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Europe, and was known for brutal warfare",1,{"id":35,"data":36,"type":37,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":33},"c1e9898e-f3df-4b63-bf67-5ece08756b3e",{"type":37,"intro":38},10,[39,40],"Where did the Mongols come from?","What was the meaning of the title 'Genghis Khan'?",[42,60,114],{"id":43,"data":44,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":47},"e24bfe8d-d2bf-40a1-9429-016eadb1e1cd",{"type":33,"markdownContent":45,"audioMediaId":46},"The Mongols started life as a nomadic people in Central Asia, before rising to power in the 13th century, and creating the largest land empire in human history. At the height of their power, their territory stretched from China all the way to Eastern Europe.\n\nThe Mongol Empire was known for brutal warfare, and that is how they are often remembered today. Their warriors were so respected and feared that enemy cities would often surrender before the fighting even began.\n\n![Graph](image://517d3b7f-33b9-4fbe-8978-3ebf48ed716e \"The Mongol Empire. Image: Cattette, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nBut there was more to these people than warfare. They also brought peace and stability to the areas they conquered, and encouraged long-distance trade between Asia and Europe. There is no denying the fact they were fierce and violent, but the Mongols had a gentler side to them too.","c57a66fc-322c-4352-a71f-5fb482c2f064",[48],{"id":49,"data":50,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"2708a38d-174d-45cc-9021-c51bda1e68a4",{"type":51,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":33,"multiChoiceQuestion":52,"multiChoiceCorrect":54,"multiChoiceIncorrect":56,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},11,[53],"Who created the largest land empire in human history, stretching from China to Eastern Europe?",[55],"The Mongols",[57,58,59],"The Romans","The Kievan Rus'","The Mughals",{"id":61,"data":62,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":65},"792130a6-093f-4763-ab5d-b4d2ec5a5976",{"type":33,"markdownContent":63,"audioMediaId":64},"For the vast majority of the medieval period, the Mongol people were just a collection of small, disparate tribes, who lived nomadically on the grasslands of the Asian steppe.\n\nThey herded goats and horses, camels and yaks, and moved their herds from plain to plain in search of suitable pastures. They slept in circular tents, sometimes known as yurts, and wore baggy trousers and cone-shaped hats.\n\nTheir religion was a combination of traditional animism and ancestor worship. They believed that natural phenomena, like storms and mountains, were home to powerful spirits. Overall, there was little to suggest that these tribes were capable of building an empire, but this changed at the beginning of the 13th century, with the rise of Genghis Khan.","3e999822-1e10-4579-8343-6a9caa45dbba",[66,74,85,94],{"id":67,"data":68,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"d13066d0-2ec9-48c2-a3d5-798a1f72ff39",{"type":51,"reviewType":69,"spacingBehaviour":33,"clozeQuestion":70,"clozeWords":72},4,[71],"Before the 13th century, the Mongol people were a group of tribes who herded goats, horses, camels and yaks.",[73],"13th",{"id":75,"data":76,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"7f15ecdf-d66c-4a14-857c-474f3b802ed3",{"type":51,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":33,"multiChoiceQuestion":77,"multiChoiceCorrect":79,"multiChoiceIncorrect":81,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[78],"What was the main religion of the early Mongol tribes?",[80],"Animism",[82,83,84],"Buddhism","Islam","Confucianism",{"id":86,"data":87,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"39995ff0-0d60-42ef-b11a-f51428d9d56f",{"type":51,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":33,"binaryQuestion":88,"binaryCorrect":90,"binaryIncorrect":92},[89],"What type of dwellings did the Mongol people sleep in?",[91],"Yurts",[93],"Huts",{"id":95,"data":96,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"2237a439-a563-42e0-ae2e-85299a60ee3a",{"type":51,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":33,"collapsingSiblings":97,"multiChoiceQuestion":101,"multiChoiceCorrect":103,"multiChoiceIncorrect":105,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":109,"matchPairsPairs":111},[98,99,100],"66d478cb-85b5-4462-b838-2d0d3142201e","fc9e63b3-c7fa-4267-8718-fd339ced83cc","ce39ddb4-4f72-4d45-aee6-e1fa5136e2c5",[102],"Which of these would you associate with cone-shaped hats?",[104],"Mongol empire",[106,107,108],"Maya civilization","Tang dynasty","Merovingian kings",[110],"Match the pairs below:",[112],{"left":113,"right":104,"direction":19},"Cone-shaped hats",{"id":115,"data":116,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":119},"436a32c7-91b3-4633-959c-6b2be9e4f3cd",{"type":33,"markdownContent":117,"audioMediaId":118},"At some point in the middle of the 12th century – the exact date is subject to debate – a child was born to a Mongol chieftain. This child’s name was Temüjin, and he changed the course of history.