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liberties, and decriminalized homosexuality.","The Janissary Corps disbandment left the Ottomans vulnerable to Russian expansion.","The Crimean War was a pyrrhic victory that drained the Ottoman Empire's resources.",1,{"id":37,"data":38,"type":39,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":35},"ce619212-bb3a-4577-b9b9-fbd9db209fae",{"type":39,"intro":40},10,[41,42],"What was the Tanzimat?","Why did the Ottomans declare war on Russia in 1854?",[44,64,91],{"id":45,"data":46,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":49},"749d56d5-81ce-4894-ba90-580d94528bdb",{"type":35,"markdownContent":47,"audioMediaId":48},"The Ottoman Empire, after witnessing successful independence movements in Serbia and Greece, was faced with a dilemma. The rise of new nationalistic identities threatened the empire's stability.\n\nThe court was divided between two options: reforming the state’s structures to appease those calling for modernism or reforming the army to suppress any rebellion attempts.","4d7710bb-5408-4738-ac88-cf6d7112fc1c",[50],{"id":51,"data":52,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},"e31b4b29-f075-4ffd-9e18-b2dbd61b2267",{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":35,"multiChoiceQuestion":54,"multiChoiceCorrect":56,"multiChoiceIncorrect":59,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":63,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},11,[55],"The independence movements of which two countries forced the Ottomans to consider reform?",[57,58],"Serbia","Greece",[60,61,62],"Saudi Arabia","Italy","Israel",true,{"id":65,"data":66,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":69},"4e74f6d6-d242-4da2-bc98-93a4f6c3a375",{"type":35,"markdownContent":67,"audioMediaId":68},"In the end, the Ottomans chose to do both. Through a process called the Tanzimat, which occurred between 1839 and 1876, the Ottomans secularized law, improved civil liberties, and decriminalized homosexuality.\n\nThey experimented with semi-democratic bodies and established state education. The army's recruitment and organization mechanism was also changed to standardized conscription from devshirme in 1856.","9fc5f82d-0d15-406c-8b45-8c23f6c6ff8b",[70,79],{"id":71,"data":72,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},"0826664f-1f09-41c1-9188-ea3c55e11adf",{"type":53,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":35,"binaryQuestion":73,"binaryCorrect":75,"binaryIncorrect":77},[74],"What was abolished as part of the Tanzimat?",[76],"Devshirme conscription",[78],"The Janissary corps",{"id":80,"data":81,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},"301a75d7-59dd-4a68-9de3-70e2dc2842a0",{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":35,"multiChoiceQuestion":82,"multiChoiceCorrect":84,"multiChoiceIncorrect":87,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":63,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[83],"During the Tanzimat, which occurred between 1839 and 1876, the Ottomans undertook which actions?",[85,86],"Secularizing law","Decriminalizing homosexuality",[88,89,90],"Establishing democracy","Writing a constitution","Enshrining a Bill of Rights",{"id":92,"data":93,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":96},"82da17a5-499d-4dba-9651-a746628b13e1",{"type":35,"markdownContent":94,"audioMediaId":95},"Although the disbandment of the Janissary Corps provided benefits to the Ottoman State by separating military influences from political and economic decision-making processes, it left the Ottomans without a full-time standing army in the short term. This vulnerability was exploited by Russia, who were looking to expand.\n\nThe situation escalated in 1854 when a dispute over the rights of Catholics and Eastern Orthodox Christians led to Ottomans declaring war on Russia. Britain and France, determined to restrict Russian power and expansion in the region, came to the defense of the Ottomans, causing the Crimean War.\n\n![Graph](image://f99749a8-b666-442f-ba09-885a50f92359 \"\\\"The valley of the shadow of death\\\" Crimean War photograph. Image: Roger Fenton, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nAlthough the Ottomans won the war, it was a pyrrhic victory. The war significantly contributed to the exhaustion of the Ottoman state and led to a loss of desire for Ottoman rule, given the heavy conscription costs. This marked a significant point in the Ottoman Empire's struggle for stability.","7188f8dd-8e06-41f8-a0a6-d4172e1e85c9",[97,117],{"id":98,"data":99,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},"c0f0b66d-dce7-4802-a05d-45090f06bce3",{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":35,"collapsingSiblings":100,"multiChoiceQuestion":104,"multiChoiceCorrect":106,"multiChoiceIncorrect":108,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":35,"orderQuestion":112,"orderItems":114},[101,102,103],"48dcc864-9ca4-4dec-8b79-0a831543b16d","654cee42-7cb6-4544-9b7a-6bab65310415","4d616087-fd4d-4680-ba51-5a9e1d3ada9a",[105],"When