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Short, overthrew the Merovingians and established the Carolingian Dynasty in their place",1,{"id":35,"data":36,"type":37,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":33},"72ffe0ed-1f90-4b61-82b2-bf659e596968",{"type":37,"intro":38},10,[39,40],"What significant role did Charles Martel play in the defense of Francia?","Where did the Carolingian Dynasty come from?",[42,69,106],{"id":43,"data":44,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":47},"ec7fb32f-d6ec-4523-b1ca-8c90ccdfc642",{"type":33,"markdownContent":45,"audioMediaId":46},"During the 8th and 9th centuries, the Carolingians ruled a large, Christian empire in western Europe. Many people saw it as the natural successor to the western half of the Roman Empire, which had fallen centuries earlier.\n\n![Graph](image://24b61524-8e63-4b46-9dc4-1da4237efb8b \"Charlemagne. Image: public domain\")\n\nThe Carolingians’ most famous ruler was Charlemagne, whose reign saw an increase in literacy and education, law and order, and religious piety. He ruled for more than 40 years, and was so influential that he is sometimes called the ‘Father of Europe’.\n\nThe name of the dynasty is derived from the fact that many of their kings were named Charles, which was Latinized as Carolus. Charlemagne’s successors included Charles the Simple, Charles the Bald, and Charles the Fat. As their epithets suggest, these kings failed to live up to Charlemagne’s lofty heights.","025fe819-736c-4d60-b68d-945ee9993700",[48,58],{"id":49,"data":50,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"368fd4be-61cd-43a3-b208-caf882dd77cd",{"type":51,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":33,"binaryQuestion":52,"binaryCorrect":54,"binaryIncorrect":56},11,[53],"In the 8th and 9th centuries, which dynasty was seen as the natural successor to the western half of the Roman Empire ?",[55],"Carolingian",[57],"Merovingian",{"id":59,"data":60,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"a241d4fb-b006-4ce4-8a34-e51744ee9cfc",{"type":51,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":33,"multiChoiceQuestion":61,"multiChoiceCorrect":63,"multiChoiceIncorrect":65,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[62],"What is Charlemagne also known as?",[64],"The Father of Europe",[66,67,68],"The Father of France","The Father of Christianity","The Father of Democracy",{"id":70,"data":71,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":74},"b82a30da-ceab-4f1a-bef9-2e844ae3b2b6",{"type":33,"markdownContent":72,"audioMediaId":73},"After the fall of Rome, Europe was divided up by barbarian groups, who established several Christian kingdoms. One of these was Francia, which roughly matched the borders of modern France. This kingdom was ruled by a line of kings called the Merovingian Dynasty.\n\nNot much is known about the Merovingian kings, apart from their commitment to growing long, thick hair. Supposedly, this was a sign of power. If a Merovingian’s hair was cut off by an opponent, he would no longer be allowed to rule.\n\nIn the north of their kingdom was an area known as Austrasia. It was managed by a line of noblemen, including a powerful figure named Charles Martel. They held a lot of influence in the Merovingian court, and over time, they started to outshine their long-haired kings.","0fec77e1-ded6-4dcd-a530-97a495ad33ee",[75,86],{"id":76,"data":77,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"1687e32a-0eb6-4d6b-a062-bcd13439b36d",{"type":51,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":33,"multiChoiceQuestion":78,"multiChoiceCorrect":80,"multiChoiceIncorrect":82,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[79],"Who were the kings who established the kingdom of Francia not long after the fall of Rome?",[81],"The Merovingians",[83,84,85],"The Carolingians","The Visigoths","The Ostrogoths",{"id":87,"data":88,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"ce39ddb4-4f72-4d45-aee6-e1fa5136e2c5",{"type":51,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":33,"collapsingSiblings":89,"multiChoiceQuestion":93,"multiChoiceCorrect":95,"multiChoiceIncorrect":97,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":101,"matchPairsPairs":103},[90,91,92],"66d478cb-85b5-4462-b838-2d0d3142201e","fc9e63b3-c7fa-4267-8718-fd339ced83cc","2237a439-a563-42e0-ae2e-85299a60ee3a",[94],"Which of these would you associate with long, thick hair?",[96],"Merovingian kings",[98,99,100],"Maya civilization","Tang dynasty","Mongol empire",[102],"Match the pairs below:",[104],{"left":105,"right":96,"direction":19},"Long, thick hair",{"id":107,"data":108,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":111},"0e7d5160-6ca5-4549-83da-ffa3e31f052b",{"type":33,"markdownContent":109,"audioMediaId":110},"In the early 8th century, the Umayyad Caliphate – whose territory included the Iberian peninsula – began to worry the edges of the Merovingian kingdom. They wanted to claim the region as their own, and convert its people to Islam.