],{"type":396,"value":734},"In the 19th century, various factions evolved to become the two political parties that dominate today: the Republicans and the Democrats.",{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":736,"children":737},{},[738],{"type":396,"value":739},"The two parties have undergone significant changes over the years. During the Civil War, the Republican Party was the party of Abraham Lincoln and the Union, and the northern states, while the Democratic Party was associated with the Confederacy and the South.",{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":741,"children":742},{},[743],{"type":391,"tag":401,"props":744,"children":747},{"alt":403,"src":745,"title":746},"image://499a3ee0-7253-4ee1-97aa-5a8eee8c70ba","Democrat president Lyndon B. Johnson signing the Voting Rights Act of 1965 into law",[],{"type":391,"tag":392,"props":749,"children":750},{},[751],{"type":396,"value":752},"In the 20th century, the two parties shifted their focus to economic issues. The Democratic Party became associated with progressive policies and government intervention in the economy, while the Republican Party became associated with conservative policies and limited government.",{"title":385,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":754},[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":756,"height":756,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":757},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":756,"height":756,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":759},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M4 5h16M4 12h16M4 19h16\"/>",1778224795842]