\n\nAs an adult, Temüjin set out to unite the other Mongol tribes, using a combination of diplomacy and warfare. By 1206, he had achieved it, and at a ceremony on the banks of the Onon River, he formally named himself Genghis Khan. This honorary title meant ‘universal leader’.\n\n![Graph](image://542fbb59-f1e8-4f92-8336-ff8c27dd31ad \"Genghis Khan. Image: public domain\")\n\nHis united tribes were stronger together than they ever were apart. Together, they began to expand outwards, rapidly conquering parts of Central Asia and China. With Genghis Khan at the head of the Mongols, these nomadic herders were a devastating military force.","ecc18e38-3f63-4798-ac9b-d891a97eba4c",[120,139,150],{"id":121,"data":122,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"b6e3acde-4350-465f-8817-40422353230d",{"type":51,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":33,"collapsingSiblings":123,"multiChoiceQuestion":127,"multiChoiceCorrect":129,"multiChoiceIncorrect":131,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":135,"matchPairsPairs":136},[124,125,126],"117c4abc-0d4d-4cee-9c2a-7889795f088d","b48ccae9-fa1f-4183-bb65-5f8a6d711cd5","a47ba4dc-e97e-49f1-b57e-faaef032ea15",[128],"Who was the founder of the Mongol Empire?",[130],"Genghis Khan",[132,133,134],"Li Yuan","Mu’awiya","Jayavarman",[110],[137],{"left":130,"right":138,"direction":19},"Founded the Mongol empire",{"id":140,"data":141,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"251f3a88-8453-4a30-9c90-4e2dcfcf7da3",{"type":51,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":33,"multiChoiceQuestion":142,"multiChoiceCorrect":144,"multiChoiceIncorrect":146,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[143],"What does the honorary title, 'Genghis Khan', translate as?",[145],"Universal leader",[147,148,149],"Supreme leader","Great leader","Magnificent leader",{"id":151,"data":152,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"b7f9c43b-28aa-40d0-be1c-9cb68fe5070c",{"type":51,"reviewType":33,"spacingBehaviour":33,"activeRecallQuestion":153,"activeRecallAnswers":155},[154],"What was Genghis Khan's birth name?",[156],"Temüjin",{"id":158,"data":159,"type":20,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":161,"introPage":168,"pages":174},"e0450dbe-2d6d-4918-828d-82b95bd1cd21",{"type":20,"title":160},"War and peace",{"id":162,"data":163,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":33},"61182aae-d7cd-41c7-a8c4-1edd25482ed8",{"type":19,"summary":164},[165,166,167],"The Mongols often overwhelmed their enemies with fast horses and arrow storms","Genghis Khan's death, in 1227 CE, led to division of the empire into four khanates","This actually led to a period of peace and cultural exchange, which historians call Pax Mongolica",{"id":169,"data":170,"type":37,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":33},"b01b939f-c11d-412b-b8fb-3c0fe435abb2",{"type":37,"intro":171},[172,173],"What were the key tactics that made the Mongols such a formidable military force?","How did the Mongols transition from conquerors to administrators during the Pax Mongolica?",[175,204,247],{"id":176,"data":177,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":180},"b5c819e3-54cc-4190-8820-0571ebc1d03a",{"type":33,"markdownContent":178,"audioMediaId":179},"As a military force, the Mongols rarely outnumbered their enemies, but they still found ways to overwhelm them. One of their most effective tactics was the use of fast horses, which let them move quickly over vast distances and launch surprise attacks on their foes.\n\nThey also used arrow storms – barrages of arrows shot from horseback – that caused panic among enemy troops. Some historians think that the Mongols also had gunpowder weapons, which they adopted after conquering parts of China, but this theory has never been proven.