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Underground religious orders? Or just a load of make-believe? Let's find out...",[37,105],{"id":38,"data":39,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":41},"4b923657-77b8-4ea0-8980-b562ed7c4208",{"type":26,"title":40},"The Influence of Secret Societies",[42,61,76],{"id":43,"data":44,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":48},"5a068fac-4582-464e-aa89-82eda36aaad8",{"type":25,"title":45,"markdownContent":46,"audioMediaId":47},"Are Secret Societies Influencing Our World?","Have you ever wondered if there was more at play in the world of politics and religion than you realized?\n\nIf you have read any of Dan Brown's popular books or even watched the movies, you may have become intrigued by the idea that the world is run by shadowy entities pulling strings and making moves to create a New World Order. \n\nThe earliest secret societies were found in the mysterious religions of ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome. Filled with secret rites and initiations, these groups secretly guarded religious truths and mystical revelations. \n\n![Graph](image://ced36b9b-4404-4fff-8fd8-4dae844fcdc3 \"The pyramids of Egypt\")\n\nBut is our modern world really controlled by a powerful few working undercover? In reality, probably not. But for hundreds of years, there have been groups of people who gathered to share ideas, wisdom, knowledge, and mystical teachings. \n\nEven if these conspiracies are completely fictional, studying them can tell us a lot about our societies’ deepest suspicions, ambitions, and fears. They’re also great fun to read about!\n\n","aa4aec3c-de1a-4cb2-bfa7-08a8cfea7abb",[49],{"id":50,"data":51,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"9a429eb6-4018-4278-96c1-88fec2c85902",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":53,"multiChoiceCorrect":55,"multiChoiceIncorrect":57},11,[54],"Secret societies have been popularized by the works of which novelist?",[56],"Dan Brown",[58,59,60],"David Nicholls","Daniel Kahneman","David Mitchell",{"id":62,"data":63,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":66},"5605c45d-309a-4d2c-b7f9-697bfb76d665",{"type":25,"title":34,"markdownContent":64,"audioMediaId":65},"\n ![Graph](image://245ec155-bc84-4346-93ed-256bdb26c71b \"College sororities are some of the more popular semi-secret societies today. Image: Katherineachristopherson, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nIt is not necessarily the society that is secret but its activities, rituals, and even members. \n\nThey can include secret rites, initiations, rituals, and shared beliefs. These could be anything from secret hand grips, as seen in Freemasonry, to a search for mystical wisdom in Rosicrucianism.\n\nSecret societies are divergent groups and can be found in many spheres. From college fraternities, subversive political groups, criminal gangs, and professional Guilds, secret societies can be secular or religious. \n\nMembership can be voluntary, provided members agree to uphold the ideals of the group like friendship, benevolence, and charity in the Knights of Pythias. They may also be selective, as often seen in collegiate secret societies.\n\nSecret societies can be specific to an institution as seen with collegiate groups, while many organizations have thousands of members forming an international network.\n\nA secret society is different from a cult, which is often a fanatical group led by an enigmatic leader. Cults often have elements of apocalyptic messaging, violence, and religious fanaticism.\n","43121205-276e-4a17-8274-0204798acbe6",[67],{"id":68,"data":69,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"dab3641d-2b72-4136-b2f5-d3726242e636",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":70,"binaryCorrect":72,"binaryIncorrect":74},[71],"What term is used for a fanatical group led by an enigmatic leader, often with religious associations?",[73],"Cult",[75],"Secret society",{"id":77,"data":78,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":82},"0342c93f-9d8f-49fb-a38a-ddc7cf02bf22",{"type":25,"title":79,"markdownContent":80,"audioMediaId":81},"The Age of Fraternalism ","Fraternalism is the idea of being brotherly or having a brotherly bond. \n\n ![Graph](image://fbcd4e42-63d1-46be-ba91-7e4e1045edd1 \"George Washington in his Freemason's outfit\")\n\nDuring the 19th century, the Golden Age of Fraternalism saw a rapid increase in the number of men in America joining fraternal orders, many of them in secret. Some of the most influential men in American history, such as George Washington and Andrew Jackson, joined the Freemasons.\n\nAfter the American Civil War, groups like the Knights of Pythias, the Order of the Elks, and the Rotary Club grew in popularity.  \n\nMany of these secret societies played an important role in offering stability and comfort in a quickly industrializing society. They also gathered together men with similar interests who could share knowledge and resources. These fraternal orders were often filled with ritual and regalia, and many set up local lodges or gathering places. \n\nThe Great Depression of the 1930s saw a decline in fraternal orders, and although many still exist today, the numbers are believed to be lower.\n\n","5f9e3e4e-e5e6-4aa7-acbf-e1bda0c2aba1",[83,94],{"id":84,"data":85,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"2bd83e9d-677f-4932-b919-e239b347d0bd",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":86,"multiChoiceCorrect":88,"multiChoiceIncorrect":90},[87],"Which era saw a rapid expansion of fraternalism in America?",[89],"19th century",[91,92,93],"18th century","17th century","21st century",{"id":95,"data":96,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"7cb8e32c-5e26-4779-a5e6-1f62d7b8f6e5",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":97,"multiChoiceCorrect":99,"multiChoiceIncorrect":101},[98],"What is the term used to describe the period of time in the 19th century when fraternal orders rapidly increased in America?",[100],"The Golden Age of Fraternalism",[102,103,104],"The Fraternal Frenzy","The Frat Fervor","The Era of Fraternalism",{"id":106,"data":107,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":109},"2d3defaa-1f3a-443d-98be-b6cb4b3ebcfb",{"type":26,"title":108},"The Structure and Rituals of Secret Societies",[110,124,151,165],{"id":111,"data":112,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":116},"953bca98-dd4a-429c-9dd8-fbf9697903ae",{"type":25,"title":113,"markdownContent":114,"audioMediaId":115},"Structure of Secret Societies","Secret societies usually have a hierarchical structure with distinct role differentiation linked to degrees of spiritual or metaphysical development. \n\nThe newest initiates are allowed access to low-level knowledge, and as they progress up the ranks, more information about the society is revealed. The higher you are in the society rankings, the more aware you are of the order's goals. These levels make secret societies more complex as there are secrets within secrets. They distinguish between members of different levels and create an interesting power dynamic. \n\nOften Grand Masters or high-level members remain anonymous. The secrets of the society are not usually written down, and this encourages a master-pupil dynamic. \n\nThe unifying factor of most secret societies is the need for secrecy, and this informs how they are structured and how they share knowledge. Higher levels of secret societies may be as secret from the lower levels as the society itself is from the rest of the world.\n","70cd86d2-0faa-4d85-a2f2-abaac171c4db",[117],{"id":118,"data":119,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"834006f7-7990-4d7a-a5a2-ef69a1b306c0",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":120,"clozeWords":122},[121],"In hierarchical secret societies, Grand Masters are often anonymous.",[123],"anonymous",{"id":125,"data":126,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":130},"62ab4cde-90d9-429f-b206-b1054d0b3b85",{"type":25,"title":127,"markdownContent":128,"audioMediaId":129},"Rituals, Ceremonies, and Symbolism"," ![Graph](image://27e832f8-b051-402e-b3d3-fcfee1470304 \"The Eye of Providence\")\n\nMost people can't think of secret societies without envisioning prominent symbols, many popularized by modern books and films. \n\nOne prominent example of a symbol is The Eye of Providence, often associated with Freemasonry and the Illuminati. It can be found in churches, masonic buildings, and even the Great Seal of the United States. Although initially a Christian symbol, it has Egyptian influence; in modern times, it has a deliberate esoteric meaning. \n\nMany secret societies have symbolism and allegory for rebirth as members are initiated into a new way of life. The symbols, handshakes, and other secret rituals linked to specific orders are often recognized globally, which allows members to feel welcome no matter where they are. \n\nAlmost all secret societies have an initiation process for new members. For example, the Order of Women Freemasons has an initiation ceremony that requires initiates to bare their right arm, left breast, and knee while a noose is placed around their necks. Each item has a secret symbolic meaning but may allude to rebirth.","6b0dbe94-64be-4d0e-8f2a-9017bea5f720",[131,142],{"id":132,"data":133,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"4ecbcdec-d8d9-4977-b816-2d58e9e3dc35",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":134,"multiChoiceCorrect":136,"multiChoiceIncorrect":138},[135],"What is the name of the symbol often associated with Freemasonry and the Illuminati?",[137],"The Eye of Providence",[139,140,141],"The Eye of Horus","The Eye of Ra","The Eye of Osiris",{"id":143,"data":144,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"d92d0f49-caac-4307-a803-a0a42be78b5a",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":145,"binaryCorrect":147,"binaryIncorrect":149},[146],"What is supposedly the initiation process for the Order of Women Freemasons?",[148],"Baring the right arm, left breast, and knee while a noose is placed around their necks.",[150],"Reciting the entire code of the Freemasons by candlelight",{"id":152,"data":153,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":157},"e29d228d-9d3b-4255-83db-fd528297be0f",{"type":25,"title":154,"markdownContent":155,"audioMediaId":156},"The Function of Secret Societies"," ![Graph](image://4d71d27b-c1bb-4ee1-9f72-5cbf792c121a \"An initiation to the Ku Klux Klan\")\n\nSecret societies have various functions in different cultures. Historically, they created regional networks that provided lodging, preferential trading status, and ritual activities for members. \n\nOn other occasions, secret societies are used to advance a political or ideological agenda.\n\nSome secret societies are concerned about moral regeneration and religion, while others focus on politics and community service. \n\nIn tribal cultures, secret societies are often related to initiation rituals as children move from adolescence to adulthood. These may involve magical techniques that are about transcending the human experience. \n\nIn some cases, secret societies are about status and power, while in others, they are orders that preserve religious ideas and practices. Others, however, may be agencies for change through rebellion and reform. \n\nSome are more nefarious - using their secrecy to advance an extremist or hateful agenda.","bb42ec95-4c92-448f-ac6f-5562ab036a23",[158],{"id":159,"data":160,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"9be92040-53ac-4645-ab30-74199406889e",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":161,"activeRecallAnswers":163},[162],"Which tribe is said to have eaten human flesh in an attempt to transcend their humanness?",[164],"The Kwakiutl people",{"id":166,"data":167,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":171},"5f572018-9bd5-48b6-a909-b7e2c8c70837",{"type":25,"title":168,"markdownContent":169,"audioMediaId":170},"Why the Secrecy?","Secret societies may have been hidden to protect themselves and their members. Medieval Guilds, some secret, were a form of financial protection and employment.\n\nThe early Christians in pagan Rome or those groups considered heretics in the Middle Ages gathered secretly as a form of survival. These groups were so prevalent during the Middle Ages that the Roman Catholic Church created the Inquisition to root out secret orders.\n\nOther groups had revolutionary and subversive ideas that required secrecy from the ruling powers. Groups like the Sons of Liberty, 1765, in the American colonies, the Italian Carbonari in 19th century Europe, and the Irish Fenian in 19th century Ireland and America all used secrecy to plot and conspire. \n\nToday, many secret societies use the secrecy surrounding their rituals and members to increase desirability, prestige, and a sense of belonging.\n","c6b3766a-9896-4692-af18-e883b2ecd620",[172,183],{"id":173,"data":174,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"49124ab5-1ffa-4994-af9e-7d4669450c85",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":175,"multiChoiceCorrect":177,"multiChoiceIncorrect":179},[176],"Which group was forced to gather in secrecy for their survival in Ancient Rome?",[178],"Early Christians",[180,181,182],"Early Freemasons","Early Fraternities","The Illuminati",{"id":184,"data":185,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"824046f9-cbc8-432f-b2cb-81e4b9849086",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":186,"multiChoiceCorrect":188,"multiChoiceIncorrect":190},[187],"What did the Roman Catholic Church create to root out secret orders during the Middle Ages?",[189],"The Inquisition",[191,192,193],"The Reformation","The Crusades","The Purges",{"id":195,"data":196,"type":28,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":26,"orbs":199},"3cf6e941-5700-41e6-b954-209d8e8feb18",{"type":28,"title":197,"tagline":198},"Freemasons and the Illuminati","Freemasons have featured in movies, books, and numerous conspiracy theories. Let’s dive deeper into the ideas behind this historical order and how it inspired another secret society, the Illuminati.",[200,265,318],{"id":201,"data":202,"type":26,"version":26,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":204},"19fcbdeb-769b-4dba-8861-870cfa8a4933",{"type":26,"title":203},"The Origins and Principles of Freemasonry",[205,232,248],{"id":206,"data":207,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":26,"reviews":211},"97d39b09-b933-4970-9d5e-4a889426cd1b",{"type":25,"title":208,"markdownContent":209,"audioMediaId":210},"Who Are The Freemasons?","The Freemasons are a fraternal organization with over 300 years of history. They are one of the world's oldest social and charitable organizations, rooted in the medieval stonemason tradition.\n\n![Graph](image://59a86992-780b-4b61-afb0-225f660a4076 \"A 19th-century masonic lodge\")\n\nThey have no political or religious affiliations and encourage their members to lead moral lives and value the qualities of tolerance, charity, honor, and equality. Core to their members is a belief in a Supreme Being.\n\nSmaller units of members are called Lodges, united under one Grand Lodge. Their ceremonies are based on three core principles: to look after those less fortunate, self-improvement, and living life well so they are remembered for the right reasons.\n\nFreemasonry is a global organization with more than 6 million members worldwide. Although traditionally a society for men over 18, women's masonic orders also exist.","e30bd9d3-e3d1-4c72-9a87-5cbddd9b3f89",[212,221],{"id":213,"data":214,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"12a4ad9c-9707-4012-a3d5-4a71766d8568",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":215,"binaryCorrect":217,"binaryIncorrect":219},[216],"What is the belief shared by members of the Freemasons?",[218],"Belief in a Supreme Being",[220],"Atheism",{"id":222,"data":223,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"b38bd3b9-91ac-49f6-8290-cc355c2195a1",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":224,"multiChoiceCorrect":226,"multiChoiceIncorrect":228},[225],"How long has the Freemasons fraternal organization been in existence?",[227],"Over 300 years",[229,230,231],"Over 600 years","Over 500 years","Over 400 years",{"id":233,"data":234,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":26,"reviews":238},"90466f25-e1eb-440e-a4f5-d0dc164c13ff",{"type":25,"title":235,"markdownContent":236,"audioMediaId":237},"A Brief History of Freemasonry","The origins of Freemasonry are unclear, but most Freemason scholars agree that the organization's roots can be found in medieval stonemason guilds.