[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":3140},["ShallowReactive",2],{"i-kinnu:logo":3,"i-kinnu:origami-folding":8,"pathway-history-medieval-civilizations":12,"i-lucide:chevron-right":3135,"i-lucide:tag":3138},{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":7},0,27,false,"\u003Cg fill=\"none\">\u003Cpath d=\"M0.046875 1.05555C0.046875 1.03541 0.048197 1.01579 0.0507438 0.996728C0.0987149 0.438619 0.586845 0 1.18194 0H25.4398C26.451 0 26.9575 1.171 26.2424 1.85585L15.7301 11.9243L1.31574 0.903476C1.17475 0.79568 1.01137 0.761884 0.859586 0.784111L26.2936 25.1441C27.0086 25.829 26.5022 27 25.4909 27H1.18194C0.555061 27 0.046875 26.5133 0.046875 25.9129V1.05555Z\" fill=\"currentColor\"/>\u003C/g>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":9,"height":10,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":11},1000,236,"\u003Cg fill=\"none\">\u003Cpath fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\"\n    d=\"M193.68 38.2238C195.994 38.2238 197.87 40.0989 197.87 42.412V231.812C197.87 234.125 195.994 236 193.68 236H4.19013C1.87603 236 2.02305e-07 234.125 0 231.812V42.412C-2.02305e-07 40.0989 1.87603 38.2238 4.19013 38.2238H193.68ZM111.76 89.0072C111.685 87.9474 110.572 87.2905 109.608 87.7376L96.8872 93.641C95.7786 94.1554 95.702 95.7016 96.7545 96.3225L101.579 99.167C94.7045 109.365 90.5733 122.892 90.5732 137.642C90.5733 154.323 95.8569 169.439 104.416 179.945C105.301 181.032 106.9 181.196 107.987 180.311C109.075 179.426 109.238 177.828 108.353 176.741C100.621 167.25 95.6522 153.305 95.6521 137.642C95.6522 123.661 99.6138 111.051 105.963 101.754L110.456 104.403C111.508 105.024 112.826 104.21 112.74 102.991L111.76 89.0072ZM9.63194 136.286C9.14864 136.286 8.75684 136.678 8.75684 137.161C8.7569 137.644 9.14868 138.035 9.63194 138.035H17.2161C17.6993 138.035 18.0912 137.644 18.0912 137.161C18.0912 136.678 17.6994 136.286 17.2161 136.286H9.63194ZM22.6813 136.286C22.198 136.286 21.8062 136.678 21.8062 137.161C21.8063 137.644 22.1981 138.035 22.6813 138.035H30.2655C30.7487 138.035 31.1406 137.644 31.1406 137.161C31.1406 136.678 30.7488 136.286 30.2655 136.286H22.6813ZM35.7464 136.286C35.2631 136.286 34.8713 136.678 34.8713 137.161C34.8713 137.644 35.2631 138.035 35.7464 138.035H44.4973C44.9805 138.035 45.3724 137.644 45.3724 137.161C45.3724 136.678 44.9806 136.286 44.4973 136.286H35.7464ZM49.9977 136.286C49.5144 136.286 49.1226 136.678 49.1226 137.161C49.1226 137.644 49.5144 138.035 49.9977 138.035H57.5819C58.0651 138.035 58.4569 137.644 58.457 137.161C58.457 136.678 58.0651 136.286 57.5819 136.286H49.9977ZM63.0783 136.286C62.595 136.286 62.2032 136.678 62.2032 137.161C62.2033 137.644 62.5951 138.035 63.0783 138.035H70.6625C71.1457 138.035 71.5375 137.644 71.5376 137.161C71.5376 136.678 71.1457 136.286 70.6625 136.286H63.0783ZM76.1277 136.286C75.6444 136.286 75.2526 136.678 75.2526 137.161C75.2527 137.644 75.6445 138.035 76.1277 138.035H83.7119C84.1951 138.035 84.5869 137.644 84.587 137.161C84.587 136.678 84.1951 136.286 83.7119 136.286H76.1277ZM102.266 136.286C101.782 136.286 101.39 136.678 101.39 137.161C101.391 137.644 101.782 138.035 102.266 138.035H109.85C110.333 138.035 110.725 137.644 110.725 137.161C110.725 136.678 110.333 136.286 109.85 136.286H102.266ZM115.338 136.286C114.855 136.286 114.463 136.678 114.463 137.161C114.463 137.644 114.855 138.035 115.338 138.035H122.923C123.406 138.035 123.798 137.644 123.798 137.161C123.798 136.678 123.406 136.286 122.923 136.286H115.338ZM128.403 136.286C127.92 136.286 127.528 136.678 127.528 137.161C127.528 137.644 127.92 138.035 128.403 138.035H135.988C136.471 138.035 136.863 137.644 136.863 137.161C136.863 136.678 136.471 136.286 135.988 136.286H128.403ZM141.468 136.286C140.985 136.286 140.593 136.678 140.593 137.161C140.593 137.644 140.985 138.035 141.468 138.035H149.053C149.536 138.035 149.928 137.644 149.928 137.161C149.928 136.678 149.536 136.286 149.053 136.286H141.468ZM154.541 136.286C154.058 136.286 153.666 136.678 153.666 137.161C153.666 137.644 154.058 138.035 154.541 138.035H162.125C162.609 138.035 163 137.644 163.001 137.161C163.001 136.678 162.609 136.286 162.125 136.286H154.541ZM167.614 136.286C167.131 136.286 166.739 136.678 166.739 137.161C166.739 137.644 167.131 138.035 167.614 138.035H175.198C175.681 138.035 176.073 137.644 176.073 137.161C176.073 136.678 175.681 136.286 175.198 136.286H167.614ZM180.671 136.286C180.188 136.286 179.796 136.678 179.796 137.161C179.796 137.644 180.188 138.035 180.671 138.035H188.255C188.739 138.035 189.13 137.644 189.131 137.161C189.131 136.678 188.739 136.286 188.255 136.286H180.671Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\"\n    d=\"M444.85 38.2277C447.164 38.2277 449.04 40.1028 449.04 42.4159V132.928C449.04 135.241 447.164 137.116 444.85 137.116H255.36C253.046 137.116 251.17 135.241 251.17 132.928V42.4159C251.17 40.1028 253.046 38.2277 255.36 38.2277H444.85ZM361.96 125.388C361.618 125.046 361.064 125.046 360.722 125.388L354.534 131.572C354.192 131.914 354.192 132.468 354.534 132.81C354.876 133.151 355.43 133.151 355.772 132.81L361.96 126.624C362.301 126.283 362.301 125.73 361.96 125.388ZM371.047 116.311C370.705 115.969 370.15 115.969 369.809 116.311L364.446 121.671C364.104 122.012 364.104 122.567 364.446 122.908C364.788 123.249 365.342 123.25 365.684 122.908L371.047 117.548C371.388 117.207 371.388 116.652 371.047 116.311ZM380.124 107.246C379.782 106.904 379.227 106.904 378.885 107.246L373.523 112.606C373.181 112.948 373.181 113.502 373.523 113.844C373.864 114.185 374.419 114.185 374.761 113.844L380.124 108.483C380.465 108.142 380.465 107.587 380.124 107.246ZM385.736 65.8841C385.891 64.6727 384.622 63.7845 383.536 64.3434L371.069 70.7636C370.124 71.2504 369.96 72.5334 370.752 73.2424L381.2 82.5938C382.11 83.4081 383.561 82.8672 383.717 81.6557L384.393 76.3725C391.143 77.1933 398.567 80.7709 404.771 86.9711C411.124 93.3213 414.726 100.952 415.43 107.827C415.573 109.221 416.819 110.236 418.214 110.093C419.609 109.95 420.624 108.703 420.481 107.309C419.644 99.1317 415.435 90.4514 408.362 83.3817C401.466 76.489 393.038 72.3185 385.038 71.338L385.736 65.8841ZM389.2 98.1733C388.859 97.8319 388.304 97.8318 387.962 98.1733L382.6 103.534C382.258 103.875 382.258 104.429 382.6 104.771C382.941 105.112 383.496 105.112 383.838 104.771L389.2 99.4108C389.542 99.0693 389.542 98.5149 389.2 98.1733ZM398.262 89.1047C397.92 88.7633 397.365 88.7632 397.024 89.1047L391.661 94.4649C391.319 94.8065 391.319 95.3608 391.661 95.7024C392.002 96.0436 392.557 96.0438 392.899 95.7024L398.262 90.3421C398.603 90.0007 398.603 89.4463 398.262 89.1047ZM416.431 70.9616C416.089 70.6202 415.534 70.6201 415.193 70.9616L409.83 76.3218C409.488 76.6634 409.488 77.2177 409.83 77.5592C410.172 77.9005 410.726 77.9007 411.068 77.5592L416.431 72.199C416.772 71.8575 416.772 71.3032 416.431 70.9616ZM425.508 61.891C425.166 61.5496 424.611 61.5495 424.27 61.891L418.907 67.2512C418.565 67.5928 418.565 68.1471 418.907 68.4887C419.249 68.8299 419.803 68.8301 420.145 68.4887L425.508 63.1284C425.849 62.787 425.849 62.2326 425.508 61.891ZM434.569 52.8146C434.227 52.4731 433.673 52.4731 433.331 52.8146L427.968 58.1748C427.626 58.5163 427.627 59.0706 427.968 59.4122C428.31 59.7534 428.864 59.7537 429.206 59.4122L434.569 54.052C434.91 53.7105 434.91 53.1562 434.569 