\n\nIn many places, the Mongols slaughtered civilians, and burned entire cities to the ground. Mass migrations often took place, as people began to flee their homes before the Mongols even arrived.","693384f6-881f-4978-b066-cf8a789455ab",[181,190,197],{"id":182,"data":183,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"5706a871-c152-431d-8502-6235c80446a2",{"type":51,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":33,"binaryQuestion":184,"binaryCorrect":186,"binaryIncorrect":188},[185],"What helped the Mongols to overwhelm their enemies?",[187],"They had faster horses",[189],"They outnumbered the enemy",{"id":191,"data":192,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"74331110-79cd-44da-abff-e7b781d1d93b",{"type":51,"reviewType":69,"spacingBehaviour":33,"clozeQuestion":193,"clozeWords":195},[194],"Some historians think that the Mongols also had gunpowder weapons, but this theory has never been proven.",[196],"gunpowder",{"id":198,"data":199,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"fbf4b6f0-c1cb-412b-ab3f-aae072642497",{"type":51,"reviewType":33,"spacingBehaviour":33,"activeRecallQuestion":200,"activeRecallAnswers":202},[201],"Why were there so many mass migrations during the period of the Mongol Empire?",[203],"People would rather flee their homes than wait for the Mongols to attack",{"id":205,"data":206,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":209},"9c1309f9-e2a4-49c3-a6c4-6ef7b964b548",{"type":33,"markdownContent":207,"audioMediaId":208},"In 1227 CE, Genghis Khan was struck down by an unknown disease. This was a blow to the growing Mongol Empire, but they managed to carry on without him.\n\nBy this point, their territory stretched from China and Korea, through Iran and Russia, all the way to the edges of Europe. A decision was made to divide all this land into four khanates, each with a different ruler – the empire was too large for a single leader to manage.\n\nThe most famous of these rulers was Kublai Khan, who ruled the Chinese portion of the empire. He displaced the Song Dynasty, and founded the Yuan Dynasty in its place, with himself as Chinese Emperor. He went on to adopt many Chinese customs, and is generally remembered as an excellent Chinese ruler.\n\n![Graph](image://a0003fff-b1c8-45b9-9e37-b981cd060e48 \"Kublai Khan. Image: public domain\")","dd51090a-2590-4aa5-b1b2-f0fa41554a17",[210,221,228],{"id":211,"data":212,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"3f5ecbc3-e973-483f-b154-491ecc3ff71e",{"type":51,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":33,"multiChoiceQuestion":213,"multiChoiceCorrect":215,"multiChoiceIncorrect":217,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[214],"In which year did Genghis Khan die?",[216],"1227 CE",[218,219,220],"1206 CE","1368 CE","1337 CE",{"id":222,"data":223,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"3f46b4c4-3ccb-4445-b145-9037fb9c8655",{"type":51,"reviewType":69,"spacingBehaviour":33,"clozeQuestion":224,"clozeWords":226},[225],"After Genghis Khan's death, the Mongol Empire was divided into four khanates.",[227],"khanates",{"id":229,"data":230,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"e17ec943-2411-4504-a757-08ab8b01a623",{"type":51,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":33,"collapsingSiblings":231,"multiChoiceQuestion":235,"multiChoiceCorrect":237,"multiChoiceIncorrect":239,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":243,"matchPairsPairs":244},[232,233,234],"295734dd-6f3f-41eb-9275-cc620dd320d8","a3bb4167-9ba1-4729-8b0c-6f5734e1d2b7","c8791f33-7db8-49a9-b195-406bbc1341d4",[236],"Who was the ruler of the Chinese portion of the Mongol empire?",[238],"Kublai Khan",[240,241,242],"Constantine XI","Wu Zetian","Eleanor",[110],[245],{"left":238,"right":246,"direction":19},"Ruled Chinese portion of the Mongol empire",{"id":248,"data":249,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":252},"f1f804f7-4baf-40e8-9c38-9d20cd252d79",{"type":33,"markdownContent":250,"audioMediaId":251},"Kublai Khan was not the only Mongol with a reputation for being a capable, peacetime ruler. In general, the Mongols were skilled administrators, who managed to turn their conquered lands into a strong, stable empire.\n\nFrom about 1279, until the empire’s end, was a period known as Pax Mongolica, or ‘Mongol peace’. During this time, many Mongols adopted Islam or Buddhism, and started to settle into sedentary lifestyles, just like the people they had conquered.\n\nMeanwhile, trade flourished between Asia and Europe along the Silk Road, which the Mongols maintained and protected. It was often said that a maiden with a nugget of gold on her head could wander from one end of the empire to the other without worrying about coming to harm.