did the Crimean War begin?",[107],"1854",[109,110,111],"1878","1919","1923",[113],"Put the following in order:",[115],{"label":116,"reveal":107,"sortOrder":4},"Beginning of Crimean War",{"id":118,"data":119,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},"a62065d8-4653-4030-8549-53438e7c20ff",{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":35,"multiChoiceQuestion":120,"multiChoiceCorrect":122,"multiChoiceIncorrect":125,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":63,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[121],"Which two powers supported the Ottomans during the Crimean War?",[123,124],"Britain","France",[126,127,128],"Austro-Hungary","Venice","Russia",{"id":130,"data":131,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":133,"introPage":141,"pages":147},"38f5aefa-aff6-4c4f-b11e-e2af14ba03fc",{"type":25,"title":132},"The Ottoman Empire's Economic Transformation",{"id":134,"data":135,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":35},"c3536812-0d81-47c3-8254-1c4b524cf5a2",{"type":19,"summary":136},[137,138,139,140],"The Crimean War forced the Ottomans to overhaul their economy.","The Ottomans printed their first banknotes and opened post offices.","The Ottoman Bank and Stock Exchange were founded in 1856 and 1866.","The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 led to the independence of Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania.",{"id":142,"data":143,"type":39,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":35},"21744ea8-9e43-4b9f-ac7e-cadc6eb94ea6",{"type":39,"intro":144},[145,146],"What financial measures did the Ottomans take during the Tanzimat reforms?","How did the Crimean War loans impact the Ottoman Empire's economic system?",[148,166,181],{"id":149,"data":150,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":153},"6b66a9ef-6f49-4769-975c-b8034a688ee9",{"type":35,"markdownContent":151,"audioMediaId":152},"One key impact of the Crimean war was on the economic situation of the Ottoman Empire. Because of the high costs of fighting a war that saw nearly three years of intense fighting, the Ottomans had to find a way to restructure their economic status to finance their expenditure.\n\nAs a result, as part of the Tanzimat, the state also enacted banking reforms, the first printing of banknotes, the opening of post offices, and rapid factory industrialization, attempting to stabilize the state’s financial situation. This coincided with the establishment of the Ottoman Bank and the Ottoman Stock Exchange in 1856 and 1866, respectively.\n\n![Graph](image://31a5416a-f3f7-407f-afec-3a0f41e8fdee \"Ottoman paper bank note. Image: Ottoman Mint, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")","22057578-07e3-47cc-9fd1-cd24dbe58793",[154],{"id":155,"data":156,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},"ed8674af-0310-4ef0-9205-c69b1a10f2d8",{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":35,"multiChoiceQuestion":157,"multiChoiceCorrect":159,"multiChoiceIncorrect":162,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":63,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[158],"Which of these were economic reforms as part of the Tanzimat?",[160,161],"Printing of bank notes","Opening of post offices",[163,164,165],"Establishment of gold standard","Acts against inflation","Lowering of interest rates",{"id":167,"data":168,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":171},"49e91d72-f8f0-4132-a9a1-632ddd822e1d",{"type":35,"markdownContent":169,"audioMediaId":170},"Moreover, the Ottomans were forced to take out £5 million worth of loans from other states. This led to the Ottoman Empire further representing a standard European state rather than having its own unique Islamic system.\n\nDespite attempts to appease breakaway groups through concessions made during the Tanzimat reforms, the Ottomans were largely unable to stop increased calls for independence. In 1875, uprisings in Herzegovina and Bulgaria led to strong suppression from the Ottomans, drawing international outrage.\n\n![Graph](image://002c040c-5256-4f39-a206-63d4bf8d1c17 \"An AI imagining of the Russo-Turkish War\")","60c5a9bf-c374-4fbb-b60f-07f31cb6a1c2",[172],{"id":173,"data":174,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},"0712e957-a823-4d76-8d0c-dc3c7e3964ef",{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":35,"multiChoiceQuestion":175,"multiChoiceCorrect":177,"multiChoiceIncorrect":179,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[176],"What was the effect of the Ottomans taking out loans to fund the Crimean War?",[178],"It meant they were no longer following the Islamic system",[180],"It left them with an insurmountable deficit",{"id":182,"data":183,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":186},"2163b422-36c6-405b-99eb-288db2e976bd",{"type":35,"markdownContent":184,"audioMediaId":185},"After the Crimean War, the Russian Tsars wanted revenge for their loss as well as the recovery of lands confiscated from them by the Ottomans. After the international reaction to the Bulgarian uprisings, many in Russia also felt that this time, other European powers wouldn’t come to the aid of the flailing Ottomans. As a result, when Romania declared its independence in 1877, it was a perfect moment for Russia to come to the aid of a breakaway state, provoking Ottoman wrath.