\n\n![Graph](image://265b5f75-0e81-41f2-ad75-3f7a4925d18c \"Elias Ashmole, the earliest recorded Freemason\")\n\nEarly Freemasons were influenced by their legends, imagery, and customs. Medieval stonemasons traveled to find work and had to demonstrate their level of qualification, using special hand grips, words, and sounds.\n\nThe first recorded evidence of an English Freemason was Elias Ashmole in 1646, with more evidence of Freemasonry in the 1660s. In 1717, four London lodges came together and declared themselves the Grand Lodge, appointing Anthony Sayers as the first Grandmaster. This would be the first Grand Lodge in the world.\n\nThe 19th century saw the expansion of Freemason lodges in England and abroad, and by 1900 there were 2800 lodges under the jurisdiction of the United Grand Lodge of England. Hundreds of new lodges were created after the World Wars, and in 2017, Freemasonry celebrated its 300th anniversary.","19515000-3a6f-4642-9d1d-91dde7fb3acb",[239],{"id":240,"data":241,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"d610cfed-92e2-4926-ae92-738c08529633",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":242,"binaryCorrect":244,"binaryIncorrect":246},[243],"When was the first Grand Lodge of Freemasonry established?",[245],"1717",[247],"1646",{"id":249,"data":250,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":26,"reviews":254},"02f5c5c5-8e16-45ae-bfad-536626d922f8",{"type":25,"title":251,"markdownContent":252,"audioMediaId":253},"Core Principles of Freemasonry","Freemasons have four core principles that they teach their members.\n\nFirst is integrity. Freemason organizations work towards building good people. Membership provides the structure and a sense of purpose that can make members feel bonded through an understanding of unity and equality.\n\nFriendship is the second core belief. Being a Freemason forms a common foundation for friendships. Being a Freemason means different things to different people, but a core belief system allows for bonds of brotherhood and friendship.\n\nThe third principle is respect. Freemasonry brings together people of different races and religions, irrespective of their perceived differences. This principle focuses on the fact that everyone deserves respect and the three degrees of Freemasonry are open to all members.\n\nThe fourth principle is charity. Freemasons are encouraged to contribute positively to their communities and charitable causes. They do this through fundraising and volunteer work.","21f00338-caed-4d64-a043-6bbe99bdefae",[255],{"id":256,"data":257,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"fb4b635a-2b06-4d95-bd70-d7b758f5b420",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":258,"activeRecallAnswers":260},[259],"What are the four core principles taught to Freemasons?",[261,262,263,264],"Integrity","Friendship","Respect","Charity",{"id":266,"data":267,"type":26,"version":26,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":269},"5243dd1d-7fcb-4250-b1f5-5e643a261151",{"type":26,"title":268},"The Symbols and Degrees of Freemasonry",[270,286,304],{"id":271,"data":272,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":26,"reviews":276},"3e23ccd2-fffc-4012-991e-94cbae6e7256",{"type":25,"title":273,"markdownContent":274,"audioMediaId":275},"The Three Degrees of Freemasonry","Members can achieve three degrees of Freemasonry based on the three grades of medieval craft guilds. Members are taught organization secrets, hand grips, and symbols as they progress through the degrees.\n\nWhen initiates embark on the first degree, they become known as an 'Entered Apprentice.' The ceremony associated with this degree reminds members that they are all equal and should help those less fortunate than themselves. During the first degree, members learn the rituals, symbols, and beliefs of Masonry.\n\nFor the second degree, members become known as 'Fellowcraft Freemasons.' Completing this degree encourages members to better themselves through education and self-development.\n\nThe third degree teaches members how to live life wisely and be remembered for the right reasons. The third degree represents maturity, and members are shown the tools and duties needed to be called a Master Mason. This final degree can take years to complete.","383c9f5f-257a-48c0-ae01-c3fd601e6642",[277],{"id":278,"data":279,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"457ffced-4237-4487-aca1-654dac121990",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":280,"binaryCorrect":282,"binaryIncorrect":284},[281],"How many degrees of progress are there in Freemasonry?",[283],"Three",[285],"Five",{"id":287,"data":288,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":26,"reviews":292},"798cf3fa-668e-4bb8-bc62-42cf66554146",{"type":25,"title":289,"markdownContent":290,"audioMediaId":291},"Symbolism: Square and Compasses ","Freemasonry is rich with imagery, but the most iconic is the square and compasses, which are thought to have roots in medieval stonemason guilds.\n\nThe square is used to teach the lesson of morality, honesty, and fairness. For example, buildings use a square to form a 90-degree angle, ensuring a building is structurally sound and strong.\n\n![Graph](image://9e994e70-cb49-4461-9bf6-8ab74da3c6ed \"The symbol of the Freemasons. Image: Rwendland, CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe compasses symbolize self-restraint as members attempt to live a balanced life. The compass is a crucial element of architectural planning and indicates to members that they should draw a defining line around those things that would stop them from achieving their goals.\n\nThe square and compasses serve as a reminder that leading a life of integrity requires balancing your actions towards others with your own needs.\n\nThe letter 'G' can also be found in the symbol, although more commonly found in American Freemasonry. Some believe it stands for geometry and the original tools of stonemasons, while others believe it stands for God or the \"Great Architect of the Universe.\"","49452e07-a6dc-4cdd-b177-4b216bac4026",[293],{"id":294,"data":295,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"ceaf6388-c8d4-4089-9fea-0495e142edaa",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":296,"multiChoiceCorrect":298,"multiChoiceIncorrect":300},[297],"What does the letter 'G' represent in the Freemasonry symbol of the square and compasses?",[299],"Geometry or God",[301,302,303],"Greatness","Generosity","Gratitude",{"id":305,"data":306,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":26,"reviews":310},"6f650d4c-f004-4401-ab14-f50421676230",{"type":25,"title":307,"markdownContent":308,"audioMediaId":309},"Female Counterparts","Masonic lodges are known as traditional male spaces, however there are in fact two female-only Grand Lodges, the Order of Women Freemasons and HFAF Freemasonry for Women. These organizations use the same guidelines, ceremonies, and regalia as their fraternal counterpart.\n\nThe Order of Women Freemasons is the oldest and largest Masonic organization for women in England and began in 1908. To become a member, a woman should be older than 21, be of good character, and believe in a Supreme Being. This order was initially open to men and women, but by the early 1920s, there was a move to restrict admission, and by 1935 it was an exclusively female Masonic lodge.\n\nIn 1999 the United Grand Lodge Of England acknowledged the sincerity of women's Freemasonry but still does not formally recognize it, and their members may not participate. There is a cooperation between the male and female counterparts of Freemasonry in that they often share premises for lodge meetings, although not at the same time.","5cc577e2-72f1-4e59-93cd-c19b9d76a0e4",[311],{"id":312,"data":313,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"e9b96078-cd9b-4a6e-ba17-ba334a2db098",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":314,"clozeWords":316},[315],"The United Grand Lodge of England does not formally recognize women's Freemasonry.",[317],"women's",{"id":319,"data":320,"type":26,"version":26,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":322},"06213960-80ce-40bf-bd0f-51d8f4617fe1",{"type":26,"title":321},"The History and Influence of the Illuminati",[323,338,356],{"id":324,"data":325,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":26,"reviews":329},"3ad3a619-6ce8-40db-a6c6-f3eb7d178586",{"type":25,"title":326,"markdownContent":327,"audioMediaId":328},"History of the Illuminati","When talking about the Illuminati, it is usually referencing the late 18th-century Bavarian group founded by Adam Weishaupt in 1776.\n\n![Graph](image://0f77496f-0a57-4335-a681-b5f7d52d61b7 \"Adam Weishaupt , Founder of the Illuminati\")\n\nHe wanted to promote the spread of the Enlightenment and the pursuit of knowledge through reason, human happiness, and fraternity outside the reach of church and state.\n\nThis quasi-masonic society was initially called the Covenant of Perfectibility, but Adolf Franz Friederich Knigge changed the name to the Order of Illuminati in 1778. He was a German diplomat and helped spread illuminism by recruiting from Freemason lodges. The Order was closely based on the grading system of the Freemasons. Each member had a unique, classical name and used a cipher for internal correspondence.\n\nThe Bavarian ruler Karl Theodore banned all secret societies in 1784 and, in 1785, designated the Illuminati as a branch of Freemasonry, a known illegal organization. In 1786, after a raid on a senior member's home, a document containing Illuminati members' names was published, and members went into hiding.","583d96a7-8e08-476b-b7a4-f2b8bd4bf64e",[330],{"id":331,"data":332,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"c28d57c7-53d8-4721-adec-233c6c16aca4",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":333,"binaryCorrect":335,"binaryIncorrect":336},[334],"Which Bavarian offshoot of the Freemasons was founded in 1776?",[182],[337],"The Orange Order",{"id":339,"data":340,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":26,"reviews":344},"872a9161-7659-440a-a7a3-e9ba152572da",{"type":25,"title":341,"markdownContent":342,"audioMediaId":343},"Symbolism and Beliefs","The supreme goal of the Bavarian Illuminati was to live without government and religious interference. Weishaupt's vision was to create a new world order through a universal republic where everyone would live in a world of equality, social fraternity, and atheism. He believed in reason and science free of moral and religious constraints.\n\nThese were radical ideas in a time when the Roman Catholic Church controlled philosophy and science, and the order was concealed using other names and occupations.\n\nThe Owl of Minerva was a symbol associated with the Illuminati, and it stood for knowledge, wisdom, and learning. The All-Seeing Eye or Eye of Providence is commonly associated with the Illuminati, particularly in modern times. The eye enclosed in a triangle surrounded by rays of light has also been associated with Freemasonry and serves as a reminder that God always observes humanity's thoughts and deeds.","2d1bcb96-dc1c-4af7-8810-1b08acfd680f",[345],{"id":346,"data":347,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"a0fa32cd-1945-4040-9aea-33dfe7df1d35",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":348,"multiChoiceCorrect":350,"multiChoiceIncorrect":352},[349],"What symbol was associated with the Bavarian Illuminati?",[351],"The Owl of Minerva",[353,354,355],"The Holy Grail","The Rosy Cross","The Star of David",{"id":357,"data":358,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":26,"reviews":362},"9841c53a-1387-41db-911a-3b7a2eaacc82",{"type":25,"title":359,"markdownContent":360,"audioMediaId":361},"Illuminati Conspiracy Theories","The Illuminati conspiracy theories suggest they are an elitist group with media, industrial, economic, and political control trying to bring about a New World Order.\n\nThere have been conspiracy theories involving the Illuminati since their dissolution in 1786. Augustin Barruel accused them of orchestrating the French Revolution in 1789, and British politicians pushed the idea to prevent the spread of revolutionary ideas in England.\n\nJohn Robison accused them of infiltrating the Freemasons in 1797, and in 1798, George Washington wrote a letter to William Russell addressing the Illuminati threat. Links to Freemasonry caused paranoia in the United States in 1828, and the anti-masonic party formed in response.\n\nIn the 1970s, the Illuminati myth made a comeback with the popular books by Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson entitled The Illuminatus Trilogy. Today, many celebrities, including Jay-Z and Beyonce, are accused of being part of the Illuminati conspiracy. Dan Brown's popular book Angels and Demons, made into a Hollywood movie, has only added fuel to the Illuminati conspiracy theory fire.","29f6115d-34a4-4088-8530-7972ee60d388",[363],{"id":364,"data":365,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"5c1cf65a-4f4c-4c51-8349-1862618d348c",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":366,"multiChoiceCorrect":368,"multiChoiceIncorrect":370},[367],"What is the alleged goal of the Illuminati, according to conspiracy theories?",[369],"A New World Order",[371,372,373],"A global dictatorship","A religious revolution","An independent nation",{"id":375,"data":376,"type":28,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"orbs":379},"6248f8c8-599d-4ca2-be15-31dca3c4087f",{"type":28,"title":377,"tagline":378},"The Knights Templar","Warriors, bankers, religious zealots: these are all words used to describe the Knights Templar.",[380,453],{"id":381,"data":382,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":384},"24038ef6-a7eb-43d7-8e00-8b70aecbe54f",{"type":26,"title":383},"A Brief History of the Templar Knights",[385,411,436],{"id":386,"data":387,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":390},"e7577cbd-ef5d-4518-b204-1b72cdbce960",{"type":25,"title":383,"markdownContent":388,"audioMediaId":389},"\nThe Templar Knights were a Catholic medieval military order combining military skills and monastic life. \n\n ![Graph](image://590e57e0-cbd0-45ee-9de3-dd21c53c47af \"An illustration of a Templar knight\")\n\nChristian forces conquered Jerusalem in 1099, and many pilgrims made the journey to the Holy Land. Led by Hugh de Payens and Bernard of Clairvaux, nine knights living in Jerusalem took it upon themselves to protect visiting pilgrims. \n\nThe Knights Templar was established in 1119 and received papal recognition in 1129. They had headquarters in Jerusalem and Acre and defended Christian holy sites with religious zeal. They were considered a branch of the Cistercians, a Roman Catholic monastic order, which is where the white hooded mantle came from, and later added the red cross to the uniform. \n\nThe first major battle involving Templars was in 1147 against Muslims during the second crusade, 1147-1149. By the 13th century, the Knights Templar had become an international military order taking part in Crusades in Iberia and the Baltic. \n\nAlthough the organization was not secret, its activities were. The Knights became very powerful and accumulated property, lands, and wealth.