52.8146ZM443.638 43.7479C443.296 43.4065 442.742 43.4064 442.4 43.7479L437.037 49.1081C436.695 49.4496 436.696 50.004 437.037 50.3455C437.379 50.6868 437.933 50.687 438.275 50.3455L443.638 44.9853C443.98 44.6438 443.979 44.0895 443.638 43.7479Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\"\n    d=\"M684.066 38.2277C687.798 38.2281 689.667 42.7391 687.027 45.3773L596.473 135.889C595.687 136.675 594.621 137.116 593.51 137.116H506.335C504.021 137.116 502.145 135.241 502.145 132.928V42.4159C502.145 40.1028 504.021 38.2277 506.335 38.2277H684.066ZM514.603 124.566C514.261 124.224 513.707 124.224 513.365 124.566L507.178 130.751C506.836 131.093 506.836 131.646 507.178 131.988C507.519 132.329 508.073 132.329 508.415 131.988L514.603 125.803C514.945 125.462 514.945 124.908 514.603 124.566ZM523.689 115.491C523.348 115.15 522.794 115.15 522.452 115.491L517.09 120.852C516.748 121.193 516.748 121.747 517.09 122.088C517.431 122.43 517.985 122.43 518.327 122.088L523.689 116.728C524.031 116.386 524.031 115.833 523.689 115.491ZM532.102 65.8295C530.707 65.6872 529.46 66.7017 529.318 68.0957C529.175 69.4896 530.189 70.7355 531.584 70.8787C538.463 71.5825 546.096 75.1826 552.45 81.5329C558.723 87.8037 562.312 95.3226 563.079 102.13L557.738 102.392C556.518 102.452 555.865 103.855 556.607 104.827L565.115 115.969C565.76 116.814 567.051 116.751 567.611 115.847L574.992 103.928C575.635 102.889 574.848 101.555 573.628 101.615L568.161 101.882C568.161 101.878 568.162 101.874 568.161 101.871C567.324 93.6931 563.114 85.0124 556.041 77.9425C548.968 70.873 540.283 66.6668 532.102 65.8295ZM532.766 106.421C532.425 106.079 531.871 106.079 531.529 106.421L526.166 111.781C525.825 112.123 525.825 112.676 526.166 113.018C526.508 113.359 527.062 113.359 527.403 113.018L532.766 107.657C533.108 107.316 533.108 106.762 532.766 106.421ZM541.843 97.3445C541.501 97.003 540.948 97.003 540.606 97.3445L535.243 102.705C534.901 103.046 534.902 103.6 535.243 103.941C535.585 104.283 536.139 104.283 536.48 103.941L541.843 98.5809C542.185 98.2393 542.185 97.686 541.843 97.3445ZM550.92 88.2778C550.578 87.9363 550.025 87.9363 549.683 88.2778L544.32 93.638C543.978 93.9796 543.978 94.5329 544.32 94.8745C544.662 95.2161 545.215 95.2161 545.557 94.8745L550.92 89.5142C551.262 89.1727 551.262 88.6193 550.92 88.2778ZM569.066 70.1405C568.724 69.799 568.17 69.7991 567.829 70.1405L562.466 75.5008C562.124 75.8423 562.124 76.3956 562.466 76.7372C562.808 77.0788 563.361 77.0788 563.703 76.7372L569.066 71.377C569.407 71.0354 569.407 70.4821 569.066 70.1405ZM578.143 61.0699C577.801 60.7284 577.247 60.7285 576.906 61.0699L571.543 66.4302C571.201 66.7717 571.201 67.3251 571.543 67.6666C571.885 68.0082 572.438 68.0082 572.78 67.6666L578.143 62.3064C578.484 61.9648 578.484 61.4115 578.143 61.0699ZM587.219 51.9896C586.878 51.6481 586.324 51.6481 585.982 51.9896L580.62 57.3498C580.278 57.6914 580.278 58.2447 580.62 58.5863C580.961 58.9279 581.515 58.9279 581.857 58.5863L587.219 53.2261C587.561 52.8845 587.561 52.3312 587.219 51.9896ZM596.288 42.9249C595.947 42.5833 595.392 42.5833 595.05 42.9249L589.689 48.2851C589.347 48.6267 589.347 49.18 589.689 49.5216C590.03 49.863 590.584 49.8631 590.926 49.5216L596.288 44.1613C596.63 43.8198 596.63 43.2664 596.288 42.9249Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\"\n    d=\"M850.814 38.2277C854.547 38.2281 856.416 42.739 853.777 45.3773L763.223 135.889C762.437 136.674 761.371 137.116 760.26 137.116H673.176C669.443 137.116 667.574 132.605 670.213 129.966L760.768 39.4544C761.554 38.6692 762.62 38.2277 763.731 38.2277H850.814ZM761.338 121.8C760.855 121.8 760.463 122.191 760.463 122.674V131.13H762.213V122.674C762.213 122.191 761.821 121.8 761.338 121.8ZM761.338 108.971C760.855 108.971 760.463 109.363 760.463 109.846V118.301H762.213V109.846C762.213 109.363 761.821 108.971 761.338 108.971ZM761.338 96.1402C760.855 96.1406 760.463 96.5321 760.463 97.0149V105.47H762.213V97.0149C762.213 96.532 761.821 96.1404 761.338 96.1402ZM782.263 71.887C781.043 71.951 780.395 73.3571 781.139 74.3257L784.474 78.6631C779.115 82.951 771.242 85.7443 762.35 85.7444C753.366 85.7442 745.421 82.8944 740.059 78.5305C738.972 77.6461 737.373 77.8099 736.488 78.8961C735.602 79.983 735.766 81.582 736.853 82.467C743.231 87.6574 752.348 90.8207 762.35 90.8209C772.209 90.8208 781.205 87.746 787.568 82.6884L790.833 86.9341C791.577 87.9025 793.103 87.6391 793.479 86.4767L797.791 73.138C798.118 72.127 797.33 71.1017 796.268 71.1566L782.263 71.887ZM761.338 70.4847C760.855 70.4851 760.463 70.8767 760.463 71.3594V79.8147H762.213V71.3594C762.213 70.8766 761.821 70.485 761.338 70.4847ZM761.338 57.656C760.855 57.6564 760.463 58.048 760.463 58.5307V66.986H762.213V58.5307C762.213 58.0479 761.821 57.6563 761.338 57.656ZM761.338 44.8293C760.855 44.8297 760.463 45.2212 760.463 45.704V54.1592H762.213V45.704C762.213 45.2211 761.821 44.8295 761.338 44.8293Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath\n    d=\"M995.759 38.2277C999.53 38.228 1001.42 42.5171 998.752 45.0253L959.55 81.9005L905.796 41.5363C905.271 41.1418 904.662 41.0182 904.096 41.0994L997.485 130.319C1000.15 132.828 998.262 137.116 994.491 137.116H905.298C902.96 137.116 901.065 135.333 901.065 133.134V42.0941C901.065 42.0204 901.07 41.9483 901.079 41.8786C901.258 39.8345 903.079 38.2277 905.298 38.2277H995.759Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath\n    d=\"M505.873 0C506.657 4.57042e-05 507.307 0.195499 507.823 0.587023C508.338 0.969046 508.596 1.53802 508.596 2.29251C508.596 2.76034 508.467 3.19015 508.209 3.58162C507.951 3.96344 507.497 4.26401 506.848 4.48361V4.54114C507.65 4.67487 508.205 4.96191 508.51 5.4012C508.816 5.83087 508.969 6.31772 508.969 6.86193C508.969 7.74056 508.672 8.41851 508.08 8.89604C507.497 9.38304 506.733 9.62731 505.787 9.62738C504.861 9.62738 504.158 9.42172 503.68 9.0111C503.212 8.60054 502.935 8.08005 502.849 7.44993L503.881 7.10571L503.924 7.24028C504.035 7.54934 504.211 7.82925 504.454 8.07986C504.731 8.36635 505.166 8.50986 505.758 8.50989C506.465 8.50989 506.943 8.32772 507.191 7.9648C507.449 7.6019 507.579 7.20078 507.579 6.7615C507.579 6.2173 507.378 5.80683 506.977 5.52992C506.585 5.25295 505.93 5.10026 505.013 5.07161V4.15402C505.901 4.12537 506.489 3.92484 506.776 3.55237C507.062 3.18009 507.206 2.82242 507.206 2.47876C507.206 1.62801 506.752 1.17539 505.845 1.12237L505.658 1.11749C505.467 1.11752 505.242 1.14605 504.985 1.2033C504.736 1.25105 504.511 1.3274 504.31 1.43245L504.081 2.56457L503.05 2.44951L503.322 0.687461C503.666 0.49653 504.068 0.33454 504.526 0.200875C504.985 0.0671945 505.434 0 505.873 0Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath\n    d=\"M905.727 2.30616L904.638 2.4066L904.466 1.26083H901.428V3.72497C901.533 3.71544 901.643 3.71034 901.757 3.71034H902.086C902.755 3.71034 903.386 3.78668 903.979 3.93949C904.58 4.09229 905.068 4.38363 905.44 4.8132C905.822 5.23335 906.014 5.84949 906.014 6.66106C906.014 7.64468 905.722 8.38068 905.14 8.86776C904.557 9.36434 903.783 9.6127 902.818 9.61275C901.91 9.61275 901.213 9.40711 900.725 8.99648C900.248 8.59544 899.96 8.08007 899.865 7.44993L900.911 7.10571C901.007 7.49723 901.203 7.8271 901.499 8.09449C901.795 8.37131 902.211 8.50985 902.746 8.50989C903.395 8.50989 903.869 8.33787 904.165 7.99405C904.461 7.65981 904.609 