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responsibilities",3,4,[38,159,287],{"id":39,"data":40,"type":25,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":42,"introPage":50,"pages":57},"ebf95f67-75d6-4243-a4fb-de62f089ec3a",{"type":25,"title":41},"US Federal System and Economy",{"id":43,"data":44,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"f30c27e2-9e29-4968-93a4-ea38aeac6f0a",{"type":35,"summary":45},[46,47,48,49],"The US is a federal republic with 50 states and territories","The President leads the national government, based in Washington DC","States have their own governments and significant autonomy","The US economy is the largest, making up 25% of global GDP",{"id":51,"data":52,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"b84de163-c68b-4547-be79-e994dc9a3b33",{"type":53,"intro":54},10,[55,56],"What is the role of the President in the US federal system?","Which state has the largest economy in the US?",[58,102,119,134],{"id":59,"data":60,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"reviews":63},"677bed29-0de6-41ba-a7b9-98b52f9120cd",{"type":24,"markdownContent":61,"audioMediaId":62},"The United States of America, commonly known as the United States or simply the US, is a federal republic made up of 50 states, a federal district (Washington, D.C.), five major territories, and various minor islands. The US is the world's third-largest country by land area and the third most populous country, with a population of over 330 million people.\n\n![Graph](image://8931151a-1a0f-488d-adfb-2ed9d5559719 \"The flag of the USA. Image: Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe US was founded in 1776 as a group of colonies declaring independence from Great Britain. It was founded on the principles of a diverse and multicultural society, with a long history of immigration and a commitment to individual freedoms and democracy. The US is also the world's largest economy (accounting for nearly 25% of global GDP) and a global superpower, with significant influence in international politics and diplomacy.","ea8ec171-449e-46e9-919e-8b696e8e462e",[64,76,83],{"id":65,"data":66,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"84864e4a-5be0-4fee-9344-9eaa0541ee48",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":68,"multiChoiceCorrect":70,"multiChoiceIncorrect":72,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},11,[69],"What percentage of global GDP does the US economy account for?",[71],"Nearly 25%",[73,74,75],"Nearly 10%","Nearly 50%","Nearly 75%",{"id":77,"data":78,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"69a43d4f-8847-4c48-847c-74145e294f9d",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":79,"clozeWords":81},[80],"The United States is a federal republic with 50 states.",[82],"50",{"id":84,"data":85,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"4ead6a8b-232e-4f5d-bd0d-816674be566c",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":86,"multiChoiceQuestion":89,"multiChoiceCorrect":91,"multiChoiceIncorrect":93,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":97,"matchPairsPairs":99},[87,88],"c8b7f3b5-af11-4613-9a52-079fcf277998","017d6f0b-2212-4490-b36c-bc756bff4b43",[90],"What is the significance of the year 1776 in American history?",[92],"Year of the American Revolution and independence from Britain",[94,95,96],"Year the United States Constitution was drafted","Year of the Age of Absolutism","Year the Bill of Rights was created",[98],"Match the pairs below:",[100],{"left":101,"right":92,"direction":35},"1776",{"id":103,"data":104,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":107},"f51a1c02-b2b6-4b94-bbc6-61f17fdd2c4e",{"type":24,"markdownContent":105,"audioMediaId":106},"The US government is a “federal” system, meaning power is divided between the national government and the states that comprise it.\n\n![Graph](image://56f18fdb-0d87-4a09-adef-ad9830c2d898 \"46th US President Joe Biden\")\n\nThe national government is headed by the President, who is both the head of state and the head of government. The President is known as the executive branch of government. The two other branches are the legislative branch (Congress, made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives) and the judicial branch (the Supreme Court and other federal courts).\n\nThese federal branches of government are located in Washington DC, a district which lies along the east coast of the United States and serves as the capital of the country.\n\nThe city is home to many iconic government buildings, including the White House (the official residence of the President), the Capitol Building (where Congress meets), and the Supreme Court Building (where the highest court in the land holds its sessions).","e0d20665-a658-4255-8fb1-1536d4ebcfa8",[108],{"id":109,"data":110,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"ccd318e4-f6f8-41f3-b014-34c2425d4b47",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":111,"multiChoiceCorrect":113,"multiChoiceIncorrect":115,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[112],"Where is the US federal government located?",[114],"Washington DC",[116,117,118],"New York City","Los Angeles","Chicago",{"id":120,"data":121,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":124},"54f70324-ed03-4ac0-a938-61c54b10921c",{"type":24,"markdownContent":122,"audioMediaId":123},"![Graph](image://9e847b68-f913-4e1e-a5c0-758888641fe9 \"The American Constitution\")\n\nIn the United States, the federal government's role is to address issues that affect the entire country, while states have greater autonomy over issues that are more localized.\n\nThe federal government is therefore responsible for a range of issues related to national defense, foreign policy, immigration, interstate commerce, and currency regulation.\n\nThe federal government also plays a key role in administering programs that provide social welfare and support, such as Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid. Additionally, the federal government is responsible for enforcing laws related to civil rights, environmental protection, and consumer protection, among other areas.","2777642d-86a3-486f-aecd-934ab95c1d7a",[125],{"id":126,"data":127,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"b8f6e7b4-5e00-4a42-9770-7c8bf5da0b4d",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":128,"binaryCorrect":130,"binaryIncorrect":132},[129],"Which level of government in the United States is responsible for addressing issues related to the entire nation?",[131],"Federal government",[133],"State government",{"id":135,"data":136,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":139},"47128b0d-93fb-4338-b74d-98b34fb7c4d6",{"type":24,"markdownContent":137,"audioMediaId":138},"The 50 states of America are political subdivisions of the country, each with their own government and constitution. Each state has its own executive branch (governor and other officials), legislative branch (state senate and state house of representatives), and judicial branch (state courts).\n\n![Graph](image://4ff131b1-bf53-4581-bc8c-dedceb67b2fd \"The Bill of Rights. Image: David Jones, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nStates in the US have a significant amount of autonomy and are responsible for many areas of governance, including education, transportation, public safety, and social services. They can also enact their own laws and regulations, as long as they do not conflict with federal law or the US Constitution.\n\nSome states have more influence and resources than others, depending on factors such as population, economic strength, and political power. For example, California is the most populous state and has one of the largest economies in the world.","7da10e2f-b993-479c-a0a3-12dbfa91bb48",[140,148],{"id":141,"data":142,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"9ab1b6b1-2fbb-4ee5-9b9c-7c795bbbac55",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":143,"clozeWords":145},[144],"Each US state has its own executive, legislative, and judicial branches, with a significant amount of autonomy.",[146,147],"executive","legislative",{"id":149,"data":150,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"f3e68464-90b0-4235-bc1e-7a97930ee565",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":151,"multiChoiceCorrect":153,"multiChoiceIncorrect":155,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[152],"What is the condition for states enacting their own laws and regulations?",[154],"Not conflicting with federal law or the US Constitution",[156,157,158],"Approval from the President","Ratification by other states","Permission from the United Nations",{"id":160,"data":161,"type":25,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":163,"introPage":171,"pages":177},"8e6c306d-4cef-4f16-998b-418adcf554dc",{"type":25,"title":162},"Foundations of American Politics",{"id":164,"data":165,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"d72d8923-d584-46c3-9e80-b8c5eddecaa3",{"type":35,"summary":166},[167,168,169,170],"Thirteen colonies declared independence from Britain in 1776","The U.S. Constitution was drafted in 1787 in Philadelphia","The Magna Carta established that everyone is subject to the law","John Locke's philosophy influenced America's founding principles",{"id":172,"data":173,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"c43c2b32-0401-4d57-82c8-84d01b0d2131",{"type":53,"intro":174},[175,176],"What was the main principle behind the government formed by the original thirteen states?","Which Enlightenment philosopher influenced the Declaration of Independence?",[178,206,234],{"id":179,"data":180,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":183},"dacada97-2f40-4d97-8c90-8f8a443d0c5a",{"type":24,"markdownContent":181,"audioMediaId":182},"The original thirteen states of the United States were once individual colonies of Great Britain. They were established by British settlers in the 17th and 18th centuries and had varying degrees of autonomy prior to the American Revolution.\n\n![Graph](image://056e3416-7dca-4c81-8644-c3c9be7fc8fa \"The Founding Fathers meet to draft the constitution\")\n\nIn 1776, following the American Revolution, and independence from Britain, thirteen colonies on the continent declared their intention to found a form of government distinct from its European counterparts. This would be based solely on popular sovereignty rather than hereditary rule or divine right.\n\nFollowing independence from Britain, there emerged a need to enforce economic stability and political unity among the newly formed states. In response to this need, a group of delegates from each state convened in Philadelphia in 1787 to draft a constitution that would establish a federal government and ensure the protection of individual rights.\n\nDespite being over 200 years old, the United States Constitution remains the supreme law of the land.","c02e8624-19e4-4632-89ae-3d29e2894574",[184,195],{"id":185,"data":186,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"1354392d-3247-4785-9a68-7dcc6005e8f3",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":187,"multiChoiceCorrect":189,"multiChoiceIncorrect":191,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[188],"What was the purpose of the 1787 convention in Philadelphia?",[190],"Draft a constitution",[192,193,194],"Declare war on Britain","Negotiate trade agreements","Establish a new currency",{"id":87,"data":196,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":197,"multiChoiceQuestion":198,"multiChoiceCorrect":200,"multiChoiceIncorrect":201,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":202,"matchPairsPairs":203},[84,88],[199],"What does the year 1787 signify in the history of the United States?",[94],[92,95,96],[98],[204],{"left":205,"right":94,"direction":35},"1787",{"id":207,"data":208,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":211},"9fce3965-a4cc-44c5-a734-5037c07fe34e",{"type":24,"markdownContent":209,"audioMediaId":210},"In the 18th century, the founding of the United States’ Constitution was politically radical, and its emphasis on democratic ideals and institutions has long since served as a model for many other nations globally.\n\nAt the time of America's War of Independence from Britain, Europe was dominated by an “Age of Absolutism”, a term used to describe a period between 1600 and the French Revolution of 1789, where monarchs and rulers sought to establish absolute authority and control over their territories, unrestrained by parliaments, feudal elites, churches, or other institutions.\n\nSome well-known examples of absolutist monarchs include Louis XIV of France, who famously declared, \"L'état, c'est moi\" (\"I am the state\"), Peter the Great of Russia, and Frederick the Great of Prussia.\n\n![Graph](image://287aa5b9-2ae7-4769-b2bf-e22618384088 \"A Prussian monarch in ceremonial dress\")\n\nBy 1688, Britain had moved to be governed more directly by its parliament, but the royal sovereign remained in place through what is known as a “constitutional monarchy”—a system still in place today.","7c3b5128-8eca-407a-be19-4cd705e6b680",[212,223],{"id":213,"data":214,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"ae81882c-f59a-41df-9ba8-99e3c3ede4fb",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":215,"multiChoiceCorrect":217,"multiChoiceIncorrect":219,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[216],"What type of governance had Britain adopted by 1688?",[218],"Constitutional monarchy",[220,221,222],"Absolute monarchy","Republic","Parliamentary democracy",{"id":224,"data":225,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"a8d0cabc-47dd-46a2-b86d-f2b8f53dfae2",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":226,"multiChoiceCorrect":228,"multiChoiceIncorrect":230,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[227],"What term describes the period between 1600 and the French Revolution of 1789?",[229],"Age of Absolutism",[231,232,233],"Age of Enlightenment","Age of Exploration","Age of Monarchy",{"id":235,"data":236,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"reviews":239},"97025d71-52a7-4ce0-b2e3-7aeec0a00c69",{"type":24,"markdownContent":237,"audioMediaId":238},"Though revolutionary at the time, America's political system was founded on centuries-old ideas about individual freedoms and liberties.\n\nThe Magna Carta of 1215 laid the groundwork for political rights in Britain, establishing the principle that everyone, including the king, was subject to the law, had the right to a fair trial, and should be protected against arbitrary imprisonment.\n\nThese ideas were further developed in the English Bill of Rights of 1689, which enshrined limits to the government's power and individual rights. This was influenced by the Enlightenment philosophy of John Locke. Locke held that all individuals had the fundamental rights to life, liberty, and property, and that these rights could not be taken away by a government, which should rule only by consent of the people.\n\n![Graph](image://3b4def5c-ecfb-460c-a735-37e644ddab12 \"The founding fathers\")\n\nAmerica’s Declaration of Independence went on to adopt this philosophy as its founding principle of government. It asserted that “all men are created equal”, endowed with unalienable rights including life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness.","922d787d-4064-492c-8d52-98ac91aa2da1",[240,251,268],{"id":241,"data":242,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"d154200b-5998-4e46-8d4d-91ab076db0c9",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":243,"multiChoiceCorrect":245,"multiChoiceIncorrect":247,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[244],"Which philosopher's ideas influenced the English Bill of Rights and American Declaration of Independence?",[246],"John Locke",[248,249,250],"Thomas Hobbes","Jean-Jacques Rousseau","Immanuel Kant",{"id":252,"data":253,"type":67,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":35},"af40082d-0be7-4d8b-b3bf-75acad5d9f8a",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":254,"multiChoiceQuestion":257,"multiChoiceCorrect":259,"multiChoiceIncorrect":261,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":264,"matchPairsPairs":265},[255,256],"6d785ab2-e2ef-409b-bbdb-0dec11d2fe3b","3a027c0f-6587-49da-83fb-f2b646327b0d",[258],"Which of the following applies to absolutism?",[260],"Dominant in Europe during America's War of Independence",[262,263],"Advocated for by John Locke","Dominant in England during the 17th century",[98],[266],{"left":267,"right":260,"direction":35},"Absolutism",{"id":269,"data":270,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"a0c8eef6-63ab-4b88-bd01-9060af61c7d6",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":271,"multiChoiceQuestion":275,"multiChoiceCorrect":277,"multiChoiceIncorrect":279,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":283,"matchPairsPairs":284},[272,273,274],"d4d3c946-40f8-401d-9f56-0a3982592b4a","028b1df2-456f-45e0-9af4-a1dc6eda3124","9b0a7758-f159-4a43-a450-f4c70ed3a475",[276],"Which of the following was a consequence of America's War of Independence?",[278],"End of the Age of Absolutism in America",[280,281,282],"Expanded rights to include women","Extended protections to all citizens in state law","Abolished slavery throughout the United States",[98],[285],{"left":286,"right":278,"direction":35},"America's War of Independence",{"id":288,"data":289,"type":25,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":291,"introPage":299,"pages":305},"078a8ec7-195f-409a-9659-49d838e7d040",{"type":25,"title":290},"The Constitution",{"id":292,"data":293,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"65592aad-49df-4942-8ef0-6c45422623a2",{"type":35,"summary":294},[295,296,297,298],"The Constitution splits government into three branches: legislative, executive, judicial","The Bill of Rights guarantees freedoms like speech and religion","The Second Amendment allows Americans to bear arms","Republicans and Democrats evolved from early political factions",{"id":300,"data":301,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"842403e5-2c47-435d-9283-dda658f442ee",{"type":53,"intro":302},[303,304],"What is the main purpose of the Bill of Rights?","Why is the Second Amendment controversial today?",[306,323,351,376],{"id":307,"data":308,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":311},"88a94289-ea8c-4109-86f3-dafbb9ce52c6",{"type":24,"markdownContent":309,"audioMediaId":310},"![Graph](image://ebaf50a5-2d48-4343-89ba-691bde7eee19 \"A portrait of Thomas Jefferson\")\n\nThe American Constitution, ratified in 1788, is the fundamental law of the United States, and sets out the structure and powers of the federal government.\n\nOne of the key features of the Constitution is the mandate that each branch of government should have its own separate powers and responsibilities.\n\nThe Constitution is divided into seven articles, each of which outlines a different aspect of the federal government. Article I establishes the legislative branch, which is responsible for making the laws of the United States. Article II creates the executive branch, which is responsible for enforcing the laws. Article III establishes the judicial branch, which is responsible for interpreting the laws and resolving disputes.\n\nThis is accompanied by a system of checks and balances to ensure that no single branch becomes too powerful. Each branch of government has the power to check or limit the actions of the other branches.","09dcedbb-8cfc-43b1-bd5f-d2961106fb2e",[312],{"id":313,"data":314,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"d87371c4-63c6-49db-a02d-32cf33950768",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":315,"multiChoiceCorrect":317,"multiChoiceIncorrect":319,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[316],"What does Article I of the Constitution establish?",[318],"The legislative branch",[320,321,322],"The executive branch","The judicial branch","The system of checks and balances",{"id":324,"data":325,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"reviews":328},"7e4be01c-6a8c-42f3-b93b-36c8e2483e97",{"type":24,"markdownContent":326,"audioMediaId":327},"The American Constitution is a living document, and has been amended several times since its ratification in 1788. An amendment is a change to the original text of the Constitution that can be proposed by Congress or ratified by three-fourths of the states.\n\nThe first ten amendments, known as the Bill of Rights, were added in 1791 and guarantee certain basic rights such as freedom of speech and religion; protection against unreasonable search and seizure; due process; equal protection under law; right to bear arms; prohibition on cruel or unusual punishment.\n\n![Graph](image://1ed55546-54eb-4f4e-bed1-4a25f8fff39a \"A depiction of the American Civil War, which led to the passing of the 13th Amendment, abolishing slavery. Image: Adam Jones from Kelowna, BC, Canada, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nSince then, there have been over twenty additional amendments passed which further clarify these rights or expand them to include new groups such as women in the 19th Amendment (1920), and the 13th Amendment abolishing slavery (1865).","525450b7-bf06-411f-a31c-8dde947a1eb4",[329,340],{"id":272,"data":330,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":331,"multiChoiceQuestion":332,"multiChoiceCorrect":334,"multiChoiceIncorrect":335,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":336,"matchPairsPairs":337},[269,273,274],[333],"Which of the following was a consequence of the passing of the 19th Amendment?",[280],[278,281,282],[98],[338],{"left":339,"right":280,"direction":35},"Passing of the 19th Amendment",{"id":88,"data":341,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":342,"multiChoiceQuestion":343,"multiChoiceCorrect":345,"multiChoiceIncorrect":346,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":347,"matchPairsPairs":348},[84,87],[344],"What is the significance of the year 1791 in the context of American political history?",[96],[92,94,95],[98],[349],{"left":350,"right":96,"direction":35},"1791",{"id":352,"data":353,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":356},"4e6c5b0e-d9b3-45cc-bfea-06af228bdc9b",{"type":24,"markdownContent":354,"audioMediaId":355},"One of the most controversial additions to the Constitution is the Second Amendment of 1791. It states that “A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed”.\n\nThe purpose of the Amendment was to guarantee citizens a means of self-defense and ability to mobilize against external threats or a tyrannical government.\n\nSome have argued, however, that it is due to this Amendment that the USA accounts for over 70 percent of mass shootings globally. Critics hold that the framers of the Constitution could not have anticipated the development of advanced weaponry such as assault rifles and high-capacity magazines, widely available to Americans due to second amendment rights.\n\nConversely, groups such as the National Rifle Association (NRA) maintain that it is the right of all Americans to bear arms, with no restrictions at all. That includes advanced and extremely lethal weaponry. The constitutional case for their position is simple: the Second Amendment states that all Americans have the right to bear arms. The government, in their view, has no right to interfere at all in this right.