\n\nThis led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877 to 1878, which led to a resounding Russian victory and the formal acceptance of the independence of Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania, further weakening the Ottoman.","2aea188c-cf81-4cc9-9242-096a5074d499",[187],{"id":188,"data":189,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},"cb26a38c-1558-4bd7-a461-2cd2b47232d7",{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":35,"multiChoiceQuestion":190,"multiChoiceCorrect":192,"multiChoiceIncorrect":194,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[191],"Which war was triggered by Romania declaring its independence in 1877?",[193],"The Russo-Turkish War",[195,196,197],"The Ottoman-Venetian War","The Long War","The Crimean War",{"id":199,"data":200,"type":25,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":202,"introPage":210,"pages":216},"de2ec25e-9d60-4bb9-8eac-e4f954a7fd32",{"type":25,"title":201},"The Ottoman Empire's Territorial Losses",{"id":203,"data":204,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":35},"8cba1039-829a-4df6-b7c0-ed002eff8f63",{"type":19,"summary":205},[206,207,208,209],"The Ottomans ceded Cyprus to Britain in exchange for help at the Congress of Berlin.","The Congress of Berlin left Romania and Bulgaria independent, but shrank Bulgaria and Greece.","The First Balkan War in 1912 led to the Ottomans losing all their Albanian and Macedonian territories.","By the early 20th century, the Ottoman Empire was known as 'the sick man of Europe' due to its territorial losses.",{"id":211,"data":212,"type":39,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":35},"6dee20ca-4332-4a52-97a9-358afa8bef2e",{"type":39,"intro":213},[214,215],"Why did the Ottomans cede Cyprus to the British?","What territories did the Ottomans lose after the First Balkan War?",[217,243,256],{"id":218,"data":219,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":222},"2f912a8e-4c72-42cd-ac27-a75888408259",{"type":35,"markdownContent":220,"audioMediaId":221},"Even though the Ottomans agreed to the treaty of San Stefano, which benefited Russia greatly, they still sought to improve its terms. Capitalizing on the Ottoman desperation for an improvement, Britain’s Benjamin Disraeli offered to help the Ottomans negotiate – for a price. In exchange for British help at the Congress of Berlin in 1878, the Ottomans were expected to cede Cyprus to the British.\n\n![Graph](image://fc110bf3-a767-4ac9-b541-fe9231ecf303 \"Benjamin Disraeli, British Prime Minister. Image: Political Graveyard from Ann Arbor, MI, CC BY 2.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nUltimately, the outcome of the congress was a success for the Ottomans. Although Romania and Bulgaria were left independent, Bulgaria and Greece became much smaller nations. Moreover, it was decided that Montenegro would remain Ottoman, provided the Sultan agreed to reform local governance.","f99f6260-0944-4cce-b661-4ff5e84ae568",[223,234],{"id":101,"data":224,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":35,"collapsingSiblings":225,"multiChoiceQuestion":226,"multiChoiceCorrect":228,"multiChoiceIncorrect":229,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":35,"orderQuestion":230,"orderItems":231},[98,102,103],[227],"When did the Congress of Berlin take place?",[109],[107,110,111],[113],[232],{"label":233,"reveal":109,"sortOrder":35},"Congress of Berlin",{"id":235,"data":236,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},"f0a016d1-621d-4e88-be62-6a438dd659c3",{"type":53,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":35,"binaryQuestion":237,"binaryCorrect":239,"binaryIncorrect":241},[238],"In which treaty did the Ottomans lose significant territory by formally accepting the independence of Serbia, Montenegro and Romania?",[240],"Treaty of San Stefano",[242],"Treaty of Zsitvatorok",{"id":244,"data":245,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":248},"34725c4d-6d50-46c9-8021-3c06d190b573",{"type":35,"markdownContent":246,"audioMediaId":247},"Nonetheless, even though the Congress of Berlin was seen as a success for the Ottomans, the loss of Cyprus reconfirmed their position as a state in decline.\n\nJust before the First World War, there was another lesser-known European war. In October 1912, the Balkan states of Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia, and Montenegro attempted to take even more Ottoman land in Central Europe. Although the Ottomans had a large productive population, most were Christians, who were seen to be untrustworthy regarding conscription. As a result, the Ottomans had a relatively small army to draw upon.