\n\nThe defense of Francia was led, not by the Merovingian king, but by the Austrasian nobleman Charles Martel. In 732 CE, he famously defeated the invading Umayyads at the Battle of Tours, and became known as the defender of Christianity.\n\nBy this point, the power of the Austrasian noblemen was plain for all to see. In 768 CE, Charles’ son, Pepin the Short, overthrew the final Merovingian king, and established the Carolingian Dynasty in its place. Pepin was crowned by Pope Zacharias, who wanted to lend the support of the Church to the man whose father had protected Christian Europe.\n\n![Graph](image://98ef6bdd-2897-4ff8-b3e6-6198b2b41615 \"Pepin the Short. Image: public domain\")","f5a16c3a-5487-4a7f-adac-b7c69a63f4bd",[112,120,138,149],{"id":113,"data":114,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"98da83f7-6c6a-4e23-8fc5-cf5c98882913",{"type":51,"reviewType":115,"spacingBehaviour":33,"clozeQuestion":116,"clozeWords":118},4,[117],"The region of Austrasia, in the north of Francia, was managed by a nobleman named Charles Martel from around 717 to 741 CE.",[119],"Charles Martel",{"id":121,"data":122,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"90cb0728-1ff7-4d6b-9b90-926e073d73c0",{"type":51,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":33,"collapsingSiblings":123,"multiChoiceQuestion":127,"multiChoiceCorrect":129,"multiChoiceIncorrect":130,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":134,"matchPairsPairs":135},[124,125,126],"84214f8a-f1a1-4216-af15-f56399a98699","d0ca2f79-04a3-4ebc-a5c8-d70301b51059","3f95c971-63dd-4aec-99c1-ab7c67a8ee42",[128],"Who emerged victorious at the Battle of Tours?",[119],[131,132,133],"Charlemagne","Pepin the Short","Louis V",[102],[136],{"left":119,"right":137,"direction":19},"Won the Battle of Tours",{"id":125,"data":139,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},{"type":51,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":33,"collapsingSiblings":140,"multiChoiceQuestion":141,"multiChoiceCorrect":143,"multiChoiceIncorrect":144,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":145,"matchPairsPairs":146},[124,121,126],[142],"Who was Charles Martel's son?",[132],[131,119,133],[102],[147],{"left":132,"right":148,"direction":19},"First Carolingian king",{"id":150,"data":151,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"76ccad77-b7f8-4d18-a0b6-5106055c1f40",{"type":51,"reviewType":115,"spacingBehaviour":33,"clozeQuestion":152,"clozeWords":154},[153],"In 768 CE, Pepin the Short overthrew the Merovingians, and established the Carolingian Dynasty.",[155],"Merovingians",{"id":157,"data":158,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":160,"introPage":167,"pages":173},"3d810b9f-6a09-4b90-b069-286527adba85",{"type":24,"title":159},"Romanum imperium",{"id":161,"data":162,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":33},"970599e4-be49-4012-b15a-7982a8735f27",{"type":19,"summary":163},[164,165,166],"Charlemagne became the first ever Holy Roman Emperor in 800 CE","Charlemagne supported the Catholic Church and promoted literacy throughout his kingdom","Charlemagne's reign saw a cultural revival which became known as the Carolingian Renaissance",{"id":168,"data":169,"type":37,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":33},"200eb7b9-72af-4702-ae11-76d80150f523",{"type":37,"intro":170},[171,172],"What was Charlemagne's strategy to unite Europe's Germanic people under one Christian kingdom?","How did Charlemagne's reign lead to a Carolingian Renaissance?",[174,206,230],{"id":175,"data":176,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":179},"bd043114-6580-40c3-bd65-7b5d5419255d",{"type":33,"markdownContent":177,"audioMediaId":178},"Pepin the Short was the first Carolingian king, but he was not their greatest ruler. That title goes to his son, Charlemagne, who became king of the Franks in 771 CE.\n\nHe set out on a mission to unite all of Europe’s Germanic people into one Christian kingdom. He spent most of his reign engaged in military conflicts, taking control of Lombardy (northern Italy), Avar (Austria and Hungary) and Bavaria (Germany). He forced his new subjects to convert to Christianity, putting anyone who refused to death.