\n\nSuch a case highlights the difficulty of abiding by a document now written over two centuries ago. While it provides a strong foundation for American democracy, it cannot account for all the technological advancements and societal changes that have occurred since its inception.","59b3e4ad-8543-4ce8-914e-228e4952941a",[357],{"id":358,"data":359,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"dd9b978f-470c-4aeb-a1a7-a315ca23ce75",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":360,"multiChoiceQuestion":364,"multiChoiceCorrect":366,"multiChoiceIncorrect":368,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":372,"matchPairsPairs":373},[361,362,363],"b4982a31-d462-449a-b3f6-2df6fac4d7b9","711e78a0-e734-4a46-bd77-8c858d482e15","367fee67-38ee-4213-870e-d465bd41e51b",[365],"Which of the following applies to the NRA?",[367],"Supports the Second Amendment",[369,370,371],"Legislative branch of the U.S. government","Judicial branch of government","Executive branch of the U.S. government",[98],[374],{"left":375,"right":367,"direction":35},"NRA",{"id":377,"data":378,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":381},"94f0939f-6418-49a4-8a66-417dd3ee7830",{"type":24,"markdownContent":379,"audioMediaId":380},"The Constitution established a system of government that created opportunities for political factions to organize and advocate for their interests, and for political leaders to form coalitions to advance their agendas.\n\nEarly political factions included Federalists, who favored a strong central government, and Anti-Federalists, who supported a weaker government with greater state autonomy.\n\nIn the 19th century, various factions evolved to become the two political parties that dominate today: the Republicans and the Democrats.\n\nThe two parties have undergone significant changes over the years. During the Civil War, the Republican Party was the party of Abraham Lincoln and the Union, and the northern states, while the Democratic Party was associated with the Confederacy and the South.\n\n![Graph](image://499a3ee0-7253-4ee1-97aa-5a8eee8c70ba \"Democrat president Lyndon B. Johnson signing the Voting Rights Act of 1965 into law\")\n\nIn the 20th century, the two parties shifted their focus to economic issues. The Democratic Party became associated with progressive policies and government intervention in the economy, while the Republican Party became associated with conservative policies and limited government.","556b90cf-594c-47b7-9a06-550718a3fd70",[382],{"id":383,"data":384,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"c41571b4-0435-4385-b9f5-65be3b167373",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":385,"multiChoiceCorrect":387,"multiChoiceIncorrect":389,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[386],"Which party was associated with the Confederacy during the Civil War?",[388],"Democratic Party",[390,391,392],"Republican Party","Federalist Party","Anti-Federalist Party",{"id":394,"data":395,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"orbs":398},"7e121503-0467-4304-8ffc-966c3f209844",{"type":27,"title":396,"tagline":397},"The Presidency and Executive Branch","What role does the executive branch play? Explore different roles, their powers and limitations.",[399,533,594,647],{"id":400,"data":401,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":403,"introPage":411,"pages":417},"a4f73e18-b857-40c3-bd21-3c9a5e715a5f",{"type":25,"title":402},"Presidential Roles and Powers",{"id":404,"data":405,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"5d067ed7-840d-4337-9620-b8f512f746cd",{"type":35,"summary":406},[407,408,409,410],"The President is the head of state and Commander-in-Chief.","Executive orders bypass Congress and can be controversial.","Executive privilege allows withholding certain information from Congress.","The President's powers are limited by the Constitution and Congress.",{"id":412,"data":413,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"0c36a5e3-5a97-4d2b-b122-14e6c12e923d",{"type":53,"intro":414},[415,416],"What are the three basic eligibility requirements to be President?","Why was President Truman's 1952 executive order blocked by the Supreme Court?",[418,435,469,486,512],{"id":419,"data":420,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":423},"65d9f3cd-9f43-4edc-83b8-eabd2ae8e6dc",{"type":24,"markdownContent":421,"audioMediaId":422},"The President of the United States is the head of state, head of government, and Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces.\n\n![Graph](image://bea326f9-6ca0-4e3d-85e4-df0056b40679 \"President Franklin D. Roosevelt\")\n\nIt is the highest executive office, and holds immense power, which extends from the appointment of federal officials, legislative approval and veto, military command, international diplomacy, and judicial appointment and pardon.\n\nThere are three basic eligibility requirements to be qualified to be President or Vice President according to the United States Constitution. The person must be at least 35 years old; they must have been born in the United States or born abroad to at least one parent who is a U.S. citizen.","43933b51-3f03-4688-b6cb-6efb3cf9fc58",[424],{"id":425,"data":426,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"a041c33c-c68d-41bf-86e0-2302922c1d9e",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":427,"multiChoiceCorrect":429,"multiChoiceIncorrect":431,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[428],"What is the minimum age requirement to be eligible for the position of President or Vice President of the United States according to the Constitution?",[430],"35 years old",[432,433,434],"30 years old","40 years old","38 years old",{"id":436,"data":437,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":440},"d631d4e0-9dba-4391-b171-566926223897",{"type":24,"markdownContent":438,"audioMediaId":439},"The presidential powers can be summarized as follows:\n\nChief Executive: The President is responsible for the implementation of federal laws and the management of the executive branch of the government, including the appointment of cabinet members, ambassadors, and other federal officers.\n\nLegislative Power: The President is responsible for approving bills passed by Congress. They also have the power to veto such bills, although Congress can override the President’s veto of a bill with a two-thirds majority vote in both the House of Representatives and the Senate.\n\nExecutive Orders: The President of the United States has the power to issue legally binding directives, bypassing congress, that have the same force as laws.\n\n![Graph](image://09021dce-9268-490c-a943-3fb69675b125 \"Barrack Obama\")\n\nMilitary Powers: As commander-in-chief of the US military, the President has the power to order military operations and deploy troops.\n\nDiplomatic Powers: The President has the power to conduct foreign policy and negotiate treaties with other nations.\n\nJudicial Powers: The President has the power to appoint federal judges, including Supreme Court justices, and to grant pardons and reprieves for federal crimes.","c0f2fb8f-d48c-41ac-bf59-e67821ed92fd",[441,448,457],{"id":442,"data":443,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"7e9291af-a40c-4516-85e6-963bccd515ba",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":444,"clozeWords":446},[445],"The President has the power to approve bills, issue executive orders, and appoint federal judges.",[146,447],"federal",{"id":449,"data":450,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"8f28a2ec-991b-40c2-8727-4a035476b56a",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":451,"binaryCorrect":453,"binaryIncorrect":455},[452],"How can a presidential veto be overridden?",[454],"2/3 majority vote in both the House and the Senate",[456],"Simple majority vote in both houses",{"id":361,"data":458,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":459,"multiChoiceQuestion":460,"multiChoiceCorrect":462,"multiChoiceIncorrect":463,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":464,"matchPairsPairs":465},[362,363,358],[461],"Which of the following applies to Congress?",[369],[370,371,367],[98],[466],{"left":467,"right":468,"direction":35},"Congress","Legislative branch of the U.S. government.",{"id":470,"data":471,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":474},"b9e29bb8-94e9-406b-9e84-b97654adcd07",{"type":24,"markdownContent":472,"audioMediaId":473},"Presidential executive orders, which have the same force as laws passed by congress, are frequently controversial.\n\nOn the one hand, executive orders are essential in cases of emergency, presenting a way to quickly and directly address a crisis. For example, 12 days following the September 11th terrorist attacks, President George W. Bush authorized the freezing of assets of individuals and organizations identified as supporters of terrorism.\n\nHowever, because these orders bypass Congress, they can also be used to deliberately enact policy without bipartisan approval. As such, they are often subject to legal challenges if they are deemed unconstitutional or overly broad in scope.\n\n![Graph](image://60a762a6-47a7-4bc2-8850-8a3f5cda0bf8 \"President Truman\")\n\nFor example, in 1952, President Truman attempted to seize control of steel mills during a labor dispute but his action was blocked by the Supreme Court on grounds that it exceeded his authority under Article II of the Constitution.","a0e53398-7d78-4441-a1bb-6f95d10d3dc1",[475],{"id":476,"data":477,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"3b9e9012-81b7-48bc-ac9d-e2d18cb9e441",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":478,"multiChoiceCorrect":480,"multiChoiceIncorrect":482,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[479],"What term refers to a presidential directive that has the same force as laws passed by Congress?",[481],"Executive Order",[483,484,485],"Constitutional Order","Presidential Veto","Congressional Bypass",{"id":487,"data":488,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":491},"5a8b422f-7d03-4480-859c-596aee387fe0",{"type":24,"markdownContent":489,"audioMediaId":490},"As well as these powers of presidential office, the president also has what’s known as an “executive privilege”.\n\nExecutive privilege is a legal principle that allows the President of the United States, as well as other high-ranking government officials, to withhold certain information from the public or other branches of government, such as the judiciary or Congress. This can include confidential information related to national security, diplomatic negotiations, or internal decision-making processes.\n\nWhile executive privilege is not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution, the confidentiality of certain information has been recognized as necessary by the Supreme Court.\n\n![Graph](image://50283273-d8c1-4822-a99b-8c6df21022d7 \"President Nixon. Image: Michael Vadon, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThis privilege is not unlimited and can be challenged if deemed to be interfering with the functioning of other branches of government or violating other laws. For example, in 1974, President Nixon invoked executive privilege during the Watergate scandal but was ultimately forced to turn over tapes and other evidence after being subpoenaed by Congress.","bb4f74be-7012-4fec-b262-892cb97da710",[492,503],{"id":493,"data":494,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"561657e8-a6fb-4d00-948f-b5ab97458792",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":495,"multiChoiceCorrect":497,"multiChoiceIncorrect":499,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[496],"What is the legal principle that allows the President to withhold certain information?",[498],"Executive privilege",[500,501,502],"Presidential immunity","Confidentiality clause","Information embargo",{"id":504,"data":505,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"f11ff552-80ef-4387-abdd-5f6ce88b0bfc",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":506,"binaryCorrect":508,"binaryIncorrect":510},[507],"What is required for the President to be removed through impeachment?",[509],"Majority vote in the House and two-thirds vote in the Senate",[511],"Two-thirds vote in both chambers",{"id":513,"data":514,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":517},"13bd5244-0676-4407-8e7f-29af348b02cb",{"type":24,"markdownContent":515,"audioMediaId":516},"The president's powers are not absolute; they must abide by the Constitution, laws established by Congress, and international law. Moreover, there are several codified limitations and checks on the president’s powers, imposed by the legislative and judicial branches of government:\n\nJudicial Review: The President is accountable to the federal courts, which have the power to interpret the Constitution and federal laws, and to declare executive actions unconstitutional or illegal.\n\nCongressional Oversight: Congress has the power to investigate and oversee the actions of the executive branch, and can also pass legislation to limit the President's power.\n\nImpeachment: The President can be constitutionally removed for \"high crimes and misdemeanors\"—a process initiated by Congress which requires a majority vote in the House of Representatives and a two-thirds vote in the Senate.\n\nBudgetary Constraints: Although the President issues a proposal for the Administration's priorities for spending and revenue each year, the allocations of funds for the federal budget ultimately lies with Congress.","bf9fd734-5925-40f9-8529-31593dca01a4",[518],{"id":255,"data":519,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":520,"multiChoiceQuestion":521,"multiChoiceCorrect":523,"multiChoiceIncorrect":525,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":528,"matchPairsPairs":529},[252,256],[522],"Which of the following applies to impeachment?",[524],"Requires a majority vote in the House of Representatives and a two-thirds vote in the Senate",[526,527],"Requires a 50% vote in the Senate","Delays or blocks bill from coming up for a vote",[98],[530],{"left":531,"right":532,"direction":35},"Impeachment","Requires a majority vote in the House of Representatives and a two-thirds vote in the Senate.",{"id":534,"data":535,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":537,"introPage":545,"pages":551},"fd556d20-8248-4f6f-9cdf-fa30b05833b4",{"type":25,"title":536},"Presidential Elections and Terms",{"id":538,"data":539,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"b0e8e392-0471-4385-a60f-13f216c4cd3b",{"type":35,"summary":540},[541,542,543,544],"Presidents serve a maximum of 8 years (two 4-year terms)","\"Lame duck\" presidents can't run for re-election","Presidential elections involve primaries, caucuses, and general elections","Campaigns need massive fundraising, often reaching hundreds of millions",{"id":546,"data":547,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"4666de44-98ad-4f01-9cf9-5d82fb62228d",{"type":53,"intro":548},[549,550],"What is a \"lame duck\" presidency?","How much did Joe Biden raise for his re-election campaign?",[552,577],{"id":553,"data":554,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":557},"fff83778-d525-4d1e-9e7e-b7a24dde7922",{"type":24,"markdownContent":555,"audioMediaId":556},"![Graph](image://e27c8c51-ecb7-41fb-b9e7-1b23633863d1 \"Bill Clinton\")\n\nThe United States Constitution limits the number of years a president can serve to 8 (constituting two 4 year “terms” of office), in order to ensure they cannot become too entrenched in power.\n\nThis can result in a period of what is known as \"lame duck\" presidency during the latter half of the president’s second term, when they are ineligible for re-election.\n\nSince other politicians and world leaders begin to focus on the next election rather than working with the current president, “lame ducks\" are limited in their ability to pass legislation and advance their agenda.\n\nOn the other hand, with no re-election campaign to worry about, a \"lame duck\" president can use their remaining time in office to focus on policies they feel are important for the country, even if they are unpopular with some segments of the population.\n\nFor example, President Obama used his final weeks in office to normalize relations with Cuba, which had been a long-standing foreign policy challenge for the United States.","f9bafc28-5fee-4120-a7cc-a606cd5c347a",[558],{"id":559,"data":560,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"45ac6de9-039b-4cde-be68-3538cc620a1e",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":561,"multiChoiceQuestion":564,"multiChoiceCorrect":566,"multiChoiceIncorrect":568,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":24,"orderQuestion":572,"orderItems":574},[562,563],"8c96c794-6899-4344-9a23-123404d75acd","c6e828a8-ba98-4c4e-953d-74bda6903741",[565],"What is the maximum number of years a president can serve?",[567],"8",[569,570,571],"3","4","6",[573],"Put the following in order:",[575],{"label":576,"reveal":567,"sortOrder":4},"Maximum years a president can serve",{"id":578,"data":579,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":582},"d35d4997-df31-4c42-a935-4f9cd1e12dea",{"type":24,"markdownContent":580,"audioMediaId":581},"Presidential elections are held every four years and involve a complex process of campaigning, fundraising, and voting.\n\n![Graph](image://dca0c4ad-a8ef-435a-a3a1-21c4cb1b8011 \"A presidential campaign\")\n\nBefore competing in the general election, presidential candidates must first secure their party’s nomination with a series of primary elections and caucuses held in each state.\n\nDuring this time, they will often travel across the country to meet with voters and discuss their policies, and rely heavily on television advertisements and social media outreach to potential supporters.\n\nFinancing such campaigns is a major expense, and requires extensive fundraising from individuals as well as political action committees (PACs). President Trump raised around $800 million for his re-election bid while Joe Biden raised over $1 billion—both record amounts for a single candidate's campaign.","e9fa1642-ce9f-48a6-a96d-ca58526749f0",[583],{"id":584,"data":585,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"31911d1b-a8e9-400e-afb8-5983d4457394",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":586,"multiChoiceCorrect":588,"multiChoiceIncorrect":590,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[587],"How often are presidential elections held?",[589],"Every four years",[591,592,593],"Every two years","Every six years","Every eight years",{"id":595,"data":596,"type":25,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":598,"introPage":606,"pages":612},"f5d7be7d-5c2d-4afb-97f5-dca660a327f2",{"type":25,"title":597},"The Vice President and First Lady",{"id":599,"data":600,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"a92013eb-5dda-4879-a01d-5a3e69c76114",{"type":35,"summary":601},[602,603,604,605],"The Vice President presides over the Senate, casting tie-breaking votes.","The Vice President assists the President and represents the Administration.","The First Lady hosts White House events and supports presidential policies.","First Ladies often champion causes, like Michelle Obama's \"Let's Move!\" initiative.",{"id":607,"data":608,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"e7de14c0-3d84-4a4a-b886-860db6cd8367",{"type":53,"intro":609},[610,611],"What role does the Vice President play in the Senate?","What initiative did Michelle Obama promote as First Lady?",[613,630],{"id":614,"data":615,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":618},"a3fb6736-f898-487a-9312-4fe451ec0b05",{"type":24,"markdownContent":616,"audioMediaId":617},"The Vice President is the second-highest official after the President, and is elected alongside the President on a joint ticket. They serve as the President's successor in the event that the President is unable to carry out his or her duties.\n\nThe Vice President has several other key responsibilities and functions, including:\n\nPresiding over the Senate: The Vice President serves as the President of the Senate and presides over Senate sessions, but can only cast a tie-breaking vote in the event of a tie.\n\nAssisting the President: The Vice President works closely with the President and provides support and advice. They may also be called upon to represent the Administration in public appearances and events.\n\n![Graph](image://90b445ec-2092-47fe-a783-d3384fc0ee5f \"Kamala Harris\")\n\nOther duties as assigned: The Vice President may be assigned additional duties or special projects by the President. For example, Vice President Kamala Harris has been tasked by President Joe Biden with leading the Administration's efforts to address the root causes of migration from Central America.","b61d5c65-9b95-46c4-a863-1ea8bf8637e4",[619],{"id":620,"data":621,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"6f87d7b6-f7ae-4983-bbff-4ad3de62ccd0",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":622,"multiChoiceCorrect":624,"multiChoiceIncorrect":626,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[623],"What is the position immediately following the President?",[625],"Vice President",[627,628,629],"Secretary of State","Chief of Staff","Speaker of the House",{"id":631,"data":632,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":635},"f9eebda2-7a5e-4944-9e3b-d4020f2c042d",{"type":24,"markdownContent":633,"audioMediaId":634},"![Graph](image://28b92ef9-8f05-4ade-9e5b-b1835bbcaebd \"A portrait of Eleanor Roosevelt\")\n\nThe First Lady—the spouse or partner of the president—is an unofficial position within government, largely determined by the interests and priorities of the individual holding the position.\n\nA common area of responsibility for the First Lady has been in hosting social events at the White House, such as state dinners and receptions with foreign leaders, diplomats, and other officials, and supporting the President's policies and initiatives.\n\nMany First Ladies have also engaged in promoting charitable causes and awareness campaigns. For example, during her time as First Lady, Michelle Obama focused on healthy eating and physical activity through her \"Let's Move!\" initiative.\n\nThere is also scope for the First Lady to promote the President's policies and initiatives, advocating for specific issues, such as education or healthcare, and collaborating with government agencies, non-profit organizations, and other stakeholders to advance these goals. For example, during Bill Clinton’s presidency, Hillary Clinton chaired the Task Force on National Health Care Reform.","63d25bc0-6303-42f5-aea4-6e3c24c89402",[636],{"id":637,"data":638,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"75e45c1d-234f-4b26-8556-00f46f2d1ffb",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":639,"multiChoiceCorrect":641,"multiChoiceIncorrect":643,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[640],"What did Michelle Obama focus on during her time as First Lady?",[642],"Healthy eating and physical activity",[644,645,646],"Climate change","Cyberbullying","Drug addiction",{"id":648,"data":649,"type":25,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":651,"introPage":659,"pages":665},"44673daf-8cb4-41ae-9ee3-700437f9dcd9",{"type":25,"title":650},"Federal Bureaucracy and Support",{"id":652,"data":653,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"daa26b27-db0f-4593-8e76-052e42135765",{"type":35,"summary":654},[655,656,657,658],"The federal bureaucracy includes Cabinet departments, executive agencies, and regulatory agencies.","Independent agencies like NASA report to Congress, not Cabinet departments.","Government corporations provide services like postal delivery and student loans.","The Executive Office of the President supports the President's responsibilities.",{"id":660,"data":661,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"c4451fea-7102-4638-82b5-cccec75b47cf",{"type":53,"intro":662},[663,664],"What role does the Executive Office of the President (EOP) play in supporting the President?","How did Scott Pruitt's leadership reflect President Trump's vision for the Environmental Protection Agency?",[666,690,709],{"id":667,"data":668,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":671},"6a9c86ce-96cb-4dba-bea7-21da7abb7c0b",{"type":24,"markdownContent":669,"audioMediaId":670},"The federal bureaucracy refers to the large and complex network of government agencies, departments, and offices that make up the executive branch of the U.S. government.