7.22507 904.609 6.69031C904.609 5.87861 904.337 5.3625 903.792 5.14279C903.248 4.91361 902.612 4.79958 901.886 4.79955C901.695 4.79955 901.489 4.80365 901.27 4.8132C901.059 4.82275 900.854 4.83701 900.653 4.85611L900.224 4.44071V0.143343H905.569L905.727 2.30616Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\"\n    d=\"M765.49 6.04576H766.966L766.837 7.14862H765.49V9.48404H764.185V7.14862H759.857L759.713 6.04576L762.909 0.143343H765.49V6.04576ZM760.96 6.04576H764.185V1.26083H763.541L760.96 6.04576Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath d=\"M4.80573 6.47481H6.41154V7.60693H1.81068V6.47481H3.50235V1.27546H1.81068V0.143343H4.80573V6.47481Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath\n    d=\"M254.359 0C255.353 0 256.055 0.239186 256.466 0.716715C256.877 1.18447 257.083 1.68072 257.083 2.20573C257.083 2.85516 256.849 3.44346 256.38 3.96875C255.912 4.49397 255.348 4.96638 254.689 5.38657C254.039 5.79717 253.437 6.15968 252.883 6.47481H256.423L256.538 5.42948L257.599 5.51529L257.426 7.60693H251.407L251.292 6.58987C252.582 5.73032 253.638 4.98523 254.46 4.35489C255.281 3.71509 255.693 3.05632 255.693 2.37832C255.693 1.53787 255.166 1.11749 254.115 1.12237L254.115 1.11749C253.924 1.11754 253.695 1.14604 253.427 1.2033C253.16 1.25104 252.916 1.32238 252.697 1.41783L252.467 2.47876L251.45 2.3637L251.707 0.60165C252.118 0.401088 252.563 0.253475 253.041 0.15797C253.519 0.0529708 253.958 1.99446e-05 254.359 0Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\u003C/g>",{"id":13,"data":14,"type":15,"maxContentLevel":27,"version":28,"tiles":29},"32ab803d-75cb-4e18-9a3a-b40c528fd86c",{"type":15,"title":16,"tagline":17,"description":17,"featureImageSquare":18,"baseColor":19,"emoji":20,"shapePreference":4,"allowContentSuspension":21,"allowContentEdits":21,"editorsChoice":21,"accreditations":22,"certificatePriceLevel":25,"certificationTitle":26},8,"Medieval Civilizations","From Byzantines to Mongols, meet the superpowers of the medieval world","ec2ac2e9-25a7-4883-90e4-aa6051172d49","#58B45B","🏰",true,[23],{"authority":24},1,2,"The History of Civilizations (Medieval)",9,5,[30,426,782,1091,1461,1796,2149,2507,2833],{"id":31,"data":32,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":36},"1881ba96-ed45-4780-95af-e0f63f0d4764",{"type":27,"title":33,"tagline":34},"Byzantine","Heir to the Roman Empire (476 - 1453)",3,[37,171,330],{"id":38,"data":39,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":41,"introPage":48,"pages":55},"a84a55ed-3289-41fe-bcff-88c43edfc4d0",{"type":25,"title":40},"Who were the Byzantines?",{"id":42,"data":43,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"5bb2bec1-3c0d-4856-bf8a-a2add4501363",{"type":35,"summary":44},[45,46,47],"Constantinople was founded by Roman Emperor Constantine I in 330 CE to serve as a new capital","The city of Constantinople was protected by massive walls, making it a strategic stronghold","Despite the fall of Rome in 476 CE, the eastern half of the Roman Empire survived",{"id":49,"data":50,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"63fa7637-58a6-4cc5-8ed2-81e53cb35787",{"type":51,"intro":52},10,[53,54],"Where did the Byzantine Empire come from?","How did Constantinople survive the fall of Rome?",[56,85,127],{"id":57,"data":58,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":61},"874aba50-1b9a-4347-80a1-dcb62a7b2162",{"type":24,"markdownContent":59,"audioMediaId":60},"The ancient period of history was defined by emerging civilizations, like the Egyptians and Romans. They developed writing, trade, cities, and laws, none of which the world had seen before.\n\n![Graph](image://68225ea3-bc7c-480f-8167-5fb595db76e4 \"A Byzantine mural. Image: Attribute: Ricardo Liberato, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons; License: Creative Commons\")\n\nBut when the Roman Empire fell to a sea of barbarian forces in 476 CE, it marked the start of a new chapter: the medieval period. The reign of the ancients was over, and it was time for others to take their place.\n\nAt least, that is the traditional narrative. In recent years, historians realized that the Roman Empire did not fully collapse in 476 CE. The Eastern half – centered around the city of Constantinople – continued to thrive under a different name: the Byzantine Empire.","b5799111-5437-4a18-b77f-8d2a1b2cc41e",[62,74],{"id":63,"data":64,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"21f8fbe7-ff84-4c36-881d-c086144f7ddc",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":66,"multiChoiceCorrect":68,"multiChoiceIncorrect":70,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},11,[67],"In which year did the Western half of the Roman Empire officially fall to barbarian forces?",[69],"476 CE",[71,72,73],"1453 CE","1066 CE","800 CE",{"id":75,"data":76,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"494717c7-d478-4bb0-9235-8f8b5e9480da",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":77,"multiChoiceCorrect":79,"multiChoiceIncorrect":81,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[78],"What was the name of the Eastern half of the Roman Empire, which continued to thrive after the fall of Rome?",[80],"Byzantine Empire",[82,83,84],"Minoan Empire","Bospuran Empire","Ottoman Empire",{"id":86,"data":87,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":90},"1f7a4e0e-60ef-4708-8425-b3063b372c56",{"type":24,"markdownContent":88,"audioMediaId":89},"The origins of the Byzantine Empire can be traced to the ancient period. In 330 CE, Roman Emperor Constantine I decided to build a ‘New Rome’ at the site of Byzantium, in modern Turkey.\n\nAt the time, the Roman Empire stretched across much of Europe and Asia, and the city of Rome was badly positioned to rule the eastern territories. Located at a strategic crossroads between Europe and Asia, Byzantium was meant to solve this problem; it gave emperors the chance to rule both halves from a single, centralized position.\n\nThe city became known as Constantinople. To protect it from harm, the Romans constructed colossal city walls. These defenses were the most impressive fortifications in the world at that time, and generally considered impenetrable. Inside these walls, the city thrived: a jewel in Constantine’s crown.","b400d981-1617-47ab-92cf-65a0fa8ab70e",[91,111,118],{"id":92,"data":93,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"35aa53ef-31f6-4c35-866a-80942d456e7b",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":94,"multiChoiceQuestion":98,"multiChoiceCorrect":100,"multiChoiceIncorrect":102,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":106,"matchPairsPairs":108},[95,96,97],"1ec805c1-d31b-4641-94d7-411e97dbfd18","2431eab6-fcb9-40ca-ad2e-b03e0fd77904","7fb15057-a212-4d56-8039-3ac134e6490c",[99],"Which of these describes Constantinople?",[101],"Byzantine capital",[103,104,105],"Ghana capital (possibly)","Tang capital","Umayyad capital",[107],"Match the pairs below:",[109],{"left":110,"right":101,"direction":35},"Constantinople",{"id":112,"data":113,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"461d8572-7c03-4728-8a62-f3ebe5a3a428",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":114,"activeRecallAnswers":116},[115],"Why did Emperor Constantine make the decision to build a new capital city in what is now Turkey?",[117],"Its central position, between Europe and Asia, made it easier to rule both halves of the empire",{"id":119,"data":120,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"bbebb9de-9cd0-41b7-9b92-d374c41f62d4",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":121,"binaryCorrect":123,"binaryIncorrect":125},[122],"What defensive feature helped to protect Constantinople from invaders?",[124],"City walls",[126],"Surrounding mountains",{"id":128,"data":129,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":132},"9bc82514-7543-4b8c-bafb-b17403625813",{"type":24,"markdownContent":130,"audioMediaId":131},"After Constantinople was founded, the city’s history unfolded very differently from its counterpart capital in Rome. In the 5th century, Germanic barbarians began to raid the western portion of the empire, breaking it down into pieces.