\n\n","42097e9b-6722-47c6-b405-eaa5b466d668",[391,402],{"id":392,"data":393,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"1155380c-77bb-49a3-a53a-8983ec57821a",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":394,"multiChoiceCorrect":396,"multiChoiceIncorrect":398},[395],"Which of these was one of the founders of the Knights Templar?",[397],"Hugh de Payens",[399,400,401],"Richard the Lionheart","Julian of Norwich","Roger de Mortimer",{"id":403,"data":404,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"56e29562-bf4e-4006-aae6-7f912d76b828",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":405,"binaryCorrect":407,"binaryIncorrect":409},[406],"What year did the Knights Templar receive papal recognition?",[408],"1129",[410],"1099",{"id":412,"data":413,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":417},"69bedb51-a79d-4957-bd8c-a9cc48ef3b05",{"type":25,"title":414,"markdownContent":415,"audioMediaId":416},"Structure and Rules "," ![Graph](image://5f41abfd-e449-46d0-97b3-15296826c134 \"a Grandmaster from the Knights Templar\")\n\nThere were two ranks within the Knights Templar hierarchy. There were a few hundred full-brother knights but much more non-military personnel called sergeants. These were soldiers, mercenaries, squires, baggage bearers, priests, artisans, and laborers. \n\nThe order was led by a Grandmaster who was chosen from within the temple by 12 senior Templars. The Grandmaster held great power but had to answer to a group of senior brothers called The Grand Chapter. Convents were grouped into geographical locations and managed by a preceptor who reported to the local Priory and the Grandmaster. \n\nTemplar Knights followed The Rule of Life that governed daily life and included obedience to the Grandmaster, compulsory church attendance, celibacy, communal meals, and the prohibition of worldly pleasures. The Rule of the Knights Templar dictated they were never to retreat, surrender, or charge without being ordered. This made them formidable fighters.","27f5e231-0c7e-4fbd-843c-b921083e1175",[418,425],{"id":419,"data":420,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"531d1fd5-9a03-4c46-a1b3-61e1fcdad5f1",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":421,"activeRecallAnswers":423},[422],"What was the name of the governing document that dictated the daily life of the Knights Templar?",[424],"The Rule of Life",{"id":426,"data":427,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"6a557d31-823f-403d-a6b9-2e16a0c66ac0",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":428,"multiChoiceCorrect":430,"multiChoiceIncorrect":432},[429],"Which group of senior brothers governed the Knights Templar?",[431],"The Grand Chapter",[433,434,435],"The Grand Council","The Grand Chamber","The Grand Order",{"id":437,"data":438,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":441},"f46aba6e-e1e3-4f1b-8fda-556a6f4f3e27",{"type":25,"title":192,"markdownContent":439,"audioMediaId":440},"The Templar Knights and their history have been popularized by modern books and movies, very often in relation to their involvement in the Crusades. \n\nThe Crusades were religious wars that occurred from 1095 to 1291 in the Holy Land or what is now called the Middle East. They were started by Pope Urban II, whose goal was to recover Jerusalem and the surrounding areas from Islamic rule. \n\n ![Graph](image://935e90cb-7b6f-4e3d-92e5-97bdbf707661 \"Pope Urban II\")\n\nThe Templar Knights were skilled fighters renowned for their discipline during group cavalry charges. They were considered religious zealots who believed in the work of the crusades to check the spread of Islam, conquer pagan areas, and recapture formerly Christian territories.\n\nThe violent and ruthless conflict made European Christians significant players in the fight for land in the Middle East. The Templar Knights benefited financially from these wars despite their monastic vows. \n","48c83e99-1b20-4964-b730-1eb8e764ac73",[442],{"id":443,"data":444,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"d77d6fa5-fc08-4ffb-a89c-3d0e03330297",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":445,"multiChoiceCorrect":447,"multiChoiceIncorrect":449},[446],"Which Pope started the first crusade to the Middle East?",[448],"Urban II",[450,451,452],"Urban I","Leo X","Innocent III",{"id":454,"data":455,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":457},"73b8ca39-de70-42bf-8850-628c86bc62d4",{"type":26,"title":456},"Medieval Bankers and Financial Influence",[458,476,494],{"id":459,"data":460,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":464},"c280bc4f-abfd-4074-8571-88cf7ddb825a",{"type":25,"title":461,"markdownContent":462,"audioMediaId":463},"Medieval Bankers","\nThe Knights Templar were not just fearsome fighters but savvy businessmen as well. \n\nTemplar convents were considered safe places, and people often stored their money, jewels, and important documents there. \n\nPeople could also deposit money in one convent and transfer and withdraw it from another providing they had a suitable letter. You could also make regular payments to the convent, and the Templars would pay out fixed sums on behalf of the account holder. In the 13th century, even nobles and kings of France kept their treasuries with the order. \n\nTemplar Knights had amassed wealth over the years of the Crusades and they often lent money to rulers. This was an important element in the evolving financial structure of late medieval Europe. However, this efficient banking system would play a part in the eventual downfall of the Knights Templar.\n","d6e46937-79c2-4515-9a5f-00aa4e72df84",[465],{"id":466,"data":467,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"60196004-c8cd-4197-b881-636d979655b1",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":468,"multiChoiceCorrect":470,"multiChoiceIncorrect":472},[469],"What was an important element in the evolving financial structure of late medieval Europe?",[471],"Templar Knights lending money to rulers",[473,474,475],"The Teutonic Knights lending money","The Jewish bankers of Venice","Nuns operating ledgers",{"id":477,"data":478,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":482},"bd22af2c-fb2b-431c-80f2-ef4504b06497",{"type":25,"title":479,"markdownContent":480,"audioMediaId":481},"The End of the Templar Knights","![Graph](image://190277d5-a50e-48ef-866a-c39ecee4634c \"Fall of Acre in 1291\")\n\n\nThe prosperity of the Templar Knights had drawn the eye of powerful monarchs and political players. \n\nIn the late 12th century, Muslim armies retook Jerusalem, and the Fall of Acre in 1291 meant the end of the last crusader refuge in the Holy Land. In 1303 the Knights Templar moved their headquarters to Paris. With dwindling European support, many secular and religious leaders criticized the Templars for their wealth and power. \n\nKing Philip IV of France was denied additional loans from the Templar Knights, which was thought to have played a role in their demise. On October 13th, 1307, on the orders of King Philip IV, French officials arrested Templar Knights. They were charged with heresy, blasphemy, idolatry, and institutionalized sodomy. Many knights were burned at the stake and tortured until they confessed to false charges. The Pope officially dissolved the order in 1312.","20732b80-8d88-4dcd-a97e-f081450b2e56",[483],{"id":484,"data":485,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"9d0b67b9-cf40-4152-8f1a-17499e773eb2",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":486,"multiChoiceCorrect":488,"multiChoiceIncorrect":490},[487],"What event marked the end of the Templar Knights' presence in the Holy Land?",[489],"The Fall of Acre in 1291",[491,492,493],"The arrest of Templar Knights in 1307","The Pope's dissolution of the order in 1312","King Philip IV's denial of additional loans in 1303",{"id":495,"data":496,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":500},"9b431d52-ebea-429c-b969-0ea553247ded",{"type":25,"title":497,"markdownContent":498,"audioMediaId":499},"Modern Templars: The Sovereign Military Order of the Temple of Jerusalem","\nThe Sovereign Military Order of the Temple of Jerusalem is an NGO, accredited by the United Nations Economic and Social Council. \n\nThey seek to emulate the chivalric and charitable traditions of the original Templars. They consider themselves a modern Christian order of knighthood seeking God and promoting love and respect for their communities. They encourage understanding between religions and focus on helping pilgrims visit Holy places and maintaining a Christian presence in the Holy Land. They believe in standing against oppression and protecting freedom of speech. \n\nThis modern group has three guiding principles: an inter-denominational Christian membership, democratic functioning, and an international outlook. Members of the Order are expected to have prolonged involvement with local charities and support order activities within their talents and financial means. Members are expected to follow the Modern Rule of Christian Life and a Code of Chivalry based on the original Rule of Life that the Templar Knights followed. \n","232aa7dd-9ca3-4aca-88bf-6401a69ce83c",[501],{"id":502,"data":503,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"22a35076-2c11-48a0-b6af-86d41fcd02f6",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":504,"clozeWords":506},[505],"The Sovereign Military Order of the Temple of Jerusalem is a modern Christian order that follows a Code of Chivalry.",[507],"Code of Chivalry",{"id":509,"data":510,"type":28,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"orbs":513},"f9295ce8-669f-4140-88c2-3349b0d21cd2",{"type":28,"title":511,"tagline":512},"Rosicrucians","The origins of this secret society are murky, with many believing it never really existed. Let's learn more about the Rosicrucians and their esoteric wisdom.",[514,568],{"id":515,"data":516,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":518},"a451181f-b4c0-4ff7-b6fe-22655b85d342",{"type":26,"title":517},"Origins and Beliefs of Rosicrucianism",[519,537,554],{"id":520,"data":521,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":525},"20f461c8-eb6b-4b29-aa0c-e101db7df2d7",{"type":25,"title":522,"markdownContent":523,"audioMediaId":524},"Who Are the Rosicrucians?","\nThe Rosicrucians are said to be an international brotherhood claiming to possess esoteric wisdom handed down from ancient times. It is unclear if the group ever really existed, but people today follow the Rosicrucian principles.\n\n ![Graph](image://9972285d-22e8-425b-8860-273f19b92e0a \"The Rosy Cross. Image: RootOfAllLight, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nEsoteric knowledge is considered to be knowledge that can only be understood by a small number of people who usually need specialized training and initiation. It is believed to be the pursuit of occult knowledge, understanding the mysteries of life, and the manifestation of mystical powers.\n\nThe name derives from the symbol, a rose on a cross, and their teachings combine occultism and other religious beliefs. They believe in supernatural forces and draw inspiration from Hermeticism, Jewish mysticism, and Christian Gnosticism. \n\nNo one knows whether the Rosicrucians really existed, as the order is based on a series of anonymous pamphlets published in Germany in 1614. \n\nThe combination of alchemy and mysticism made Rosicrucian beliefs popular with European thinkers, and they drew on ideas from ancient wisdom. Membership in the secret order was never confirmed, and today it is thought of as a system of beliefs rather than a membership society. ","aed0c842-a975-4582-b0e8-269c268b3cea",[526],{"id":527,"data":528,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"ed29a1af-c42b-419d-b06d-0ee41a63ceda",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":529,"multiChoiceCorrect":531,"multiChoiceIncorrect":533},[530],"What is the term used to describe knowledge that is only accessible to a few people with specialized training and initiation?",[532],"Esoteric knowledge",[534,535,536],"Occult knowledge","Mystic knowledge","Advanced knowledge",{"id":538,"data":539,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":543},"e6064d12-f114-45b9-a67c-88c47a3abdd0",{"type":25,"title":540,"markdownContent":541,"audioMediaId":542},"A Brief History of the Rosy Cross"," ![Graph](image://67864ac7-6d1c-4b64-b910-06083cd69b2b \"A 19th-century depiction of Christian Rosenkreuz\")\n\n\nIn 1614, an anonymous pamphlet entitled the Fama Fraternitatis Rosae Crucis was published in Germany. It told the journey of Christian Rosenkreuz, a German nobleman and former monk. After traveling through the Orient, Rosenkreuz brought his mystical knowledge back to Germany and founded the Fraternity of the Rosy Cross in the 1400s. His teachings were drawn from a mix of Hermeticism, Kabbalism, and alchemy. \n\nThe second anonymous manifesto was printed in 1615 and was called the Confessio Fraternitatis. The Confessio detailed how the Rosicrucians were preparing to transform Europe's political and intellectual landscape through alchemy and mysticism.  \n\nThe final installment in the Rosicrucian manifesto was The Chemical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreuz, published in 1616. It described the story of Rosenkreuz attending a wedding thought to symbolize a marriage of science and the arts. The guests had to complete a series of trials over seven days to prove their purity which is thought to represent spiritual awakening.\n\nThe popularity of Rosicrucian beliefs declined during the 18th century with the Enlightenment and the age of skepticism and rationalism.","c71477a2-4152-4a11-800e-19d9a6170a28",[544],{"id":545,"data":546,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"4a56cb58-19b7-4fa5-a627-0660e9de3020",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":547,"multiChoiceCorrect":549,"multiChoiceIncorrect":551},[548],"What is the title of the third Rosicrucian manifesto, published in 1616?",[550],"The Chemical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreuz",[552,553,540],"The Fama Fraternitatis Rosae Crucis","The Confessio Fraternitatis",{"id":555,"data":556,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":560},"f7b1423a-d129-4466-9186-058c44c8370d",{"type":25,"title":557,"markdownContent":558,"audioMediaId":559},"Alchemy and Mysticism","\nAccording to the pamphlets, Rosicrucian beliefs have their roots in the mystery traditions, philosophy, and myths of ancient Egypt and provide insight into nature, the physical universe, and the spiritual realm. \n\nThe study of alchemy was a form of speculative thought, but for the Rosicrucians, it was more than the ability to transform base metals into silver and gold. It was a transmutation of human character and a way to discover a cure for disease and extend life. This transmutation involved passing from an earthly to a supernatural existence. \n\nAn interest in mysticism can be linked back to the Knights Templar, who were in contact with the Arab civilization during the Crusades and brought mystical teachings back to the West as food for thought for Western alchemists. \n\nMysticism is an experience of knowing, and Rosicrucians supposedly believed it was possible to discover the source of all being through direct knowledge. For Rosicrucians, the idea that everything is linked and it’s possible to transcend to a higher plane made alchemy and mysticism extremely interesting.\n","c64e2233-139b-46ae-a9c6-38d9ca9c51f7",[561],{"id":562,"data":563,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"235f5499-3de7-41a5-940a-77a6d717ab41",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":564,"clozeWords":566},[565],"The study of alchemy was a source of inspiration for the Rosicrucians.",[567],"alchemy",{"id":569,"data":570,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":572},"33c8631d-1ed9-4159-b541-0275254ad34f",{"type":26,"title":571},"Principles and Influence of Rosicrucianism",[573,588,615],{"id":574,"data":575,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":579},"ee387619-dd14-4296-bc69-2ba3d0b8f476",{"type":25,"title":576,"markdownContent":577,"audioMediaId":578},"The 7 Cosmic Principles of Rosicrucianism","\nThe Rosicrucians followed seven cosmic principles.\n\nThe Principle of Correspondence - that everything is constantly changing, and that change takes active energy and motion between the different planes of being. \n\nThe Principle of Law and Order - that there is no such thing as chance, and that everything has a cause. \n\nThe Principle of Vibration - everything vibrates, even on the mental and spiritual planes. The difference between the planes of beings is due to the difference in the rate and character of the vibrations. \n\nThe Principle of Rhythm - there is a universal swing that is apparent in all things, like the revolution of the Earth on its axis and regular measured time. \n\nThe Principle of Cycles - everything manifested is cyclical. \n\nThe Principle of Polarity - everything has an opposite, like past and future. \n\nThe Principle of Sex - sex is the cause of all creation in the mental, physical and spiritual planes.