\n\nThe bureaucracy includes a wide range of entities, including: Cabinet departments, (i.e. the Department of Homeland Security, State, and Treasury); Executive agencies, such as the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); and regulatory agencies, responsible for enforcing specific laws and regulations.\n\n![Graph](image://d2fffe28-b123-4098-8e8e-7891272831c2 \"The NASA Building\")\n\nIn addition, the bureaucracy includes Independent agencies and Government corporations.\n\nIndependent agencies are not part of any cabinet department but still report to Congress, such as NASA (the National Aeronautics and Space Administration); Government corporations are quasi-public entities that provide services like postal delivery or student loan programs; they receive funding from both public sources and private investors.","c4169016-fbb4-4f89-a9ba-f4b1a41e3937",[672,681],{"id":673,"data":674,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"81c2c2b3-bf45-4622-a06c-a5643ae04712",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":675,"binaryCorrect":677,"binaryIncorrect":679},[676],"What term refers to the large and complex network of agencies that make up the executive branch of the U.S. government?",[678],"Federal bureaucracy",[680],"Constitutional Administration",{"id":682,"data":683,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"2a60796d-68b5-43f3-aaf7-682f69bac28a",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":684,"binaryCorrect":686,"binaryIncorrect":688},[685],"What is an example of an Independent agency?",[687],"NASA",[689],"Department of Homeland Security",{"id":691,"data":692,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":695},"831eae31-9982-486d-acc3-32f28bb97210",{"type":24,"markdownContent":693,"audioMediaId":694},"Cabinet departments are the primary units of the executive branch of the United States government. There are currently 15 Cabinet departments, each headed by a secretary appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate.\n\nThe Cabinet departments are responsible for carrying out specific functions and services for the federal government, such as foreign affairs (State Department), defense (Department of Defense), and finance (Treasury Department).\n\nBy selecting individuals who share their vision for a particular issue or department, the president can shape how policies are implemented on a day-to-day basis.\n\nFor example, Donald Trump's selection of Scott Pruitt as Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency: Pruitt was a lobbyist and advocate for environmental deregulation.\n\nUnder his leadership, the EPA subsequently rolled back a number of regulations related to climate change, air and water pollution, and toxic chemicals. This reflected President Trump's vision of reducing regulatory burdens on businesses and promoting economic growth.","41980f76-db6d-40a6-acc8-2d191759da88",[696],{"id":562,"data":697,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":698,"multiChoiceQuestion":699,"multiChoiceCorrect":701,"multiChoiceIncorrect":703,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":24,"orderQuestion":705,"orderItems":706},[559,563],[700],"What is the number of Cabinet departments in executive branch?",[702],"15",[704,567,571],"12",[573],[707],{"label":708,"reveal":702,"sortOrder":25},"Number of Cabinet departments in executive branch",{"id":710,"data":711,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"reviews":714},"0a102f67-815d-43ce-8134-cc7ff271dc37",{"type":24,"markdownContent":712,"audioMediaId":713},"The Executive Office of the President (EOP) is a group of offices and agencies designed to provide the President with the support and resources needed to carry out the responsibilities of the presidency, and to ensure that the President has access to the best available advice and expertise.\n\nThe EOP was created in 1939 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt and has since grown to include dozens of offices and agencies.\n\nAmong these are The White House Office, which includes the President's senior staff and advisers, and The National Security Council, which advises the President on matters of national security and foreign policy, and The Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, which negotiates trade agreements with other countries.\n\nIts public facing components include the Press Secretary, who briefs the media daily about the President’s agenda.","31ca0196-790c-4565-bbd6-5d13034a589f",[715,723],{"id":716,"data":717,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"44848507-c45e-46e8-9f78-ed444c7a2b1a",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":718,"clozeWords":720},[719],"The Executive Office of the President (EOP) was created in 1939 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and includes offices like The National Security Council.",[721,722],"Franklin D. Roosevelt","Security",{"id":363,"data":724,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":725,"multiChoiceQuestion":726,"multiChoiceCorrect":728,"multiChoiceIncorrect":729,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":731,"matchPairsPairs":732},[361,362,358],[727],"Which of the following applies to the federal bureaucracy?",[371],[369,730,367],"Judicial branch of government.",[98],[733],{"left":678,"right":371,"direction":35},{"id":735,"data":736,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":739},"a57ee47b-42d9-4674-a30a-bf160748e43f",{"type":27,"title":737,"tagline":738},"The Legislative Branch","An overview of leadership roles in the legislative branch and committee procedures",[740,839,955,1015],{"id":741,"data":742,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":744,"introPage":752,"pages":758},"00d23d8e-c89c-4be6-a5fc-57bce0246175",{"type":25,"title":743},"U.S. Congress: Composition and Responsibilities",{"id":745,"data":746,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"73229635-9082-4f47-8a4a-433590191292",{"type":35,"summary":747},[748,749,750,751],"Congress has two chambers: Senate and House of Representatives","House has 435 members, Senate has 100 members","Senate represents states, House represents population","Speaker of the House leads proceedings, assigns legislation",{"id":753,"data":754,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"77f47780-2ace-477e-a63f-1681995adbe8",{"type":53,"intro":755},[756,757],"How many senators does each state have?","What is the primary role of the Speaker of the House?",[759,787,822],{"id":760,"data":761,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":764},"afdb6bd4-656a-429e-84ad-3aa9d4c2d395",{"type":24,"markdownContent":762,"audioMediaId":763},"The United States Congress is the legislative body of the American government. It is made up of two chambers: the Senate and the House of Representatives, and bills must be passed by both houses before they can become law.\n\n![Graph](image://b914ea2f-3697-49bc-a496-ca0dde8f00b4 \"US Capitol building\")\n\nEach state has two senators, while the number of representatives from each state depends on its population size. Members of congress may stand for re-election an unlimited number of times.\n\nIn addition to passing laws, Congress also has other responsibilities such as approving or denying presidential appointments and calling hearings to discuss the flaws or merits of bills in which advice from experts, critics and advocates are called upon to inform legislation.\n\nFurthermore, Congress has oversight authority over federal agencies and departments through its investigative committees which have subpoena power for documents or witnesses related to their investigations. This helps ensure that government officials remain accountable for their actions and decisions.","6d9494c3-6ca4-4085-b633-23e44a016a6a",[765,776],{"id":766,"data":767,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"ad6e52bf-06aa-4997-b851-1597dfa9372e",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":768,"multiChoiceCorrect":770,"multiChoiceIncorrect":772,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[769],"What are the two chambers of the United States Congress?",[771],"Senate and House of Representatives",[773,774,775],"Executive and Judicial","Supreme Court and Cabinet","House of Commons and House of Lords",{"id":777,"data":778,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"099c91e5-c89a-418b-86c9-b235aaaf8c2f",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":779,"multiChoiceCorrect":781,"multiChoiceIncorrect":783,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[780],"How is the number of representatives from each state determined?",[782],"Based on population size",[784,785,786],"Geographical area","Gross domestic product","Number of registered voters",{"id":788,"data":789,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":792},"1ae2795b-6b57-49e4-8862-b696a4bf32f9",{"type":24,"markdownContent":790,"audioMediaId":791},"Among several distinctions between the roles of the Senate and the House of Representatives lies in whose interests its members are supposed to represent.\n\nThe House of Representatives has 435 members, each representing a congressional district. The number of representatives from each state depends on its population size; for example, California has 53 representatives while Wyoming only has one.\n\nThis means the house is designed to represent the whole populace of the United States, and tends to be more closely tied to public opinion and the interests of individual citizens.\n\n![Graph](image://b42ab890-ee76-4087-9e68-ab085db0fd0b \"The US Capitol building. Image: Nancy Pelosi from San Francisco, CA, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nBy contrast, the Senate has only 100 voting members, with each of the 50 states represented equally by two senators who serve six-year terms. The Senate is therefore designed to primarily represent the interests of the respective states as federal entities, ensuring that larger states are not afforded too much power.\n\nThe House is more diverse in terms of age, gender, race, and ethnicity, while the Senate is typically more homogeneous.","681a2a24-1a85-481d-9590-cb06116f87d1",[793,802,811],{"id":794,"data":795,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"1091c24f-5b03-42ee-ac90-48e69268ac45",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":796,"binaryCorrect":798,"binaryIncorrect":800},[797],"How many members are in the House of Representatives?",[799],"435",[801],"420",{"id":803,"data":804,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"cde7c0d6-5f8e-45c8-bc1b-d60d7af5bdf8",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":805,"binaryCorrect":807,"binaryIncorrect":809},[806],"Which chamber of the United States Congress is designed to primarily represent the interests of the states as federal entities?",[808],"The Senate",[810],"The House of Representatives",{"id":563,"data":812,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":813,"multiChoiceQuestion":814,"multiChoiceCorrect":816,"multiChoiceIncorrect":817,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":24,"orderQuestion":818,"orderItems":819},[559,562],[815],"How many years does a senator serve in one term?",[571],[567,702,704],[573],[820],{"label":821,"reveal":571,"sortOrder":24},"Years a senator serves in one term",{"id":823,"data":824,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":827},"c33567cd-ef9c-4867-bdfb-59b149d8f4db",{"type":24,"markdownContent":825,"audioMediaId":826},"The legislative processes of congress are overseen by the two chambers’ respective leaders.\n\nThe Speaker of the House is both a party leader and constitutional official elected by all members of the House, being presiding officer of the House of Representatives and second in the presidential line of succession, after the vice president.\n\nThe Speaker is responsible for leading the House's proceedings, maintaining order and decorum, and making procedural rulings. They assign legislation to committees, and select members to serve on conference committees, which reconcile differences between the House and Senate versions of bills.\n\n![Graph](image://c6a68e22-6133-4b36-8331-a80026dc11c0 \"Legislative representatives debating\")\n\nNevertheless, the Majority Leader can often wield considerable influence over proceedings. They usually have priority to speak on the floor and can schedule legislation, determining which bills get voted on, and when.","9c7d5410-81da-4910-8f16-3ff2654d91ab",[828],{"id":829,"data":830,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"4d520dda-b8aa-40cf-90d1-2c77e0221b22",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":831,"multiChoiceCorrect":833,"multiChoiceIncorrect":835,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[832],"Who is the presiding officer of the House of Representatives and second in the presidential line of succession?",[834],"The Speaker of the House",[836,837,838],"The House Majority Leader","The Vice President","The Secretary of State",{"id":840,"data":841,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":843,"introPage":851,"pages":857},"493af393-4aff-4e5b-a1af-fe57b9a86f2b",{"type":25,"title":842},"Legislative Process and Procedures",{"id":844,"data":845,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"18722367-fdca-4fd9-95c2-5cb29932ecf3",{"type":35,"summary":846},[847,848,849,850],"Bills start in either the House or Senate","Committees review, debate, and amend bills","Filibusters in the Senate need 60 votes to end","Budget reconciliation bypasses filibuster with 51 votes",{"id":852,"data":853,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"97b8b28e-0a32-4a91-ad8c-a83f326b7933",{"type":53,"intro":854},[855,856],"What is the purpose of a conference committee in Congress?","How can a filibuster be ended in the Senate?",[858,873,901,926],{"id":859,"data":860,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":863},"e0a7d7f4-dfb4-4908-89f4-90c50aebd93c",{"type":24,"markdownContent":861,"audioMediaId":862},"![Graph](image://7ed22800-50ed-4310-94d2-8115e7eefe5b \"Nancy Pelosi\")\n\nThe process for proposing and passing bills in the US Congress involves several initial steps:\n\nIntroduction of the bill: A member of Congress proposes and sponsors a bill by introducing it in either the House of Representatives or the Senate.\n\nCommittee action: The bill is referred to a committee in the chamber where it was introduced. The committee reviews and debates the bill, and may make changes to it before voting on whether to send it to the full chamber for consideration.\n\nFloor action: The bill is debated and voted on by the full chamber, with further amendments and debate allowed. If the bill passes in one chamber, it goes to the other chamber for consideration.","40a4f379-ecf3-47d0-8876-c29d2fa2f48f",[864],{"id":865,"data":866,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"532a7b9f-995b-4aa8-a8dd-80c54d25dbd4",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":867,"binaryCorrect":869,"binaryIncorrect":871},[868],"What occurs during the floor action stage?",[870],"The bill is debated and voted on by the full chamber",[872],"The bill is considered by a committee",{"id":874,"data":875,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":878},"f0b987b9-ba18-44a1-8d5e-f31419794bd0",{"type":24,"markdownContent":876,"audioMediaId":877},"If the bill is passed in both chambers but with differences in language, a conference committee made up of members from both chambers is formed to reconcile the differences and produce a final version of the bill.\n\n![Graph](image://10e3d17f-5056-4266-80e0-067d500491b4 \"The Capitol Building. Image: Martin Falbisoner, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nBoth chambers vote on the final version of the bill, and if it passes, it goes to the President, who has 10 days to sign or veto. If the President vetoes the bill, Congress can override the veto with a two-thirds vote in each chamber.\n\nThroughout the process, bills may be amended or even abandoned, and it can take months or even years for a bill to become law. The process is designed to ensure that bills receive thorough consideration and debate before being passed into law.","76a1c449-fa4f-46e9-8819-0f7a5060ad4c",[879,890],{"id":880,"data":881,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"c91419d3-eb72-4587-a627-5cbc0d6daa37",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":882,"multiChoiceCorrect":884,"multiChoiceIncorrect":886,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[883],"What is required for Congress to override a presidential veto?",[885],"Two-thirds vote in each chamber",[887,888,889],"Simple majority in the house and two thirds in the senate","Simple majority in each chamber","Unanimous vote in each chamber",{"id":891,"data":892,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"8196b975-437b-40e4-9942-31f5b4142ed5",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":893,"multiChoiceCorrect":895,"multiChoiceIncorrect":897,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[894],"How long does the President have to sign or veto a bill?",[896],"10 days",[898,899,900],"5 days","15 days","30 days",{"id":902,"data":903,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":906},"31b3eded-1e5d-4549-867a-77bff521b9b6",{"type":24,"markdownContent":904,"audioMediaId":905},"The Senate is bound by procedural rules that affords individual senators greater power to influence legislation than members of the House of Representatives\n\nThis is primarily due to the Senate’s “filibuster” rules, which allow any senator to speak for as long as they wish on a bill, blocking it from coming up for a vote in time to be passed. This can be done even if the majority of senators support the bill, since the filibuster can only be ended through a cloture vote requiring 60 votes.\n\nTherefore, even though the Constitution only requires a simple majority vote (50%) for most legislation, in practice a supermajority of 60 votes is required to overcome a filibuster.\n\nIn contrast, the House generally has more restrictive debate rules, with limited time for debate and a structured amendment process.\n\nOne of the longest filibusters in US history is Strom Thurmond's against the Civil Rights Act of 1957. Thurmond, a Senator from South Carolina, spoke for a total of 24 hours and 18 minutes, in an attempt to prevent the passage of the Civil Rights Act.","19a68e25-2254-45dd-ba0f-237308b1fc14",[907,915],{"id":908,"data":909,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"ae4db424-ca76-4821-b84b-40cbb51d694c",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":910,"clozeWords":912},[911],"A filibuster allows a senator to speak for an extended time, while a cloture vote requires 60 votes to end it.",[913,914],"filibuster","60",{"id":916,"data":917,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"fff1882d-63bc-4145-935c-e3a9388b98b9",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":918,"multiChoiceCorrect":920,"multiChoiceIncorrect":922,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[919],"Which senator holds the record for one of the longest filibusters in US history?",[921],"Strom Thurmond",[923,924,925],"Ted Cruz","Rand Paul","Bernie Sanders",{"id":927,"data":928,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":931},"499426cb-b8bc-45ef-b442-bf72542e56a1",{"type":24,"markdownContent":929,"audioMediaId":930},"Congressional decision-making relies heavily on compromise between both chambers and across party lines.\n\nIf the House and Senate pass different versions of a bill, a conference committee, made up of members from both the chambers, is appointed to work out the differences and negotiate a compromise to produce a single, unified bill.\n\nIn addition to this type of compromise, congressional leaders often use procedural tactics to move the legislation forward, such as budget reconciliation, which allows Congress to pass legislation direct related to the federal budget (such as changes to tax policy, spending levels, or mandatory spending programs like Medicare) with a simple majority of 51 votes, instead of the usual 60 required to break the filibuster in the Senate.\n\nThe process is limited to one reconciliation bill per fiscal year for each of the House and Senate.","85da27ca-9b1c-4c3e-a91f-d2a8873fd1a7",[932,943],{"id":933,"data":934,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"00714c42-716b-4340-b527-8303abb86b0b",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":935,"multiChoiceCorrect":937,"multiChoiceIncorrect":939,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[936],"How many reconciliation bills can the House and Senate pass per fiscal year?",[938],"One each",[940,941,942],"Two each","Three each","Unlimited",{"id":256,"data":944,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":945,"multiChoiceQuestion":946,"multiChoiceCorrect":948,"multiChoiceIncorrect":949,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":950,"matchPairsPairs":951},[252,255],[947],"Which of the following applies to a filibuster?",[527],[526,524],[98],[952],{"left":953,"right":954,"direction":35},"Filibuster","Delays or blocks bill from coming up for a vote.",{"id":956,"data":957,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":959,"introPage":967,"pages":973},"ec011373-dd5f-4b62-abee-cd7e4088a5fb",{"type":25,"title":958},"Congressional Elections and Terms",{"id":960,"data":961,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"fe6aa7a9-56e7-4b8a-b0ce-712fbadcc655",{"type":35,"summary":962},[963,964,965,966],"Congressional elections happen every two years.","Senators serve six-year terms, staggered for stability.","All 435 House seats are up for election every two years.","Midterm elections often see the president's party lose seats.",{"id":968,"data":969,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"41372621-a727-48ff-8465-c5ccf6c9da6a",{"type":53,"intro":970},[971,972],"Why are only one-third of Senate seats up for election every two years?","What historical trend occurs during midterm elections regarding the president's party?",[974,994],{"id":975,"data":976,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":979},"0c3af4bb-e92a-4e86-98d8-fa80920c56df",{"type":24,"markdownContent":977,"audioMediaId":978},"Congressional elections are held every two years, with all 435 seats in the House of Representatives and one-third of the Senate up for grabs.\n\nThis is due to the Constitutional mandate that senators serve six-year terms, which must be staggered to ensure that not all senators face re-election simultaneously.\n\nThe founders’ rationale for this was to uphold the Senate's continuity and stability, ensuring that, though a smaller body than the House of Representatives, the Senate is less susceptible to abrupt swings in public opinion and changing political winds.\n\nConversely, the House was designed to be more responsive to the people's will, which is why all 435 seats are up for election every two years. This allows voters to express their satisfaction or discontent with the current Congress and potentially alter the House's balance of power.","4d885b3f-eb53-4e4a-8e40-e7ebbe1d7390",[980,987],{"id":981,"data":982,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"f352a0ca-d7a9-4933-a261-f61720ab7e55",{"type":67,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":983,"activeRecallAnswers":985},[984],"Why are senators' six-year terms staggered such that not all senators face re-election simultaneously?",[986],"To ensure the Senate is less susceptible to abrupt swings in public opinion",{"id":988,"data":989,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"0c0948a7-7133-4135-9fab-b1b863be18d5",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":990,"clozeWords":992},[991],"Each Congressional election, all 435 seats in the House of Representatives and one-third of the Senate up for grabs. \n\n",[993],"One-third",{"id":995,"data":996,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":999},"cba1ad6d-cc1e-4c66-9875-e596fd33f08c",{"type":24,"markdownContent":997,"audioMediaId":998},"Given that the president is elected to serve for four years, and congressional elections occur every two years, every other congressional election is commonly referred to as a \"midterm\" election.