\n\nHis work caught the attention of Pope Leo III, who thought this growing empire was the natural successor to Christian Rome. In 800 CE, he named Charlemagne the Holy Roman Emperor – the first person to hold this title. People began to refer to the empire as Romanum imperium: the Latin term for ‘Roman Empire’.\n\n![Graph](image://e386e292-707a-4a43-adbc-275ec1d2a9bb \"Pope Leo III. Image: public domain\")","0b4f0610-7632-4ff1-b087-b0c8ceaa3490",[180,187,198],{"id":181,"data":182,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"565929c0-b71f-416d-838a-7d63c0eacb7b",{"type":51,"reviewType":115,"spacingBehaviour":33,"clozeQuestion":183,"clozeWords":185},[184],"In his bid to build a Christian Empire, Charlemagne took control of Lombardy, Avar and Bavaria.",[186],"Bavaria",{"id":124,"data":188,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},{"type":51,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":33,"collapsingSiblings":189,"multiChoiceQuestion":190,"multiChoiceCorrect":192,"multiChoiceIncorrect":193,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":194,"matchPairsPairs":195},[125,121,126],[191],"Who was the first Holy Roman Emperor?",[131],[132,119,133],[102],[196],{"left":131,"right":197,"direction":19},"First Holy Roman Emperor",{"id":199,"data":200,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"87836f64-4e9f-4b49-93f0-d06966a89955",{"type":51,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":33,"binaryQuestion":201,"binaryCorrect":203,"binaryIncorrect":204},[202],"What name did people give to the Carolingian Empire at the time?",[159],[205],"Carolingum imperium",{"id":207,"data":208,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":211},"e735b2fd-a8e9-4784-a779-ae24baa89963",{"type":33,"markdownContent":209,"audioMediaId":210},"As Holy Roman Emperor, Charlemagne became explicitly intertwined with the Catholic Church. He was a zealous defender of Christianity, and helped the Church to become more powerful than ever before.\n\nAs his empire expanded, he gave vast tracts of land to the Church, which allowed it to build monasteries and churches all over Europe. In many places, this land is still owned by the Catholic Church today.\n\nMeanwhile, his Admonitio generalis was a set of reforms which enforced new standards of morality and literacy among members of the clergy. In the past, many priests could not even read the Bible, and Charlemagne sought to change this.","f7de83e3-1113-471a-add5-8f74a58f8878",[212,219],{"id":213,"data":214,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"bda7cd21-cab5-4a0c-aed5-3ef46312cd5f",{"type":51,"reviewType":115,"spacingBehaviour":33,"clozeQuestion":215,"clozeWords":217},[216],"Before Charlemagne's reforms, many Catholic priests could not even read the Bible.",[218],"Catholic priests",{"id":220,"data":221,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"32b90103-f19e-4c0d-9504-17ab279a745c",{"type":51,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":33,"multiChoiceQuestion":222,"multiChoiceCorrect":224,"multiChoiceIncorrect":226,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[223],"What did Charlemagne seek to change with his Admonitio generalis?",[225],"Morality and literacy among the clergy",[227,228,229],"The amount of land owned by the church","The rights of noblemen","The rights of monarchical inheritance",{"id":231,"data":232,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":235},"a11fe95c-fe0f-4424-b361-01aedf722ac4",{"type":33,"markdownContent":233,"audioMediaId":234},"As well as supporting the Catholic Church, Charlemagne was a patron of science and learning, and his reign saw a period of cultural revival known as the Carolingian Renaissance.\n\nHe filled his court with renowned intellectuals, and asked them to help him educate his Christian subjects. Together, they established a writing system called Carolingian Minuscule, and opened libraries and schools throughout the empire. This writing system became the basis for many modern European alphabets.