\n\n![Graph](image://e0b6ab67-b34c-450c-aadc-dc6c6a857b59 \"Map of the Silk Road. Image: User:Kelvin CaseUser:Turkish FlameUser:SmallJarsWithGreenLabels, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")","61f5e0fe-fa53-49ec-9c3b-d320e259f053",[253,260,271],{"id":254,"data":255,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"57523640-087b-4626-bdf8-fbca175f0d11",{"type":51,"reviewType":69,"spacingBehaviour":33,"clozeQuestion":256,"clozeWords":258},[257],"In the 13th century, the Mongol Empire oversaw a period of peace and stability, which is sometimes known as Pax Mongolica.",[73,259],"Pax Mongolica",{"id":261,"data":262,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"09f973bf-776f-4854-a38f-65933dda2c1d",{"type":51,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":33,"multiChoiceQuestion":263,"multiChoiceCorrect":265,"multiChoiceIncorrect":267,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[264],"Which trade route between Asia and Europe that was maintained and protected by the Mongols?",[266],"The Silk Road",[268,269,270],"The Golden Road","The Silver Road","The Diamond Road",{"id":272,"data":273,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"68477c7f-e6fb-4815-b5b9-b37e371513fa",{"type":51,"reviewType":33,"spacingBehaviour":33,"activeRecallQuestion":274,"activeRecallAnswers":276},[275],"Which religions did the Mongols start to adopt during the period of Pax Mongolica?",[277],"Islam and Buddhism",{"id":279,"data":280,"type":20,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":282,"introPage":289,"pages":295},"c9c923cf-970a-4069-ab1d-05ed62ba6ca2",{"type":20,"title":281},"Decline of the Mongols",{"id":283,"data":284,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":33},"d8b78b42-c99d-4944-aea5-c4099da3cb26",{"type":19,"summary":285},[286,287,288],"The Mongol Empire began to decline due to the Black Death, which killed millions in China and Europe","Rebel groups rose up and overthrew Mongol leaders, leading to the empire's collapse by 1368 CE","The empire's legacy includes a devastating death toll, but they also laid foundations for long-distance communication and trade",{"id":290,"data":291,"type":37,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":33},"2904914d-c44a-4961-a522-9629b5b6d2a6",{"type":37,"intro":292},[293,294],"How did the Black Death contribute to the fall of the Mongol Empire?","What was the legacy of the Mongol Empire?",[296,328],{"id":297,"data":298,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":301},"b67f23fb-55d7-4623-b260-849c221889bd",{"type":33,"markdownContent":299,"audioMediaId":300},"The Mongol empire began to decline in the late 14th century, mainly because of the Black Death. The Mongol Empire had connected hundreds of isolated communities in Europe and Asia – and now, those connections helped the disease to spread.\n\nInfected fleas would travel on the backs of horses and camels, and in the hair of traveling merchants. The effects of this were truly devastating. The Black Death is estimated to have killed one third of China’s population, and up to half of Europe.\n\n![Graph](image://5c81edcd-1359-4d6e-943a-1e10a6e499ec \"The Black Death. Image: public domain\")\n\nIn this period of devastating population collapse, the stability of the empire shattered. Rebel groups rose up around the empire, and overthrew their Mongol leaders. In China, Ming rebels seized control, and founded a new dynasty. By 1368, the Mongol Empire had completely faded away.","93433638-5177-44c7-a4cd-c01f839b4d88",[302,311,319],{"id":303,"data":304,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"88cab6f8-634f-495b-ba06-d8e07f748ab6",{"type":51,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":33,"binaryQuestion":305,"binaryCorrect":307,"binaryIncorrect":309},[306],"What is estimated to have killed up to half of Europe's population during the 14th century?",[308],"The Black Death",[310],"The Mongol Empire",{"id":312,"data":313,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"62f5c786-9c9a-4e4b-ad88-812957b4ed13",{"type":51,"reviewType":69,"spacingBehaviour":33,"clozeQuestion":314,"clozeWords":316},[315],"By facilitating trade between Europe and Asia, the Mongols also unintentionally facilitated the spread of the Black Death.",[317,318],"Europe","Asia",{"id":320,"data":321,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"ab6d03e9-4fe5-476e-93f9-76843f34078c",{"type":51,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":33,"binaryQuestion":322,"binaryCorrect":324,"binaryIncorrect":326},[323],"Which Chinese rebels overthrew the Mongols, and introduced a new dynasty in their place?",[325],"The Ming",[327],"The Qing",{"id":329,"data":330,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":333},"0c581e7c-f391-47b4-82e8-706db07087e3",{"type":33,"markdownContent":331,"audioMediaId":332},"The most obvious legacy of the Mongol Empire was the death toll. They were one of the most destructive forces in human history, with an estimated 80 million people killed during their conquests. That does not take into account the Black Death, which killed an additional 100 million people.