\n","3865d06b-fde8-4749-99bc-2d607760e10c",[580],{"id":581,"data":582,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"6bbc3ca6-a7ef-4ca7-ae28-63d770a37605",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":583,"binaryCorrect":585,"binaryIncorrect":587},[584],"How many cosmic principles did the Rosicrucians follow?",[586],"Seven",[285],{"id":589,"data":590,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":594},"56213048-b5a1-407d-bfe9-edead81a3f43",{"type":25,"title":591,"markdownContent":592,"audioMediaId":593},"Influence of the Rosicrucian Ideas"," ![Graph](image://57ba74be-fd7e-4671-be43-0aa5423d90a3 \"Sir Isaac Newton\")\n\nRosicrucianism considerably influenced Western esotericism and inspired literature and even aspects of Freemasonry. \n\nElias Ashmole, a student of alchemy, kept a copy of the Rosicrucian manifesto. He wrote the oldest known account of Freemason initiation and was a founding member of the Royal Society in 1660. \n\nSir Isaac Newton was a Royal Society member and its president. The mathematician was interested in alchemy and the occult and referenced both Ashmole and the Rosicrucian manifesto. Although he wasn't a confirmed Freemason, his assistant John Theophilus Desaguliers was central to the work of the new Grand Lodge after 1717 and was even its Grandmaster, 1719 to 1720. \n\nArchitecture and engineering, the domain of Freemasonry, contain aspects of geometry and mathematics, which were seen by the Church as occult hermetic practices based on alchemy, astrology, and theosophy. 18th-century Freemasonry cast aside occult traditions, but you can still find esoteric references in their rituals.\n","f84bfc57-c9b3-4a78-b9f3-264ff447a050",[595,604],{"id":596,"data":597,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"0e5d3a23-974d-4e11-8c7f-4e7fd90a8a21",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":598,"binaryCorrect":600,"binaryIncorrect":602},[599],"Elias Ashmole, who kept a copy of the Rosicrucian manifesto, was a founding member of which institution?",[601],"The Royal Society",[603],"The Royal Academy",{"id":605,"data":606,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"69ec08c6-11bc-451a-886f-d2cf1fbb9832",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":607,"multiChoiceCorrect":609,"multiChoiceIncorrect":611},[608],"John Theophilus Desaguliers, Grandmaster of the new Grand Lodge, was the assistant to which figure?",[610],"Isaac Newton",[612,613,614],"Robert Hooke","Gregor Mendel","Robert Boyle",{"id":616,"data":617,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":621},"60952922-79ce-47a2-bafc-b826ac29d31d",{"type":25,"title":618,"markdownContent":619,"audioMediaId":620},"Modern Rosicrucians"," ![Graph](image://c66243fd-7f5b-49a5-aa91-8172bc6dca80 \"Benjamin Franklin\")\n\nMany modern Rosicrucians don't necessarily believe the order actually existed, but they believe in the ideas of Rosicrucianism. They use the manifestos as important symbolic works that convey vital principles. \n\nThe Societas Rosicrucian in Civitatibus Foederatis was established in the United States in 1880 as an invitation-only membership based on regular and mainstream Masonic affiliation. It has a governing body called The High Council, and the head of the Society is The Supreme Magus. \n\nThe Fraternitus Rosae Crucis in America claims to have had a Council of Three made up of Benjamin Franklin, George Clymer, and Thomas Paine. \n\nRosicrucian Fellowship International is an organization based on the theosophy-based teachings of Max Heidel, started in 1909. \n\nThe Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis (AMORC) was formed in New York City in 1915 by H. Spencer Lewis. Today AMORC is a community of philosophers who study and practice the natural laws governing the universe. They teach metaphysics, mysticism, philosophy, psychology, parapsychology, and science in a way not taught by conventional education systems. ","4926b544-aa4f-4af1-8d9f-f179d2fe5a1a",[622],{"id":623,"data":624,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"772461e3-fbef-4db3-8be4-8579566bf937",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":625,"binaryCorrect":627,"binaryIncorrect":629},[626],"What is the name of the organization founded in New York City in 1915 by H. Spencer Lewis?",[628],"Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis (AMORC)",[630],"Rosicrucian Fellowship International",{"id":632,"data":633,"type":28,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"orbs":636},"f3e8194d-c873-4897-959a-be266cc1083e",{"type":28,"title":634,"tagline":635},"The Knights of Pythias","Based on a story of good friends, the Knights of Pythias believe friendship can change the world.",[637,699],{"id":638,"data":639,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":641},"ddbb2383-c38b-4812-b7f2-32dd29d1e051",{"type":26,"title":640},"The Origins and History of the Knights of Pythias",[642,660,685],{"id":643,"data":644,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":648},"b27cfac1-74df-45e5-b386-a06a297f0528",{"type":25,"title":645,"markdownContent":646,"audioMediaId":647},"A Brief History of the Knights of Pythias"," ![Graph](image://d8caa0ed-700c-40dd-b2d8-2e5a148f150e \"The symbol of the Knights of Pythias\")\n\n\nThe Knights of Pythias are a fraternal organization that started in Washington D.C. in the United States on February 19th, 1864. Justice H. Rathbone and 12 other members created an order based on the ideals of loyalty, honor, and friendship. \n\nRathbone was inspired by a play written by Irish poet John Banim in 1821 that depicted the legend of Damon and Pythias. The Knights of Pythias' lessons and rituals are based on the story. Damon and Pythias were members of the Pythagorean Brotherhood and had to overcome rigorous tests. This is reflected in the initiations and rituals of the Brotherhood. \n\nThe organization of the Grand Lodge of the District of Columbia happened on April 8th, 1864, and the Supreme Lodge was created on August 11th, 1868. The Knights of Pythias were the first fraternal organization to receive a charter under an act of the U.S. Congress. The suggestion to apply for a charter came from none other than Abraham Lincoln.","14964b7b-5059-430a-ba0c-d3eff40896f3",[649],{"id":650,"data":651,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"6213c0e8-ea61-4de6-9cfa-f4424464f505",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":652,"multiChoiceCorrect":654,"multiChoiceIncorrect":656},[653],"Who suggested that the Knights of Pythias apply for a charter?",[655],"Abraham Lincoln",[657,658,659],"Jefferson Davis","Woodrow Wilson","Andrew Jackson",{"id":661,"data":662,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":666},"ea406316-6bde-4b5a-b401-6ae4711d5278",{"type":25,"title":663,"markdownContent":664,"audioMediaId":665},"The Story of Damon and Pythias"," ![Graph](image://1571a5ef-a64a-4546-8260-d1f4e87330b7 \"Damon and Pythias\")\n\nDamon and Pythias were in Syracuse when Pythias angered King Dionysius and was sentenced to death. \n\nDamon tried his best to free his friend but to no avail. Pythias was upset that he would not be able to say goodbye to his family, so Damon went to the King and begged for him to allow Pythias to do so. Dionysius allowed it but said if Pythias weren't back in time, Damon would die in his place. \n\nAt first, Pythias refused but eventually went home to say goodbye to his family. On the way back to Syracuse, he was caught by thieves and tied to a tree but managed to escape. Then he encountered a dangerous swollen river and had to cross a desert. \n\nPythias arrived just in time, released his friend, and told the guards to bind him instead. Dionysius was so touched by the friendship and the devotion they showed for each other that he let them both go.","56a941b3-4896-48a8-a2dd-028731992c58",[667,674],{"id":668,"data":669,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"0863009f-9aad-4578-8a91-652d46e5bed4",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":670,"clozeWords":672},[671],"King Dionysius was so moved by the friendship between Damon and Pythias that he let them both go free.",[673],"go free",{"id":675,"data":676,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"8acfe37e-d092-48ba-acdc-ffbca60365a9",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":677,"multiChoiceCorrect":679,"multiChoiceIncorrect":681},[678],"What King sentenced Pythias to death in Syracuse?",[680],"King Dionysius",[682,683,684],"King Alexander","King Philip","King Antiochus",{"id":686,"data":687,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":691},"ae2282aa-dad5-4a15-833c-636dff4f05a1",{"type":25,"title":688,"markdownContent":689,"audioMediaId":690},"Vows and Symbolism","\nThe Knights of Pythias are an international non-sectarian order committed to helping people. Every sentence of their ritual vows has meaning, and every paragraph is an inspiring lesson. \n\n\n ![Graph](image://197231c2-3349-4c60-bc61-b51d48ac271d \"The Bible\")\n\n\nThe Bible is considered the Supreme Book of Law as Rathbone would swear in all new members on the Bible given to him by his mother. Knights are also awarded a pendant with the enamel letters \"FCB.\" They stand for Friendship, Charity, and Benevolence, the three guiding principles of the Knights of Pythias. \n\nAlso on the pendant are a skull and crossbones, representing the symbolic idea of death and rebirth and the members' secrecy. You can also find a triangle with a knight and a shield with the letters “FCB” surrounded by weapons. Sometimes there is a falcon that represents vigilance.","f9bd84e2-08d4-4823-903a-9eaa3f169842",[692],{"id":693,"data":694,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"8057785f-385c-41b4-801d-1020212ba49c",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":695,"activeRecallAnswers":697},[696],"The letters FCB, on the pendant of the Knights of Pythias, stand for what?",[262,264,698],"Benevolence",{"id":700,"data":701,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":703},"98614320-4285-4abf-b275-f01400fa0483",{"type":26,"title":702},"Principles and Symbolism of the Knights of Pythias",[704,717,735],{"id":705,"data":706,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":710},"231f7fea-43da-475b-ac48-cfe58d6df26c",{"type":25,"title":707,"markdownContent":708,"audioMediaId":709},"Principles of the Knights of Pythias","\nThe Knights of Pythias have three guiding principles: Friendship, Charity, and Benevolence. They aim to promote cooperation and friendship and believe one way to happiness is through service to humankind. \n\nThey make benevolence, kindness, generosity, and tolerance a reality in their daily lives and place home ties at the top of their list of priorities. Knights of Pythias are interested in public affairs and are eager to enhance their community. They respect and honor the law of the land and seek to expand their circle of influence by associating with people of like-minded interests and energy. \n\nThey believe that friendship is an essential ingredient in life and that they are working for the betterment of humanity. They uphold these principles in their actions but also through contributions of time, money, and supplies. The Knights of Pythias don't try and shape other people's beliefs but rather work towards true friendship, respect, and kindness.\n","f36dac91-5e5f-4e04-9ab5-2e89624e59d6",[711],{"id":712,"data":713,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"aca9917c-317f-4af2-88ae-d0c83ffb6790",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":714,"clozeWords":716},[715],"The Knights of Pythias promote Friendship, Charity, and Benevolence in their daily lives.",[698],{"id":718,"data":719,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":723},"d40dd7b6-15fd-44d0-943a-e7f6e21e2dd3",{"type":25,"title":720,"markdownContent":721,"audioMediaId":722},"Rituals","\nThere are three levels of ritual in the Order of the Knights of Pythias. \n\nNew initiates are called Pages, and part of the initiation ritual is being asked if they believe in a Supreme Being and are of sound body and mind. This ritual involves secrecy, a coffin, a skeleton, crossed swords, and a Bible. These items represent death and resurrection. Initiates are also blindfolded. \n\nThe next ritual is to become an Esquire. This ritual asks initiates to promise not to write down any secret work of the Order. This ritual is tricky, and initiates are then asked to fill in the motto of the Order. If they remember their oath not to write anything down, they pass, but if they fail, a mock trial is held. \n\nThe next phase is to become a Knight, which often involves wearing a shield and a helmet while their admission to the Order is publicly debated.\n","3e01f55d-165e-4130-bcdc-0f10595801f0",[724],{"id":725,"data":726,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"b2378af8-8bbc-407c-9819-eb3225fc4d7d",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":727,"multiChoiceCorrect":729,"multiChoiceIncorrect":731},[728],"Which rank is given to new initiates of the Knights of Pythias?",[730],"Page",[732,733,734],"Student","Junior","Squire",{"id":736,"data":737,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":741},"d5b6b238-d30d-42ca-922f-846f0967d472",{"type":25,"title":738,"markdownContent":739,"audioMediaId":740},"Female Auxiliary","\nThe Pythian Sisters are an independent auxiliary of the Knights of Pythias organized in Warsaw, Indiana, on October 22nd, 1858. It was dedicated by the Knight Joseph Addison Hill, who prepared the ritualistic forms, ceremonies, and emblems. \n\nDifferent colors represent the Pythian Sisters' principles. White stands for Purity, red for Love, yellow for Equality, and blue for Fidelity. Purity is reached through honorable motives, actions, and thought. Love represents service, guidance, trust, and tolerance. Equality requires sharing rights and responsibilities. Fidelity means having a faithful, steadfast, and loyal relationship with God and each other. \n\nThe Pythian Sisters respect all religions and are not aligned with any one faith. To be admitted, you should be over 16, English-speaking, and believe in a Supreme Being. The Pythian Sisters believe they can bring together women of diverse backgrounds to share knowledge and friendship.\n","1a8a00c2-f9be-4543-8c18-9f457d220ed1",[742],{"id":743,"data":744,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"f553c6b7-45f7-4f19-b347-6147db69d794",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":745,"multiChoiceCorrect":747,"multiChoiceIncorrect":749},[746],"The Pythian sisters have four colors, representing their principles. Red represents what?",[748],"Love",[750,751,752],"Equality","Fidelity","Purity",{"id":754,"data":755,"type":28,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"orbs":758},"f69fa5c6-7643-4ba4-ae14-1391dc4739df",{"type":28,"title":756,"tagline":757},"Ku Klux Klan","Arguably one of America's most infamous secret societies, the Ku Klux Klan, has a violent and extremist history. Let's look at the three iterations of this hate organization as it changed and evolved.",[759,818],{"id":760,"data":761,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":763},"1ecb3d6b-0bf8-4072-97c2-e356d39638ee",{"type":26,"title":762},"The Origins and History of the KKK",[764,782,800],{"id":765,"data":766,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":770},"e47faaeb-5b04-4be7-abd3-bd0764cd1df7",{"type":25,"title":767,"markdownContent":768,"audioMediaId":769},"What is the Klu Klux Klan?","\nThe Ku Klux Klan (KKK) is a right-wing terrorist group in the United States that forces its agenda through terrorism and violence. \n\nThey historically have had a white supremacist agenda and they originally emerged after the American Civil War, standing against Reconstruction and African American freedom in Southern states.\n\nOver time and in three different iterations, the group included Jews, Latinos, Asian Americans, Catholics, Native Americans, LGBTQ+, Muslims, Immigrants, and left-wing supporters on their hate list, in addition to their primary target, the African American community.\n\nPredominantly made up of white men, the group has a network of factions or chapters with a specific member hierarchy. They concerned themselves with white nationalism, anti-immigration, and the \"purification\" of American society.