\n\n![Graph](image://61980955-d2ab-4ad4-a3b3-3c4155224d6a \"Carolingian Miniscule. Image: public domain\")\n\nHis work ushered in an intellectual golden age unlike anything seen in western Europe since the fall of Rome. This was precisely Charlemagne’s intention: he thought of his empire as a new Rome, and wanted to match its former glory.","4b242e40-ab5a-46a9-be35-3dab5e13b05c",[236,247,254],{"id":237,"data":238,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"2c30bdd7-abd1-45d3-b90f-331157dcb95e",{"type":51,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":33,"multiChoiceQuestion":239,"multiChoiceCorrect":241,"multiChoiceIncorrect":243,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[240],"What period of cultural revival occurred during Charlemagne's reign?",[242],"The Carolingian Renaissance",[244,245,246],"The Medieval Renaissance","The Gothic Enlightenment","The Catholic Enlightenment",{"id":248,"data":249,"type":51,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":19},"032a4461-b40b-4e4e-b125-0f1b91f1b813",{"type":51,"reviewType":33,"spacingBehaviour":33,"activeRecallQuestion":250,"activeRecallAnswers":252},[251],"What writing system did Charlemagne establish, which became the basis for many modern European alphabets?",[253],"Carolingian Miniscule",{"id":255,"data":256,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"a008e3ee-e28c-4b55-b6a9-43d576d93d5b",{"type":51,"reviewType":115,"spacingBehaviour":33,"clozeQuestion":257,"clozeWords":259},[258],"Charlemagne thought of his empire as a new Rome, and wanted to match its former glory.",[260],"Rome",{"id":262,"data":263,"type":24,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":265,"introPage":273,"pages":279},"1a5ce3a7-3da5-4e1a-9002-cfe43e32b18f",{"type":24,"title":264},"Decline of the Carolingians",{"id":266,"data":267,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":33},"763d5e3f-a4b3-42fc-a92f-02a5af1c6106",{"type":19,"summary":268},[269,270,271,272],"Charlemagne's health declined in old age, leading to his passing in 814 CE","Charlemagne was replaced by his son, Louis the Pious, but he was a much weaker ruler","The Treaty of Verdun, in 843 CE, divided the Carolingian Empire among Louis' sons","The divided kingdom was attacked by outsiders, until the Carolingians finally fell",{"id":274,"data":275,"type":37,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":33},"5c22e132-d250-4b72-94d0-fcb96c35df83",{"type":37,"intro":276},[277,278],"How did the Treaty of Verdun contribute to the fall of the Carolingian Empire?","What was the legacy of the Carolingian Empire?",[280,313,352],{"id":281,"data":282,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":285},"8e7ace0e-3383-495a-afa8-f49ceefe95df",{"type":33,"markdownContent":283,"audioMediaId":284},"In old age, Charlemagne’s health deserted him; he had frequent fevers, and developed an uncomfortable limp. In 814, he passed away, and left his son, Louis the Pious, to rule the empire instead.\n\nLouis was another devout Christian, who generally followed in his father’s footsteps, continuing to support the Catholic Church and encourage education and learning. He also had a ruthless streak. After hearing about a plot to dethrone him, he had the plotters blinded, including his nephew Bernard.\n\nHe regretted this decision. Five years later, he performed public penance, and sought the forgiveness of the Pope. The Pope forgave him, but some people thought the entire ordeal made Louis look weak. This event was probably the beginning of the end for the Carolingian Dynasty.\n\n![Graph](image://c60ff592-e5f1-44ab-bbfb-4a89127fce4a \"Louis the Pious. Image: public domain\")","890e9b93-3b5b-4079-8349-b6ac64383103",[286,295,306],{"id":287,"data":288,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"f5ed1ebc-cf75-4806-b9b9-6163065df021",{"type":51,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":33,"binaryQuestion":289,"binaryCorrect":291,"binaryIncorrect":293},[290],"Who replaced Charlemagne when he passed away in 814 CE?",[292],"Louis the Pious",[294],"Charles the Fat",{"id":296,"data":297,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"c310540c-4f7a-4ec0-a449-e179b4f68498",{"type":51,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":33,"multiChoiceQuestion":298,"multiChoiceCorrect":300,"multiChoiceIncorrect":302,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[299],"What did Louis the Pious do to a group of rebels who were making plans to dethrone him?",[301],"He had them blinded",[303,304,305],"He had them killed","He had them exiled","He had them imprisoned",{"id":307,"data":308,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"942df2f0-e51a-4bc8-9495-b56c990a4782",{"type":51,"reviewType":115,"spacingBehaviour":33,"clozeQuestion":309,"clozeWords":311},[310],"After blinding a group of rebels, Louis the Pious sought public forgiveness from the Pope.",[312],"The Pope",{"id":314,"data":315,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":318},"da22ac9a-2ab3-499d-b0a7-75690caf4f48",{"type":33,"markdownContent":316,"audioMediaId":317},"The final years of Louis’ reign were marked by a series of revolts and civil wars. He managed to suppress them, but when he passed away, in 840 CE, another war broke out between three of his sons, who all wanted the empire for themselves.