\n\n![Graph](image://0fe3fccf-5135-4e4f-93c9-53a606565715 \"Photographs from the first Balkan War. Image: Avidius, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")","a8f43b0a-a45d-4441-b8c6-8c3a24c97127",[249],{"id":250,"data":251,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},"7e850285-9551-4203-996d-18bbd88247a5",{"type":53,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":35,"activeRecallQuestion":252,"activeRecallAnswers":254},[253],"Which conflict, in October 1912, saw the Ottomans lose to an alliance of Balkan states including Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia and Montenegro, underlining the Ottoman decline?",[255],"First Balkan War",{"id":257,"data":258,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19},"c580469d-c110-4992-89dd-a671dd39bfc2",{"type":35,"markdownContent":259,"audioMediaId":260},"As a result, the First Balkan War turned out to be a resounding defeat for the Ottomans and led to them losing all of their Albanian and Macedonian territories.\n\n![Graph](image://885d00d1-aa9f-446b-8767-dc55bdffe8e6 \"Bulgarian troops overrun Ottoman positions. Image: Public domain via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe effect of this is that it essentially extinguished the Ottoman flame, losing nearly all of its territory in Europe. It was so clear that the Ottoman state was in decline by this point that it was labeled as 'the sick man of Europe.'","ba1b3111-ba4c-4b27-916c-3dd4c32e698c",{"id":262,"data":263,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":265,"introPage":273,"pages":279},"a1d914b8-bc18-4904-89cc-6dedd2ba19fa",{"type":25,"title":264},"The Ottoman Empire's Final Years",{"id":266,"data":267,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":35},"607980d7-d41b-4959-acd4-1b5a7b09e016",{"type":19,"summary":268},[269,270,271,272],"The Ottoman Empire secretly sided with Germany in WWI","The Treaty of Sevres shrank the Ottoman Empire to just Turkish lands","Mustafa Kemal Ataturk led the Turkish War of Independence against the Treaty of Sevres","The Treaty of Lausanne ended the Ottoman Empire and created modern Turkey",{"id":274,"data":275,"type":39,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":35},"300f1054-f4cd-4ccb-aa03-4db91bfbb72d",{"type":39,"intro":276},[277,278],"Why did the Ottoman Empire side with Germany in WWI?","What was the impact of the Treaty of Sevres on the Ottoman Empire?",[280,295,343],{"id":281,"data":282,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":285},"8d2e350b-0645-4592-b73d-f6f39be66241",{"type":35,"markdownContent":283,"audioMediaId":284},"During the First World War, the Ottoman Empire initially declared a neutral position so that they could negotiate with both sides to secure the best possible deal. In the end, the Ottoman Empire struck a secret deal with Germany.\n\n![Graph](image://b7b048a7-9bf8-42b8-973a-b4e3ee60f2cb \"Photographs from the First World War. User:Hohum, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nOttoman forces were viewed as superior to the Allied forces, and they were able to emerge victorious in one of the significant campaigns of the war. However, their success was nonetheless immaterial as their allies capitulated in Europe, leading them to be treated as a defeated power, securing another unfavorable settlement and further pushing them into decline.","224f1dda-b5b1-41e1-a9e8-35f6020601e1",[286],{"id":287,"data":288,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},"347f95e4-e8a5-49c5-8a8a-7a59f3a1bd1d",{"type":53,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":35,"binaryQuestion":289,"binaryCorrect":291,"binaryIncorrect":293},[290],"Who did the Ottomans secretly ally themselves with in the First World War?",[292],"Germany",[294],"The Allies",{"id":296,"data":297,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":300},"61c3477b-d5cb-4e9f-8855-178bb863637a",{"type":35,"markdownContent":298,"audioMediaId":299},"The Treaty of Sevres, signed in 1920, removed all territories from the Ottoman Empire not inhabited by Turkish peoples, reducing the Empire to a fraction of its former size.\n\nIn reaction to the Treaty of Sevres, one outraged Turkish Ottoman, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, revoked the citizenship of the signatories of the treaty, sparking the Turkish War of Independence. This movement sought to create a new Turkish state separate from the Ottoman Empire and remove British troops from their presence in Constantinople.