\n","2ec67bbd-f400-4310-81cc-2320d9fd6ab6",[771],{"id":772,"data":773,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"1dca96d5-1f8d-4f9d-a232-4862c2783eab",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":774,"multiChoiceCorrect":776,"multiChoiceIncorrect":778},[775],"The Ku Klux Klan emerged after which war?",[777],"The American Civil War",[779,780,781],"The American War of Independence","The Mexican-American War","The Korean War",{"id":783,"data":784,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":788},"382eaf0a-591e-4990-ac88-5729177bec3a",{"type":25,"title":785,"markdownContent":786,"audioMediaId":787},"A Brief History of the KKK"," ![Graph](image://3df9780f-d85a-4dad-a9e8-a2a5ecef691c \"The Ku Klux Klan\")\n\nThere were three main periods during the history of the United States of America when Ku Klux Klan support flourished. \n\nThe first was after the American Civil War ended and was an underground movement against the Reconstruction Era of the 19th century. The group was started as a social club by confederate veterans in Pulaski, Tennessee, in 1865 and became a southern white underground resistance to the ideas of black economic empowerment. The original KKK was disbanded during the 1870s when the Jim Crow laws were enacted. \n\nIn the 1920s, after World War 1, the second iteration of the KKK began. They still had a racist agenda, but it now extended to immigrants and not just African-Americans. \n\nThe third iteration of the KKK started in the 1950s with the Civil Rights Movement. It was a reaction to desegregation and equal rights for African Americans and other minority groups.","18dd5cd5-aa24-474c-9425-695f6a122608",[789],{"id":790,"data":791,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"81679678-d025-4154-8de2-267c85a8004d",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":792,"multiChoiceCorrect":794,"multiChoiceIncorrect":796},[793],"The KKK was started as a social club for confederate veterans in which state?",[795],"Tennessee",[797,798,799],"Alabama","Mississippi","South Carolina",{"id":801,"data":802,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":806},"1da325dc-78a9-4cea-bb83-6d9a187089dd",{"type":25,"title":803,"markdownContent":804,"audioMediaId":805},"1st Iteration: Looking at the Original Ku Klux Klan"," ![Graph](image://388f2374-5266-4cf9-a966-c80c1f04bc3b \"Nathan Bedford Forrest\")\n\n\nThe original Ku Klux Klan was started by Nathan Bedford Forrest in Pulaski, Tennessee, in 1865. This social club wanted to maintain black economic instability and white racial and economic superiority in the post-war South. \n\nThey were not a centralized national organization but a network of local terrorist groups. They used violence, voter intimidation, and voter fraud to restrict black economic empowerment in Southern states. \n\nThey wore elaborate costumes and hoods to protect their identity. Originally the KKK was an underground resistance to Reconstruction and the attempts to redress the legacy of slavery and sought to overthrow the Republican state government in the South. \n\nDuring the peak of their terror campaign between 1868 and 1870, they killed thousands of African Americans. The Ku Klux Klan act of 1871 was the first piece of US legislation that made individuals and States punishable under federal law for hate crimes. \n\nThe group disbanded with the Jim Crow laws, lasting from 1877 to the 1950s, that enforced racial segregation.","8c87e72a-03d7-48b0-b6c2-6faf6bad3f9d",[807],{"id":808,"data":809,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"575f5565-5af5-44f3-910e-7db5eb671c05",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":810,"multiChoiceCorrect":812,"multiChoiceIncorrect":814},[811],"What was the first US legislation to make individuals and states punishable for hate crimes?",[813],"The Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871",[815,816,817],"The Jim Crow Laws of 1877-1950s","The Civil Rights Act of 1964","The Voting Rights Act of 1965",{"id":819,"data":820,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":822},"f7307127-ad1f-4ecc-b206-740a297228be",{"type":26,"title":821},"The Evolution and Resurgence of the KKK",[823,841,855],{"id":824,"data":825,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":829},"fd61f995-5129-4fee-a049-9d74504b4bc3",{"type":25,"title":826,"markdownContent":827,"audioMediaId":828},"2nd Iteration: The KKK after World War One"," ![Graph](image://fd56e578-9894-42df-990d-742e9364c835 \"The Clansman\")\n\n\nIn 1903 a 13-year-old factory worker in Atlanta, Georgia, named Mary Phagan, was found murdered. Her Jewish boss was arrested and sentenced to death. He was part of a fraternal society called the Jewish B'nai B'rith and challenged the sentence. In response to the overturned death penalty ruling, a secret society called The Knights of Mary Phagan abducted and lynched him. \n\nIn 1905 a novel by Thomas Dixon Jr called The Clansman was published. It painted a romanticized picture of the KKK and sought to justify segregation. In 1915 the book was adapted into a movie called Birth of a Nation. \n\nThese three events inspired a man named William J. Simmons, who, on Thanksgiving Day 1915, burned a cross with other group members and revived the Invisible Empire of the Ku Klux Klan. \n\nThis group had the same white supremacist agenda as the original KKK, but they now had a strong anti-Semitic and anti-Catholic sentiment and feared immigrants were changing traditional American culture. ","7260f044-f582-4370-b264-de0daa59b65e",[830],{"id":831,"data":832,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"16de5873-7472-4537-80b3-04891ba28dcd",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":833,"multiChoiceCorrect":835,"multiChoiceIncorrect":837},[834],"What was the title of the novel written by Thomas Dixon Jr in 1905 which romanticized the KKK?",[836],"The Clansman",[838,839,840],"The Birth of a Nation","The White Supremacists","The Segregationists",{"id":842,"data":843,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":847},"e2d369fb-d88a-497f-9805-ff1bd9d3c27b",{"type":25,"title":844,"markdownContent":845,"audioMediaId":846},"3rd Iteration: 20th Century Revival"," ![Graph](image://f54e36d4-5bf4-41a4-9e8f-7ccb1ae2b59b \"David Duke\")\n\nThe third iteration of the KKK was in response to desegregation and the Civil Rights Movement. \n\nIt was more violent than the second iteration. During the 1950s and 1960s, there were more than 70 bombings in Georgia and Alabama, arson cases at 30 black churches in Mississippi, and at least 40 home bombings in transitional areas. \n\nOne prominent act of violence was the Birmingham Church Bombing on 15 September 1963, where four young black girls were killed. \n\nIn 1964 the FBI became involved and had widespread informants in various KKK chapters. Due to FBI pressure, a congressional probe, internal faction fighting, and costly court cases, membership of the KKK dropped drastically. \n\nDavid Duke founded the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan in 1975, and his anti-semitic hatred resonated with right-wing neo-nazi factions. With a drop in new KKK members, they have turned to other right-wing extremist groups, which has led to an organized white power movement. ","b0dbcb31-89d1-498d-b85c-841c43086b6a",[848],{"id":849,"data":850,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"19d78a99-779a-46d1-af7c-8b9ac4315c80",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":851,"activeRecallAnswers":853},[852],"Which man was responsible for the resurrection of the Ku Klux Klan in the 1970s?",[854],"David Duke",{"id":856,"data":857,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25},"a5232568-6d72-4ec0-977d-01941d5ba4e5",{"type":25,"title":858,"markdownContent":859,"audioMediaId":860},"The Evolution of Prejudice ","\nAll three iterations of the KKK have had racism as an inherent agenda, but each group's specific targets and tactics have reflected the societal changes of the time. \n\nThe original KKK was based exclusively on securing white supremacy as it had been known in the Confederate South. \n\nThe second surge in KKK activity in the 1920s was not primarily Southern, and they added more groups to the hate list, including Jews, Catholics, and other immigrant minorities. \n\nEach iteration of the KKK has used different methods to garner widespread support and gain a following without losing sight of its underlying agenda. There is also an argument that the KKK has become less of a social movement and white supremacist group and more of a mentality. \n\nVersions of this hate organization seem to flourish during times of social upheaval and calls for racial equality. The KKK, as we historically know it, may be less active today, but its intolerant agenda is still present and can be seen in right-wing white supremacist groups.\n","d8c4d944-aa88-49a4-8f82-4f276daaf6d6",{"id":862,"data":863,"type":28,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"orbs":866},"236dff01-96dd-4a37-ac7f-3e29e57f6d50",{"type":28,"title":864,"tagline":865},"Elite and Collegiate Secret Societies","Collegiate secret societies have long existed, and members have gone on to hold positions of power and even run countries.",[867],{"id":868,"data":869,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":871},"377958a6-a474-4fed-9cf6-787da9c89230",{"type":26,"title":870},"Secret Societies and Organizations",[872,890,906,931,946,964],{"id":873,"data":874,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":878},"d55d8d7f-5cab-495e-9155-e5e398bd2b5c",{"type":25,"title":875,"markdownContent":876,"audioMediaId":877},"The Bilderberg Group"," ![Graph](image://3c000f52-cb95-49b7-862d-e74d82b3d2df \"Hotel De Bilderberg in Oosterbeek\")\n\n\nThe Bilderberg Group is an annual meeting that takes place over three days. It is made up of informal discussions designed to foster dialogue between Europe and northern America and consists of representatives from economic, social, political, and cultural fields. \n\nThe first meeting was at the Hotel De Bilderberg in Oosterbeek, The Netherlands, 29-31 May 1954. Attendees are political leaders and industry experts and discuss a wide range of topics such as trade, technology, investment, climate change, and monetary policy. \n\nAlthough not a secret society, their methods are secretive. Names of attendees are not released before the conference, and the meeting is closed to the public and media. There is no press release issued and no minutes taken during the session. These secretive talks have fired up the imagination of conspiracy theorists that believe that members of the Bilderberg meetings are a secret political clique trying to install a New World Order.","0aee0170-8111-4c0b-8905-2c4397ea2e8f",[879],{"id":880,"data":881,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"97b0f78a-40c9-49c6-8502-9d305269dec8",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":882,"multiChoiceCorrect":884,"multiChoiceIncorrect":886},[883],"Where was the first Bilderberg meeting held in 1954?",[885],"The Netherlands",[887,888,889],"Germany","Denmark","Austria",{"id":891,"data":892,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":896},"ae322bef-df2c-49d1-829e-35bd2be99e39",{"type":25,"title":893,"markdownContent":894,"audioMediaId":895},"Opus Dei"," ![Graph](image://3cf9ba23-cfcb-43f2-a635-dbdcf61c7156 \"St. Josemaria Escriva de Balaguer y Albas. Image: By Oficina de Información de la Prelatura del Opus Dei en España CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nOpus Dei is a Roman Catholic organization whose members seek personal Christian perfection. \n\nThey exist surrounded by controversy and have been accused of secrecy, cult-like practices, political ambition, aggressive recruiting tactics, and the brainwashing and isolation of initiates. \n\nThe Order began in Spain in 1928 by St. Josemaria Escriva de Balaguer y Albas, with separate branches for men and women. Since 1982 Opus Dei has been run by a Bishop elected by members who can establish seminaries and promote students to Holy Orders. Initiates have a 5-year probation before being inducted into the organization.\n\nOpus Dei members commonly practice self-sacrifices such as fasting and abstinence. One of their more extreme rituals is self-mortification, often using a cilice. This is a spiked chain worn around the upper thigh. This device will be familiar if you have read Dan Brown's Da Vinci Code or watched the movie adaptation.","47508a7d-409e-4654-b28a-974a56e31bb9",[897],{"id":898,"data":899,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"ac36837a-765c-4a9a-bfd7-a9b34784833f",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":900,"multiChoiceCorrect":902,"multiChoiceIncorrect":903},[901],"What is the name of the Roman Catholic organization whose members practice fasting, self-mortification and abstinence?",[893],[904,905,377],"The Knights of Malta","The Jesuits",{"id":907,"data":908,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":912},"107a7feb-954b-439c-9a2b-cce7c726a03f",{"type":25,"title":909,"markdownContent":910,"audioMediaId":911},"Order of Skull and Bones","\nThe Order of Skull and Bones was founded in 1832 in New Haven, Connecticut, USA, at Yale University. \n\nWilliam Huntington Russell and Alphonso Taft created Yale's oldest secret society for senior students that they called Bonesmen. Many Skull and Bones members have reached influential positions, with William Howard Taft, George H. W. Bush, and George W. Bush going on to be president of the United States. \n\nThe affairs of the Skull and Bones are secret, and they have been accused of controlling the CIA and even being a branch of the Illuminati trying to install a New World Order. \n\nThe emblem of the Order is a skull and crossbones with the number \"322\" underneath. The number is thought to mean 322 BCE when Greek orator Demosthenes died, and Ancient Athens moved from a democracy to a plutocracy. \n\nThey choose 15 new members every spring and only began admitting women into the Order in 1992.\n","ee5a4c62-ea34-4c3e-8a45-a2f8f8235f1e",[913,924],{"id":914,"data":915,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"69a1b433-b49a-4d54-95a2-5c5d540010e0",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":916,"multiChoiceCorrect":918,"multiChoiceIncorrect":920},[917],"Which prominent US figure was a member of The Order of Skull and Bones?",[919],"George W. Bush",[921,922,923],"Barack Obama","Donald Trump","Al Gore",{"id":925,"data":926,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"aa79b73f-a68a-4608-b11b-7d7138c173e6",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":927,"activeRecallAnswers":929},[928],"What number is seen as significant to the Order of the Skull and Bones?",[930],"322",{"id":932,"data":933,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":937},"91d1dd68-8374-4abf-8a2a-7daca27baef3",{"type":25,"title":934,"markdownContent":935,"audioMediaId":936},"The Scroll and Key Society","\nThe Scroll and Key Society was founded in 1842 by John Addison Porter at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. \n\n ![Graph](image://f65fcb5b-f53a-481b-9f01-96bf1b06b297 \"John Addison Porter\")\n\nThe secret society was formed after disputes occurred over elections to The Order of Skull and Bones, which was a highly sought-after membership. It is the second oldest secret society at Yale and reputably the wealthiest. They fund their activities and even make donations to the university.  \n\nThe Scroll and Key Society emphasize honest debate and secrecy. They induct 15 seniors each year, all of whom are high achievers in diverse areas. They were initially a literary, dramatic, and debating Society where members were free to express their beliefs, argue their ideas, and discuss new ways of thinking. \n\nThe first female member was admitted into The Scroll and Key Society in 1989 and was the fifth society at Yale to do so. Scroll and Key members apparently meet twice weekly for dinner and debates at their on-campus building or 'tomb.'","7ba16a59-102d-4b7f-bb00-0759e1b244a8",[938],{"id":939,"data":940,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"3dc6e524-6c48-4deb-9e25-6cd9e49671c2",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":941,"binaryCorrect":943,"binaryIncorrect":944},[942],"Which secret order was founded at Yale University in 1842?",[934],[945],"The Order of Skull and Bones",{"id":947,"data":948,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":952},"b48da362-18ec-4d80-ac9f-937f70840d54",{"type":25,"title":949,"markdownContent":950,"audioMediaId":951},"Cambridge Apostles"," ![Graph](image://d30733c3-4043-4107-8a3a-79cbbf6a2a2a \"George Tomlinson \")\n\nThe Cambridge Apostles is a secret society at Cambridge University, England. It was founded in 1820 by George Tomlinson, and most members come from Saint John's, Trinity, and King's colleges. \n\nThey are predominantly a discussion group covering topics of truth, God, and ethics. They began to admit select women in the 1970s, and potential candidates, male and female, didn't know they had been nominated until they were accepted. \n\nThe group's name dates from the original Society membership of 12, symbolizing the 12 apostles of Jesus. During the initiation ceremony, initiates are briefed on the history and traditions of the Apostles, they have to sign 'The Book,' which is a list of members and rules, and they have to swear a vow of secrecy. \n\nActive members are called Apostles, while former members and fellows are called Angels. Every few years, secret meetings of Angels take place at a Cambridge college or a London venue.","b926f26b-43ec-4d98-b46c-fa7ba925beb0",[953],{"id":954,"data":955,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"9a271464-d04a-4b75-8d8a-b30634d5799a",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":956,"multiChoiceCorrect":958,"multiChoiceIncorrect":960},[957],"What is the name of the secret society at Cambridge University, England, which was founded in 1820?",[959],"The Cambridge Apostles",[961,962,963],"The Cambridge Footlights","The Bullingdon Club","The Hellfire Club",{"id":965,"data":966,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":970},"ab7f0eb9-4675-431e-8df2-fb89b850bb64",{"type":25,"title":967,"markdownContent":968,"audioMediaId":969},"Seven Society","\nThe Seven Society can be found at the University of Virginia, Charlotteville, USA. \n\n ![Graph](image://94b57785-1153-4dc2-9aa2-cd0c9f14d401 \"The numeral 7, surrounded by the Alpha, Omega, and infinity signs. Image: By Queerbubbles, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nShrouded in mystery, no one knows for sure when the Seven Society was founded, although the first Society symbol was found in the 1905 yearbook. The symbol of the Seven Society is the numeral 7, surrounded by the Alpha, Omega, and infinity signs. \n\nHow members are chosen or who they are is a well-guarded secret. Names of members are only revealed after their death. At a member's funeral, the university chapel bells, gifts from the Society, will toll at seven past the hour, in increments of 7, every 7 seconds, for 7 minutes. \n\nThey're a group focused on philanthropy specifically to support the university. The Society is known for leaving gifts in amounts that include the number 7. For example, $77.77 was donated to fund a drinking fountain. ","32897521-d3ba-4057-9a8e-c006b2dfcbf4",[971],{"id":972,"data":973,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"a049d919-13da-4e73-b11f-46a575306ac8",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":974,"binaryCorrect":976,"binaryIncorrect":978},[975],"In which city can the Seven Society be found?",[977],"Charlottesville",[979],"Richmond",{"id":981,"data":982,"type":28,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"orbs":985},"7dea1171-0dc0-4ad7-8a9d-8f75eb1e332e",{"type":28,"title":983,"tagline":984},"Chinese Triads","The Chinese Triad has been in operation since the 17th Century and has spread to become a transnational network of secretive cells.",[986,1070],{"id":987,"data":988,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":990},"e372d574-d15e-4f21-8cd2-1d71483a4baa",{"type":26,"title":989},"A Brief History of the Chinese Triad",[991,1006,1046],{"id":992,"data":993,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":996},"6c355162-1382-49eb-be6b-71c2dcdfa074",{"type":25,"title":989,"markdownContent":994,"audioMediaId":995}," ![Graph](image://44df7cd0-f978-4e49-8f1a-0855b75d0662 \"Early 20th-century members of The Triad\")\n\nThe Triad is a word used for secret societies active during the Qing Dynasty in China 1636, as well as modern Chinese crime gangs. \n\nOriginally the Triad was a branch of the secret Heaven and Earth Society, which was formed  by patriotic Chinese to overthrow the oppressive Qing Dynasty. They were a revolutionary movement with underground practices and were influenced by numerology and occultism. \n\nIn the 19th century, a secret society that called themselves the Triad developed in Southern China. They were involved in rebellions in the 1850s that threatened Shanghai and aided in the 1911 revolution. \n\nIn the People's Republic of China, which was formed in 1949, secret societies were suppressed during a “strike hard” campaign against organized crime. Triad groups relocated to the British colonies of Hong Kong, Taiwan and South East Asia, and overseas countries. They turned to drugs and extortion to make an income and are now known as one of the toughest criminal organizations today.\n\n","c2cdf702-ddd3-4c0b-8621-0e77eb028837",[997],{"id":998,"data":999,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"96e4c3ad-4469-4cef-9be9-5b2393c201a5",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1000,"binaryCorrect":1002,"binaryIncorrect":1004},[1001],"When did secret societies known as the Triad first become active?",[1003],"1636",[1005],"1776",{"id":1007,"data":1008,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1012},"7b4a1f46-c52a-47fa-936d-f12ea6d8618a",{"type":25,"title":1009,"markdownContent":1010,"audioMediaId":1011},"Structure of the Triad ","Within triad groups, there is a pyramid hierarchy. It is not a strictly hierarchical design but rather based on many separate and autonomous cells. Each cell has an area boss that leads 15 to 20 core members that control a particular area through violence. They form the middle level of the Triad, with the bottom level being made up of youth and juvenile gangs.\n\n\n\n ![Graph](image://04b4de22-f8e0-4f0e-8a56-e1e35c0e93e4 \"Triad members depicted in a mid-20th century Japanese cartoon\")\n\nThe core component of the Triad structures is a concept of Guanxi or “Brotherhood”. There are strict rules within each Triad group, with members often having family relationships and even hereditary membership.\n\nIf members are found violating the secrets of the Triad, they are severely and brutally punished. Punishment is carried out by a member called a “red pole” who has been trained in torture.\n\n","792503b1-0257-440a-b256-6b7e7a7cf972",[1013,1024,1035],{"id":1014,"data":1015,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"7361267a-7b90-4722-b2f3-a13c8b2e5978",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1016,"multiChoiceCorrect":1018,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1020},[1017],"What is the name of the member who carries out punishment for violating the secrets of the Triad?",[1019],"Red pole",[1021,1022,1023],"White pole","Blue pole","Yellow pole",{"id":1025,"data":1026,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"7481da33-1454-477d-aee8-913eaa33cd0d",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1027,"multiChoiceCorrect":1029,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1031},[1028],"What is the middle level of the Triad made up of?",[1030],"Area bosses and core members",[1032,1033,1034],"Youth and juvenile gangs","The top level","The bottom level",{"id":1036,"data":1037,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"f1093336-ea41-400c-8bfa-9e2f4b56f968",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1038,"multiChoiceCorrect":1040,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1042},[1039],"What is the core concept of the Triad structures?",[1041],"Guanxi or \"Brotherhood\"",[1043,1044,1045],"Guanxi or \"Loyalty\"","Guanxi or \"Honor\"","Guanxi or \"Respect\"",{"id":1047,"data":1048,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1052},"3b8334bd-2ceb-4960-ab6b-73bdfcebb15b",{"type":25,"title":1049,"markdownContent":1050,"audioMediaId":1051},"Initiation, Rituals, and Symbolism","\nThe Triad consists of elaborate rituals that help provide a sense of secrecy and loyalty. \n\nThe initiation ritual involves an animal sacrifice and the blood of the animal is then mixed with wine that the initiate drinks. New members also have to say 36 vows of loyalty, each one written on a yellow piece of paper. These papers are then symbolically burnt at the end of their ritual. \n\nNumerology is important in the Triad system and members are given numeric codes to distinguish their ranks. Low-level members have the number 49 and this is thought to reference the fact that 4 multiplied by 9 makes 36 which symbolises the 36 vows initiates take when joining a triad. The leader of the Triad, the Chan, has the number 489. \n","02a9a318-03e9-4454-b049-d896eac6b168",[1053,1062],{"id":1054,"data":1055,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"108c50fc-f72d-4c8a-a24f-e404430602ca",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1056,"binaryCorrect":1058,"binaryIncorrect":1060},[1057],"What numeric code is given to the leader of the Triad?",[1059],"489",[1061],"49",{"id":1063,"data":1064,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"a7459e5a-a91a-46e0-8eaf-666fcb03ffd4",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1065,"binaryCorrect":1067,"binaryIncorrect":1068},[1066],"What numeric code is given to low-level members of the Triad system?",[1061],[1069],"36",{"id":1071,"data":1072,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":1074},"1c09cf0b-1d0e-4e2b-b8d4-b2ed9605d37a",{"type":26,"title":1073},"The Function and Structure of the Triad",[1075,1093,1111],{"id":1076,"data":1077,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1081},"9ca4d115-bbe7-44fe-b286-93abdbfa9994",{"type":25,"title":1078,"markdownContent":1079,"audioMediaId":1080},"The Function of the Chinese Triad","\nOriginally the Chinese Triad was an underground patriotic movement that fought to bring about political reform. Over the years they have been used by the Chinese and British government to strike out against political rivals. \n\nTriads now control a large portion of the international drug trade. Most of the raw opium is grown in the Golden Triangle, the mountainous area bordering Laos, Burma, Northern Vietnam, and Thailand. This is then processed into heroin. Distribution of this drug is controlled by Triad leaders in Hong Kong, Singapore, and Malaysia. \n\nThey are also responsible for the distribution of methamphetamine, MDMA, and ketamine. The Triad controls the hard drug trade through bribery, extortion, and murder. \n\nThe Triad has also been involved in counterfeiting since the 1880s with everything from black market books to watches, DVDs, and designer apparel. Many Triad cells are also heavily involved in the illegal seafood trade as well as poaching and the illicit trade of animals.\n","c537a17f-5436-4d50-b6be-27b0bb5c7a72",[1082],{"id":1083,"data":1084,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"a0df5d4f-3820-4217-a02e-63519dad9c95",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1085,"multiChoiceCorrect":1087,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1089},[1086],"What region is the source of most of the raw opium used in the international drug trade?",[1088],"The Golden Triangle",[1090,1091,1092],"The Golden Circle","The Golden Rectangle","The Golden Square",{"id":1094,"data":1095,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1099},"5379f13d-6632-4eae-b7b5-2317a4453610",{"type":25,"title":1096,"markdownContent":1097,"audioMediaId":1098},"History of Violence ","\nThe Chinese Triad has a history of violence dating back to its inception in the 17th century. \n\nThe Chinese Nationalist Party enlisted them to attack their political enemies and used the Green Gang, the most prominent and powerful secret society in Shanghai, to suppress unionists and massacre thousands of communists in 1927. \n\nTurf battles over gambling and prostitution are common. The pretext of patriotism has been an important factor in the longevity of Triad secret societies in China, and in the past decade, members have carried out assaults in Hong Kong with political implications. \n\nNowadays, Triads can be more accurately described as criminal gangs who resort to the Triad myth to promote illegal activities.\n","3901995e-1e13-45c9-867f-6e32c7dac5a5",[1100],{"id":1101,"data":1102,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"0d6202c0-7f5d-4f17-9c95-8d016b672078",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1103,"multiChoiceCorrect":1105,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1107},[1104],"Which secret society was used by the Chinese Nationalist Party to attack their political enemies and suppress unionists?",[1106],"The Green Gang",[1108,1109,1110],"The Red Gang","The White Gang","The Blue Gang",{"id":1112,"data":1113,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25},"976ea11d-7b39-418f-83d9-5d2074e9a4db",{"type":25,"title":1114,"markdownContent":1115,"audioMediaId":1116},"International Spread","\nChinese Triad cells can be found all over the world, particularly in Australia, Europe, Japan, Latin America, North America, Russia, South Africa, and Southeast Asia. \n\nThey deal in everything from the trafficking of human beings and commodities to financial crimes, extortion, gambling, prostitution, and violent crimes. Triad cells can often be involved in migrant smuggling. They use the profits from drug trafficking to finance other illegal activities. \n\nSince 1995 the Criminal Intelligence Bureau of Hong Kong has run a Triad Expert Training Course for overseas law enforcement departments. \n","efac0075-6bb2-4a2f-ae1b-6e27289c31ac",{"id":1118,"data":1119,"type":28,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"orbs":1122},"bb1a343c-72de-48cc-a749-4e8244c9e2e8",{"type":28,"title":1120,"tagline":1121},"What is a Cult?","From mass suicides to child brides, cults have shocked and horrified those outside the fanatical groups. So let's learn more about cults, what they are, how they work, and the damage they can do.",[1123,1203],{"id":1124,"data":1125,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":1127},"174ba364-6834-46b3-9d45-8d8dd45e59b1",{"type":26,"title":1126},"Understanding Cults",[1128,1155,1169,1187],{"id":1129,"data":1130,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1134},"c9066662-8726-4758-92ba-2afc2b18a34e",{"type":25,"title":1131,"markdownContent":1132,"audioMediaId":1133},"History of Cults","\n ![Graph](image://cc0b02bb-f571-4a2e-baaf-29900ae811b5 \"Cult leader Jim Jones\")\n\n\nCults have been commonplace in European history since ancient times, particularly in the Greek and Roman world. The Bacchanalia, worshippers of Dionysus, the god of wine and ecstasy, is an example of an early cult. \n\nIn Medieval times there were devotees of saints like St Francis of Assisi. In early modern times, there have been breakaway factions of Protestantism like the Shakers, Amish, and Mormons, who have also been labeled cults. \n\nSince the 1920s, the term has been used to describe minority religious groups whose beliefs and practices might seem strange or dangerous to outsiders. \n\nCults through the ages have not all been dangerous or violent, but many modern cults have contained these aspects.