\n\nMidterms are particularly significant due to historical trends that have shown that the president's party tends to lose seats in Congress during these elections. Since the second world war, the President’s party has dropped on average over 7.5 percentage points in the House of Representatives midterm vote.\n\n![Graph](image://740e8415-7b5c-4713-a94c-837405947067 \"Queues at polling stations during congressional elections.\")\n\nVarious factors contribute to this outcome, such as lower voter turnout and dissatisfaction with the president’s implementation of policies, and can act as a referendum on the president and their party's performance.\n\nThe shift in the balance of power in Congress that often occurs during midterms can impede the president's ability to pass legislation and implement their policy agenda in the latter half of their term.","77a23af5-c1e8-4a47-b01e-d4c02fe22279",[1000,1007],{"id":1001,"data":1002,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"527dc115-c70c-467d-8ac5-0930537ba274",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1003,"clozeWords":1005},[1004],"Midterm elections often result in the president's party losing seats in Congress, affecting the president's ability to pass legislation.",[1006],"losing",{"id":1008,"data":1009,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"43ff3f9b-92e6-4eee-8b2a-3acb4260374d",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1010,"multiChoiceCorrect":1012,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1013,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1011],"How often do congressional elections occur?",[591],[1014,589,592],"Every year",{"id":1016,"data":1017,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1019,"introPage":1027,"pages":1033},"41bbb4e7-aebe-4871-bf7c-e7096cd6cad6",{"type":25,"title":1018},"Congressional Powers and Committees",{"id":1020,"data":1021,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"3ee6172f-6e86-43b3-b4c8-f87a6b08b24e",{"type":35,"summary":1022},[1023,1024,1025,1026],"Congress passes the annual budget after the President's proposal","Committees hold hearings to gather info before voting on bills","Congress can impeach federal officers for high crimes and misdemeanors","Impeachment is a formal accusation, not automatic removal from office",{"id":1028,"data":1029,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"721b4890-8e24-4c36-a440-c6acaf12aff4",{"type":53,"intro":1030},[1031,1032],"What triggers a government shutdown?","What role do congressional committees play in legislation?",[1034,1051,1064],{"id":1035,"data":1036,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1039},"62302de4-24b3-4782-942b-0741e2b34f7f",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1037,"audioMediaId":1038},"Congress is responsible for passing the annual budget, which allocates funds to government programs and departments.\n\nThe process starts when the President submits a budget proposal to Congress early in the calendar year, outlining their priorities for federal spending.\n\nCongress then develops its own budget resolution (typically initiated in the House of Representatives), which sets overall spending and revenue targets for the upcoming fiscal year, which is then debated and amended in both houses, who subsequently vote on its passage. Once approved by both chambers, the bill is sent to the President for signature or veto. If vetoed, Congress can override it with a two-thirds majority in each chamber.\n\nIn recent years, passing the budget has often been difficult due to increasing political polarization. For example, in 2013, disagreements between Republicans and Democrats over funding for the Affordable Care Act led to a government shutdown that lasted for 16 days, during which all federal expenditure, including wages of federal employees, was frozen.\n\n![Graph](image://4cfe49f6-6077-490d-8ab5-2dde8ab20048 \"Senator Rand Paul\")","ff8e135d-5f96-491b-a9ec-ea9d47bbbe8f",[1040],{"id":1041,"data":1042,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"35573ba4-0157-458b-b68c-f0268b275cce",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1043,"multiChoiceCorrect":1045,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1047,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1044],"What happens after the President submits a budget proposal?",[1046],"Congress develops its own budget resolution",[1048,1049,1050],"The President signs it into law","The Supreme Court reviews it","State Governments vote on it",{"id":1052,"data":1053,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1056},"8d36d975-9b84-46ac-950f-9ff31c26e722",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1054,"audioMediaId":1055},"Congressional committees provide a forum for members to discuss and debate proposed legislation, and can be divided into two categories: standing committees, which are permanent bodies that consider bills related to their specific area of expertise; and select or special committees, which are temporary bodies created to address specific issues.\n\nCommittees can hold hearings on proposed legislation in order to gather information from experts and stakeholders before voting on it. These hearings often involve testimony from expert witnesses, as well as questions posed by committee members. For example, in 2019 the House Judiciary Committee held a hearing on gun violence prevention featuring testimony from survivors of mass shootings.\n\nAdditionally, congressional oversight hearings allow Congress to monitor executive branch activities such as foreign policy decisions or government spending initiatives. Such hearings often feature high-profile witnesses like former FBI Director James Comey testifying about his interactions with President Trump during the Russia investigation in 2017.","c800542c-41fe-4293-a5ff-f8dad833c602",[1057],{"id":1058,"data":1059,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"32577466-b7b2-4e37-8b24-de2d9531a650",{"type":67,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1060,"activeRecallAnswers":1062},[1061],"What is the purpose of hearings on proposed legislation?",[1063],"To gather information from experts and stakeholders",{"id":1065,"data":1066,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1069},"c38782e7-51bc-413e-9aa3-222c5e741fba",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1067,"audioMediaId":1068},"Congress has the power to investigate and impeach federal officers, including the President, for “high crimes and misdemeanors” such as bribery or abuse of power. The most famous example of impeachment was that of President Bill Clinton in 1998, when he was accused of lying under oath about his affair with Monica Lewinsky.\n\nIn 2019, President Donald Trump became only the third president in US history to be impeached by Congress after being charged with abuse of power and obstruction of Congress related to his dealings with Ukraine.\n\nThe House Judiciary Committee holds hearings on potential articles of impeachment before voting on them; if approved by a majority vote, they are then sent to the full House for consideration. If passed by a simple majority there, it moves onto trial proceedings in the Senate where two-thirds must vote guilty for conviction.\n\nImpeachment does not necessarily mean removal from office; it simply serves as a formal accusation against the president.","bc9b8a51-ad38-49b2-93cd-feca1b6e1618",[1070,1078,1087],{"id":1071,"data":1072,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"017684f2-5a20-40c0-bbc5-b12198fab3e5",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1073,"clozeWords":1075},[1074],"The President can be constitutionally removed if found to have committed \"high crimes and misdemeanors\"",[1076,1077],"crimes","misdemeanors",{"id":1079,"data":1080,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"c95435e4-b86c-42a8-844f-3fd125af197c",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1081,"binaryCorrect":1083,"binaryIncorrect":1085},[1082],"What percentage of the Senate must vote guilty for conviction in an impeachment trial?",[1084],"Two-thirds",[1086],"Simple majority",{"id":1088,"data":1089,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"6b9bb1ab-c319-4443-9ab9-8931796e98d6",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1090,"multiChoiceCorrect":1092,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1094,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1091],"Which committee holds hearings on potential articles of impeachment?",[1093],"House Judiciary Committee",[1095,1096,1097],"Senate Judiciary Committee","House Intelligence Committee","Senate Intelligence Committee",{"id":1099,"data":1100,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":1103},"6335abcf-9ab3-4683-b965-303210c270fa",{"type":27,"title":1101,"tagline":1102},"The Judicial Branch","The nature of the judiciary branch, its key processes, and their jurisdiction",[1104,1202,1276],{"id":1105,"data":1106,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1108,"introPage":1116,"pages":1122},"5de6f19a-c5f9-4d26-9df7-a22f060d4289",{"type":25,"title":1107},"Structure and Function of the Judicial Branch",{"id":1109,"data":1110,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"9a370c8b-cc93-4c15-8dd7-22ae0b8513e2",{"type":35,"summary":1111},[1112,1113,1114,1115],"The Judicial Branch interprets and enforces federal laws.","District courts have original jurisdiction over most federal cases.","Circuit courts review decisions from district courts and agencies.","State supreme courts interpret state law and constitutions.",{"id":1117,"data":1118,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"e2f833b7-5582-43c3-abb7-3ff5f59dd929",{"type":53,"intro":1119},[1120,1121],"What is the primary role of the district courts in the federal judiciary?","How do circuit courts of appeal differ from district courts in their function?",[1123,1155,1172,1189],{"id":1124,"data":1125,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1128},"e3dd5500-36a7-4450-9074-3d8fb38fd68e",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1126,"audioMediaId":1127},"The Judicial Branch of the United States government is responsible for interpreting federal laws, applying them to specific cases, and ensuring that they are enforced appropriately.\n\nThe federal judiciary is composed of three tiers: the district courts, circuit courts of appeals, and the Supreme Court. This hierarchical structure provides a clear path for appeals and ensures that cases are heard by courts with the appropriate level of jurisdiction and expertise.\n\nThe judicial branch is designed to be independent from the other branches of government. Judges are appointed for life, which helps to ensure they are not subject to political pressures or elections.","9e49ea95-e8c9-4fef-87e1-bb61b9087f6e",[1129,1136,1144],{"id":1130,"data":1131,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"9f97bc98-1e17-43c4-8586-24d386b55899",{"type":67,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1132,"activeRecallAnswers":1134},[1133],"Why are judges appointed for life?",[1135],"To ensure independence from political pressures or elections",{"id":1137,"data":1138,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"1763917e-0be8-4217-b5f5-d75fc7ca25fa",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1139,"clozeWords":1141},[1140],"The federal judiciary has three tiers: district courts, circuit courts of appeals, and the Supreme Court. Judges are appointed for life.",[1142,1143],"district","circuit",{"id":1145,"data":1146,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"1bb0b2e7-8c09-40dd-b4fb-1816819d14de",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1147,"multiChoiceCorrect":1149,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1151,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1148],"What is the primary responsibility of the United States' Judicial Branch?",[1150],"Interpreting federal laws",[1152,1153,1154],"Creating federal laws","Enforcing federal laws","Representing citizens in court",{"id":1156,"data":1157,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1160},"bbfd6d63-b649-4324-95f3-d3d8a0aa2165",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1158,"audioMediaId":1159},"The district courts are the first and lowest tier of the Judicial Branch of the federal government. District courts have original jurisdiction over most federal cases, meaning that they are the first court to hear the case. They are located in 94 judicial districts, hearing both civil and criminal cases.\n\nThe circuit courts of appeal are the second and intermediate judicial tier, also known as appellate courts or just \"the circuits.\" There are 13 circuit courts of appeal, each with jurisdiction over a specific geographic region of the country.\n\nThe circuit courts of appeal hear appeals from the district courts and some specialized courts, as well as certain administrative agencies. They do not hear trials or accept new evidence; instead, they review decisions made by lower courts and agencies to determine if any errors were made in applying the law.\n\n![Graph](image://45d7f815-2791-4f21-96bc-2889da188d52 \"A Planned Parenthood building\")","08807ed5-5906-41f3-8837-263d4773fbea",[1161],{"id":1162,"data":1163,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"575e5d51-9214-4a06-a920-af7f28c52e0f",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1164,"multiChoiceCorrect":1166,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1168,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1165],"What is the role of circuit courts of appeal?",[1167],"Reviewing decisions made by lower courts and agencies",[1169,1170,1171],"Hearing trials","Accepting new evidence","Determining sentences for criminal cases",{"id":1173,"data":1174,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1177},"6e2aada2-af52-495c-b8d0-695760ebeafe",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1175,"audioMediaId":1176},"State courts are the primary judicial authority in most states, and they have jurisdiction over a wide range of civil and criminal cases. This includes cases involving family law, probate, property disputes, personal injury, and criminal law. Unlike the federal court system, which is based on a limited jurisdiction model, state courts have broad jurisdiction to hear and decide cases.\n\nState supreme courts are the highest appellate courts in each state, and they are responsible for reviewing decisions made by lower state courts. In addition, state supreme courts may also review decisions made by federal district courts within their respective states, but only on issues of state law.\n\n![Graph](image://ba2032f1-490f-43ad-9fb4-4018f1a0a045 \"An ongoing discussion and representation of decision-making\")\n\nState supreme courts have the power to interpret state law and state constitutions, and their decisions can have a significant impact on legal precedent within their state.","f2be4c4d-7271-40f3-90f0-707da60cdcf6",[1178],{"id":1179,"data":1180,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"13560998-9f15-427f-b2f4-c64dba74cb30",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1181,"multiChoiceCorrect":1183,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1185,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1182],"What is the highest appellate court in each state?",[1184],"State supreme courts",[1186,1187,1188],"Federal district courts","Circuit courts","Superior courts",{"id":1190,"data":1191,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1194},"b1210cd4-43f5-4d6a-b699-eaa5e35264e0",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1192,"audioMediaId":1193},"The principle of accountability is crucial to maintaining public trust in the judiciary, and there are several mechanisms in place to ensure this. One important aspect is transparency, which requires that court proceedings be conducted openly and with accessibility to the public in order to prevent misconduct or corruption.\n\nWhile there is no universal right to broadcast court proceedings in the United States, some jurisdictions allow cameras in courtrooms - a famous case of which being the murder trial of footballer O J Simpson in 1995, which drew a massive audience and sparked a national conversation about the role of media in the courtroom.\n\nIn addition, the Supreme Court has its own code of conduct that serves as a set of ethical guidelines for justices. The code requires justices to recuse themselves from cases where they may have a conflict of interest or where their impartiality may be compromised. This ensures that judges do not participate in decisions that could be seen as biased or that might damage public trust in the court's impartiality.","d9db0e56-d97e-4cad-8d22-27168f569169",[1195],{"id":1196,"data":1197,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"429f09be-db09-41ef-9986-b0a5b2bdc5d2",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1198,"clozeWords":1200},[1199],"Transparency in court proceedings helps maintain public trust in the judiciary, and some jurisdictions allow cameras in courtrooms.",[1201],"cameras",{"id":1203,"data":1204,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1206,"introPage":1214,"pages":1220},"2efe38f6-5287-4cd0-8621-9dbed6eeec03",{"type":25,"title":1205},"The Supreme Court",{"id":1207,"data":1208,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"6b99fda5-f838-4f75-b877-5d60de9eec63",{"type":35,"summary":1209},[1210,1211,1212,1213],"The Supreme Court has nine justices appointed for life terms.","The Supreme Court hears about 80-100 cases from 8,000 petitions yearly.","'Stare decisis' means future cases follow past Supreme Court rulings.","Judicial activism interprets laws beyond the Constitution's text.",{"id":1215,"data":1216,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"0ed47670-cd5e-4185-b5eb-647cc423fb6e",{"type":53,"intro":1217},[1218,1219],"What is the primary role of the Supreme Court in the federal court system?","Which landmark case declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional?",[1221,1258,1271],{"id":1222,"data":1223,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1226},"34d8e710-5a85-4bb7-95d1-87b0f26df5b7",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1224,"audioMediaId":1225},"The Supreme Court is the highest court in the federal court system and has ultimate authority over all other courts in the country. It consists of nine justices appointed by the President and confirmed by Congress for life terms.\n\nThe Supreme Court has original jurisdiction over certain types of cases such as disputes between states or foreign governments, but it primarily hears appeals from lower court rulings on constitutional issues or other legal questions. Each year it receives typically over 8,000 of petitions for certiorari a year—a request to review a case—but only grants about 80-100 requests due to limited resources and time constraints.\n\nIn addition to deciding individual cases, this body also sets precedents which guide future interpretations of law throughout America’s judicial system; these are known as ‘stare decisis’ (Latin for “to stand by things decided”). This means that once a ruling has been made on an issue, any similar case will be judged according to that precedent unless there is new evidence or compelling argument presented against it.","05816023-f024-4870-992c-e218e37562e9",[1227,1238,1247],{"id":1228,"data":1229,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"5864cea6-7ef8-4188-a934-c5698599954b",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1230,"multiChoiceCorrect":1232,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1234,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1231],"What is the term used to describe the precedents set by the Supreme Court?",[1233],"Stare decisis",[1235,1236,1237],"Res judicata","Amicus curiae","Habeas corpus",{"id":1239,"data":1240,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"0c3912bb-64ed-48f7-94b4-c774b7e9c1d9",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1241,"binaryCorrect":1243,"binaryIncorrect":1245},[1242],"How many justices are on the Supreme Court?",[1244],"Nine",[1246],"Seven",{"id":362,"data":1248,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1249,"multiChoiceQuestion":1250,"multiChoiceCorrect":1252,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1253,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1254,"matchPairsPairs":1255},[361,363,358],[1251],"Which of the following applies to the Supreme Court?",[370],[369,371,367],[98],[1256],{"left":1257,"right":730,"direction":35},"Supreme Court",{"id":1259,"data":1260,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1263},"4f6dbe9d-3300-4320-adb4-d20c29f10075",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1261,"audioMediaId":1262},"‘Stare decisis’ cases in the Supreme Court are often related to matters of the Constitution, which the Supreme Court has the ultimate authority to interpret, with far-reaching implications for the law and society as a whole.\n\nFor example, Brown v Board of Education (1954) declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment—a landmark decision that helped end Jim Crow era segregation and discrimination against African Americans rife in the Southern states.\n\nMore recently, Obergefell v Hodges (2015) ruled that same-sex couples had a fundamental right to marry under the Fourteenth Amendment’s due process clause—a landmark decision which legalized gay marriage across all states in America.\n\n![Graph](image://652a8a76-06ce-470c-a186-8537e046a192 \"A same sex couple wedding\")","6d22597b-e56b-4fb4-b0b5-3c8a89dc54f7",[1264],{"id":1265,"data":1266,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"4e64b3d1-cf75-4162-bbb5-0bd2de56a21b",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1267,"clozeWords":1269},[1268],"Brown v Board of Education (1954) declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, while Obergefell v Hodges (2015) legalized same-sex marriage.",[1270],"same-sex marriage",{"id":1272,"data":1273,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25},"4d8f4984-ec23-4a60-a15c-a51d2e123338",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1274,"audioMediaId":1275},"![Graph](image://6e84cb18-2a09-4d50-9a5d-58807489d0f7 \"Justice of the Supreme Court Brett Kavanaugh\")\n\nThe Supreme Court has the power to shape public policy through its rulings, but it must decide whether to exercise judicial activism or restraint. Judicial activism involves taking a more active role in interpreting laws and making decisions that go beyond what is written in the Constitution, particularly in adopting more modern, liberal principles. Some would argue that Obergefell v Hodges (2015) falls into this category.\n\nOn the other hand, judicial restraint involves deferring to Congress or state legislatures when deciding on constitutional issues. In recent years, there has been an increasing trend towards judges taking a more proactive role in protecting civil rights and liberties from government interference.