\n\nBut their other legacy was one of long-distance communication and trade. They united Europe and Asia along a peaceful Silk Road, and helped people at both ends of the Eurasian continent to interact more easily than ever.\n\nIn other words, the Mongol Empire laid the foundations for the modern period. In the centuries following the collapse of their empire, the world became more connected. Trade routes flourished between every continent, as brand new empires, like the Ottomans and the British, rose in the place of those who came before.","ee1b9ba0-ac72-4a66-a542-dd5ee8560497",[334,345],{"id":335,"data":336,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"b3d40236-7e4f-4eb1-9399-79f7f8d49e13",{"type":51,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":33,"multiChoiceQuestion":337,"multiChoiceCorrect":339,"multiChoiceIncorrect":341,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[338],"How many people were estimated to have been killed during the Mongol Empire's conquests?",[340],"80 million",[342,343,344],"100 million","120 million","140 million",{"id":346,"data":347,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"b11a12a4-10be-4952-b7f5-8f20b1764eaf",{"type":51,"reviewType":69,"spacingBehaviour":33,"clozeQuestion":348,"clozeWords":350},[349],"By uniting the two ends of Europe and Asia, the Mongol Empire laid the foundations for the interconnectedness of the modern era.",[318,351],"modern",[353,444,528],{"id":23,"data":24,"type":20,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":26,"introPage":34,"pages":354},[355,392,414],{"id":43,"data":44,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":47,"parsed":356},{"data":357,"body":360,"toc":390},{"title":358,"description":359},"","The Mongols started life as a nomadic people in Central Asia, before rising to power in the 13th century, and creating the largest land empire in human history. At the height of their power, their territory stretched from China all the way to Eastern Europe.",{"type":361,"children":362},"root",[363,370,375,385],{"type":364,"tag":365,"props":366,"children":367},"element","p",{},[368],{"type":369,"value":359},"text",{"type":364,"tag":365,"props":371,"children":372},{},[373],{"type":369,"value":374},"The Mongol Empire was known for brutal warfare, and that is how they are often remembered today. Their warriors were so respected and feared that enemy cities would often surrender before the fighting even began.",{"type":364,"tag":365,"props":376,"children":377},{},[378],{"type":364,"tag":379,"props":380,"children":384},"img",{"alt":381,"src":382,"title":383},"Graph","image://517d3b7f-33b9-4fbe-8978-3ebf48ed716e","The Mongol Empire. Image: Cattette, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":364,"tag":365,"props":386,"children":387},{},[388],{"type":369,"value":389},"But there was more to these people than warfare. They also brought peace and stability to the areas they conquered, and encouraged long-distance trade between Asia and Europe. There is no denying the fact they were fierce and violent, but the Mongols had a gentler side to them too.",{"title":358,"searchDepth":20,"depth":20,"links":391},[],{"id":61,"data":62,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":65,"parsed":393},{"data":394,"body":396,"toc":412},{"title":358,"description":395},"For the vast majority of the medieval period, the Mongol people were just a collection of small, disparate tribes, who lived nomadically on the grasslands of the Asian steppe.",{"type":361,"children":397},[398,402,407],{"type":364,"tag":365,"props":399,"children":400},{},[401],{"type":369,"value":395},{"type":364,"tag":365,"props":403,"children":404},{},[405],{"type":369,"value":406},"They herded goats and horses, camels and yaks, and moved their herds from plain to plain in search of suitable pastures. They slept in circular tents, sometimes known as yurts, and wore baggy trousers and cone-shaped hats.",{"type":364,"tag":365,"props":408,"children":409},{},[410],{"type":369,"value":411},"Their religion was a combination of traditional animism and ancestor worship. They believed that natural phenomena, like storms and mountains, were home to powerful spirits. Overall, there was little to suggest that these tribes were capable of building an empire, but this changed at the beginning of the 13th century, with the rise of Genghis