\n","d1e4817b-33e4-4d11-a58a-ee53ce4b8f02",[1135,1146],{"id":1136,"data":1137,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"a0ed0621-3e8d-43c0-8b67-2c4cb610e873",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1138,"multiChoiceCorrect":1140,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1142},[1139],"The Bacchanalia cult worshipped which god?",[1141],"Dionysus",[1143,1144,1145],"Apollo","Zeus","Aphrodite",{"id":1147,"data":1148,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"d1b2043a-541e-4ce2-ba76-631f61e3afb9",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1149,"binaryCorrect":1151,"binaryIncorrect":1153},[1150],"What is an example of an early cult from the Greek and Roman world?",[1152],"Bacchanalia",[1154],"Illuminati",{"id":1156,"data":1157,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1161},"08d70515-0db5-4be6-b2d4-924277d4c1d4",{"type":25,"title":1158,"markdownContent":1159,"audioMediaId":1160},"Common Features of Cults","\nIt is difficult to say what features define a cult as they are value judgments and a matter of opinion, but many modern cults do share similarities. \n\nCults usually have a charismatic leader who encourages members to pursue a transcendent goal. They encourage ideological purity, and members are discouraged from questioning the beliefs of the leader or the cult. \n\nCults claim their message will transform society and often encourage religious experiences through rituals. Many cults have been known to use mind-altering practices like sleep deprivation, meditation, and drugs. \n\nTo encourage a devoted following, cult leaders often encourage members to break ties with their friends and family, all while showering them with love and praise. Many cults have an apocalyptic message or aspects of religious fanaticism. Leaders often encourage members to spread the cult's message, and some cults may use aggressive recruitment tactics.","ba5c3e0b-842e-42e0-b1e7-9ac79af3672c",[1162],{"id":1163,"data":1164,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"9803a2f7-410f-4a81-ae6d-5971f057e795",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1165,"clozeWords":1167},[1166],"Cults are usually defined by a charismatic leader.",[1168],"charismatic leader",{"id":1170,"data":1171,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1175},"fa13cb11-e945-437d-90d8-d9fb59281e8e",{"type":25,"title":1172,"markdownContent":1173,"audioMediaId":1174},"Types of Cults","\nThere are different types of cults, but these categories are not distinct, and many cults fall into more than one type. \n\nDestructive cults encourage excessive devotion to a person or idea and may plan to cause harm to members of the group or others. Many destructive cults have ended in mass suicide and murders.\n\nA doomsday cult believes in an apocalyptic end or trying to bring about a violent event. They are often concerned with preparing for a catastrophic event and may have a cache of money, food, weapons, and medical supplies. \n\nPolygamist cults practice and teach marriage between two or more people, usually one husband with multiple wives. In some polygamist cults, there have been instances of child abuse, sexual abuse, and underage marriage. \n\nTerrorist cults can be linked to religion, where terrorism is used as a strategy to achieve religious goals. Sometimes a terrorist cult is based on the ideas of patriotism and a sense of duty to one's country. \n","77403be4-1b2c-4943-98f6-954bbeca5ae5",[1176],{"id":1177,"data":1178,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"1927d131-db1c-414d-8f99-8e2215ba0aad",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1179,"multiChoiceCorrect":1181,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1183},[1180],"What type of cults practice and teach marriage between two or more people, usually one husband with multiple wives?",[1182],"Polygamist cults",[1184,1185,1186],"Doomsday cults","Religious cults","Death cults",{"id":1188,"data":1189,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1193},"43cb35dc-abda-4e35-8556-279210c164d6",{"type":25,"title":1190,"markdownContent":1191,"audioMediaId":1192},"What Makes Someone Susceptible to a Cult?","\nDifferent types of cults recruit people based on the needs of the cult itself. \n\nCult members often have a higher education level and are willing to learn about new ideas. Cults also look to recruit members with a weaker spiritual background and those who don't have a deeply ingrained faith system. This makes it easier to convince them to embrace the cult's beliefs. \n\nCult members are often younger because they are impressionable during this transitional phase. The cult offers companionship, stability, and comfort at a time when young members are discovering who they are. \n\nMany people attracted to cults often have low self-esteem, which makes them more vulnerable to the manipulations of charismatic cult leaders. They are more likely to be manipulated by promises of a better life and respond to the 'love-bombing' method that cults use. 'Love-bombing' is a process where a new member is showered with love and praise and made to feel valued and accepted by existing cult members.\n","583ebca9-7cc2-4cbd-b808-16b725884497",[1194],{"id":1195,"data":1196,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"35d37f9e-b8eb-4cf4-b25e-41e966b648ae",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1197,"binaryCorrect":1199,"binaryIncorrect":1201},[1198],"What is the process called where a new cult member is showered with love and praise by existing cult members?",[1200],"Love-bombing",[1202],"Brainwashing",{"id":1204,"data":1205,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":1207},"427c4ec7-741f-4e77-a44c-351a32ffbf65",{"type":26,"title":1206},"Impact of Cult Membership",[1208,1214],{"id":1209,"data":1210,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25},"b3e7be41-5220-4f42-aa5a-269b92620b4a",{"type":25,"title":1211,"markdownContent":1212,"audioMediaId":1213},"Cult Indoctrination","\nCults are known for convincing their members to blindly believe the leader's teachings. \n\nThey promote an illusion of comfort by making unattainable promises like financial security, health, peace, and eternal life. They provide answers to members seeking the meaning of life and trying to find their ultimate purpose. \n\nCults draw new members deeper into the fold through love-bombing, which trains new members' brains to associate the cult with love and acceptance. Cult leaders also offer members an Us versus Them mentality. This is designed to isolate members from their friends and family so that they replace old relationships with new ones from within the cult.  \n\nCult leaders also convince their followers that they are superior and are working towards a higher purpose. Many cults use mind control as a form of indoctrination. By isolating members, they give up their personal possessions and money, which makes them reliant on the cult. They also use brainwashing techniques through meditation, repetitive chanting, and rituals. \n","3fdcb742-e718-4367-a76b-7ec1161b0e97",{"id":1215,"data":1216,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1220},"ac280476-9795-41b4-b5ca-e91a023a1b2a",{"type":25,"title":1217,"markdownContent":1218,"audioMediaId":1219},"Lasting Effects of Cult Membership","\nCult membership can have lasting emotional damage for members after leaving the cult. \n\nThey can often be irritable and have heightened paranoia and self-esteem problems. Mental disorders and depression are common among past cult members. \n\nEx-members can also have feelings of guilt associated with being part of a cult. Often members have seen instances of child abuse, sexual abuse, forced marriage, and mass suicide. \n\nMany cult members also suffer from Post-Cult Trauma Syndrome, which can result in spontaneous crying, a sense of loss, alienation from friends and family, confusion about right and wrong, and disassociation. It can also cause Stockholm Syndrome, where members have intense and conflicting emotions about their time in the cult. \n\nCult members experience a loss of identity through brainwashing, indoctrination, and a sense of familial attachment. This can be very difficult to deal with upon leaving the cult, and ex-members may struggle to find themselves in a post-cult situation.\n","23140913-6a8e-4dee-a672-c8aa68220451",[1221],{"id":1222,"data":1223,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"81dd52cb-9db9-479d-95d8-2ec9cc4ff9af",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1224,"activeRecallAnswers":1226},[1225],"What syndrome specifically refers to the experiences of people who have left cults?",[1227],"Post-Cult Trauma Syndrome",{"id":1229,"data":1230,"type":28,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"orbs":1233},"f71b44bf-5670-4bd5-a863-a5d023e38e7c",{"type":28,"title":1231,"tagline":1232},"Destructive Cults","Destructive cults are based on authoritative control and fanatical ideology and often have religious and apocalyptic messaging.",[1234,1322],{"id":1235,"data":1236,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":1238},"5d99b1c1-07ae-470a-b605-2da28756c42b",{"type":26,"title":1237},"Notorious Cults and Mass Suicides",[1239,1256,1269,1287,1305],{"id":1240,"data":1241,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1245},"aed8b7d5-ea2a-44c6-9523-638c6d555c8e",{"type":25,"title":1242,"markdownContent":1243,"audioMediaId":1244},"People's Temple and the Jonestown Mass Suicide","\n ![Graph](image://21d5216e-4cf8-4688-bada-dad4089e8f7c \"Jim Jones\")\n\n\nThe People's Temple started as an independent congregation in the 1950s in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, and believed in the ideals of creating a society that could overcome racism and poverty.\n\nIt was a group that mixed social concerns with faith healing and adopted an enthusiastic worship style. The group believed in integration and communal living and attracted a large African-American following. \n\nIn 1977, the group's leader, Jim Jones, led hundreds of his members to Guyana, South America, and the settlement they named Jonestown. The church had been accused of financial fraud and abuse, and a group of former members called Concerned Relatives persuaded Leo J. Ryan, a U.S. congressman, to visit Jonestown in 1978. \n\nAlthough the visit went well initially, Ryan and his team were attacked by cult members and killed in a shootout on their departure. The members of Jonestown then committed mass suicide by shooting or drinking fruit juice laced with cyanide and tranquilizers. \n\nOn the 18th of November 1978, at least 900 men, women, and children died in this way.\n","07fca29f-a0fc-4763-8c1a-1a4953556fdf",[1246],{"id":1247,"data":1248,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"1b77cab3-5b6b-4cce-8056-42844cde7f00",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1249,"multiChoiceCorrect":1251,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1253},[1250],"Which cult started in the 1950s in Indianapolis?",[1252],"The People's Temple",[1254,1255,945],"The Church of Scientology","The Mystic Temple",{"id":1257,"data":1258,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1262},"49a648c2-ad34-45f8-9b75-7746110b1856",{"type":25,"title":1259,"markdownContent":1260,"audioMediaId":1261},"Heaven's Gate","\nHeaven's Gate was a group formed in California, the USA, in the 1970s. Led by Marshall Applewhite, they believed that a flying saucer was traveling behind the Hale-Bopp comet and that the UFO would descend to earth and save true believers. \n\nHeaven's Gate began as part of the new age movement that believed in existential questions and criticized Western culture. Members of the group believed they were special and that to find redemption in the extra-terrestrial Kingdom of Heaven, they needed to leave behind their physical bodies. \n\nOn the 26th of March 1997, in San Diego, California, 39 men and women committed mass suicide. The suicides were carefully planned, with members dressed in black uniforms with colorful shoulder patches with the words \"Heaven's Gate away team.\" \n\nHeaven's Gate members used barbiturates and alcohol to induce drowsiness and then suffocated themselves with  plastic bags. \n","dce7ed33-be5b-4b37-a1d4-1a288893294b",[1263],{"id":1264,"data":1265,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"9cf93cbc-e12b-41ba-946c-cbfbda5bbc60",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1266,"activeRecallAnswers":1268},[1267],"What was the name of the group that committed mass suicide in San Diego, California in 1997?",[1259],{"id":1270,"data":1271,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1275},"0c5c148f-b6cb-4be1-9eb7-3f5026cb40ff",{"type":25,"title":1272,"markdownContent":1273,"audioMediaId":1274},"Branch Davidians","\nThe Branch Davidians were a splinter group of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. They had their roots in the work of Victor Houteff, who founded the General Association of the Davidian Seventh-day Adventists that established the Mount Carmel Center in Waco, Texas.\n\nBenjamin Roden, a follower of Houteff, founded the Branch Davidians in 1955. A man named David Koresh joined in 1981 and became a core leader by 1984. He claimed to be the son of God and a prophet who could interpret God's word. Members believed in the imminent return of Jesus. \n\nOn the 28th of February 1993, a raid at the Waco compound by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF) led to the deaths of six members and four ATF agents. A 51-day siege followed with the FBI's eventual assault on the residence on the 19th of April. The tank and gas assault resulted in a fire that killed 53 adults and 23 kids. \n","47403f81-2179-4482-9c07-121c3619a171",[1276],{"id":1277,"data":1278,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"587b8275-f29a-44d7-96f5-870c2643cdd0",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1279,"multiChoiceCorrect":1281,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1283},[1280],"Who founded the Branch Davidians in 1955?",[1282],"Benjamin Roden",[1284,1285,1286],"Victor Houteff","L. Ron Hubbard","David Koresh",{"id":1288,"data":1289,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1293},"aa8b63df-a69b-4385-94ee-57d664bb477e",{"type":25,"title":1290,"markdownContent":1291,"audioMediaId":1292},"Order of the Solar Temple","\nThe Order of the Solar Temple was a small religious movement founded in Geneva in 1984 by Luc Jouret and Joseph De Mambro. It consisted of a leadership council of 33 people with regional lodges for initiations and rites. \n\nThe group believed that the earth would face a worldwide catastrophe in the mid-1990s and that members needed to enter a higher spiritual plane to take their knowledge from Earth back to the \"Source.\" Members believed they were noble travelers on this planet. \n\nOn the 4th and 5th of October 1994, 53 members in Canada and Switzerland were murdered or committed suicide, and their buildings were set on fire. Between 1994 and 1997, 74 members died by murder-suicide. Some of the deaths are thought to have been ritual murders, and some bodies showed signs of being shot, drugged, or asphyxiated.","b9224121-aa90-4957-a6f9-f3193711c080",[1294],{"id":1295,"data":1296,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"626eeb37-cbb8-411d-ab06-2efac92d18dc",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1297,"multiChoiceCorrect":1299,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1301},[1298],"What did members of the Order of the Solar Temple believe they were?",[1300],"Noble travelers",[1302,1303,1304],"Pilgrims","Explorers","Voyagers",{"id":1306,"data":1307,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1311},"73245315-29cb-4cb3-8e88-52969179ffe3",{"type":25,"title":1308,"markdownContent":1309,"audioMediaId":1310},"Movement For the Restoration of the 10 Commandments of God","\nThe Movement For the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God was a fringe Catholic group established during an epidemic of apparitions of the Virgin Mary and Jesus in Catholic circles in Africa in 1987. \n\nThe leader was Joseph Kibwetere, who had a church in the village of Kanungu, Uganda. Kibwetere believed the world would end on the 31st of December 1999 and that everyone would be exterminated, but members of the group would go to heaven. \n\nWhen the prophesied apocalypse didn't happen, Kibwetere changed the date to the 17th of March 2000. Group members convened in their old church building to prepare for the event. The windows were boarded up from the outside, and the doors were locked before an explosion resulted in a fire.