\n\n![Graph](image://47ceaedf-4511-4e91-9df5-bae39177c0a8 \"Portrait of Mustafa Kemal. Image: See page for author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")","5a210ec1-60bc-42ef-a2c5-49a0694fc191",[301,321,332],{"id":302,"data":303,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},"1a1f3f8f-a4ac-4332-a792-753949645411",{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":35,"collapsingSiblings":304,"multiChoiceQuestion":308,"multiChoiceCorrect":310,"multiChoiceIncorrect":312,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":316,"matchPairsPairs":318},[305,306,307],"3d721215-be12-43e7-a76e-6345805d1ed8","67ba9e04-5991-4a7c-92de-1bddf5c227aa","675ab1ec-bd48-45c4-9c57-e7dc866cafb3",[309],"Which of the following most closely applies to Mustafa Kemal Ataturk?",[311],"Turkish Ottoman, father of modern Turkey",[313,314,315],"Sultan’s chief astronomer","Governor of Egypt, military leader","Last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire",[317],"Match the pairs below:",[319],{"left":320,"right":311,"direction":19},"Mustafa Kemal Ataturk",{"id":102,"data":322,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":35,"collapsingSiblings":323,"multiChoiceQuestion":324,"multiChoiceCorrect":326,"multiChoiceIncorrect":327,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":35,"orderQuestion":328,"orderItems":329},[98,101,103],[325],"When did the Turkish War of Independence begin?",[110],[107,109,111],[113],[330],{"label":331,"reveal":110,"sortOrder":25},"Beginning of Turkish War of Independence",{"id":333,"data":334,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},"8dc9bad8-13aa-4aa8-bb02-088e7169dc91",{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":35,"multiChoiceQuestion":335,"multiChoiceCorrect":337,"multiChoiceIncorrect":339,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[336],"Which post-World War One treaty, signed in 1920, dealt with the rights of the Ottoman Empire?",[338],"Treaty of Sevres",[340,341,342],"Treaty of Versailles","Treaty of Yalta","Treaty of Potsdam",{"id":344,"data":345,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":348},"4ab3b465-790d-4ba3-9ee7-212507fb4764",{"type":35,"markdownContent":346,"audioMediaId":347},"Ultimately, they were successful in their mission after an extended campaign of resistance.\n\nIn the Treaty of Lausanne, the National Assembly in Ankara was recognized as having sovereignty over Turkey by the international community, formally extinguishing the Ottoman Empire and founding a secular republic. On November 1st, 1922, the Ottoman Sultanate was abandoned, and Mehmed VI, the last Sultan, was sent into exile.\n\n![Graph](image://81776adf-bfb4-4941-afa1-a91bcd758ff6 \"Mehmed VI prays before being expelled from Istanbul. Image: Gizlenentarihimiz.blogspot.com, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nA direct line of Sultans that had lasted over 600 years, and at one point covered the entire Middle East, and a large chunk of Europe, finally came to an end.","73636e97-baa8-4e8d-9386-1312c45c09ac",[349,360,371],{"id":307,"data":350,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":35,"collapsingSiblings":351,"multiChoiceQuestion":352,"multiChoiceCorrect":354,"multiChoiceIncorrect":355,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":356,"matchPairsPairs":357},[305,306,302],[353],"Which of the following most closely applies to Mehmed VI?",[315],[313,314,311],[317],[358],{"left":359,"right":315,"direction":19},"Mehmed VI",{"id":103,"data":361,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":35,"collapsingSiblings":362,"multiChoiceQuestion":363,"multiChoiceCorrect":365,"multiChoiceIncorrect":366,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":35,"orderQuestion":367,"orderItems":368},[98,101,102],[364],"In what year was the Treaty of Lausanne signed?",[111],[107,109,110],[113],[369],{"label":370,"reveal":111,"sortOrder":19},"Treaty of Lausanne",{"id":372,"data":373,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},"0bde1090-f17d-49dc-8fba-1923d2f0a7ed",{"type":53,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":35,"activeRecallQuestion":374,"activeRecallAnswers":376},[375],"Which treaty recognised the new Turkish Government, ending over six hundred years of Ottoman rule in Turkey?",[370],[378,451,520,597],{"id":23,"data":24,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":27,"introPage":36,"pages":379},[380,402,419],{"id":45,"data":46,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":49,"parsed":381},{"data":382,"body":385,"toc":400},{"title":383,"description":384},"","The Ottoman Empire, after witnessing successful independence movements in Serbia and Greece, was faced with a dilemma. The rise of new nationalistic identities threatened the empire's stability.",{"type":386,"children":387},"root",[388,395],{"type":389,"tag":390,"props":391,"children":392},"element","p",{},[393],{"type":394,"value":384},"text",{"type":389,"tag":390,"props":396,"children":397},{},[398],{"type":394,"value":399},"The court was divided between two options: reforming the state’s structures to appease those calling for modernism or reforming the army to suppress any rebellion attempts.",{"title":383,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":401},[],{"id":65,"data":66,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":69,"parsed":403},{"data":404,"body":406,"toc":417},{"title":383,"description":405},"In