\n\nHowever, others argue that judges should remain impartial arbiters of law rather than activists seeking social change through their rulings. Ultimately, how much influence courts have over public policy depends largely on how they choose between these two approaches when ruling on important cases.","c488e231-9f26-4b69-8a7d-8352701559dd",{"id":1277,"data":1278,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1280,"introPage":1288,"pages":1294},"02033cf7-1713-43d8-92cc-7b084955a753",{"type":25,"title":1279},"Judicial Appointments and Nomination Process",{"id":1281,"data":1282,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"5585dc4b-8cac-4f89-89d9-aa874f7c6658",{"type":35,"summary":1283},[1284,1285,1286,1287],"Judges are appointed by the President, confirmed by the Senate","Senate Judiciary Committee evaluates judicial nominees' qualifications","Judicial nominations have become highly politicized recently","Supreme Court diversity is increasing but still underrepresented",{"id":1289,"data":1290,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"963663cf-2a53-4f01-ad96-b2f74d79d349",{"type":53,"intro":1291},[1292,1293],"What role does the Senate Judiciary Committee play in judicial nominations?","Why was Merrick Garland's nomination to the Supreme Court in 2016 controversial?",[1295,1309,1323],{"id":1296,"data":1297,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1300},"be3a9df6-7d84-4a58-8043-21bf6c93aa27",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1298,"audioMediaId":1299},"Unlike the legislative and executive branches leaders, who are elected by the people of America, Judges are appointed directly by the President and confirmed by the Senate.\n\nThe President nominates a candidate, and the Senate Judiciary Committee holds a hearing to evaluate the candidate's qualifications and fitness for the position. If the candidate is approved by the Judiciary Committee, the nomination is sent to the full Senate for a vote. If a majority of the Senate approves the nomination, the candidate is appointed to the federal bench.\n\nIn addition to this, there are certain criteria that nominees have traditionally been expected to meet in order to be considered for the position. These include having an extensive legal background and experience as well as demonstrating judicial restraint—the ability to interpret laws without imposing personal beliefs on them.\n\nFurthermore, candidates must also demonstrate their commitment to upholding constitutional principles such as equal protection under the law and freedom of speech.","8bc44700-f9bd-4b60-8b0b-44912158ac3b",[1301],{"id":1302,"data":1303,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"74722c3f-ad01-4977-aa92-999f57b1981b",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1304,"clozeWords":1306},[1305],"Judges are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate, after evaluating the candidate's qualifications.",[1307,1308],"President","Senate",{"id":1310,"data":1311,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1314},"b79ba032-12af-46c5-86ed-bd8c9c4cfb9c",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1312,"audioMediaId":1313},"Despite the intended independence of the judiciary, the nomination of Supreme Court judges has become increasingly politicized in recent years.\n\nFor example,despite the role of the judiciary being nominally non-partisan, in 2016, Senate Republicans refused to consider President Obama's nominee, Merrick Garland following the death of Justice Antonin Scalia, which had left a vacancy on the court.\n\nSenate Republicans’ justified this block on the basis that it was too close to the presidential election to consider a new Supreme Court nominee, and that the American people should have a say in the selection through their votes.\n\nMany Democrats saw this as an unprecedented and political move to prevent Obama from appointing a justice who might tip the balance of the court away from conservative ideals.\n\nThe nomination of Brett Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court in 2018 also sparked intense political controversy, with Democrats arguing that Kavanaugh's conservative ideology and past actions made him unfit for the position. Republicans, on the other hand, argued that Kavanaugh was the victim of a political smear campaign.","cb26ec10-8d4b-48e3-b9fd-568c87559ebe",[1315],{"id":1316,"data":1317,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"20999059-44d6-41a3-af46-bb4e01187651",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1318,"clozeWords":1320},[1319],"The nomination of Supreme Court judges has become increasingly politicized, as seen with Merrick Garland and Brett Kavanaugh.",[1321,1322],"politicized","Kavanaugh",{"id":1324,"data":1325,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1328},"76d7ffb3-ba8f-4003-bf75-029ae1f90596",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1326,"audioMediaId":1327},"The US judicial system has made strides in recent years to ensure that all citizens are represented equitably. The Supreme Court now includes three female justices, the most ever at one time, as well as two African American justices and one Hispanic justice.\n\n![Graph](image://bf78ccac-14e6-4d6b-9458-f5dac80c955f \"Sonia Sotomayor, one of the three female justices in the US Supreme court\")\n\nMany have argued that the diversity of backgrounds in the judiciary is inevitably reflected in the decisions they make, with great diversity allowing for a variety of perspectives on any given issue.\n\nThere is still work to be done in order to achieve representative diversity within the judiciary. According to a 2022 report from The Brennan Center for Justice, across state high courts, only 18% of all justices belong to minority groups (Black, Latino, Asian American, Native American, or multiracial). By contrast, these minority groups make up 40% of the population in the nation.","cc3307f2-b9cb-469f-9b57-ed4d54de5884",[1329,1338],{"id":1330,"data":1331,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"69478432-6ae7-4dfc-8a6f-405dcb49a34f",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1332,"binaryCorrect":1334,"binaryIncorrect":1336},[1333],"What is the percentage of minority groups in the US population?",[1335],"40%",[1337],"20%",{"id":1339,"data":1340,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"b6f27e21-3367-4212-966c-428bd85626bc",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1341,"clozeWords":1343},[1342],"The Supreme Court now includes three female justices and two African American justices.",[1344],"two",{"id":1346,"data":1347,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":1350},"3725b78e-4df7-4cb5-b7f8-9b8c4d133967",{"type":27,"title":1348,"tagline":1349},"Political Parties and Elections","Ideologies behind US political parties and an overview of processes behind elections",[1351,1401,1486],{"id":1352,"data":1353,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1355,"introPage":1363,"pages":1369},"5bfddc33-3032-4b3f-b0a8-210cc4daee4e",{"type":25,"title":1354},"Major US Political Parties",{"id":1356,"data":1357,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"bc1c0edf-c809-4dc1-962f-4398d31b890e",{"type":35,"summary":1358},[1359,1360,1361,1362],"The Democratic Party supports social welfare, education, and environmental protection.","The Republican Party advocates for limited government and a free-market economy.","Third parties rarely win elections but can influence political discourse.","Independent candidates face challenges due to the electoral system and media focus.",{"id":1364,"data":1365,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"77d4f7c9-ccfa-46dd-a678-ea699974b6b5",{"type":53,"intro":1366},[1367,1368],"What is the main ideological difference between the Democratic and Republican parties?","Why is it tough for independent candidates to win elections in the US?",[1370,1375,1388],{"id":1371,"data":1372,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25},"cf85bf94-6a7b-446a-822b-94a9dc08be54",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1373,"audioMediaId":1374},"The two major political parties in the United States are the Democratic Party and the Republican Party, and represent, broadly speaking, the ideological left and right wing of American politics respectively.\n\nThe Democratic Party generally advocates for a larger government role in promoting social welfare programs, education, healthcare, and environmental protection. They support policies that protect civil liberties, and are generally more supportive of progressive taxation and income redistribution to address inequality. The party also tends to take a more internationalist approach to foreign policy, supporting multilateralism, and diplomacy.\n\nThe Republican Party is known for advocating for limited government intervention in individual affairs, a free-market economy, and a strong national defense. They support lower taxes, deregulation, and a smaller government to promote individual and economic freedom.\n\nRepublicans generally have a more conservative stance on social issues such as abortion, same-sex marriage, and gun rights. They also tend to take a more unilateralist approach to foreign policy, emphasizing American exceptionalism and military strength.","3567860b-f9f7-47f1-b2f8-feeb24712b18",{"id":1376,"data":1377,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1380},"556deda6-fa5b-4363-9c6e-9abbd97d0af2",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1378,"audioMediaId":1379},"Third parties and independent candidates have long been a part of American politics, though they rarely win elections. The most successful third party in recent history was the centrist Reform Party, founded by Ross Perot in 1995. It ran on a platform of fiscal responsibility and government reform, but ultimately failed to gain enough support.\n\nIn addition to established third parties, there are also many independent candidates running for office each election cycle. Though lacking the broad support and financial backing of major party nominees, they can still be influential if their message resonates with voters.\n\n![Graph](image://7625f2f7-ad7a-4526-a9e1-01b5e3c8030c \"Presidential Candidate Bernie Sanders\")\n\nFor example, Senator Bernie Sanders has served as an independent congressman for over three decades. His 2016 campaign for President gained traction among young people due to his progressive policies such as free college tuition and universal healthcare coverage.","b2490721-a83a-4274-969b-8056ed7d11b2",[1381],{"id":1382,"data":1383,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"e58acdde-dd93-40e4-b04d-c53845fbf533",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1384,"clozeWords":1386},[1385],"The Reform Party, founded by Ross Perot in 1995, focused on fiscal responsibility and government reform.",[1387],"Reform",{"id":1389,"data":1390,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1393},"ef7b6fe1-bc1f-4ae3-b45e-72bd5a761a76",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1391,"audioMediaId":1392},"It can be challenging for independent candidates to succeed in American politics due to several factors, including the structure of the electoral system and the dominance of the two major parties.\n\nOne significant obstacle for independent candidates is the \"first-past-the-post\" electoral system—a winner-takes-all outcome in which the candidate or party with the most votes is elected, and candidates who do not receive a majority of the votes in a district or constituency may not be represented at all.\n\nFurthermore, the two major parties have a stranglehold on American politics, with their extensive fundraising and campaign networks, as well as their institutional advantages in the government. This dominance can make it hard for independent candidates to get their message out and gain the necessary support to win an election.\n\nAnother challenge for independent candidates is getting their voices heard in media coverage, which tends to focus on the “battle” between the two major parties.","689e7b6f-ab87-46f2-a396-6ef189f92535",[1394],{"id":1395,"data":1396,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"33d4a94e-790b-485b-963e-ed07e8c12ce5",{"type":67,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1397,"activeRecallAnswers":1399},[1398],"What electoral system poses a significant obstacle for independent candidates in American politics due to its winner-takes-all outcome?",[1400],"First-past-the-post",{"id":1402,"data":1403,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1405,"introPage":1413,"pages":1419},"2ddb3386-8b66-4610-94cf-6c59677d18ee",{"type":25,"title":1404},"Presidential Elections and Voting",{"id":1406,"data":1407,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"b7631f1a-bb71-4db3-a3da-13032d19be4f",{"type":35,"summary":1408},[1409,1410,1411,1412],"Primaries are statewide elections to choose party candidates.","Caucuses involve party members debating and voting publicly.","The Electoral College decides the President, not the popular vote.","Swing states can determine the election outcome.",{"id":1414,"data":1415,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"95f50f34-8744-4890-ac13-f696faed2a15",{"type":53,"intro":1416},[1417,1418],"What is the purpose of a caucus in presidential primaries?","How can a candidate win the presidency without the most popular votes?",[1420,1433,1458,1472],{"id":1421,"data":1422,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1425},"adbd542c-0bca-454f-b8dc-1450e7ef1582",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1423,"audioMediaId":1424},"To select their respective presidential candidates, The Democrats and Republicans both hold primaries and caucuses in each state. A primary is a statewide election in which voters cast their ballots for their preferred candidate, the winner receiving the majority of the state's delegates to the party's national convention.\n\n![Graph](image://56aacb5a-5103-4607-8f0a-a033c1c7c1b5 \"Voters lined up at a polling station to cast their ballots during a primary election\")\n\nA caucus, on the other hand, is a meeting of party members in a particular precinct or district where they discuss and debate the candidates before multiple rounds of voting in a public forum.\n\nThis process also allows the party to gauge which candidates are popular in which regions of the country and to ensure that the eventual nominee has broad support from party members.\n\nThe mainstream media provides nationwide coverage of the debates and primary and caucus results, and conducts polls that measure public support, which can have a significant influence over the way in which voters view each candidate.","d7c69648-a990-4f37-b140-c22cc6a116c3",[1426],{"id":1427,"data":1428,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"35c854be-8c1b-436b-8044-90f8a5c69b0b",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1429,"clozeWords":1431},[1430],"In the US, both major parties hold primaries and caucuses to select their presidential candidates.",[1432],"caucuses",{"id":1434,"data":1435,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1438},"1cdf3e9b-5727-41b7-8e6e-984ce37c3d21",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1436,"audioMediaId":1437},"The general election, which includes the presidential election, is held every four years on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November, and is carried out through a combination of in-person and absentee voting.\n\nAll U.S. Citizens over 18 are eligible to vote in elections, and must be registered to vote in the state where they reside.\n\nVoters cast their ballots to elect the President and Vice President, who run together on a joint ticket, as well as members of Congress and other elected officials. The newly elected President is then inaugurated on January 20th of the following year - a formal ceremony in which the President takes the oath of office and delivers an inaugural address.\n\n![Graph](image://5600d1c2-58f2-4b37-b167-fe28c0a176a2 \"Former President Donald Trump at a campaign rally\")","17d14a29-a154-49b3-8ec7-8737725a5520",[1439,1446],{"id":1440,"data":1441,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"af6246d9-9085-4887-acfe-854665fe704d",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1442,"binaryCorrect":1444,"binaryIncorrect":1445},[1443],"How frequently are presidential elections held?",[589],[591],{"id":1447,"data":1448,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"ba1d2f3e-104b-480a-a3fb-9d4fec42c592",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1449,"multiChoiceCorrect":1451,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1453,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1450],"In which month of the year does the U.S. presidential election take place?",[1452],"November",[1454,1455,1456,1457],"January","September","October","February",{"id":1459,"data":1460,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1463},"9b815833-5d81-4eaa-b32a-3d46b8e437e3",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1461,"audioMediaId":1462},"The President is elected through a system known as the Electoral College. Under this system, voters in each state go to the polls on Election Day to cast their votes for President. However, rather than tallying up the popular vote across the country, each state is awarded a certain number of electoral votes based on its population.\n\nThe candidate who wins the majority of those votes in each state will receive all of that state's electoral college votes, even if they only won by a narrow margin.\n\nThis means that even if one candidate receives more popular votes nationwide, they may not win the election if their opponent has won enough states with large numbers of electoral college votes. There are a total of 538 electoral votes, so a candidate needs to win at least 270 electoral votes in order to become President.\n\nThis occurred in 2016. Though Donald Trump lost the popular vote by nearly 3 million, he still won the election due to his victories in key swing states such as Pennsylvania and Michigan.\n\n![Graph](image://72668926-8e5c-48a0-b6ac-682df95639d8 \"Donald Trump looking confident\")","0236dffa-06d0-4374-9a3c-cc25afd5e245",[1464],{"id":1465,"data":1466,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"ae8b2e8c-9be4-49c6-8a80-727c28d45bfd",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1467,"clozeWords":1469},[1468],"In the Electoral College system, a candidate needs at least 270 electoral votes to win, despite the popular vote count.",[1470,1471],"270","popular",{"id":1473,"data":1474,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1477},"1d2dd342-691c-4469-ab3b-24a5b097ea2f",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1475,"audioMediaId":1476},"In addition to this unique voting system, presidential elections also involve extensive campaigning from both major party candidates and any third-party or independent contenders.\n\nCandidates typically use television ads, debates, rallies and social media platforms to reach potential voters directly. For example, during his 2016 presidential campaign Donald Trump used Twitter extensively to communicate his message directly to supporters, with less reliance than usual on traditional news outlets or political advisors.\n\nPresidential candidates often focus their attention on so-called “swing states”, where both parties have similar levels of support among voters.\\\nThis is especially crucial in swing states that have a high number of electoral college votes. (Consider that Florida has 29 electoral college votes, and Nevada only 6).\n\n![Graph](image://071f37da-ce4e-4adc-a99f-51a0cf74b9ca \"A heat map or diagram of the United States showing the different voter turnout rates\")\n\nIn 2020 Joe Biden won the competitive state of Pennsylvania by over 80 thousand votes - enough for him to secure 20 additional electoral college votes that ultimately helped him win the election overall.","a4932cc2-ddf9-4edb-852a-26598b366662",[1478],{"id":1479,"data":1480,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"0d7c8688-7927-4ca8-a108-e3e078723ca2",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1481,"clozeWords":1483},[1482],"Presidential candidates focus on \"swing states\" with similar levels of support and a high number of electoral college votes.",[1484,1485],"swing","electoral",{"id":1487,"data":1488,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1490,"introPage":1498,"pages":1504},"3e0011a9-1f30-4096-8c0b-210cf00b2b40",{"type":25,"title":1489},"Campaign Rules and Dynamics",{"id":1491,"data":1492,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"2a029d7e-178c-46a0-8442-35713c12c84c",{"type":35,"summary":1493},[1494,1495,1496,1497],"Campaign finance laws limit contributions to prevent corruption","Wealthy donors still dominate political donations","Dark money contributions lack transparency","Election rules vary widely by state",{"id":1499,"data":1500,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"29bede2a-5db6-4e82-adbe-63d36099e244",{"type":53,"intro":1501},[1502,1503],"What percentage of Americans accounted for nearly 68% of all donations in the 2016 presidential race?","How much did the NRA spend on political campaigns and lobbying in 2022?",[1505,1518,1541],{"id":1506,"data":1507,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1510},"1e1c22ad-b441-4620-904a-15a7ea451021",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1508,"audioMediaId":1509},"Money plays an important role in US politics, and campaign finance laws are designed to ensure that candidates have access to the resources they need while preventing corruption.\n\nThe Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 established limits on how much money individuals and organizations can contribute to political campaigns. This was further strengthened in the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002.\n\nDespite this, wealthy donors still wield considerable influence over elections; according to a 2018 report by OpenSecrets.org, just 0.051% of Americans accounted for nearly 68% of all donations made during the 2016 presidential race.\n\nIn recent years there has been increased efforts to pass legislation requiring greater transparency on so-called “dark money” – contributions made through non-profit organizations which do not have to disclose their donors or spending activities – with some estimates suggesting that up to $1 billion was spent this way in 2020 alone.","a8c5b8ae-848f-4a92-83c9-ef98b0205408",[1511],{"id":1512,"data":1513,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"758995ed-c770-4588-8ed7-da18eca2416b",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1514,"clozeWords":1516},[1515],"The Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 established limits on political campaign contributions, while \"dark money\" remains a concern.",[1517],"dark",{"id":1519,"data":1520,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1523},"a3a90393-2717-4df6-87ea-80c4d05cfc70",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1521,"audioMediaId":1522},"Lobbying is a legal practice in the United States where individuals, organizations, and interest groups attempt to influence lawmakers and government officials to support their particular policies and positions.\n\nThe National Rifle Association (NRA) is one example of a powerful interest group in the US, who, through a combination of campaign contributions, direct lobbying, and grassroots organizing, the NRA has been able to exert significant influence over gun rights and firearms regulation at the local, state, and national levels.\n\nThe NRA has spent $2,630,000 in 2022 alone in political campaigns, advertisements, and lobbying efforts aimed at supporting political candidates who are supportive of their positions on gun ownership and opposing those who are not.