\n\nThis process culminated in 476 CE, when a barbarian king – Odoacer – took control of the city of Rome. This brought an official end to the Roman Empire in the west.\n\nBut the eastern half of the empire remained strong, with Constantinople at its core. Barbarian groups tried to seize it too, but it was kept safe by its famous, impenetrable walls. The people there continued to think of themselves as Romans, but historians have given them a different name: the Byzantine Empire.","bcb35016-f28f-4b4e-acf1-ca7b9c57e3b5",[133,144,163],{"id":134,"data":135,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"9c76dfaa-9bc5-48bd-9220-2131069ba995",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":136,"multiChoiceCorrect":138,"multiChoiceIncorrect":140,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[137],"In the 5th century, which group began to raid the western portion of the Roman Empire?",[139],"Germanic barbarians",[141,142,143],"Mongolian barbarians","Celtic barbarians","Greek barbarians",{"id":145,"data":146,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"f51c8240-8460-436d-8626-df4a0cccbeac",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":147,"multiChoiceQuestion":151,"multiChoiceCorrect":153,"multiChoiceIncorrect":155,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":159,"matchPairsPairs":160},[148,149,150],"1ca8ce2c-bdec-4205-9e7e-4429cba1c097","6362c1f8-8f4f-48d8-9ff5-6f04cdfbd718","50778b63-27bf-40d3-8029-737565de07f2",[152],"Which of these leaders conquered Rome?",[154],"Odoacer",[156,157,158],"Mehmed II","Sundiata","Zhu Wen",[107],[161],{"left":154,"right":162,"direction":35},"Conquered Rome",{"id":164,"data":165,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"371388dc-d12b-4629-80d4-decae4e5e6c2",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":167,"clozeWords":169},4,[168],"After the 5th century, the eastern half of the Roman empire remained strong.",[170],"eastern",{"id":172,"data":173,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":175,"introPage":182,"pages":188},"3898b053-f8cb-4faa-b6c6-cb366e0569f3",{"type":25,"title":174},"Byzantine Golden Age",{"id":176,"data":177,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"a928b500-d017-4490-aa3e-5a38a8d73952",{"type":35,"summary":178},[179,180,181],"Emperor Justinian I reclaimed Roman territories in the Mediterranean","Basil I ushered in a golden age of art and literature in Byzantium","The East-West Schism divided Christianity into Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy",{"id":183,"data":184,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"9a59be20-6da9-43d9-aa51-69ad51acfc29",{"type":51,"intro":185},[186,187],"What were the key contributions of Emperor Justinian I to the Byzantine Empire?","How did Emperor Basil I influence art and literature?",[189,217,241,287],{"id":190,"data":191,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":194},"ba7cc445-24d1-4c66-9bfc-b3cae0c667d0",{"type":24,"markdownContent":192,"audioMediaId":193},"Emperor Justinian I was the first great Byzantine emperor, ruling from 527 to 565 CE. He is best known for his ambitious military campaigns, which sought to reclaim former Roman territories in the Mediterranean basin.\n\n![Graph](image://a923dbec-e517-4e84-91b5-3676c6f43a92 \"A mosaic of Emperor Justinian I. Image: Attribute: Petar Milošević, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons; License: Creative Commons\")\n\nThe wars of Justinian, as they are sometimes known, were largely successful. He reclaimed most of the land at the edges of the Mediterranean, and turned the region into ‘Mare Nostrum’ – a Latin phrase meaning 'our sea', which was often used during the heyday of the Roman Empire.\n\nJustinian also left a lasting legacy through a series of construction projects. He built Hagia Sophia, one of the most iconic churches in history, as well as many other public works such as aqueducts and bridges.\n\nHe also established the Code of Justinian – a collection of laws which helped to modernize the Byzantine Empire, and served as a foundation for domestic stability and prosperity.","de47688d-cd02-4b40-9fd1-553dafd4b440",[195,206],{"id":196,"data":197,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"54396207-c2f6-423f-91f7-624ee804cef1",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":198,"multiChoiceCorrect":200,"multiChoiceIncorrect":202,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[199],"Who was the first great Byzantine emperor, who sought to reclaim former Roman territories from barbarian forces?",[201],"Justinian I",[203,204,205],"Constantine I","Theodosius I","Basil I",{"id":207,"data":208,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"0b437e32-b1a1-41af-ab42-43f8e495184d",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":209,"multiChoiceCorrect":211,"multiChoiceIncorrect":213,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[210],"What Latin phrase, meaning 'our sea', did the Romans use to describe the Mediterranean?",[212],"Mare Nostrum",[214,215,216],"Mare Romanum","Mare Liberum","Mare Internum",{"id":218,"data":219,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":222},"a26124fb-0aca-46be-be7f-c63fdbedc7fd",{"type":24,"markdownContent":220,"audioMediaId":221},"About three hundred years after the reign of Justinian, the Byzantine Empire was blessed with another great emperor: Basil I, who ruled from 867 to 886 CE.\n\nEmperor Basil ushered in a golden age for Byzantine art and literature. He commissioned the construction of churches, monasteries, and other public works that featured intricate mosaics depicting religious scenes. These mosaics were made of small pieces of ceramic called tesserae. They were highly prized for their beauty and craftsmanship, and became an integral part of Byzantine culture.