\n\nIn 843 CE, the Treaty of Verdun was drawn up, which divided the empire between the sons. This severely weakened the empire as a whole: the three kingdoms, as rivals, were far weaker than they had been as a single, unified entity.\n\nIn the next few years, rival forces began to attack the remnants of the empire. In 845 CE, the Frankish city of Paris was sacked by a Viking army. By the end of the century, the former empire had fragmented even further. Another century later, the final Carolingian – Louis V – was dethroned.","b986186c-1c3c-4c71-9d70-5a518169e0ec",[319,330,341],{"id":320,"data":321,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"4b82b901-4d93-4c58-b226-9cd9f98a5b8f",{"type":51,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":33,"multiChoiceQuestion":322,"multiChoiceCorrect":324,"multiChoiceIncorrect":326,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[323],"What treaty divided the Carolingian Empire between Louis' sons in 843 CE?",[325],"The Treaty of Verdun",[327,328,329],"The Treaty of Tours","The Treaty of Rome","The Treaty of Versailles",{"id":331,"data":332,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"a1dc9a0c-38dd-4c86-ac57-373b4d228f6e",{"type":51,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":33,"multiChoiceQuestion":333,"multiChoiceCorrect":335,"multiChoiceIncorrect":337,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[334],"Which Frankish city was sacked by Vikings in 845 CE?",[336],"Paris",[338,339,340],"Aachen","Rouen","Calais",{"id":126,"data":342,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},{"type":51,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":33,"collapsingSiblings":343,"multiChoiceQuestion":344,"multiChoiceCorrect":346,"multiChoiceIncorrect":347,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":348,"matchPairsPairs":349},[124,125,121],[345],"Who was the last king from the Carolingian dynasty?",[133],[131,132,119],[102],[350],{"left":133,"right":351,"direction":19},"Last Carolingian king",{"id":353,"data":354,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":357},"1ae077f2-a13d-4f01-b6ae-35932ae54609",{"type":33,"markdownContent":355,"audioMediaId":356},"The legacy of the Carolingian Empire is still felt in modern Europe, with many aspects of western culture tracing back to this period. Christianity is still Europe’s most popular religion, and its people continue to value education and literacy.\n\nEven the concept of Europe can be linked to the Carolingians. The continent was once just a collection of separate kingdoms, until the Carolingians turned them into a unified body with similar values and beliefs. In many ways, the European Union is a successor to this former empire.\n\nThere is also a dark side to the Carolingian legacy. Modern rulers, like Napoleon and Hitler, have claimed inspiration from Charlemagne, in their attempts to conquer the rest of Europe. Hitler, in particular, viewed his Nazi Reich as a continuation of the Carolingian Empire.","0a695005-cafb-40b8-b622-d68d67afc7b0",[358,367,374],{"id":359,"data":360,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"af9e89c1-7afa-4537-9d66-0651224ff368",{"type":51,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":33,"binaryQuestion":361,"binaryCorrect":363,"binaryIncorrect":365},[362],"What is still Europe's most popular religion, which traces its roots to the Carolingian Empire?",[364],"Christianity",[366],"Judaism",{"id":368,"data":369,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"2d231701-2bd5-4f9c-9c3b-699d9fc8f7cd",{"type":51,"reviewType":115,"spacingBehaviour":33,"clozeQuestion":370,"clozeWords":372},[371],"In terms of a unified continent with common values, the European Union is a successor to the Carolingian Empire.",[373],"European Union",{"id":375,"data":376,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"28272795-7b02-489b-a2f0-f04a2b6ec7ac",{"type":51,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":33,"multiChoiceQuestion":377,"multiChoiceCorrect":379,"multiChoiceIncorrect":381,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[378],"Which 20th century European leader was inspired by Charlemagne and the Carolingian