the end, the Ottomans chose to do both. Through a process called the Tanzimat, which occurred between 1839 and 1876, the Ottomans secularized law, improved civil liberties, and decriminalized homosexuality.",{"type":386,"children":407},[408,412],{"type":389,"tag":390,"props":409,"children":410},{},[411],{"type":394,"value":405},{"type":389,"tag":390,"props":413,"children":414},{},[415],{"type":394,"value":416},"They experimented with semi-democratic bodies and established state education. The army's recruitment and organization mechanism was also changed to standardized conscription from devshirme in 1856.",{"title":383,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":418},[],{"id":92,"data":93,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":96,"parsed":420},{"data":421,"body":423,"toc":449},{"title":383,"description":422},"Although the disbandment of the Janissary Corps provided benefits to the Ottoman State by separating military influences from political and economic decision-making processes, it left the Ottomans without a full-time standing army in the short term. This vulnerability was exploited by Russia, who were looking to expand.",{"type":386,"children":424},[425,429,434,444],{"type":389,"tag":390,"props":426,"children":427},{},[428],{"type":394,"value":422},{"type":389,"tag":390,"props":430,"children":431},{},[432],{"type":394,"value":433},"The situation escalated in 1854 when a dispute over the rights of Catholics and Eastern Orthodox Christians led to Ottomans declaring war on Russia. Britain and France, determined to restrict Russian power and expansion in the region, came to the defense of the Ottomans, causing the Crimean War.",{"type":389,"tag":390,"props":435,"children":436},{},[437],{"type":389,"tag":438,"props":439,"children":443},"img",{"alt":440,"src":441,"title":442},"Graph","image://f99749a8-b666-442f-ba09-885a50f92359","\"The valley of the shadow of death\" Crimean War photograph. Image: Roger Fenton, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":389,"tag":390,"props":445,"children":446},{},[447],{"type":394,"value":448},"Although the Ottomans won the war, it was a pyrrhic victory. The war significantly contributed to the exhaustion of the Ottoman state and led to a loss of desire for Ottoman rule, given the heavy conscription costs. This marked a significant point in the Ottoman Empire's struggle for stability.",{"title":383,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":450},[],{"id":130,"data":131,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":133,"introPage":141,"pages":452},[453,478,503],{"id":149,"data":150,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":153,"parsed":454},{"data":455,"body":457,"toc":476},{"title":383,"description":456},"One key impact of the Crimean war was on the economic situation of the Ottoman Empire. Because of the high costs of fighting a war that saw nearly three years of intense fighting, the Ottomans had to find a way to restructure their economic status to finance their expenditure.",{"type":386,"children":458},[459,463,468],{"type":389,"tag":390,"props":460,"children":461},{},[462],{"type":394,"value":456},{"type":389,"tag":390,"props":464,"children":465},{},[466],{"type":394,"value":467},"As a result, as part of the Tanzimat, the state also enacted banking reforms, the first printing of banknotes, the opening of post offices, and rapid factory industrialization, attempting to stabilize the state’s financial situation. This coincided with the establishment of the Ottoman Bank and the Ottoman Stock Exchange in 1856 and 1866, respectively.",{"type":389,"tag":390,"props":469,"children":470},{},[471],{"type":389,"tag":438,"props":472,"children":475},{"alt":440,"src":473,"title":474},"image://31a5416a-f3f7-407f-afec-3a0f41e8fdee","Ottoman paper bank note. Image: Ottoman Mint, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"title":383,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":477},[],{"id":167,"data":168,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":171,"parsed":479},{"data":480,"body":482,"toc":501},{"title":383,"description":481},"Moreover, the Ottomans were forced to take out £5 million worth of loans from other states. This led to the Ottoman Empire further representing a standard European state rather than having its own unique Islamic system.",{"type":386,"children":483},[484,488,493],{"type":389,"tag":390,"props":485,"children":486},{},[487],{"type":394,"value":481},{"type":389,"tag":390,"props":489,"children":490},{},[491],{"type":394,"value":492},"Despite attempts to appease breakaway groups through concessions made during the Tanzimat reforms, the Ottomans were largely unable to stop increased calls for independence. In 1875, uprisings in Herzegovina and Bulgaria led to strong suppression from the Ottomans, drawing international outrage.",{"type":389,"tag":390,"props":494,"children":495},{},[496],{"type":389,"tag":438,"props":497,"children":500},{"alt":440,"src":498,"title":499},"image://002c040c-5256-4f39-a206-63d4bf8d1c17","An