\n\nBasil also encouraged scholars to study classical Greek literature, which had been largely forgotten during the preceding centuries. This renewed interest in ancient texts continued long after Basil’s death; in the 12th century, Eustathius of Thessalonica wrote some famous commentaries on Homer’s epics, as well as histories of Byzantine events.","0c081a65-7563-4c72-9529-ab93b1087369",[223,232],{"id":224,"data":225,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"c11b1c36-2857-4a38-a97f-8711444e8598",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":226,"multiChoiceCorrect":228,"multiChoiceIncorrect":229,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[227],"Who was the Byzantine Emperor who ushered in a golden age for Byzantine art and literature?",[205],[201,230,231],"Constantine","Heraclius",{"id":233,"data":234,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"db53ac5b-46e4-4501-908d-de713737fdeb",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":235,"binaryCorrect":237,"binaryIncorrect":239},[236],"What small pieces of ceramic were used to create intricate mosaics in Byzantine culture?",[238],"Tesserae",[240],"Fragmina",{"id":242,"data":243,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":246},"e4ea7393-ffa2-4cbe-a1ea-d9727dcc53d6",{"type":24,"markdownContent":244,"audioMediaId":245},"Officially, the Byzantine Empire was a Christian entity, but things were a little complicated. In 451 CE, not long before the fall of Rome, the Council of Chalcedon had divided Christianity into branches. The Papacy controlled churches in the west, while the Patriarchy controlled churches in the east.\n\nThe Papacy and the Patriarchy survived into the medieval era, and took different approaches to the Christian faith. For example, the Papacy believed that clerics should remain celibate, while the Patriarchy disagreed.\n\nIn 1054 CE, the two sides officially cut ties with each other, in what is known as the East-West Schism. The western branch of Christianity became Roman Catholicism; it dominated Europe, with many kings embracing the religion. Meanwhile, the eastern branch became Eastern Orthodoxy; it thrived in the Byzantine Empire.","cdfb68bb-dc4e-4578-9336-e7eb8f871186",[247,266,277],{"id":248,"data":249,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"6d257f3d-6fe5-482a-982f-010dc4094e32",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":250,"multiChoiceQuestion":254,"multiChoiceCorrect":256,"multiChoiceIncorrect":258,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":262,"matchPairsPairs":263},[251,252,253],"8aac929e-127d-4eaf-ad6e-5e7df3678f52","17664449-938f-4076-91cf-2afe7c68990f","b9264949-4ca2-400a-a494-e487b190b445",[255],"Which of these bodies held authority over Western churches?",[257],"Papacy",[259,260,261],"Patriarchy","Varangian","Shurta",[107],[264],{"left":257,"right":265,"direction":35},"Controlled churches in the west",{"id":251,"data":267,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":268,"multiChoiceQuestion":269,"multiChoiceCorrect":271,"multiChoiceIncorrect":272,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":273,"matchPairsPairs":274},[248,252,253],[270],"Which of these bodies held control over Eastern churches?",[259],[257,260,261],[107],[275],{"left":259,"right":276,"direction":35},"Controlled churches in the east",{"id":278,"data":279,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"ec00d88e-8047-400c-9086-c3f03181a736",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":280,"multiChoiceCorrect":282,"multiChoiceIncorrect":284,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[281],"In what year did the Papacy and the Patriarchy officially cut ties, in what is known as the East-West Schism?",[283],"1054 CE",[285,286,71],"451 CE","963 CE",{"id":288,"data":289,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":292},"922e6a8f-fde1-417a-aff2-4a60ae8a7e2e",{"type":24,"markdownContent":290,"audioMediaId":291},"While religion and culture flourished in the Byzantine Empire, the famous walls of Constantinople remained as strong and impenetrable as ever. Throughout the period, they saved the city from several sieges by Umayyad, Rus’ and Bulgar forces.\n\nThe city’s defenses became even stronger in the 10th century, when the Byzantines recruited a force of mercenaries called the Varangian Guard. These fierce warriors had Viking blood, and were famed and feared for their brutal loyalty to the Byzantine cause.\n\n![Graph](image://bf04ac7e-3335-4f74-a7ea-41d30a9e5368 \"A depiction of the Varangian Guard (top). Image: public domain\")\n\nAccording to one contemporary description, these warriors 'attacked with reckless rage and neither cared about losing blood nor their wounds.' They served the empire for hundreds of years, keeping the Byzantines safe from harm.","6ceeb01d-4927-42ee-8986-225b120c04f5",[293,304,311],{"id":252,"data":294,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":295,"multiChoiceQuestion":296,"multiChoiceCorrect":298,"multiChoiceIncorrect":299,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":300,"matchPairsPairs":301},[248,251,253],[297],"Which of these was a Viking guard force stationed at Constantinople?",[260],[257,259,261],[107],[302],{"left":260,"right":303,"direction":35},"Viking guards at Constantinople",{"id":305,"data":306,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"e6d8d489-ff4a-43c6-92c3-6f11ce62d395",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":307,"clozeWords":309},[308],"Throughout the medieval period, the impenetrable walls of Constantinople protected the city from Rus', Bulgar and Umayyad attacks.",[310],"walls",{"id":312,"data":313,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"0389a687-600d-4574-9dd9-c3a12fc5e858",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":314,"multiChoiceQuestion":318,"multiChoiceCorrect":320,"multiChoiceIncorrect":322,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":326,"matchPairsPairs":327},[315,316,317],"08662e5b-69c3-4548-9a02-2ffe783f3f37","50a09649-f208-4507-a648-e2c831698705","e2a4cc7f-11ec-43af-b299-0b94349bb69f",[319],"Which of these would you associate with Hagia Sophia?",[321],"Byzantine empire",[323,324,325],"Maya civilization","Umayyad caliphate","Khmer empire",[107],[328],{"left":329,"right":321,"direction":35},"Hagia Sophia",{"id":331,"data":332,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":334,"introPage":340,"pages":346},"9651a317-6ccf-4bfb-9847-357d75605b19",{"type":25,"title":333},"Decline of the Byzantines",{"id":335,"data":336,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"183ed6dd-eb19-45a1-87af-31c846334381",{"type":35,"summary":337},[338,339],"The Byzantine Empire fell in 1453, after the Ottomans used canons on their famous walls","The fall of the Byzantines marked the end of the medieval era",{"id":341,"data":342,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"4b5239de-c304-4a39-9234-914fea8c7e21",{"type":51,"intro":343},[344,345],"What role did gunpowder weapons play in the fall of the Byzantine Empire?","What was the legacy of the Byzantine Empire?",[347,371],{"id":348,"data":349,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":352},"d40f3049-ac05-47ef-9d53-4415a42b2f77",{"type":24,"markdownContent":350,"audioMediaId":351},"The long history of the Byzantine Empire came to an end in the 15th century. Its fate was sealed by the invention of gunpowder weapons, which were adopted by the neighboring Ottomans.\n\nLed by Mehmed II, the Ottomans used their powerful cannons to blow through Constantinople's famous walls – a siege that no one could have possibly imagined when the walls were built more than a thousand years earlier.