\n\nMany see the NRA as representing the flaws inherent in American lobbying laws, which enables those with deep pockets and long standing connections significant power within the political establishment.","d3e64441-2952-463c-848a-e2afbde46a4e",[1524,1533],{"id":1525,"data":1526,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"f7d7e7b5-02ba-4c79-bfe6-892c1ef9966b",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1527,"binaryCorrect":1529,"binaryIncorrect":1531},[1528],"How much has the NRA spent in 2022 on political campaigns, advertisements, and lobbying efforts?",[1530],"$2,630,000",[1532],"$1,500,000",{"id":1534,"data":1535,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"b89c65fd-2806-4210-bcc7-de8536cb696c",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1536,"clozeWords":1538},[1537],"The National Rifle Association (NRA) is an interest group that lobbies to uphold second amendment rights and weaken firearms regulation at the local, state, and national level",[1539,1540],"National Rifle Association (NRA)","second",{"id":1542,"data":1543,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1546},"b43fa3ac-ae3b-431c-9140-05c0669529e6",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1544,"audioMediaId":1545},"The administration of elections in the United States is largely decentralized, with each state responsible for setting its own rules and regulations. This has led to a patchwork system where voting procedures can vary significantly from one jurisdiction to another.\n\nFor example, some states allow early voting while others do not; some require photo identification while others do not; and some use paper ballots while others rely on electronic voting machines. Despite these differences, all states must adhere to certain federal standards such as providing language assistance for non-English speakers or allowing military personnel stationed overseas to vote by mail.\n\n![Graph](image://7e001a79-bb72-4a80-87e9-0cdda225c4eb \"A voter paper ballot\")\n\nVoter fraud is an ongoing topic in US politics, with President Trump citing widespread fraud in vote-by-mail states as a contributing factor to his 2020 loss. Research, however, suggests that it occurs very rarely. According to data analyzed by the Washington Post, in 2016 and 2018, only 0.0025% of votes cast in three mail-vote states were found to be fraudulent.","256cc674-ea3a-43f6-ba31-be7360b0b910",[1547],{"id":1548,"data":1549,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"50bd203e-53b3-4fda-a430-1c655fcf78d3",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1550,"binaryCorrect":1552,"binaryIncorrect":1554},[1551],"What percentage of votes were found to be fraudulent in three mail-vote states in 2016 and 2018?",[1553],"0.00%",[1555],"1.25%",{"id":1557,"data":1558,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":1561},"ccfa337b-2219-4661-b9ae-3e809823ba04",{"type":27,"title":1559,"tagline":1560},"Federalism and Intergovernmental Relations","The nature of regulations across different states and the impacts of federalism on policy",[1562,1630,1694],{"id":1563,"data":1564,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1566,"introPage":1574,"pages":1580},"be6f2029-6da2-4edb-a266-438fc99fbe70",{"type":25,"title":1565},"Understanding Federalism",{"id":1567,"data":1568,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"9f504ca8-be40-43ab-a883-f9c2cc325e40",{"type":35,"summary":1569},[1570,1571,1572,1573],"Federalism divides power between national and state governments.","The Tenth Amendment reserves powers for states.","Printz v. United States reinforced state autonomy.","States can set higher standards than federal regulations.",{"id":1575,"data":1576,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"9f0aad53-5301-4afc-8c9c-82abafe61095",{"type":53,"intro":1577},[1578,1579],"What did the Supreme Court decide in Printz v. United States (1997)?","How does California's AB 5 law differ from federal labor standards?",[1581,1598,1613],{"id":1582,"data":1583,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1586},"77b1c0cd-115a-4d79-987e-21a11aec276a",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1584,"audioMediaId":1585},"The concept of federalism refers to the division of power between the national government and state governments, and is protected by the Tenth Amendment of the Constitution. This amendment reserves individual states the right to exercise all powers not explicitly delegated to the federal government in the Constitution.\n\nThe Tenth Amendment has been a key part of several landmark Supreme Court cases that have shaped the relationship between the federal government and the states.\n\nFor example, in Printz v. United States (1997), the Supreme Court struck down provisions of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act that required local law enforcement officials to perform background checks on prospective gun buyers. The Court held that the Tenth Amendment prohibits the federal government from compelling state officials to carry out federal law enforcement functions.\n\n![Graph](image://bbd70b0b-660b-4a9f-8ac9-9d6835da3c0f \"A street protest with people encouraging voters to consider specific issues such as Black Lives Matters and gun-related violence\")","9558c93b-f087-4da4-832d-4289624256e2",[1587],{"id":1588,"data":1589,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"ed5d078f-b08a-41d8-84ff-bc4959435a56",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1590,"multiChoiceCorrect":1592,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1594,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1591],"Which amendment protects the concept of federalism?",[1593],"Tenth Amendment",[1595,1596,1597],"First Amendment","Fifth Amendment","Eighth Amendment",{"id":1599,"data":1600,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1603},"ec159fdd-d368-4a2d-8511-61773205e222",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1601,"audioMediaId":1602},"The federal separation of powers in America has resulted in great variation in regulations across multiple domains.\n\nFor instance, while the federal government sets minimum standards for labor rights such as minimum wage and overtime pay, individual states are free to set higher standards if they choose.\n\nCalifornia has taken advantage of this by introducing legislation such as AB 5 which provides additional protections for gig workers like Uber drivers. Similarly, some states have adopted stricter gun control measures than those mandated at the federal level; New York State's SAFE Act requires background checks on all firearm purchases within its borders.\n\nThere is also considerable variety across states in the regulation of education. California, for instance, has introduced legislation such as SB 48 which requires public schools to include LGBT history in social studies classes. On the other hand, science curricula in Texas permits teaching that challenges evolution theory, due to the state’s population of evangelical Christians who believe literally in the biblical account of creation.","93d5d105-9df5-4ab7-a303-f5699faa3217",[1604],{"id":1605,"data":1606,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"7f8204f0-db30-49ef-a81e-a7b442682bdc",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1607,"binaryCorrect":1609,"binaryIncorrect":1611},[1608],"What branch of power is responsible for setting standards for labor rights such as minimum wage and overtime pay?",[1610],"State Governments",[1612],"The Federal Government",{"id":1614,"data":1615,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1618},"e82cda24-27aa-405d-9e01-33a5592a8402",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1616,"audioMediaId":1617},"In the Constitution, healthcare is not specifically mentioned as an area of federal authority. As a result, and in keeping with the Tenth Amendment, the responsibility for healthcare policy has traditionally fallen to the states.\\\nEach state has its own healthcare system, which includes regulations governing insurance, medical practice, and the provision of healthcare services.\n\nStates also receive significant funding from the federal government for healthcare programs, such as Medicaid, which provides healthcare coverage to low-income individuals and families.\n\nIn recent years, there have been controversial efforts to expand the federal government's role in healthcare, particularly with the passage of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), also known as Obamacare, enacted in 2010 with the goal of expanding access to healthcare coverage for all Americans.\n\nSome have argued that the federal government's involvement in healthcare infringes on states' rights and undermines the principles of federalism.","ea6077d5-1e97-4fb4-ad35-f2c9196fb7bc",[1619],{"id":1620,"data":1621,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"d1f16c6a-1f58-4def-b2fe-07a6cd17d296",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1622,"multiChoiceCorrect":1624,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1626,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1623],"Which legislation aimed to expand access to healthcare coverage for all Americans?",[1625],"Affordable Care Act (ACA)",[1627,1628,1629],"Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)","Patient Protection Act","Medicare Expansion Act",{"id":1631,"data":1632,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1634,"introPage":1642,"pages":1648},"2390cdf2-42b3-49da-afd0-a7624b298daa",{"type":25,"title":1633},"Mechanisms of Federal-State Relations",{"id":1635,"data":1636,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"bb8dfb2d-794d-4692-80da-f77cf17afb10",{"type":35,"summary":1637},[1638,1639,1640,1641],"Federal law overrides state law via the Supremacy Clause","State judges must uphold federal laws, even if state laws conflict","Congressional compacts let states cooperate on shared issues","Grants-in-aid fund state programs like education and healthcare",{"id":1643,"data":1644,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"a75ac0d7-82b3-4959-af40-9d805c3c2509",{"type":53,"intro":1645},[1646,1647],"What does the Supremacy Clause say about conflicts between federal and state laws?","How does the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) demonstrate state cooperation?",[1649,1664,1677],{"id":1650,"data":1651,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1654},"3d990012-9f50-4444-b40a-fa9fceb6a677",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1652,"audioMediaId":1653},"The liberties of state governments are held in check by the Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution, which stipulates that federal law takes precedence over state law.\n\nSpecifically, it states that the Constitution, federal laws, and treaties made under its authority are the supreme law of the land, and that state judges are bound to uphold them, even if state law or the state constitution conflicts with them.\n\nThe Supremacy Clause upholds the federal government as supreme in matters of national concern, such as interstate commerce, foreign policy, national security, and immigration.\n\n![Graph](image://f56af6c3-b205-4ffb-806c-66828a4ba752 \"An outdoor protest around key legislative issues such as reproductive health rights\")\n\nFor example, in Arizona v. United States (2012), the Supreme Court struck down several provisions of an Arizona state law intended to increase the powers of local law enforcement to suppress illegal immigration. The Court held that these provisions conflicted with federal immigration law and were therefore preempted by the Supremacy Clause.","d318c9c6-58b1-4ba9-ba09-6cb6535c5597",[1655],{"id":1656,"data":1657,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"ed074d8b-76ab-4986-8b36-7c6fd7d51d61",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1658,"binaryCorrect":1660,"binaryIncorrect":1662},[1659],"Which clause of the United States Constitution stipulates that federal law takes precedence over state law?",[1661],"The Supremacy Clause",[1663],"The Precedence Clause",{"id":1665,"data":1666,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1669},"cb13df10-2481-4bcd-b552-567c96d4b6d1",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1667,"audioMediaId":1668},"The functioning of a federal system relies upon intergovernmental relations and cooperation between states, and several formal mechanisms are in place to facilitate cooperation across multiple jurisdictions.\n\nNotably, Congress can enter into agreements with states known as “compacts”, which allow them to cooperate on matters of mutual interest without infringing upon each other's sovereignty.\n\nCongressional compacts can cover a wide range of issues, from water rights and environmental protection to economic development and transportation. For example, a congressional compact might be created to coordinate the management and distribution of a shared resource, such as a river or lake, between two or more states.\n\n![Graph](image://73a93a67-b698-4790-8230-017957b324e9 \"A public highway representing shared resources across states\")\n\nThe Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) is one example of this type of collaboration between nine Northeastern US states which seeks to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from power plants through a cap-and-trade program.","dbd3b6a8-3da6-4409-95a1-d5d5e58707ec",[1670],{"id":1671,"data":1672,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"c396842d-beea-4eed-8316-6457a72d3c9a",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1673,"clozeWords":1675},[1674],"Congress can enter into agreements called \"compacts\" with states, covering issues like environmental protection and transportation.",[1676],"compacts",{"id":1678,"data":1679,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1682},"f9f28239-08c4-4a82-ad20-50cdcef13f2e",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1680,"audioMediaId":1681},"Fiscal federalism is a system of government in which the national and state governments share responsibility for providing public services. This is achieved through the use of financial transfers between the federal government and state and local governments.\n\nIn this system, the federal government provides funding to state and local governments in the form of grants-in-aid, which are financial transfers that may be earmarked for specific purposes or provided with more flexibility in how they can be used. For example, grants-in-aid are used to fund programs such as education, health care, infrastructure development, and social welfare initiatives. This allows for the provision of public services that are responsive to the needs of local communities while ensuring that there is sufficient oversight and accountability in the use of public funds.\n\nState and local governments may also have their own sources of revenue, such as taxes, fees, and other charges.","dffb0f1a-ce1e-479f-9371-61b6bc151bee",[1683],{"id":1684,"data":1685,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"5959c8c2-9508-4688-8a86-2ea9ee17eb42",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1686,"multiChoiceCorrect":1688,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1690,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1687],"That term refers to the system where the national and state governments share responsibility for providing public services through financial transfers?",[1689],"Fiscal federalism",[1691,1692,1693],"Constitutional Finance"," Fiscal dualism","Dollar diplomacy",{"id":1695,"data":1696,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1698,"introPage":1706,"pages":1712},"c577584a-6121-426c-b0d0-d37ca6b0d755",{"type":25,"title":1697},"Challenges and Innovations in Federalism",{"id":1699,"data":1700,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"5d49e464-9a5b-4d26-b04d-1594b17b24d1",{"type":35,"summary":1701},[1702,1703,1704,1705],"States compete by offering better policies to attract industries","Arizona's fintech sandbox law helps fintech companies operate easily","Unfunded mandates strain state budgets by requiring costly compliance","ADA mandates accessibility without providing full funding for changes",{"id":1707,"data":1708,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"3cfd1c7e-4a66-4783-8b9f-fc4d591f96a6",{"type":53,"intro":1709},[1710,1711],"Why did Arizona create fintech sandboxes?","What makes the ADA an unfunded mandate?",[1713,1726],{"id":1714,"data":1715,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1718},"93596e15-80c0-4495-b83f-78ce6abd8772",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1716,"audioMediaId":1717},"Federalism can result in states competing with each other by offering better policies and services than their neighbors, particularly with regards to attractive industry.\n\nFor example, in 2018 Arizona passed a law allowing fintech companies to test new products and services without having to obtain a state banking license, (known as fintech “sandboxes” making it easier for these companies to operate in the state.\n\nBy offering a more flexible regulatory environment, Arizona is hoping to establish itself as a fintech hub and gain a competitive advantage over other states that have more restrictive regulations for fintech companies. Other states, such as Utah and Wyoming, have also implemented fintech sandbox programs in an effort to attract fintech companies and stimulate economic growth through innovation.\n\n![Graph](image://19bbafbc-9334-4159-8d9c-497e1e7c8041 \"An urban depiction of Arizona\")","0b2e685d-85cb-4e34-be5f-cd2a7c07ee22",[1719],{"id":1720,"data":1721,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"c4a9f959-908d-433f-a3ae-c599645ca1cd",{"type":67,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1722,"activeRecallAnswers":1724},[1723],"Why did Arizona pass a law allowing fintech sandboxes?",[1725],"To establish itself as a fintech hub and gain a competitive advantage over other states",{"id":1727,"data":1728,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1731},"e6a33627-62b9-4a45-9926-56a5061c0821",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1729,"audioMediaId":1730},"Divisive among the powers of the federal government are “unfunded mandates”; laws that require states to implement certain policies without providing the necessary funding. This can place financial strain on state governments, as they must find ways to cover the costs of compliance by diverting funds from other programs.\n\nOne example is The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990, which requires employers, businesses, and state and local governments to make reasonable accommodations for the needs of individuals with disabilities, ensuring equal access and opportunities.\n\nThis is considered an unfunded mandate because it requires state and local governments to make significant changes to their facilities and services without providing the necessary extra funding to do so, at significant cost to smaller states and local governments.\n\nWhile the federal government has provided some funding to assist with compliance, it is generally not enough to cover the full cost of implementation.","bb763fb9-ae68-491a-861b-087d112b1e2f",[1732],{"id":1733,"data":1734,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"5286dd2b-dbf4-46bc-a351-2d1a77966e5e",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1735,"clozeWords":1737},[1736],"The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), a federal law of of 1990, is an example of an unfunded mandate, since it requires states to make compulsory extra accomodations at their own cost",[1738],"mandate",{"id":1740,"data":1741,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":1744},"a1aa170c-32cb-4232-9224-87a7e02fe723",{"type":27,"title":1742,"tagline":1743},"Civil Liberties, Civil Rights, and Inequalities","What is the First Amendment? An overview of civil liberties, their history, and progress over time",[1745,1826,1910],{"id":1746,"data":1747,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1749,"introPage":1757,"pages":1763},"7aa5c62b-9662-40a0-9d5e-ae7dcc067a7d",{"type":25,"title":1748},"Understanding Civil Liberties",{"id":1750,"data":1751,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"196145e6-b446-47ec-bea5-27e2bdca3508",{"type":35,"summary":1752},[1753,1754,1755,1756],"Civil liberties are freedoms from government interference, like speech and religion","The Bill of Rights enshrines key civil liberties, adopted in 1791","The Fourteenth Amendment extends these protections to state laws","Freedom of speech includes protection from government censorship and libel laws",{"id":1758,"data":1759,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"ec7e2222-3bb8-4120-ae07-ff640b5573b4",{"type":53,"intro":1760},[1761,1762],"What does the First Amendment protect?","How did the Supreme Court rule in EEOC v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores?",[1764,1781,1798],{"id":1765,"data":1766,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1769},"b714e090-aefb-4a53-a0a5-8ba992687876",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1767,"audioMediaId":1768},"The concept of civil liberties and civil rights is central to US politics. Civil liberties are the freedoms that citizens have from government interference, such as freedom of speech, religion, assembly, and press; civil rights refer to legal protections against discrimination based on race or gender.\n\nThe Bill of Rights, the first ten amendments to the US Constitution, was adopted in 1791 and enshrined many of the civil liberties discussed above. These include freedom of speech, religion, press and assembly; protection from unreasonable searches and seizures; due process rights for criminal defendants; and prohibitions on cruel or unusual punishment.\n\nThe Fourteenth Amendment (1868) extended these protections to all citizens by incorporating them into state law. This means that states must abide by the same constitutional standards as the federal government when it comes to protecting individual rights.\n\n![Graph](image://703080f8-5316-4039-8779-66365414aa95 \"A map of the United States, demonstrating boundaries between states. Image: elsaolofsson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")","6f840963-a5e0-4007-bb89-1999943659e6",[1770],{"id":1771,"data":1772,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"91878ecf-ff51-462f-ae81-595335ab0ad8",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1773,"multiChoiceCorrect":1775,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1777,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1774],"Which document contains the first ten amendments to the US Constitution?",[1776],"The Bill of Rights",[1778,1779,1780],"Declaration of Independence","The Federalist Papers","The Articles of Confederation",{"id":1782,"data":1783,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1786},"7ded93d7-0d34-45e4-95c6-1f3aeb86286e",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1784,"audioMediaId":1785},"The First Amendment to the US Constitution guarantees freedom of speech and press, protecting citizens from government censorship. This right is essential for a functioning democracy, as it allows individuals to express their opinions without fear of retribution or suppression.\n\n![Graph](image://2ec128b2-1613-4b65-8f2a-c3f2e7418345 \"A youth-led climate change rally outdoors\")\n\nThe Supreme Court has interpreted this right broadly, ruling in cases such as New York Times Co v Sullivan (1964) that public figures cannot sue for libel unless they can prove “actual malice” on the part of the speaker - i.e. the person accused of libel must have had full knowledge their claims were false.\n\nControversially, this provision for freedom of speech has also been used, in Citizens United v FEC (2010), to protect the right for corporations to make political contributions.","b3757bb4-b240-45f7-9da5-1aa7fb059f2c",[1787],{"id":1788,"data":1789,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"3ee7fa62-fa8d-4fac-8cb8-61e709b23d79",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1790,"multiChoiceCorrect":1792,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1794,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1791],"In New York Times Co v Sullivan (1964), what must public figures prove to sue for libel?",[1793],"Actual malice",[1795,1796,1797],"Negligence","Recklessness","Intentional harm",{"id":1799,"data":1800,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1803},"49822a23-c84e-4467-bfbf-4529be55e948",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1801,"audioMediaId":1802},"Freedom of religion is a fundamental right protected by the First Amendment, which states that \"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.