Empire?",[380],"Hitler",[382,383,384],"Stalin","Mussolini","Churchill",[386,477,561],{"id":22,"data":23,"type":24,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":26,"introPage":34,"pages":387},[388,425,447],{"id":43,"data":44,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":47,"parsed":389},{"data":390,"body":393,"toc":423},{"title":391,"description":392},"","During the 8th and 9th centuries, the Carolingians ruled a large, Christian empire in western Europe. Many people saw it as the natural successor to the western half of the Roman Empire, which had fallen centuries earlier.",{"type":394,"children":395},"root",[396,403,413,418],{"type":397,"tag":398,"props":399,"children":400},"element","p",{},[401],{"type":402,"value":392},"text",{"type":397,"tag":398,"props":404,"children":405},{},[406],{"type":397,"tag":407,"props":408,"children":412},"img",{"alt":409,"src":410,"title":411},"Graph","image://24b61524-8e63-4b46-9dc4-1da4237efb8b","Charlemagne. Image: public domain",[],{"type":397,"tag":398,"props":414,"children":415},{},[416],{"type":402,"value":417},"The Carolingians’ most famous ruler was Charlemagne, whose reign saw an increase in literacy and education, law and order, and religious piety. He ruled for more than 40 years, and was so influential that he is sometimes called the ‘Father of Europe’.",{"type":397,"tag":398,"props":419,"children":420},{},[421],{"type":402,"value":422},"The name of the dynasty is derived from the fact that many of their kings were named Charles, which was Latinized as Carolus. Charlemagne’s successors included Charles the Simple, Charles the Bald, and Charles the Fat. As their epithets suggest, these kings failed to live up to Charlemagne’s lofty heights.",{"title":391,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":424},[],{"id":70,"data":71,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":74,"parsed":426},{"data":427,"body":429,"toc":445},{"title":391,"description":428},"After the fall of Rome, Europe was divided up by barbarian groups, who established several Christian kingdoms. One of these was Francia, which roughly matched the borders of modern France. This kingdom was ruled by a line of kings called the Merovingian Dynasty.",{"type":394,"children":430},[431,435,440],{"type":397,"tag":398,"props":432,"children":433},{},[434],{"type":402,"value":428},{"type":397,"tag":398,"props":436,"children":437},{},[438],{"type":402,"value":439},"Not much is known about the Merovingian kings, apart from their commitment to growing long, thick hair. Supposedly, this was a sign of power. If a Merovingian’s hair was cut off by an opponent, he would no longer be allowed to rule.",{"type":397,"tag":398,"props":441,"children":442},{},[443],{"type":402,"value":444},"In the north of their kingdom was an area known as Austrasia. It was managed by a line of noblemen, including a powerful figure named Charles Martel. They held a lot of influence in the Merovingian court, and over time, they started to outshine their long-haired kings.",{"title":391,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":446},[],{"id":107,"data":108,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":111,"parsed":448},{"data":449,"body":451,"toc":475},{"title":391,"description":450},"In the early 8th century, the Umayyad Caliphate – whose territory included the Iberian peninsula – began to worry the edges of the Merovingian kingdom. They wanted to claim the region as their own, and convert its people to Islam.",{"type":394,"children":452},[453,457,462,467],{"type":397,"tag":398,"props":454,"children":455},{},[456],{"type":402,"value":450},{"type":397,"tag":398,"props":458,"children":459},{},[460],{"type":402,"value":461},"The defense of Francia was led, not by the Merovingian king, but by the Austrasian nobleman Charles Martel. In 732 CE, he famously defeated the invading Umayyads at the Battle of Tours, and became known as the defender of Christianity.",{"type":397,"tag":398,"props":463,"children":464},{},[465],{"type":402,"value":466},"By this point, the power of the Austrasian noblemen was plain for all to see. In 768 CE, Charles’ son, Pepin the Short, overthrew the final Merovingian king, and established the Carolingian Dynasty in its place. Pepin was crowned by Pope Zacharias, who wanted to lend the support of the Church to the man whose father had protected Christian Europe.",{"type":397,"tag":398,"props":468,"children":469},{},[470],{"type":397,"tag":407,"props":471,"children":474},{"alt":409,"src":472,"title":473},"image://98ef6bdd-2897-4ff8-b3e6-6198b2b41615","Pepin the Short. Image: public