\n\n![Graph](image://d55f9459-b6cc-419f-923d-c004ad57dbce \"Mehmed II. Image: AyselIsmayil, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe Ottomans surged into the city, outnumbering the Byzantines 2-to-1. Even the Varangian Guard could not hold them back. Emperor Constantine XI was killed, bringing an official end to the Byzantine Empire – the final bastion of the Roman Empire – a civilization whose history had stretched for almost 1500 years.","2dce58b5-0910-459c-a3dc-0fbe58f50413",[353,360],{"id":354,"data":355,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"76af653d-b90a-40d2-85ed-c78661f39589",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":356,"clozeWords":358},[357],"The collapse of the Byzantine Empire was sealed by the invention of gunpowder weapons.",[359],"gunpowder",{"id":148,"data":361,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":362,"multiChoiceQuestion":363,"multiChoiceCorrect":365,"multiChoiceIncorrect":366,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":367,"matchPairsPairs":368},[145,149,150],[364],"Which of these leaders conquered Constantinople?",[156],[154,157,158],[107],[369],{"left":156,"right":370,"direction":35},"Conquered Constantinople",{"id":372,"data":373,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":376},"1af3abf6-77b7-41e7-8c93-2dbcaa8b6245",{"type":24,"markdownContent":374,"audioMediaId":375},"The fall of the Byzantine Empire, in 1453, is often used to mark the end of the medieval era. New civilizations were taking shape, many with modern gunpowder weaponry, and older empires found themselves left behind.\n\nIn the centuries following the medieval period, it was often referred to as the Dark Ages. This term suggested that the medieval period was an era of ignorance and intellectual decline – a dark valley between the sunlit peaks of ancient and modern.\n\nBut this label has been rejected by modern historians. Many civilizations flourished in this period, and the Byzantines were one of them. Constantinople was a glorious city full of art, literature and architecture – and even when the empire fell, their work continued to inspire many of the modern empires which followed.\n\nConstantinople still exists. But it’s now called Istanbul.\n\n![Graph](image://9d917dad-2f05-43ae-ad96-3533c19e0049 \"Hagia Sophia in Istanbul. Image: Arild Vågen, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia\")","b2e0ce86-a856-4852-bc1b-8bac106803b1",[377,396,415],{"id":378,"data":379,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"295734dd-6f3f-41eb-9275-cc620dd320d8",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":380,"multiChoiceQuestion":384,"multiChoiceCorrect":386,"multiChoiceIncorrect":388,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":392,"matchPairsPairs":393},[381,382,383],"a3bb4167-9ba1-4729-8b0c-6f5734e1d2b7","c8791f33-7db8-49a9-b195-406bbc1341d4","e17ec943-2411-4504-a757-08ab8b01a623",[385],"Who was the final Byzantine emperor?",[387],"Constantine XI",[389,390,391],"Wu Zetian","Eleanor","Kublai Khan",[107],[394],{"left":387,"right":395,"direction":35},"Final Byzantine emperor",{"id":397,"data":398,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"da2c2461-dd8a-4c56-9523-bbf9555bd2ec",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":399,"multiChoiceQuestion":403,"multiChoiceCorrect":405,"multiChoiceIncorrect":406,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":24,"orderQuestion":410,"orderItems":412},[400,401,402],"84b2bae3-ead3-4be3-98af-8d0375a2e2c4","2b249719-a99e-4bac-a035-eb867499232a","24435f56-3b35-40e8-933c-524404414665",[404],"When did the Byzantine Empire fall?",[71],[407,408,409],"1240 CE","1431 CE","1214 CE",[411],"Put these events in order:",[413],{"label":414,"reveal":71,"sortOrder":35},"Fall of Byzantine Empire",{"id":416,"data":417,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"6478df58-010c-423d-a6f4-46e1b60638bf",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":418,"multiChoiceCorrect":420,"multiChoiceIncorrect":422,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[419],"What term is sometimes used to describe the medieval period, but rejected by most modern historians?",[421],"The Dark Ages",[423,424,425],"The Age of Ignorance","The Great Decline","The Collapse",{"id":427,"data":428,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"orbs":431},"7445be00-9246-4f9d-ba3e-3a12e6b801f3",{"type":27,"title":429,"tagline":430},"Maya ","A Mesoamerican powerhouse (250 - 950)",[432,507,643],{"id":433,"data":434,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":436,"introPage":443,"pages":449},"e3ab9590-bf55-44ed-82f3-4f6044057ead",{"type":25,"title":435},"Who were the Maya?",{"id":437,"data":438,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"06021a78-2572-49a1-9f0d-41e02c3f8cd7",{"type":35,"summary":439},[440,441,442],"Maya cities emerged from agricultural villages at the edge of Yucatán rainforests","The Maya believed that their people were made by the gods, who forged them from yellow corn","The Maya existed parallel to other medieval civilizations in other parts of the world",{"id":444,"data":445,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"4ebaecee-b2e4-40df-a4d5-56cb5e434f6a",{"type":51,"intro":446},[447,448],"Where did the Maya civilization come from?","What did the Maya believe about their civilization's origins?",[450,474],{"id":451,"data":452,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":455},"2399bca3-30ce-4086-a35d-058bf87faa2c",{"type":24,"markdownContent":453,"audioMediaId":454},"The Maya were a Mesoamerican civilization that flourished from approximately 250 to 950 CE. They built cities in rainforests, excelled at mathematics, and practiced human sacrifice.\n\nIt might not be accurate to call the Maya a medieval civilization. The medieval period is usually defined by the fall of Rome, which did not affect the Maya. But they thrived in the Americas at a similar time to medieval civilizations in Europe and Asia – they were not linked, but they existed in parallel.\n\nBy the time Europeans arrived in the Americas, the Maya were well in decline. Nobody knows what caused this, but they faded in strength in the 9th century, and never managed to recover.","da2ea2f4-760a-4291-b214-235ba9cd5932",[456,463],{"id":457,"data":458,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"4e061085-0439-4e07-8a9c-d3eb6522e02e",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":459,"clozeWords":461},[460],"The medieval period started with the fall of Rome, but this event did not affect the contemporaneous Maya.",[462],"Rome",{"id":464,"data":465,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"3c19b15e-f9a2-4262-a5b6-5cb4410472c9",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":466,"multiChoiceCorrect":468,"multiChoiceIncorrect":470,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[467],"Where was the Maya civilization based?",[469],"Mesoamerica",[471,472,473],"North America","Polynesia","The Caribbean",{"id":475,"data":476,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":479},"9c12fd81-a89d-4172-ac54-5d3eab6e74ad",{"type":24,"markdownContent":477,"audioMediaId":478},"The classical period of Maya history is usually dated to 250 CE, but their story goes back much further. Their earliest settlements emerged around 1800 BCE, when agricultural villages farmed beans and cassava at the edge of the Yucatán rainforests.