Khan.",{"title":358,"searchDepth":20,"depth":20,"links":413},[],{"id":115,"data":116,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":119,"parsed":415},{"data":416,"body":418,"toc":442},{"title":358,"description":417},"At some point in the middle of the 12th century – the exact date is subject to debate – a child was born to a Mongol chieftain. This child’s name was Temüjin, and he changed the course of history.",{"type":361,"children":419},[420,424,429,437],{"type":364,"tag":365,"props":421,"children":422},{},[423],{"type":369,"value":417},{"type":364,"tag":365,"props":425,"children":426},{},[427],{"type":369,"value":428},"As an adult, Temüjin set out to unite the other Mongol tribes, using a combination of diplomacy and warfare. By 1206, he had achieved it, and at a ceremony on the banks of the Onon River, he formally named himself Genghis Khan. This honorary title meant ‘universal leader’.",{"type":364,"tag":365,"props":430,"children":431},{},[432],{"type":364,"tag":379,"props":433,"children":436},{"alt":381,"src":434,"title":435},"image://542fbb59-f1e8-4f92-8336-ff8c27dd31ad","Genghis Khan. Image: public domain",[],{"type":364,"tag":365,"props":438,"children":439},{},[440],{"type":369,"value":441},"His united tribes were stronger together than they ever were apart. Together, they began to expand outwards, rapidly conquering parts of Central Asia and China. With Genghis Khan at the head of the Mongols, these nomadic herders were a devastating military force.",{"title":358,"searchDepth":20,"depth":20,"links":443},[],{"id":158,"data":159,"type":20,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":161,"introPage":168,"pages":445},[446,468,498],{"id":176,"data":177,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":180,"parsed":447},{"data":448,"body":450,"toc":466},{"title":358,"description":449},"As a military force, the Mongols rarely outnumbered their enemies, but they still found ways to overwhelm them. One of their most effective tactics was the use of fast horses, which let them move quickly over vast distances and launch surprise attacks on their foes.",{"type":361,"children":451},[452,456,461],{"type":364,"tag":365,"props":453,"children":454},{},[455],{"type":369,"value":449},{"type":364,"tag":365,"props":457,"children":458},{},[459],{"type":369,"value":460},"They also used arrow storms – barrages of arrows shot from horseback – that caused panic among enemy troops. Some historians think that the Mongols also had gunpowder weapons, which they adopted after conquering parts of China, but this theory has never been proven.",{"type":364,"tag":365,"props":462,"children":463},{},[464],{"type":369,"value":465},"In many places, the Mongols slaughtered civilians, and burned entire cities to the ground. Mass migrations often took place, as people began to flee their homes before the Mongols even arrived.",{"title":358,"searchDepth":20,"depth":20,"links":467},[],{"id":205,"data":206,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":209,"parsed":469},{"data":470,"body":472,"toc":496},{"title":358,"description":471},"In 1227 CE, Genghis Khan was struck down by an unknown disease. This was a blow to the growing Mongol Empire, but they managed to carry on without him.",{"type":361,"children":473},[474,478,483,488],{"type":364,"tag":365,"props":475,"children":476},{},[477],{"type":369,"value":471},{"type":364,"tag":365,"props":479,"children":480},{},[481],{"type":369,"value":482},"By this point, their territory stretched from China and Korea, through Iran and Russia, all the way to the edges of Europe. A decision was made to divide all this land into four khanates, each with a different ruler – the empire was too large for a single leader to manage.",{"type":364,"tag":365,"props":484,"children":485},{},[486],{"type":369,"value":487},"The most famous of these rulers was Kublai Khan, who ruled the Chinese portion of the empire. He displaced the Song Dynasty, and founded the Yuan Dynasty in its place, with himself as Chinese Emperor. He went on to adopt many Chinese customs, and is generally remembered as an excellent Chinese ruler.",{"type":364,"tag":365,"props":489,"children":490},{},[491],{"type":364,"tag":379,"props":492,"children":495},{"alt":381,"src":493,"title":494},"image://a0003fff-b1c8-45b9-9e37-b981cd060e48","Kublai Khan. Image: public domain",[],{"title":358,"searchDepth":20,"depth":20,"links":497},[],{"id":248,"data":249,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":252,"parsed":499},{"data":500,"body":502,"toc":526},{"title":358,"description":501},"Kublai Khan was not the only Mongol with a reputation for being a capable, peacetime ruler. In general, the Mongols were skilled