domain",[],{"title":391,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":476},[],{"id":157,"data":158,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":160,"introPage":167,"pages":478},[479,509,531],{"id":175,"data":176,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":179,"parsed":480},{"data":481,"body":483,"toc":507},{"title":391,"description":482},"Pepin the Short was the first Carolingian king, but he was not their greatest ruler. That title goes to his son, Charlemagne, who became king of the Franks in 771 CE.",{"type":394,"children":484},[485,489,494,499],{"type":397,"tag":398,"props":486,"children":487},{},[488],{"type":402,"value":482},{"type":397,"tag":398,"props":490,"children":491},{},[492],{"type":402,"value":493},"He set out on a mission to unite all of Europe’s Germanic people into one Christian kingdom. He spent most of his reign engaged in military conflicts, taking control of Lombardy (northern Italy), Avar (Austria and Hungary) and Bavaria (Germany). He forced his new subjects to convert to Christianity, putting anyone who refused to death.",{"type":397,"tag":398,"props":495,"children":496},{},[497],{"type":402,"value":498},"His work caught the attention of Pope Leo III, who thought this growing empire was the natural successor to Christian Rome. In 800 CE, he named Charlemagne the Holy Roman Emperor – the first person to hold this title. People began to refer to the empire as Romanum imperium: the Latin term for ‘Roman Empire’.",{"type":397,"tag":398,"props":500,"children":501},{},[502],{"type":397,"tag":407,"props":503,"children":506},{"alt":409,"src":504,"title":505},"image://e386e292-707a-4a43-adbc-275ec1d2a9bb","Pope Leo III. Image: public domain",[],{"title":391,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":508},[],{"id":207,"data":208,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":211,"parsed":510},{"data":511,"body":513,"toc":529},{"title":391,"description":512},"As Holy Roman Emperor, Charlemagne became explicitly intertwined with the Catholic Church. He was a zealous defender of Christianity, and helped the Church to become more powerful than ever before.",{"type":394,"children":514},[515,519,524],{"type":397,"tag":398,"props":516,"children":517},{},[518],{"type":402,"value":512},{"type":397,"tag":398,"props":520,"children":521},{},[522],{"type":402,"value":523},"As his empire expanded, he gave vast tracts of land to the Church, which allowed it to build monasteries and churches all over Europe. In many places, this land is still owned by the Catholic Church today.",{"type":397,"tag":398,"props":525,"children":526},{},[527],{"type":402,"value":528},"Meanwhile, his Admonitio generalis was a set of reforms which enforced new standards of morality and literacy among members of the clergy. In the past, many priests could not even read the Bible, and Charlemagne sought to change this.",{"title":391,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":530},[],{"id":231,"data":232,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":235,"parsed":532},{"data":533,"body":535,"toc":559},{"title":391,"description":534},"As well as supporting the Catholic Church, Charlemagne was a patron of science and learning, and his reign saw a period of cultural revival known as the Carolingian Renaissance.",{"type":394,"children":536},[537,541,546,554],{"type":397,"tag":398,"props":538,"children":539},{},[540],{"type":402,"value":534},{"type":397,"tag":398,"props":542,"children":543},{},[544],{"type":402,"value":545},"He filled his court with renowned intellectuals, and asked them to help him educate his Christian subjects. Together, they established a writing system called Carolingian Minuscule, and opened libraries and schools throughout the empire. This writing system became the basis for many modern European alphabets.",{"type":397,"tag":398,"props":547,"children":548},{},[549],{"type":397,"tag":407,"props":550,"children":553},{"alt":409,"src":551,"title":552},"image://61980955-d2ab-4ad4-a3b3-3c4155224d6a","Carolingian Miniscule. Image: public domain",[],{"type":397,"tag":398,"props":555,"children":556},{},[557],{"type":402,"value":558},"His work ushered in an intellectual golden age unlike anything seen in western Europe since the fall of Rome. This was precisely Charlemagne’s intention: he thought of his empire as a new Rome, and wanted to match its former