\n\nThese villagers must have migrated to the region from somewhere else, but nobody knows where they came from. Some historians have linked them to the Olmecs – another ancient civilization that lived in Mesoamerica – but this theory has not been definitively established.\n\n![Graph](image://988057aa-e0a8-4b69-b6f9-0747d0804e1e \"Olmec carving. Image: Maribel Ponce Ixba (frida27ponce), CC BY 2.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe Maya themselves believed that the first villagers were put there by the gods. In their origin myth, six gods tried to make people out of mud, but this did not work. They tried wood instead, but this did not work either. In the end, they settled on yellow corn, and created humans as we know them today.","ba3d8ee9-883e-483b-b458-5baaada40632",[480,487,496],{"id":481,"data":482,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"e82beeca-8970-4f77-82af-76fa33259bdf",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":483,"clozeWords":485},[484],"The first Maya villages farmed beans and cassava at the edge of the Yucatán rainforests.",[486],"Yucatán",{"id":488,"data":489,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"39bae3eb-7254-4d88-be17-091556a5d06d",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":490,"binaryCorrect":492,"binaryIncorrect":494},[491],"Which ancient civilization do some historians believe the Maya people were descended from?",[493],"Olmecs",[495],"Aztecs",{"id":497,"data":498,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"d1d4a1db-781a-4a4e-8026-b0eac55e75d2",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":499,"multiChoiceCorrect":501,"multiChoiceIncorrect":503,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[500],"According to the Maya origin myth, what material did the gods use to create the first humans?",[502],"Yellow corn",[504,505,506],"Mud","Wood","Cassava",{"id":508,"data":509,"type":25,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":511,"introPage":518,"pages":524},"e0511460-b721-48c0-82ff-843f0d7ed522",{"type":25,"title":510},"Classic Period",{"id":512,"data":513,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"d55e7c9d-0faf-4706-b5f2-9301b00afef5",{"type":35,"summary":514},[515,516,517],"Maya civilization flourished during the Classic Period, when they built impressive cities and pyramids","The Maya believed that the dead faced trials in a realm called Xibalba, then rewards in a realm called Tamoanchan","Maya excelled in mathematics and astronomy, and created advanced Long Count calendars",{"id":519,"data":520,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"0415eb19-1ea3-48c2-815c-b10bd7672685",{"type":51,"intro":521},[522,523],"What were Mayan beliefs on the afterlife?","What was a Maya Long Count calendar?",[525,569,600],{"id":526,"data":527,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"reviews":530},"f6cecba2-bd2d-4009-80b4-8ecb10526fe6",{"type":24,"markdownContent":528,"audioMediaId":529},"After hundreds of years in farming villages, the Maya began to expand. This is usually referred to as the Classic Period – the Maya grew into a civilization that could rival any in the world.\n\nAt the peak of their development, cities like Chichén Itzá and Uxmal became centers of major power. The Maya built 40 cities in total, housing millions of citizens, and featuring palaces, temples and pyramids. Some of these pyramids were devoted to gods, while others were used as tombs for celebrated kings.\n\n![Graph](image://c066bcb5-feea-4302-96e6-141c0c5499f8 \"Chichén Itzá. Image: El Castillo Stitch 2008 Edit 1 by Fcb981 (CC BY-SA 3.0) \u003Chttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nMaya culture was probably influenced by older civilizations like the Olmecs and the Zapotecs; these cultures also built pyramids, with a similar architectural style. But the Maya improved on these inspirations, building structures unlike anything the continent had seen before.","4f98cbb7-3be2-4aab-8da6-8c2103fdd2d4",[531,549,560],{"id":532,"data":533,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"66d478cb-85b5-4462-b838-2d0d3142201e",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":534,"multiChoiceQuestion":538,"multiChoiceCorrect":540,"multiChoiceIncorrect":541,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":545,"matchPairsPairs":546},[535,536,537],"fc9e63b3-c7fa-4267-8718-fd339ced83cc","ce39ddb4-4f72-4d45-aee6-e1fa5136e2c5","2237a439-a563-42e0-ae2e-85299a60ee3a",[539],"Which of these would you associate with pyramids?",[323],[542,543,544],"Tang dynasty","Merovingian kings","Mongol empire",[107],[547],{"left":548,"right":323,"direction":35},"Pyramids",{"id":315,"data":550,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":551,"multiChoiceQuestion":552,"multiChoiceCorrect":554,"multiChoiceIncorrect":555,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":556,"matchPairsPairs":557},[312,316,317],[553],"Which of these would you associate with Chichén Itzá?",[323],[321,324,325],[107],[558],{"left":559,"right":323,"direction":35},"Chichén Itzá",{"id":561,"data":562,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"449aff0a-7b0d-496c-abde-2718b7d451dc",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":563,"binaryCorrect":565,"binaryIncorrect":567},[564],"Which cultures probably influenced the Maya culture in terms of pyramid building?",[566],"Olmecs and Zapotecs",[568],"Incas and Aztecs",{"id":570,"data":571,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":574},"2c9bf8ca-e3c4-4aef-a032-850b75813ddc",{"type":24,"markdownContent":572,"audioMediaId":573},"The Maya believed in an afterlife. At first, the dead would go to Xibalba, a horrifying realm full of trials and challenges, like swimming across a river of scorpions, or sitting on a burning hot bench. If you made it through these trials, you would go to Tamoanchan – the Maya version of Heaven.\n\n![Graph](image://eee164b4-7c2d-4b37-ac4c-7cd4e1337479 \"An artifact with Xibalba prints. Image: Daderot, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nBut some people went straight to Tamoanchan without having to endure Xibalba. Human sacrifices, for example, could skip the trials and go straight to paradise instead.\n\nTo choose their sacrifices, the Maya played a ritualistic ball game called Ulama. Historians used to think that the losing team would be sacrificed, but some historians have wondered if the winners were killed instead – avoiding Xibalba was a reward for emerging from the Ulama court victorious.","c71e2643-8d33-485f-9692-9a07c43a4070",[575,582,591],{"id":576,"data":577,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"e402ad80-3296-4aeb-bfb1-5549af82de9d",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":578,"clozeWords":580},[579],"The Maya believed that the dead were sent to Xibalba, a horrifying realm full of trials and challenges.",[581],"Xibalba",{"id":583,"data":584,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"01167776-78c2-4ffe-8903-1cc875078216",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":585,"binaryCorrect":587,"binaryIncorrect":589},[586],"After making it through Xibalba, which Heaven-like realm did the Maya believe they went to?",[588],"Tamoanchan",[590],"Uxmal",{"id":592,"data":593,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"4d58246a-b26a-43d0-b36d-17ba2570ab1d",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":594,"binaryCorrect":596,"binaryIncorrect":598},[595],"What ritualistic ball game did the Maya play to choose their human sacrifices?",[597],"Ulama",[599],"Patapan",{"id":601,"data":602,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":605},"82ffe360-6ac6-46f2-840f-1701e1b9f932",{"type":24,"markdownContent":603,"audioMediaId":604},"The Maya were advanced mathematicians and astronomers. They learned to predict eclipses and to track the movements of stars in the sky.