\n\nSeveral hundred members died that day, including 78 children. Authorities are unsure whether it was a homicide or a mass suicide as subsequent mass graves were discovered in surrounding areas and on the properties of group leaders. \n","041dfe8e-ff7b-49fc-9b03-cd85a64dd744",[1312],{"id":1313,"data":1314,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"ca1933a1-fb5c-4828-bebe-b067a02c54bf",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1315,"multiChoiceCorrect":1317,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1319},[1316],"What doomsday cult was led by Joseph Kibwetere?",[1318],"Movement For the Restoration of the 10 Commandments",[1320,1321,1272],"People's Temple","Westboro Baptist Church",{"id":1323,"data":1324,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":1326},"e399971d-806a-4176-9ad4-8c1b873c2498",{"type":26,"title":1325},"Infamous Cult Leaders and Their Followers",[1327,1345],{"id":1328,"data":1329,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1333},"972f21ab-30ea-4fc2-9111-86224989332a",{"type":25,"title":1330,"markdownContent":1331,"audioMediaId":1332},"Manson Family","\nThe Manson Family may be one of the most well-known destructive cults in the world. Led by Charles Manson, members of the group committed gruesome murders. \n\n\n ![Graph](image://5d771891-a263-4030-8f5b-e2046c896231 \"Charles Manson\")\n\nCharles Manson was in Los Angeles, USA, in 1968 to pursue a music career when he befriended Dennis Wilson, the drummer for The Beach Boys. Through this connection, he met other celebrities and became fixated on stardom. \n\nHe amassed a small following of predominantly young women called the Manson Family. The group settled at Spahn Ranch, and Manson had total domination over the group. He spoke about an impending apocalyptic race war that he called 'Helter Skelter'. He told members that they might have to start the war themselves by committing crimes in upscale neighborhoods and implicating African-American communities. \n\nOn the 8th of August 1969, four members of the Manson Family drove to the home of actress Sharon Tate and stabbed her and three friends to death. They killed two more people the next night.\n\n","5fa0ee43-f735-48ce-80cc-aad9e3df1423",[1334],{"id":1335,"data":1336,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"9f2d06e4-3c3f-424c-be3c-82d66a7a839b",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1337,"multiChoiceCorrect":1339,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1341},[1338],"What did Charles Manson call the impending apocalyptic race war he believed was coming?",[1340],"Helter Skelter",[1342,1343,1344],"Armageddon","Doomsday","Cataclysm",{"id":1346,"data":1347,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1351},"0a674272-433d-44a8-b868-48ff7a314bd9",{"type":25,"title":1348,"markdownContent":1349,"audioMediaId":1350},"Aum Shinrikyo","\nAum Shinrikyo was a Japanese cult led by Asahara Shoko, and it was a mix of Buddhist, Hindu, Taoist, and Christian beliefs. \n\nMembers tried to gain political control in the 1989 elections but failed. After this failure, Shoko told members that by 1997 there would be a massive war between the West, led by the U.S., and the \"Buddhist World\" led by Asia. Nuclear, chemical, and bacteriological weapons would be used, and Japan would be destroyed, with only members of Aum Shinrikyo surviving.  \n\nThey turned to chemical weapons and tried to spray Clostridium Botulinum in the area of the Japanese Parliament. It is said that members would pay $250 to drink Shoko's bath water and up to $11,000 to drink a potion made with his blood which funded the attacks.\n\nOn the 20th of March 1995, Aum Shinrikyo instigated a sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway that killed 12 people and injured 5500. \n","8f040a44-811b-40df-b74a-065ae76dcea8",[1352],{"id":1353,"data":1354,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"7ec42715-d456-453d-be52-c28ce59cb638",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1355,"binaryCorrect":1357,"binaryIncorrect":1359},[1356],"What year did Shoko Asahara tell members of Aum Shinrikyo that a massive war between the West and the \"Buddhist World\" would occur?",[1358],"1997",[1360],"1989",{"id":1362,"data":1363,"type":28,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"orbs":1366},"6e399944-72c6-4ff6-a40a-f53972feaf6d",{"type":28,"title":1364,"tagline":1365},"Religious Cults","Religious cults have views that differ from larger, accepted religions and beliefs that outsiders consider dangerous or extreme. Let's learn about some religious cults and their ideologies.\n",[1367,1421],{"id":1368,"data":1369,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":1371},"53438084-f881-4e80-8cdb-6cc99d9c5e4d",{"type":26,"title":1370},"Controversial Religious Movements",[1372,1389,1405],{"id":1373,"data":1374,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1378},"14397232-48d7-4fd4-aaa0-4717df7e780c",{"type":25,"title":1375,"markdownContent":1376,"audioMediaId":1377},"Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints","\n ![Graph](image://c89ad35a-99a2-428a-abae-45530464aa27 \"The headquarters of the FLDS\")\n\nThe Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (FLDS) split from Mormonism in 1890 when they refused to stop practicing polygamy. The FLDS is a religious sect based predominantly around the Hilldale and Colorado City area on the Utah-Arizona border in the USA. \n\nWarren Jeffs led the cult, controlled the practice of spiritual marriage, and assigned wives to husbands. He was the only person able to perform marriages, and he could punish his followers by reassigning their wives and children to other men. Jeffs allegedly threw younger male members out of the church as they were a threat to wife accumulation. \n\nIn April 2008, a police raid resulted in 460 children being taken into protective custody. They were returned to their families, but criminal investigations into spiritual marriages and sexual relations with minors were opened. Jeffs made the FBI's \"Ten Most Wanted\" list and was captured during a routine traffic stop.\n\n","752e4b79-9107-46cc-95f7-7729899d1d6d",[1379],{"id":1380,"data":1381,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"061737ac-bb0c-443c-a923-81d76fe13d20",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1382,"multiChoiceCorrect":1384,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1386},[1383],"Who is the leader of the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints?",[1385],"Warren Jeffs",[1387,1388,1286],"David Miscavige","Aaron Eckhart",{"id":1390,"data":1391,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1395},"f7bfe6d1-94c5-47fa-9c30-230a5b314401",{"type":25,"title":1392,"markdownContent":1393,"audioMediaId":1394},"Rajneeshpuram","\n ![Graph](image://18685ced-1989-4d20-80be-22e75f2520a4 \"Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh\")\n\nRajneeshpuram was a creative religious community named after the Indian guru Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh in Antelope, Oregon, in 1981. \n\nIt attracted thousands of young devotees from across the world, and followers called themselves Sanyasins. They wore reddish orange ochre-dyed robes, changed their names, and renounced all worldly goods and possessions. They lived together communally, and children had their own dorm, often not seeing their parents.\n\nThe Rajneeshpuram manifesto advocated for free love that included practices of tantric yoga, nudity, free sex, and psycho-spiritual therapy. They discouraged reproduction and supported contraception and abortion.\n\nThe group was also known for one of the largest wiretapping operations in U.S. history and the largest immigration fraud ever recorded in the U.S. In an attempt to rig a local election, members spread salmonella bacteria in Dalles, Oregon, in 1988. \n\n","0dd788a0-f96f-43b2-9de0-4693e28b5b57",[1396],{"id":1397,"data":1398,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"308f22b0-fdce-468c-8847-24b7c0d6928c",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1399,"binaryCorrect":1401,"binaryIncorrect":1403},[1400],"What did followers of Rajneeshpuram call themselves?",[1402],"Sannyasins",[1404],"Monks",{"id":1406,"data":1407,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1411},"213ed62e-9609-4f0b-8de2-c099e8e4c372",{"type":25,"title":1408,"markdownContent":1409,"audioMediaId":1410},"Scientology","\n ![Graph](image://8130dacf-11d6-4e38-b863-70cae82adbb3 \"The Scientology building, Hollywood\")\n\nScientology was started by science fiction author L . Ron Hubbard in 1952. It has been called a cult and a manipulative profit-making business. \n\nScientology teaches that a human is an immortal spiritual being called a Thetan that resides in a physical body and has many past lives. It asserts that people have hidden abilities that have not been fully realized and that the process of freeing the individual is the fundamental purpose of their religion. \n\nTo become free or Clear, members need to understand themselves as spiritual beings and as engram energy clusters that inhibit the Thetan from functioning freely. An engram is a detailed mental image or memory of a traumatic event from the past. Members are charged large amounts of money to access texts that explain that previous lives were lived in extraterrestrial cultures. \n\nThe group has been known for criminal activity, such as teaching medicine without a license, fraud, and spying on law enforcement agencies.\n\n","e02bcf84-89e4-458c-96ab-db51bb6695f5",[1412],{"id":1413,"data":1414,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"0ff7a7a2-4a17-4bf6-b2c5-7b15b73eb7b1",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1415,"multiChoiceCorrect":1417,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1418},[1416],"Who founded Scientology in 1952?",[1285],[1419,1387,1420],"Joseph Smith","Charles Taze Russell",{"id":1422,"data":1423,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":1425},"e6bda6a7-7518-4936-a444-ac855700546b",{"type":26,"title":1424},"Historical Cults and Secret Societies",[1426,1442,1460,1474],{"id":1427,"data":1428,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1432},"d0c84d5e-139d-49c3-9c46-ec83cfb167c2",{"type":25,"title":1429,"markdownContent":1430,"audioMediaId":1431},"Thuggee and the Cult of Kali","\nThe Thuggee were a cult of killers and a secret society in India that originated in the 16th century. They were not discovered until 1812, when Great Britain expanded their territories in India and uncovered a series of mysterious deaths. In 1810 bodies of 30 victims were found hidden in wells in the Ganges area. \n\nThe Thuggee strangled more than 30,000 people in the 1830s as a sacrifice to the goddess Kali, the Hindu triple goddess of creation, preservation, and destruction. Membership was hereditary, and practitioners were trained from childhood to kill using strangulation. The weapon, a Rumal, was worn knotted around the waist. \n\nThe group had strange ethic codes such as not killing musicians, dancers, sweepers, oil vendors, carpenters, blacksmiths, Ganges water carriers, or women. They also believed in shedding no blood. The minimum age for initiation into the Thuggee was ten, and their first sacrificial kill happened at 18.\n","f1bed7eb-730a-4510-b6b9-c92aa5a30a23",[1433],{"id":1434,"data":1435,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"56c6e1c4-17d8-4c4e-aa27-8394853981ae",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1436,"binaryCorrect":1438,"binaryIncorrect":1440},[1437],"What weapon was worn knotted around the waist by members of the Thuggee?",[1439],"Rumal",[1441],"Dagger",{"id":1443,"data":1444,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1448},"279c3866-5894-4d0b-b915-e9e378164e91",{"type":25,"title":1445,"markdownContent":1446,"audioMediaId":1447},"Children of God","\nChildren of God, now known as The Family International, are a Christian communal group that grew out of the ministry of David Berg in 1968. It started in California, USA and members sought to share the message of Christian love and Berg's prophecies. \n\nThe group believed that Berg was God's end-time messenger, and in 1974, members spread throughout the world to live communally and spread Berg's message. In 1978 there was a significant reorganization of the group where they changed their name and encouraged members to free themselves from sexual inhibitions and taboos. \n\nBerg encouraged \"flirty fishing,\" a practice where female members flirted with men to spread God's word, often leading to sexual acts. Sexual sharing was also encouraged among adults and children in the group. In 1983 there was a decline in sexual activity, and child protection rules were implemented, but the sharing among adults continued. \n\nBerg died in 1994 and was succeeded by his wife, who leads the group today.\n","4cba4d4b-5fb7-483d-aa51-d8f4a04601b6",[1449],{"id":1450,"data":1451,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"7b11281e-5ba8-4bac-a82c-3c3fcd063605",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1452,"multiChoiceCorrect":1454,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1456},[1453],"What is the current name of the Christian communal group that grew out of the ministry of David Berg in 1968?",[1455],"The Family International",[1457,1458,1459],"The Family Church","The Family Ministry","The Family Congregation",{"id":1461,"data":1462,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1466},"26e79b32-1244-4bb6-a253-e3ad4ca8a06a",{"type":25,"title":1463,"markdownContent":1464,"audioMediaId":1465},"The Church of Euthanasia","\nEx-DJ Chris Korda started the Church of Euthanasia in 1992. The guiding principle of this anti-human religion was \"Thou Shalt not Procreate.\" \n\nMembers of the group were worried about climate change and overpopulation and had an anti-humanism manifesto. They were inspired by Dadaism, the political art movement developed in reaction to WWI. Church members expressed alarm at the destruction of the environment and believed the only solution was voluntary population reduction. \n\nThey were active mainly during the 1990s and early 2000s, and their protest campaigns were structured around environmentalism, abortion rights, and animal rights. The religion had four pillars which were suicide, abortion, cannibalism, and sodomy. \n\nTheir pro-suicide advocacy started in 1995 when they attempted to set up a hotline for people looking for instructions on how to commit suicide. Their slogan was \"Save the Planet, Kill Yourself.\"\n","8bada43b-bfe3-41c4-95c7-8b8212be4291",[1467],{"id":1468,"data":1469,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"79544e52-7c42-44e6-bb10-697dcd9096d4",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1470,"activeRecallAnswers":1472},[1471],"What were the four pillars of the Church of Euthanasia?",[1473],"Suicide, abortion, cannibalism, and sodomy",{"id":1475,"data":1476,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1480},"34e62e43-c3ca-4dcc-8331-42a7425acdec",{"type":25,"title":1477,"markdownContent":1478,"audioMediaId":1479},"The WFLK Fountain of the World","\nThe WFLK Fountain of the World cult was started by Francis Pencovic in 1951 and was a religious community in the San Fernando Valley, California. \n\nPencovic, who went by Krishna Venta, claimed to be the second coming of Christ and said he came from the planet Neophrates. The group lived communally and had four cardinal virtues: wisdom, faith, love, and knowledge. \n\nVenta preached about an impending World War III between Russia and America, coinciding with a race war. He said Russia would win and WFLK Fountain of the World members would create a new world. In 1958 Venta was assassinated by two former members when they used dynamite at the group's compound.  \n\nIt is alleged that Charles Manson and his group stayed at the Fountain of the World in 1968 before moving to Spahn Ranch. Venta's apocalyptic race war and Manson's \"Helter Skelter\" idea have parallels. \n","009c951e-7ad3-4612-99b0-2a816f729fef",[1481],{"id":1482,"data":1483,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"e5120260-346f-4ff4-ac53-3066fa2d22ba",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1484,"multiChoiceCorrect":1486,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1488},[1485],"Who founded the WFLK Fountain of the World cult in 1951?",[1487],"Francis Pencovic",[1489,1490,1491],"Charles Manson","Krishna Venta","Jesus Christ",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":1493,"height":1493,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":1494},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":1493,"height":1493,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":1496},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M12.586 2.586A2 2 0 0 0 11.172 2H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v7.172a2 2 0 0 0 .586 1.414l8.704 8.704a2.426 2.426 0 0 0 3.42 0l6.58-6.58a2.426 2.426 0 0 0 0-3.42z\"/>\u003Ccircle cx=\"7.5\" cy=\"7.5\" r=\".5\" fill=\"currentColor\"/>\u003C/g>",1778179471617]