administrators, who managed to turn their conquered lands into a strong, stable empire.",{"type":361,"children":503},[504,508,513,518],{"type":364,"tag":365,"props":505,"children":506},{},[507],{"type":369,"value":501},{"type":364,"tag":365,"props":509,"children":510},{},[511],{"type":369,"value":512},"From about 1279, until the empire’s end, was a period known as Pax Mongolica, or ‘Mongol peace’. During this time, many Mongols adopted Islam or Buddhism, and started to settle into sedentary lifestyles, just like the people they had conquered.",{"type":364,"tag":365,"props":514,"children":515},{},[516],{"type":369,"value":517},"Meanwhile, trade flourished between Asia and Europe along the Silk Road, which the Mongols maintained and protected. It was often said that a maiden with a nugget of gold on her head could wander from one end of the empire to the other without worrying about coming to harm.",{"type":364,"tag":365,"props":519,"children":520},{},[521],{"type":364,"tag":379,"props":522,"children":525},{"alt":381,"src":523,"title":524},"image://e0b6ab67-b34c-450c-aadc-dc6c6a857b59","Map of the Silk Road. Image: User:Kelvin CaseUser:Turkish FlameUser:SmallJarsWithGreenLabels, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"title":358,"searchDepth":20,"depth":20,"links":527},[],{"id":279,"data":280,"type":20,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":282,"introPage":289,"pages":529},[530,560],{"id":297,"data":298,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":301,"parsed":531},{"data":532,"body":534,"toc":558},{"title":358,"description":533},"The Mongol empire began to decline in the late 14th century, mainly because of the Black Death. The Mongol Empire had connected hundreds of isolated communities in Europe and Asia – and now, those connections helped the disease to spread.",{"type":361,"children":535},[536,540,545,553],{"type":364,"tag":365,"props":537,"children":538},{},[539],{"type":369,"value":533},{"type":364,"tag":365,"props":541,"children":542},{},[543],{"type":369,"value":544},"Infected fleas would travel on the backs of horses and camels, and in the hair of traveling merchants. The effects of this were truly devastating. The Black Death is estimated to have killed one third of China’s population, and up to half of Europe.",{"type":364,"tag":365,"props":546,"children":547},{},[548],{"type":364,"tag":379,"props":549,"children":552},{"alt":381,"src":550,"title":551},"image://5c81edcd-1359-4d6e-943a-1e10a6e499ec","The Black Death. Image: public domain",[],{"type":364,"tag":365,"props":554,"children":555},{},[556],{"type":369,"value":557},"In this period of devastating population collapse, the stability of the empire shattered. Rebel groups rose up around the empire, and overthrew their Mongol leaders. In China, Ming rebels seized control, and founded a new dynasty. By 1368, the Mongol Empire had completely faded away.",{"title":358,"searchDepth":20,"depth":20,"links":559},[],{"id":329,"data":330,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":333,"parsed":561},{"data":562,"body":564,"toc":580},{"title":358,"description":563},"The most obvious legacy of the Mongol Empire was the death toll. They were one of the most destructive forces in human history, with an estimated 80 million people killed during their conquests. That does not take into account the Black Death, which killed an additional 100 million people.",{"type":361,"children":565},[566,570,575],{"type":364,"tag":365,"props":567,"children":568},{},[569],{"type":369,"value":563},{"type":364,"tag":365,"props":571,"children":572},{},[573],{"type":369,"value":574},"But their other legacy was one of long-distance communication and trade. They united Europe and Asia along a peaceful Silk Road, and helped people at both ends of the Eurasian continent to interact more easily than ever.",{"type":364,"tag":365,"props":576,"children":577},{},[578],{"type":369,"value":579},"In other words, the Mongol Empire laid the foundations for the modern period. In the centuries following the collapse of their empire, the world became more connected. Trade routes flourished between every continent, as brand new empires, like the Ottomans and the British, rose in the place of those who came before.",{"title":358,"searchDepth":20,"depth":20,"links":581},[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":583,"height":583,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":584},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":583,"height":583,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":586},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M4 5h16M4 12h16M4 19h16\"/>",1778179254624]