glory.",{"title":391,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":560},[],{"id":262,"data":263,"type":24,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":265,"introPage":273,"pages":562},[563,593,615],{"id":281,"data":282,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":285,"parsed":564},{"data":565,"body":567,"toc":591},{"title":391,"description":566},"In old age, Charlemagne’s health deserted him; he had frequent fevers, and developed an uncomfortable limp. In 814, he passed away, and left his son, Louis the Pious, to rule the empire instead.",{"type":394,"children":568},[569,573,578,583],{"type":397,"tag":398,"props":570,"children":571},{},[572],{"type":402,"value":566},{"type":397,"tag":398,"props":574,"children":575},{},[576],{"type":402,"value":577},"Louis was another devout Christian, who generally followed in his father’s footsteps, continuing to support the Catholic Church and encourage education and learning. He also had a ruthless streak. After hearing about a plot to dethrone him, he had the plotters blinded, including his nephew Bernard.",{"type":397,"tag":398,"props":579,"children":580},{},[581],{"type":402,"value":582},"He regretted this decision. Five years later, he performed public penance, and sought the forgiveness of the Pope. The Pope forgave him, but some people thought the entire ordeal made Louis look weak. This event was probably the beginning of the end for the Carolingian Dynasty.",{"type":397,"tag":398,"props":584,"children":585},{},[586],{"type":397,"tag":407,"props":587,"children":590},{"alt":409,"src":588,"title":589},"image://c60ff592-e5f1-44ab-bbfb-4a89127fce4a","Louis the Pious. Image: public domain",[],{"title":391,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":592},[],{"id":314,"data":315,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":318,"parsed":594},{"data":595,"body":597,"toc":613},{"title":391,"description":596},"The final years of Louis’ reign were marked by a series of revolts and civil wars. He managed to suppress them, but when he passed away, in 840 CE, another war broke out between three of his sons, who all wanted the empire for themselves.",{"type":394,"children":598},[599,603,608],{"type":397,"tag":398,"props":600,"children":601},{},[602],{"type":402,"value":596},{"type":397,"tag":398,"props":604,"children":605},{},[606],{"type":402,"value":607},"In 843 CE, the Treaty of Verdun was drawn up, which divided the empire between the sons. This severely weakened the empire as a whole: the three kingdoms, as rivals, were far weaker than they had been as a single, unified entity.",{"type":397,"tag":398,"props":609,"children":610},{},[611],{"type":402,"value":612},"In the next few years, rival forces began to attack the remnants of the empire. In 845 CE, the Frankish city of Paris was sacked by a Viking army. By the end of the century, the former empire had fragmented even further. Another century later, the final Carolingian – Louis V – was dethroned.",{"title":391,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":614},[],{"id":353,"data":354,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":357,"parsed":616},{"data":617,"body":619,"toc":635},{"title":391,"description":618},"The legacy of the Carolingian Empire is still felt in modern Europe, with many aspects of western culture tracing back to this period. Christianity is still Europe’s most popular religion, and its people continue to value education and literacy.",{"type":394,"children":620},[621,625,630],{"type":397,"tag":398,"props":622,"children":623},{},[624],{"type":402,"value":618},{"type":397,"tag":398,"props":626,"children":627},{},[628],{"type":402,"value":629},"Even the concept of Europe can be linked to the Carolingians. The continent was once just a collection of separate kingdoms, until the Carolingians turned them into a unified body with similar values and beliefs. In many ways, the European Union is a successor to this former empire.",{"type":397,"tag":398,"props":631,"children":632},{},[633],{"type":402,"value":634},"There is also a dark side to the Carolingian legacy. Modern rulers, like Napoleon and Hitler, have claimed inspiration from Charlemagne, in their attempts to conquer the rest of Europe. Hitler, in particular, viewed his Nazi Reich as a continuation of the Carolingian Empire.",{"title":391,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":636},[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":638,"height":638,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":639},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":638,"height":638,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":641},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M4 5h16M4 12h16M4 19h16\"/>",1778228231088]