\"\n\nThis means that individuals have the right to freely practice their religion without interference from the government, and the government cannot establish or endorse any particular religion.\n\n![Graph](image://dd63056a-8ae7-46f7-8bad-ffd6c7a4b8e8 \"An outdoor protest for faith equality and freedom from discrimination on the basis of faith\")\n\nThis right also includes what is known as “religious accommodation” in the workplace. This came to the fore in the 2015 Supreme Court case of EEOC v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores.\n\nIn this case, a Muslim woman applied for a job at Abercrombie & Fitch and was not hired because she wore a headscarf, which the company claimed violated their \"look policy.\" The Supreme Court ruled that this was a violation of her right to religious accommodation, as the company did not make reasonable efforts to accommodate her religious practice.","df1d5149-ffe4-471f-8de9-c2ffaa7652ef",[1804,1814],{"id":1805,"data":1806,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"ba0036bf-ea4a-40d1-8fbf-06730a21b415",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1807,"multiChoiceCorrect":1809,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1810,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1808],"Which amendment guarantees freedom of religion, speech, and press?",[1595],[1811,1812,1813],"Second Amendment","Third Amendment","Fourth Amendment",{"id":273,"data":1815,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1816,"multiChoiceQuestion":1817,"multiChoiceCorrect":1819,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1820,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1821,"matchPairsPairs":1822},[269,272,274],[1818],"Which of the following was a consequence of the Fourteenth Amendment?",[281],[278,280,282],[98],[1823],{"left":1824,"right":1825,"direction":35},"Fourteenth Amendment","Extended protections to all citizens in state law.",{"id":1827,"data":1828,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1830,"introPage":1838,"pages":1844},"20d2b712-976b-4140-a982-42dcaecddb97",{"type":25,"title":1829},"Historical Context of Civil Rights",{"id":1831,"data":1832,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"d81ab2bf-fc3d-49f1-b15d-1dcf1bf5f045",{"type":35,"summary":1833},[1834,1835,1836,1837],"The Thirteenth Amendment of 1865 abolished slavery in the United States.","Jim Crow laws reimposed racial segregation in the South after the 1870s.","Plessy v Ferguson legalized \"separate but equal\" segregation in 1896.","The Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed racial discrimination.",{"id":1839,"data":1840,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"7de335f6-e209-4a36-9dfd-1ddea10e7ab1",{"type":53,"intro":1841},[1842,1843],"What did the 13th Amendment achieve?","What was the impact of the Plessy v Ferguson decision?",[1845,1858,1882],{"id":1846,"data":1847,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1850},"1517d2bd-703a-4b65-a247-1e1f39967b13",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1848,"audioMediaId":1849},"The Civil War (1861-1865) was pivotal in the history of civil rights and liberties for African Americans, leading to the Thirteenth Amendment of 1865, which abolished slavery throughout the United States.\n\nBefore the Civil War, the majority of African Americans had no civil rights. Slaves were considered property and had no legal standing in courts. They were denied education, the right to marry, the right to own property, and the right to vote. They were also subject to extreme physical and psychological abuse at the hands of their owners, and there was little to no legal recourse for these abuses.\n\nAfter the Civil War, the 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution granted all citizens “equal protection of laws” regardless of race or color, as well as voting rights to African American men. However, despite these constitutional protections, African Americans faced significant challenges to their civil rights well into the 20th century.","2be06b10-f00a-452b-9fe0-b4031f26b08d",[1851],{"id":1852,"data":1853,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"366be6ba-9e79-435a-98e7-6f938112461d",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1854,"clozeWords":1856},[1855],"Before the Civil War, the majority of African Americans had no civil rights and were considered property.",[1857],"civil",{"id":1859,"data":1860,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1863},"78bb85b1-5795-44f6-a993-e803f6f58560",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1861,"audioMediaId":1862},"Despite these legislative landmarks, from the 1870s many southern states reimposed laws that continued to deny black people basic civil rights, access to public facilities, and voting rights. These were known as “Jim Crow laws” - the term “Jim Crow” being a derogatory term for black people.\n\nThe Supreme Court’s 1896 decision in Plessy v Ferguson established “separate but equal” as the legal standard for race relations in America. This ruling allowed states to segregate public spaces by race, including schools, restaurants, theaters, parks and other places of public accommodation.\n\nIn addition to denying African Americans their civil liberties through segregation laws known as Jim Crow laws, many southern states also implemented poll taxes and harsh literacy tests to prevent African Americans (frequently poor and lacking proper education due to their discriminatory conditions) from voting.\n\n![Graph](image://56033459-fd61-451c-9774-25f4d144778c \"A modern-day multi-racial and diverse classroom\")","91108f7d-5483-4008-a86c-b43c7e5f38c7",[1864,1871],{"id":1865,"data":1866,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"f8928f05-e5a5-4e6c-a95a-6605048cbefb",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1867,"clozeWords":1869},[1868],"The 1896 Plessy v Ferguson decision established \"separate but equal\" and allowed states to segregate public spaces by race.",[1870],"separate",{"id":1872,"data":1873,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"785fab73-a12f-4add-a94f-76493fe01a5a",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1874,"multiChoiceCorrect":1876,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1878,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1875],"What methods were used by southern states to prevent African Americans from voting?",[1877],"Poll taxes and harsh literacy tests",[1879,1880,1881],"Mandatory military service","Religious affiliation requirements","Age restrictions",{"id":1883,"data":1884,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1887},"91834ee1-12e4-4012-824c-f215b33c0ef8",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1885,"audioMediaId":1886},"The civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s was a powerful force for change that aimed to eradicate racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans.\n\n![Graph](image://8ea1dd43-c1f2-4eab-be89-b512772e99ef \"A grassroots demonstration against racial violence\")\n\nThe movement was spearheaded by influential figures such as Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, Malcolm X, and many other activists who utilized civil disobedience, grassroots organizing, and mass demonstrations to bring about change.\n\nThe movement achieved significant victories with the passage of landmark legislation such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion or national origin; and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 which prohibited literacy tests and other discriminatory practices that had been used to deny black people access to voting booths.","015c7534-3c45-451e-bdcc-250e23160db7",[1888,1899],{"id":1889,"data":1890,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"5c2fcea2-bf68-45fa-99bf-c761ba1ccc53",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1891,"multiChoiceCorrect":1893,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1895,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1892],"In what year did the Civil Rights act outlaw discrimination based on race, color, religion, or national origin?",[1894],"1964",[1896,1897,1898],"1962","1955","1970",{"id":274,"data":1900,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1901,"multiChoiceQuestion":1902,"multiChoiceCorrect":1904,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1905,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1906,"matchPairsPairs":1907},[269,272,273],[1903],"Which of the following was a consequence of the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment?",[282],[278,280,281],[98],[1908],{"left":1909,"right":282,"direction":35},"Passage of the Thirteenth Amendment",{"id":1911,"data":1912,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1914,"introPage":1922,"pages":1928},"227a8a78-debc-47f8-9cd9-c5305a753be0",{"type":25,"title":1913},"Modern Civil Rights Issues",{"id":1915,"data":1916,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"20e93b69-b1a0-4c3b-94d9-926e0696c97d",{"type":35,"summary":1917},[1918,1919,1920,1921],"African Americans are incarcerated at 5 times the rate of whites","George Floyd's death highlighted police brutality against Black Americans","The Affordable Care Act aimed to expand healthcare access","Obergefell v. Hodges legalized same-sex marriage nationwide",{"id":1923,"data":1924,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"21b8028d-b4b1-460f-9944-b640a69186d7",{"type":53,"intro":1925},[1926,1927],"What was the impact of the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010?","How did the Supreme Court's decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization change abortion rights in the US?",[1929,1957,1970,1984],{"id":1930,"data":1931,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1934},"1df8fa9a-359d-40fb-b681-aac0efdc59b7",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1932,"audioMediaId":1933},"In recent years, criminal justice reform and policing have been recognized as civil rights issues due to the overrepresentation of African Americans in the prison system. According to the Sentencing Project, as of 2021, African Americans are incarcerated at more than 5 times the rate of whites.\n\nAt the federal level, President Obama signed the Fair Sentencing Act in 2010 which reduced disparities between sentences for crack cocaine and powder cocaine offenses – a move that was widely praised by civil rights advocates. Additionally, he commuted more than 1,700 sentences during his time in office – more than the past 13 presidents combined.\n\nThe killing of George Floyd in 2020 and the subsequent Black Lives Matter movement highlighted the disproportionate impact of police brutality on communities of color. According to Mapping Police Violence, between 2013–2023 Black Americans were three times more likely to be killed by police than white Americans.","2882ab62-4dce-430c-8d67-fc2737815d6a",[1935,1946],{"id":1936,"data":1937,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"9bf5b2ea-e329-4a05-9e0f-997c4dd2fe91",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1938,"multiChoiceCorrect":1940,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1942,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1939],"How many sentences did President Obama commute during his time in office?",[1941],"More than 1,700",[1943,1944,1945],"Less than 500","Around 1,000","Over 2,500",{"id":1947,"data":1948,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"4ab3ba0d-f5a3-4634-8e5a-be10b2fb9c7c",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1949,"multiChoiceCorrect":1951,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1953,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1950],"What was the likelihood of Black Americans being killed by police compared to white Americans between 2013-2023?",[1952],"Three times more likely",[1954,1955,1956],"Twice as likely","Four times more likely","Equally likely",{"id":1958,"data":1959,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1962},"142dc552-f3ff-4c13-8335-957cf095bead",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1960,"audioMediaId":1961},"Despite spending more on healthcare than any other country, the US has some of the worst health outcomes among developed nations. In 2018, nearly 30 million Americans lacked health insurance coverage\n\nThe Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2012, known as Obamacare, sought to expand access to care by providing subsidies for low-income individuals and families, as well as mandating that all citizens have health insurance or face penalties.\n\n![Graph](image://3937af8c-6140-4657-8f42-60d1868ee0b8 \"A man receiving healthcare from a medical practitioner\")\n\nYet despite the ubiquity of public healthcare across other developed nations, in the US this policy is surprisingly divisive, with President Trump rolling back many of the bill’s provisions.\n\nMeanwhile, many Democratic lawmakers are pushing for Medicare For All – a single payer system which would provide universal coverage regardless of income level or employment status.\n\nWhile this proposal could potentially reduce costs overall by eliminating private insurers from the equation, opponents argue that it would be too expensive and lead to higher taxes for middle class Americans.","e285dea6-046f-4223-81da-b194b3c7af8e",[1963],{"id":1964,"data":1965,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"6e29810e-2fa6-4070-9fca-97607c07d52b",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1966,"clozeWords":1968},[1967],"The Affordable Care Act, also known as Obamacare, aimed to expand access to care, while some Democrats advocate for Medicare For All.",[1969],"Obamacare",{"id":1971,"data":1972,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1975},"7c803dad-570f-4eed-a5ee-d4a34dcf6dc9",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1973,"audioMediaId":1974},"![Graph](image://7f91f89a-b85a-4e87-8cd5-86b8a354c761 \"A male congressperson lobbying in front of a crowd\")\n\nThe constitutional status of abortion in the United States is a highly debated and controversial topic. The Supreme Court's landmark 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade established a woman's right to terminate her pregnancy until the point at which the fetus is viable outside the womb, which is typically around 24 weeks of gestation. The Court based its decision on the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, which protects an individual's right to privacy.\n\nThe Supreme Court's decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization in June 2022 overturned Roe by arguing that the right to abortion was not a deeply entrenched part of the nation's historical or traditional values, nor was it recognized as a right when the Due Process Clause was ratified in 1868. This ruling demonstrated the highly politicized nature of Supreme Court judge nominations, as it followed the appointment of Amy Coney Barrett by President Trump, which shifted the balance of the Court in favor of conservative views.","1c0afd29-2ec7-49d1-914e-de026cceed34",[1976],{"id":1977,"data":1978,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"729be9e1-8528-4708-af3f-b12c1d220c93",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1979,"clozeWords":1981},[1980],"The Supreme Court's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade established a woman's right to abortion, while Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization in 2022 overturned it.",[1982,1983],"Wade","abortion",{"id":1985,"data":1986,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1989},"06bf8e50-ba83-4728-b460-7c84a793bd1f",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1987,"audioMediaId":1988},"The LGBTQ+ community has made significant strides in the fight for equal rights in America.\n\nBefore the 1960s, homosexuality was considered a criminal offense in most states, but the 1969 Stonewall riots in New York City marked a turning point, galvanizing the community and led to the formation of organizations that worked tirelessly to challenge the legal and social status quo.\n\nHowever, it was not until the 21st century that significant progress was made in the legal recognition of same-sex relationships. In 2003, the Supreme Court of the United States struck down sodomy laws in Lawrence v. Texas, effectively decriminalizing homosexuality nationwide. In 2013, the Supreme Court overturned the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), allowing same-sex couples to receive federal benefits. And in 2015, the landmark case of Obergefell v. Hodges legalized same-sex marriage nationwide.","9634bdee-03f7-4e4b-a9d9-ed32a3513e8d",[1990,2001],{"id":1991,"data":1992,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"aaa321dc-9d35-4e61-947b-3011ff50809c",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1993,"multiChoiceCorrect":1995,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1997,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1994],"What was the outcome of the Obergefell v. Hodges case?",[1996],"Legalized same-sex marriage nationwide",[1998,1999,2000],"Decriminalized homosexuality","Established federal benefits for same-sex couples","Allowed gay men into the military",{"id":2002,"data":2003,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"f9c9ccf5-85b1-400e-9ab5-19c9c6df88f7",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2004,"multiChoiceCorrect":2006,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2008,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2005],"In what year did the Supreme Court stike down sodomy laws?",[2007],"2003",[2009,2010,2011],"1969","2013","1972",{"id":2013,"data":2014,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":2017},"1d0d17ef-ffe7-469c-9d32-d84a317f6c44",{"type":27,"title":2015,"tagline":2016},"Political Participation in America","What is citizen activism? Explore the right to protest and ongoing challenges to political participation",[2018,2068],{"id":2019,"data":2020,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":2022,"introPage":2030,"pages":2036},"86879767-771e-4542-8e50-5f45376594a0",{"type":25,"title":2021},"Citizen Activism and Civil Rights",{"id":2023,"data":2024,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"860b3f73-4ebb-41e7-91eb-3d43d5389709",{"type":35,"summary":2025},[2026,2027,2028,2029],"Women's suffrage movement led to the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920","Rosa Parks' arrest sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955","Peaceful protests are protected by the First Amendment","George Floyd's death led to protests and police brutality accusations",{"id":2031,"data":2032,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"91cabc4b-c7ed-4b55-8798-21447c3db766",{"type":53,"intro":2033},[2034,2035],"What sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott?","How did the First Amendment protect civil rights activists?",[2037,2050,2063],{"id":2038,"data":2039,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2042},"d9c16570-757f-4271-867e-c7424654893e",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2040,"audioMediaId":2041},"The civil rights movement and recent changes to same-sex marriage laws are testament to how the evolution of the American political system has been influenced by the political activism of its citizens.\n\nAn early example is the women's suffrage movement of the mid-19th century, with early leaders such as Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton argued that women, like men, were citizens of the United States and should be granted the same basic rights and privileges, including the right to vote.\n\nThe movement gained momentum in the early 20th century, with suffragists organizing massive parades, rallies, and demonstrations across the country. These efforts were reinforced by increased visibility and contribution of women during the First World war, during which they took on jobs previously held by men, and culminated in the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1920, granting women the right to vote.","5c713fc6-afd6-43b7-bd5c-805ac74315db",[2043],{"id":2044,"data":2045,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"a0d46c24-e178-4e5c-b077-9ba2b13f926f",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":2046,"clozeWords":2048},[2047],"The women's suffrage movement, led by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, fought for women's right to vote.",[2049],"suffrage",{"id":2051,"data":2052,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2055},"4f3b2de1-f695-485b-9a30-1ae9570274d0",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2053,"audioMediaId":2054},"One of the most famous examples of protests in bringing about social and political change in America was the Montgomery Bus Boycott of the Civil Rights Movement, which began in 1955.\n\n![Graph](image://6ebb6980-71e0-4426-a5f0-b6088b771833 \"Rosa Parks, who led the Montgomery Bus Boycott and is considered to be First Lady of Civil Rights\")\n\nIn Montgomery, Alabama, African Americans were required to sit in the back of public buses and give up their seats to white passengers if the front of the bus became full. On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, an African American woman, refused to give up her seat to a white passenger and was arrested.\n\nIn response, African American leaders organized a boycott of Montgomery's public buses, which lasted for over a year. The boycott was marked by peaceful protests, such as marches and sit-ins, which brought national attention to the issue of racial segregation in the South. The boycott was eventually successful, with the Supreme Court ruling that Montgomery's bus segregation laws were unconstitutional.","522d0bae-dd17-4c30-8266-2d1b4f3bf685",[2056],{"id":2057,"data":2058,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"1356365a-f62a-4040-b592-cd2735eb7b72",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":2059,"clozeWords":2061},[2060],"In 1955, Rosa Parks refused to give up her bus seat, leading to a boycott of Montgomery's public buses.",[2062],"boycott",{"id":2064,"data":2065,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25},"f55f6973-2c10-44c8-a8ba-590ba3ebb0d9",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2066,"audioMediaId":2067},"The right to peacefully protest - key to these activist movements - is a fundamental part of American democracy, enshrined in the First Amendment, which guarantees freedom of speech and assembly. The Supreme Court has ruled that peaceful protesting cannot be restricted unless it poses a threat to public safety or order.\n\n![Graph](image://a4cbf0b1-fc8e-4502-9918-9a1d7e3e377a \"The First Amendment\")\n\nThe exercise of this right can be complicated when peaceful protests are accompanied by pockets violence and looting. When this happens, law enforcement may use force to try to maintain order and protect public safety, which has led to accusations of police brutality and suppression of first amendment rights.