AI imagining of the Russo-Turkish War",[],{"title":383,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":502},[],{"id":182,"data":183,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":186,"parsed":504},{"data":505,"body":507,"toc":518},{"title":383,"description":506},"After the Crimean War, the Russian Tsars wanted revenge for their loss as well as the recovery of lands confiscated from them by the Ottomans. After the international reaction to the Bulgarian uprisings, many in Russia also felt that this time, other European powers wouldn’t come to the aid of the flailing Ottomans. As a result, when Romania declared its independence in 1877, it was a perfect moment for Russia to come to the aid of a breakaway state, provoking Ottoman wrath.",{"type":386,"children":508},[509,513],{"type":389,"tag":390,"props":510,"children":511},{},[512],{"type":394,"value":506},{"type":389,"tag":390,"props":514,"children":515},{},[516],{"type":394,"value":517},"This led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877 to 1878, which led to a resounding Russian victory and the formal acceptance of the independence of Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania, further weakening the Ottoman.",{"title":383,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":519},[],{"id":199,"data":200,"type":25,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":202,"introPage":210,"pages":521},[522,547,572],{"id":218,"data":219,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":222,"parsed":523},{"data":524,"body":526,"toc":545},{"title":383,"description":525},"Even though the Ottomans agreed to the treaty of San Stefano, which benefited Russia greatly, they still sought to improve its terms. Capitalizing on the Ottoman desperation for an improvement, Britain’s Benjamin Disraeli offered to help the Ottomans negotiate – for a price. In exchange for British help at the Congress of Berlin in 1878, the Ottomans were expected to cede Cyprus to the British.",{"type":386,"children":527},[528,532,540],{"type":389,"tag":390,"props":529,"children":530},{},[531],{"type":394,"value":525},{"type":389,"tag":390,"props":533,"children":534},{},[535],{"type":389,"tag":438,"props":536,"children":539},{"alt":440,"src":537,"title":538},"image://fc110bf3-a767-4ac9-b541-fe9231ecf303","Benjamin Disraeli, British Prime Minister. Image: Political Graveyard from Ann Arbor, MI, CC BY 2.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":389,"tag":390,"props":541,"children":542},{},[543],{"type":394,"value":544},"Ultimately, the outcome of the congress was a success for the Ottomans. Although Romania and Bulgaria were left independent, Bulgaria and Greece became much smaller nations. Moreover, it was decided that Montenegro would remain Ottoman, provided the Sultan agreed to reform local governance.",{"title":383,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":546},[],{"id":244,"data":245,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":248,"parsed":548},{"data":549,"body":551,"toc":570},{"title":383,"description":550},"Nonetheless, even though the Congress of Berlin was seen as a success for the Ottomans, the loss of Cyprus reconfirmed their position as a state in decline.",{"type":386,"children":552},[553,557,562],{"type":389,"tag":390,"props":554,"children":555},{},[556],{"type":394,"value":550},{"type":389,"tag":390,"props":558,"children":559},{},[560],{"type":394,"value":561},"Just before the First World War, there was another lesser-known European war. In October 1912, the Balkan states of Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia, and Montenegro attempted to take even more Ottoman land in Central Europe. Although the Ottomans had a large productive population, most were Christians, who were seen to be untrustworthy regarding conscription. As a result, the Ottomans had a relatively small army to draw upon.",{"type":389,"tag":390,"props":563,"children":564},{},[565],{"type":389,"tag":438,"props":566,"children":569},{"alt":440,"src":567,"title":568},"image://0fe3fccf-5135-4e4f-93c9-53a606565715","Photographs from the first Balkan War. Image: Avidius, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"title":383,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":571},[],{"id":257,"data":258,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"parsed":573},{"data":574,"body":576,"toc":595},{"title":383,"description":575},"As a result, the First Balkan War turned out to be a resounding defeat for the Ottomans and led to them losing all of their Albanian and Macedonian territories.",{"type":386,"children":577},[578,582,590],{"type":389,"tag":390,"props":579,"children":580},{},[581],{"type":394,"value":575},{"type":389,"tag":390,"props":583,"children":584},{},[585],{"type":389,"tag":438,"props":586,"children":589},{"alt":440,"src":587,"title":588},"image://885d00d1-aa9f-446b-8767-dc55bdffe8e6","Bulgarian troops overrun Ottoman positions. Image: Public domain via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":389,"tag":390,"props":591,"children":592},{},[593],{"type":394,"value":594},"The effect of this is that it essentially extinguished the Ottoman flame, losing nearly all of its territory in Europe. It was so clear that the Ottoman state was in decline by this point that it was labeled as 'the sick man of Europe.'",{"title":383,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":596},[],{"id":262,"data":263,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":265,"introPage":273,"pages":598},[599,624,649],{"id":281,"data":282,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":285,"parsed":600},{"data":601,"body":603,"toc":622},{"title":383,"description":602},"During the First World War, the Ottoman Empire initially declared a neutral position so that they could negotiate with both sides to secure the best possible deal. In the end, the Ottoman Empire struck a secret deal with Germany.",{"type":386,"children":604},[605,609,617],{"type":389,"tag":390,"props":606,"children":607},{},[608],{"type":394,"value":602},{"type":389,"tag":390,"props":610,"children":611},{},[612],{"type":389,"tag":438,"props":613,"children":616},{"alt":440,"src":614,"title":615},"image://b7b048a7-9bf8-42b8-973a-b4e3ee60f2cb","Photographs from the First World War. User:Hohum, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":389,"tag":390,"props":618,"children":619},{},[620],{"type":394,"value":621},"Ottoman forces were viewed as superior to the Allied forces, and they were able to emerge victorious in one of the significant campaigns of the war. However, their success was nonetheless immaterial as their allies capitulated in Europe, leading them to be treated as a defeated power, securing another unfavorable settlement and further pushing them into decline.",{"title":383,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":623},[],{"id":296,"data":297,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":300,"parsed":625},{"data":626,"body":628,"toc":647},{"title":383,"description":627},"The Treaty of Sevres, signed in 1920, removed all territories from the Ottoman Empire not inhabited by Turkish peoples, reducing the Empire to a fraction of its former size.",{"type":386,"children":629},[630,634,639],{"type":389,"tag":390,"props":631,"children":632},{},[633],{"type":394,"value":627},{"type":389,"tag":390,"props":635,"children":636},{},[637],{"type":394,"value":638},"In reaction to the Treaty of Sevres, one outraged Turkish Ottoman, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, revoked the citizenship of the signatories of the treaty, sparking the Turkish War of Independence. This movement sought to create a new Turkish state separate from the Ottoman Empire and remove British troops from their presence in Constantinople.",{"type":389,"tag":390,"props":640,"children":641},{},[642],{"type":389,"tag":438,"props":643,"children":646},{"alt":440,"src":644,"title":645},"image://47ceaedf-4511-4e91-9df5-bae39177c0a8","Portrait of Mustafa Kemal. Image: See page for author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"title":383,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":648},[],{"id":344,"data":345,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":348,"parsed":650},{"data":651,"body":653,"toc":677},{"title":383,"description":652},"Ultimately, they were successful in their mission after an extended campaign of resistance.",{"type":386,"children":654},[655,659,664,672],{"type":389,"tag":390,"props":656,"children":657},{},[658],{"type":394,"value":652},{"type":389,"tag":390,"props":660,"children":661},{},[662],{"type":394,"value":663},"In the Treaty of Lausanne, the National Assembly in Ankara was recognized as having sovereignty over Turkey by the international community, formally extinguishing the Ottoman Empire and founding a secular republic. On November 1st, 1922, the Ottoman Sultanate was abandoned, and Mehmed VI, the last Sultan, was sent into exile.",{"type":389,"tag":390,"props":665,"children":666},{},[667],{"type":389,"tag":438,"props":668,"children":671},{"alt":440,"src":669,"title":670},"image://81776adf-bfb4-4941-afa1-a91bcd758ff6","Mehmed VI prays before being expelled from Istanbul. Image: Gizlenentarihimiz.blogspot.com, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":389,"tag":390,"props":673,"children":674},{},[675],{"type":394,"value":676},"A direct line of Sultans that had lasted over 600 years, and at one point covered the entire Middle East, and a large chunk of Europe, finally came to an end.",{"title":383,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":678},[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":680,"height":680,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":681},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":680,"height":680,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":683},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M4 5h16M4 12h16M4 19h16\"/>",1778179266176]