\n\nOne example of this dynamic occurred following the death of George Floyd in police custody in May 2020. While many of the resultant protests were peaceful, suppression of violence and looting in some cities saw police use of tear gas and rubber bullets, and accusation of excessive force against many protesters and journalists.","b8ef0e5d-5f9b-48aa-8081-54b42e9aee5e",{"id":2069,"data":2070,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":2072,"introPage":2080,"pages":2086},"3a7621ec-e48c-4f25-8ce8-b0172a8fff10",{"type":25,"title":2071},"Voter Turnout and Electoral Challenges",{"id":2073,"data":2074,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"e4c3659a-d1dc-4c82-8264-134dd9cadfd5",{"type":35,"summary":2075},[2076,2077,2078,2079],"U.S. voter turnout is lower than in many developed countries.","Young voters (18-29) vote less than older voters (65+).","Gerrymandering manipulates district boundaries for political gain.","Voter ID laws can suppress minority voting rights.",{"id":2081,"data":2082,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"0f4d80d9-65cc-4d94-8a19-0e9e529f6ae4",{"type":53,"intro":2083},[2084,2085],"What was the voter turnout percentage in the US during the 2020 election?","Why was North Carolina's congressional map declared unconstitutional in 2019?",[2087,2104,2117],{"id":2088,"data":2089,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2092},"dabe9ea9-65d1-46a1-b74d-f7b774f7ecdb",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2090,"audioMediaId":2091},"Voter turnout in the United States lags behind several developed nations, even including the historic high of 2020, in which around 67% of eligible voters voted. For comparison, voter turnout in Germany was over 76% in the 2021 federal election.\n\nThe voter turnout in America varies significantly by demographic group; for example, young people aged 18-29 are much less likely to vote than those over 65 years old. In 2016, around 47% of eligible voters aged 18-29 voted compared to 74% of those over 65.\n\nSimilarly, African Americans and Hispanics have historically had lower voter turnout rates than whites due to a variety of factors such as language barriers or lack of access to polling places.\n\nIn addition, voting patterns tend to differ between urban and rural areas; cities often lean heavily towards Democratic candidates while rural areas tend to favor Republicans. This was seen in the 2020 election where Joe Biden won large metropolitan counties like Los Angeles County by more than 40 points but lost smaller rural counties like Madison County in Alabama by nearly the same number.\n\n![Graph](image://218a51a8-ab8d-45a5-9434-cbd66363aa0b \"President Joe Biden attempting to secure votes on the campaign trail\")","76a25a90-6838-41a9-8cfb-2662dc07d096",[2093],{"id":2094,"data":2095,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"c07c64da-7496-4ac1-b678-23da76addd19",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2096,"multiChoiceCorrect":2098,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2100,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2097],"What percentage of voter turnout constituted a historic high in 2020?",[2099],"67%",[2101,2102,2103],"52%","76%","81%",{"id":2105,"data":2106,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2109},"857e81cd-a414-47e4-82bd-e231879bc2de",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2107,"audioMediaId":2108},"Gerrymandering is the practice of manipulating electoral district boundaries to give one political party an advantage over another by strategically including or excluding demographics favorable or unfavorable to their party. The term “gerrymander” first coined in 1812 after Massachusetts Governor Elbridge Gerry approved a redistricting plan that favored his own party.\n\nIn recent years, gerrymandering has become increasingly prevalent as states have used sophisticated computer algorithms to draw districts that favor their preferred candidates. For example, North Carolina's congressional map was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 2019 due to its extreme partisan bias.\n\nTo combat gerrymandering, 21 states have adopted “redistricting commissions” to draw legislative district lines. These commissions typically consist of a group of citizens or experts who are responsible for redrawing district boundaries every ten years, after the release of new census data. By taking the power to redraw district lines out of the hands of politicians, redistricting commissions aim to create more fair and representative maps.","73ae5341-c021-41e7-afed-ff710fac51cd",[2110],{"id":2111,"data":2112,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"c01c50e0-cfea-4076-bfb9-fefada334cf0",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":2113,"clozeWords":2115},[2114],"To combat gerrymandering, 21 states have adopted redistricting commissions, which aim to create more fair and representative maps.",[2116],"gerrymandering",{"id":2118,"data":2119,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2122},"6ce9c8bb-05f2-4749-a51d-27377d58568d",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2120,"audioMediaId":2121},"In recent years, there have been a number of challenges to political participation in the US. One such challenge is the proliferation of voter ID laws, which require voters to present some form of identification before casting their ballots.\n\nThese laws are often seen as an attempt by certain states to suppress minority voting rights and disproportionately affect African Americans and other marginalized groups who may not have access to valid forms of identification.\n\n![Graph](image://c71faa95-53ca-4442-8dfa-9db5288f5cb1 \"A protest surrounding voting rights and racial segregation\")\n\nIn 2018, for example, North Dakota passed a law requiring residents to show proof of residential address when registering to vote; this was widely criticized as it would make it more difficult for Native American populations living on reservations without traditional addresses or IDs from being able to participate in elections.","5a4bbb17-61ec-465c-9177-f0a8509a9c21",[2123],{"id":2124,"data":2125,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"7d0cd8d0-d5f8-454f-85e4-539ddea238ca",{"type":67,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":2126,"activeRecallAnswers":2128},[2127],"What was controversial about North Dakota's 2018 law requiring residents to show proof of residential address when registering to vote?",[2129],"It potentially discriminated against Native American populations living on reservations without traditional addresses or ID",{"id":2131,"data":2132,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":2135},"ca4e1dc7-f840-4ad5-bdb9-bce2b8bf3548",{"type":27,"title":2133,"tagline":2134},"Global Affairs and Immigration","A summary of American global influence, its involvement in global security and foreign policy",[2136,2229],{"id":2137,"data":2138,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":2140,"introPage":2148,"pages":2154},"efce1305-8fc5-4a83-a085-f18012e37de8",{"type":25,"title":2139},"US Global Hegemony and Influence",{"id":2141,"data":2142,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"0428349c-1cad-44e0-a975-a4bec849473c",{"type":35,"summary":2143},[2144,2145,2146,2147],"The US is a global hegemon since World War II.","The US helped create the UN, NATO, and World Bank.","The US rejoined the Paris Agreement under Biden.","The US aims to address Central American migration causes.",{"id":2149,"data":2150,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"daa3a91e-36cc-41c4-b9a6-73f3986c410c",{"type":53,"intro":2151},[2152,2153],"What role did the US play in the creation of the United Nations?","Why did the US rejoin the Paris Agreement under President Biden?",[2155,2175,2188,2205],{"id":2156,"data":2157,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2160},"3f1d1cd3-38ca-4af2-bc01-32209d452426",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2158,"audioMediaId":2159},"Since the end of World War II, the United States has been considered a “global hegemon”: a country or state that has the ability to exert significant influence and control over the international system, including political, military, and economic power. This status, coupled with its cultural influence, has allowed it to shape the global political order in significant ways.\n\nDuring the Cold War with the Soviet Union, the United States played a leading role in containing the spread of communism around the world, and its policies and interventions helped shape the geopolitical landscape of the era. The US was also a major player in the creation of international institutions such as the United Nations, NATO, and the World Bank, which further solidified its position as a global leader.\n\nIn the post-Cold War era, the United States continued to exert significant influence on the global political order, promoting democracy and human rights, and leading the fight against international terrorism.","21e48763-4f5e-42c4-b8f7-8c512aee61cc",[2161,2168],{"id":2162,"data":2163,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"6bc03c78-5906-4aa0-a1d6-2969bd399e1d",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":2164,"clozeWords":2166},[2165],"The United States played a leading role in containing communism during the Cold War and promoting democracy in the post-Cold War era.",[2167],"communism",{"id":2169,"data":2170,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"b37ba3e2-6404-4cdc-bd9d-f4c28a7b141a",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":2171,"clozeWords":2173},[2172],"Since World War II, the United States has been considered a “global hegemon”: a country or state that has the ability to exert significant influence and control over the international system",[2174],"hegemon",{"id":2176,"data":2177,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2180},"dd5c66fb-615f-4e8e-948f-6d0f2a948f93",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2178,"audioMediaId":2179},"Historically, the United States has played an important role in multilateral organizations such as the G7, an important forum for the world's largest advanced economies (including the US, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the UK) to discuss pressing global issues.\n\n![Graph](image://80292d3d-c881-478c-9f71-6b7907354fb2 \"A multilateral gathering between states. Image: Hongao Xu, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nOne of the key areas of focus for the G7 in recent years has been global health, particularly in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. The G7 has played an important role in coordinating global efforts to address the pandemic, including vaccine distribution, funding for research and development, and economic recovery efforts, in which the US has been actively involved.\n\nIn addition to the G7, the US plays a key role in other multilateral organizations focused on trade, development, and security, including the WTO (World Trade Organization), and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). As a member of these organizations, the US plays a crucial role in shaping global economic policies and promoting international cooperation.","f064768d-0eed-4c74-aff4-7a4f0af76ffe",[2181],{"id":2182,"data":2183,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"36697857-7709-4b04-89ce-63e030723f9c",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":2184,"clozeWords":2186},[2185],"The G7 is a forum for the world's largest advanced economies to discuss pressing global issues, with the US playing an important role in organizations like the WTO and IMF.",[2187],"G7",{"id":2189,"data":2190,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2193},"8c988ce8-651c-4c09-b321-9de591dce5a1",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2191,"audioMediaId":2192},"Climate change is increasingly seen as a major national security threat, as it poses risks to human health, food and water security, and economic stability. The country has seen an increase in extreme weather events, such as heat waves and hurricanes, which have caused billions of dollars in damage and loss of life.\n\nInternational governance responses have included the Paris Agreement, signed by nearly every country in the world in 2015. The agreement aims to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, with a goal of limiting warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius. As a major contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, the US played a key role in negotiating the agreement under the Obama administration.\n\n![Graph](image://059ef291-f3f4-4900-91b6-5019de88be39 \"A depiction of renewable energy, one of the key issues surrounding the Paris Agreement\")\n\nIn 2017, the Trump administration announced its intention to withdraw from the agreement, citing concerns about the impact on the US economy. President Biden has since reversed this decision and rejoined the Paris Agreement, signaling a renewed commitment to addressing the global challenge of climate change.","f562708d-980c-41fd-9801-a0022bc82207",[2194],{"id":2195,"data":2196,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"cae7e0b1-259c-404a-bcde-564d4d59fb80",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2197,"multiChoiceCorrect":2199,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2201,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2198],"What international governance response was signed by nearly every country in 2015?",[2200],"Paris Agreement",[2202,2203,2204],"Kyoto Protocol","Copenhagen Accord","Marrakech Accords",{"id":2206,"data":2207,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2210},"598e0da2-7160-41f7-af7e-47332382bc52",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2208,"audioMediaId":2209},"The state of US relations with its Central American neighbors has been complex and often fraught with tension. The United States shares a border of nearly 2,000 miles with Mexico, which is the primary point of entry for many immigrants to the US. According to recent estimates from Pew Research Center, there are approximately 10 million unauthorized immigrants living in the United States today - representing 3% of the population - though this is largely due to visa overstays rather than illegal crossings.\n\nNevertheless, the Trump administration’s aggressive deportation measures were highly popular with his base, and included a controversial policy that separated families at the border and pursued aggressive deportation measures.\n\nUnder the Biden administration, the administration has pledged to work with Central American countries to address the root causes of migration, including poverty, violence, and political instability and has committed to increasing aid to the region to support economic development.","1406d3d2-7286-4eeb-be3f-d372694651be",[2211,2220],{"id":2212,"data":2213,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"0cf1ca8d-7578-4fa3-8ea7-29a4f4181e7b",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2214,"binaryCorrect":2216,"binaryIncorrect":2218},[2215],"What is the primary point of entry for unauthorized immigrants to the US?",[2217],"Mexico",[2219],"Canada",{"id":2221,"data":2222,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"7e685621-e5cc-4f13-b89c-c2a79be43e99",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2223,"binaryCorrect":2225,"binaryIncorrect":2227},[2224],"What percentage of the US population do unauthorized immigrants represent?",[2226],"3%",[2228],"1%",{"id":2230,"data":2231,"type":25,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":2233,"introPage":2241,"pages":2247},"64083fc6-cd28-4cec-810a-7fdcc30a1452",{"type":25,"title":2232},"Challenges to National Security and Hegemony",{"id":2234,"data":2235,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"447a9f18-ccf1-451d-9b3c-4925f9dd26e9",{"type":35,"summary":2236},[2237,2238,2239,2240],"The US is a key player in NATO and global security","US interventions in Iraq and Afghanistan highlighted limits of its power","China and Russia challenge US dominance in global regions","Domestic disillusionment affects US foreign policy and global leadership",{"id":2242,"data":2243,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"4e21f901-f618-40f2-b3a6-80511208b3e7",{"type":53,"intro":2244},[2245,2246],"What was the main goal of the US military intervention in Afghanistan?","How has China's Belt and Road Initiative challenged US global influence?",[2248,2267,2280,2297],{"id":2249,"data":2250,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":2253},"1f34d560-00f1-441b-8b0e-f013710448a6",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2251,"audioMediaId":2252},"The US is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and plays a key role in maintaining peace and security worldwide. It also maintains one of the largest militaries in the world with over 1.3 million active personnel, as well as nuclear weapons capabilities.\n\nWhile NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) was originally founded in 1949 as a collective defense pact against the Soviet Union and its allies during the Cold War, it continues to serve as a crucial alliance for the US and its European partners in promoting security and stability in the region.\n\n ![Graph](image://1680cad7-fbc0-4ebd-90eb-d47a09ecdc54 \"A map of NATO member states. Image: Will Be Continued, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe organization has expanded its role beyond collective defense and has been involved in numerous peacekeeping and humanitarian missions worldwide, including in Afghanistan and Kosovo. The US is a leading member of NATO, contributing a significant portion of the organization's budget and providing military resources and personnel.\n","3e2d0254-bc7f-425b-8cdd-46ce14ef7d3e",[2254,2261],{"id":2255,"data":2256,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"95bfb790-0bd4-415a-90f2-9b947261b646",{"type":67,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":2257,"activeRecallAnswers":2259},[2258],"What was the original purpose of NATO?",[2260],"A collective defense pact against the Soviet Union",{"id":2262,"data":2263,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"41af366a-87f3-4db5-8b8c-b341957e3b4d",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":2264,"clozeWords":2266},[2265],"The US is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and a leading member of NATO, promoting security and stability.",[722],{"id":2268,"data":2269,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":2272},"62e5c423-a69d-4ec5-807e-a06c5872c6ec",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2270,"audioMediaId":2271},"Despite its military and political might, the United States military interventions in Iraq and Afghanistan brought to the forefront the limits of its power and sparked debates about its role in the world.\n\nThese interventions came in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks, and were aimed at removing regimes that were accused of supporting terrorism and weapons of mass destruction.\n\nThe war in Iraq lasted from 2003 to 2011 and resulted in the overthrow of the regime led by Saddam Hussein. It also led to the deaths of an estimated 460,000 Iraqis (including civilians) and over 4,000 US troops, and has also been credited with creating a power vacuum that allowed for the rise of terrorist groups such as ISIS.\n\nTroops from the war in Afghanistan, which began in 2001 in order to remove the Taliban regime, retreated after more than 20 years, after which the Taliban soon regained control of the region.\n\nThe wars have led to both domestic criticism and damage to the US's reputation globally, due to allegations of human rights violations, including torture of prisoners.\n","f3f3c1fb-2e9e-4299-abd4-d884ae1a2673",[2273],{"id":2274,"data":2275,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"e2347793-e4a3-4e7e-86ec-51c56510969f",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":2276,"clozeWords":2278},[2277],"The war between the US and Iraq lasted from 2003 to 2011 and resulted in the overthrow of the regime led by Saddam Hussein.",[2007,2279],"Saddam Hussein",{"id":2281,"data":2282,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":2285},"854319bc-970f-4a9f-9500-b2cfb5906f19",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2283,"audioMediaId":2284},"The US is facing challenges to its global hegemony from a number of sources. Rising powers such as China and Russia are challenging US dominance in various regions of the world.\n\nWith a population of over 1.4 billion people and a rapidly growing economy, China has become a major player in international trade, finance, and diplomacy. China's Belt and Road Initiative, which seeks to build infrastructure and promote economic development in countries throughout Asia, Africa, and Europe, has been described as an attempt to expand Chinese influence and promote its own model of governance.\n\nThe US has responded to China's rise by increasing its military presence in the Pacific region, building closer relationships with allies such as Japan and South Korea, and taking steps to address China's trade practices. The US-China relationship is a complex and often contentious one, with both countries seeking to assert their influence and protect their interests in an increasingly interconnected and interdependent world.\n\n ![Graph](image://52f50bd1-96c7-4a3a-af72-5122e5182771 \"A photo of Philippines' President Duterte, who openly denounced American global influence during his term\")\n","99d6c8d2-903b-4af7-bdc0-76df085936c5",[2286],{"id":2287,"data":2288,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"4b2ebdae-ce9b-4572-9b0f-6177bd306937",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2289,"multiChoiceCorrect":2291,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2293,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2290],"What initiative by China seeks to build infrastructure and promote economic development in countries throughout Asia, Africa, and Europe?",[2292],"Belt and Road Initiative",[2294,2295,2296],"Education Highway","Global Energy Fund","Global Health and Sanitation Initiative",{"id":2298,"data":2299,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":2302},"741d7d71-5dac-45f2-bc3c-988ee59d2716",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2300,"audioMediaId":2301},"The growing sense of disillusionment among the American people regarding the effectiveness of their government's foreign policies has significantly affected its domestic political landscape.\n\nThe costly military interventions in the middle east have not achieved the desired outcomes, leading to frustration and resentment among the public.\n\nThis issue has been taken up by populist and nationalist movements within the US, which often advocate for a more inward-looking isolationist foreign policy and criticize globalist institutions such as the United Nations and international trade agreements.\n\nPresident Trump was known for his criticism of NATO during his presidency, calling it \"obsolete\" and accusing other member countries of not paying their fair share towards the organization's budget. He also threatened to withdraw the US from NATO, raising concerns among US allies and foreign policy experts about the potential consequences for transatlantic security and the stability of the global order.\n\nThese talking points have sown doubt amongst American allies and partners as to its commitment to global leadership and its adherence to international norms and values.\n","92c2e2e5-71a6-4ce3-a5a9-5e5be3522f9b",[2303],{"id":2304,"data":2305,"type":67,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"84d84251-80ff-4558-b90d-e3689d9eb80e",{"type":67,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2306,"multiChoiceCorrect":2308,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2310,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2307],"What global organisation did President Trump threaten to withdraw from during his presidency?",[2309],"NATO",[2311,2312,2313],"International Monetary Fund (IMF)"," United Nations","The World Bank",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":2315,"height":2315,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":2316},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":2315,"height":2315,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":2318},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M12.586 2.586A2 2 0 0 0 11.172 2H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v7.172a2 2 0 0 0 .586 1.414l8.704 8.704a2.426 2.426 0 0 0 3.42 0l6.58-6.58a2.426 2.426 0 0 0 0-3.42z\"/>\u003Ccircle cx=\"7.5\" cy=\"7.5\" r=\".5\" fill=\"currentColor\"/>\u003C/g>",1778179473613]