\n\nThey used these skills to create the Long Count calendar, which could accurately track time and forecast astronomical events thousands of years in advance. This calendar was extremely advanced for its time and stands as one of the Maya’s most notable scientific achievements.\n\nIn recent years, a particular cycle in this calendar gained widespread attention, leading to the ‘2012 Phenomenon’. Some believed the Maya predicted that the world would come to an end in the year 2012.\n\nIn reality, the calendar simply marked the end of the 13th b'ak'tun. 2012 was not the 'final year' but the conclusion of that specific cycle. The Long Count calendar can, and does, continue beyond that point.","0dea729f-8d03-423d-b17b-bbeb59754f91",[606,614,625,632],{"id":607,"data":608,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"c16a6565-9dd4-4803-8261-6120148a728e",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":609,"clozeWords":611},[610],"The Maya created long count calendars which accurately predicted astronomical events thousands years in advance.",[612,613],"long count","astronomical",{"id":615,"data":616,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"265f07b1-e6b4-466b-8a16-d93f0ffd0c44",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":617,"multiChoiceCorrect":619,"multiChoiceIncorrect":621,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[618],"What did the Maya learn to predict and track?",[620],"Eclipses",[622,623,624],"Earthquakes","Volcanic eruptions","Meteors",{"id":626,"data":627,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"133a02f2-96cf-4d4f-9b51-7c75cece7feb",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":628,"activeRecallAnswers":630},[629],"What sparked the 2012 Phenomenon?",[631],"A Maya calendar which ended in 2012",{"id":633,"data":634,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"689a8d96-372d-450f-b0fc-b230396727ce",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":635,"multiChoiceCorrect":637,"multiChoiceIncorrect":639,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[636],"What is the name often given to the period when the Maya flourished and built cities?",[638],"The Classic Period",[640,641,642],"The Preclassic Period","The Postclassic Period","The Mesoamerican Period",{"id":644,"data":645,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":647,"introPage":654,"pages":660},"0bc1545f-28fe-4840-bb18-be77c6cd37e1",{"type":25,"title":646},"Decline of the Maya",{"id":648,"data":649,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"22ce2b4a-5a1d-455f-8ed7-33d69fdaebf0",{"type":35,"summary":650},[651,652,653],"Maya civilization probably declined due to overpopulation and internal conflicts","Destruction of Maya codices by Spanish conquistadors hinders our understanding of their society","Despite Spanish interference, Maya culture and descendants do still thrive today",{"id":655,"data":656,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"8cf9b127-bd96-469d-a8e3-d604b3242995",{"type":51,"intro":657},[658,659],"What are the theories behind the fall of the Maya civilization?","What was the legacy of the Maya civilization?",[661,685,719,760],{"id":662,"data":663,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":666},"c66105a4-bb00-4639-98c5-cbb3d9cd932d",{"type":24,"markdownContent":664,"audioMediaId":665},"The decline of the Maya civilization is one of history's great mysteries. By the 10th century, many once-great cities had been completely abandoned, and there is no real evidence why.\n\n![Graph](image://1ad6e7ed-c4c9-4f7e-a44c-70b66142d546 \"Maya cities today. Image: FlickreviewR, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia\")\n\nHistorians have come up with several theories. The most popular of these is overpopulation: the Maya were so successful, and so populous, that the natural resources of their rainforest home could no longer support them. They were forced to abandon their cities, returning to a small-scale farming lifestyle instead.\n\nAnother theory argues that the Maya city-states – formerly united as a single entity – began to fall apart and go to war. Whatever the cause, something disrupted the Maya cities, and hastily brought the Classic Period to an end.","ecc597ab-c2cc-42ef-bb02-42f680a18e82",[667,676],{"id":668,"data":669,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"f702d1f5-e74e-4244-ad30-52b124c7b333",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":670,"binaryCorrect":672,"binaryIncorrect":674},[671],"By the 10th century, what had happened to many of the once-great Maya cities?",[673],"They had been abandoned",[675],"They had been expanded",{"id":677,"data":678,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"372f353a-1c5f-4bfb-a0ff-3b9974a61cdf",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":679,"binaryCorrect":681,"binaryIncorrect":683},[680],"What is the most popular explanation for the Maya abandoning their cities?",[682],"Overpopulation",[684],"Disease",{"id":686,"data":687,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":690},"987de296-bf4e-4ed6-bb84-43e0cfd6a06f",{"type":24,"markdownContent":688,"audioMediaId":689},"By the time the first Europeans arrived in the Americas, at the end of the 15th century, most surviving Maya were living in small, agricultural communities, and their cities were buried under layers of overgrown rainforest.\n\nThe Spanish still wanted to control the Maya people. In the 1500s, conquistadors began to conquer the Yucatán Peninsula, slowly taking control of the scattered Maya settlements. By 1697, all major Maya settlements were under Spanish rule.\n\nThe Spanish brought new diseases to the Americas which decimated the Maya population; some estimates suggest that up to 90% of the Maya people died from disease between 1519 and 1697. The Spanish also brought Christianity to the region, violently repressing traditional Maya beliefs.","b99c7da8-a158-4c88-81e6-817fa0a3deab",[691,702,711],{"id":692,"data":693,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"6ddc4423-e47a-4d5f-a3f7-7eebe5e1ae52",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":694,"multiChoiceCorrect":696,"multiChoiceIncorrect":698,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[695],"In which century did the Spanish begin to conquer the remains of the Maya civilization?",[697],"16th century",[699,700,701],"13th century","14th century","15th century",{"id":703,"data":704,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"19b9ce61-4223-4132-89d4-502298917068",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":705,"binaryCorrect":707,"binaryIncorrect":709},[706],"By what year had all major Maya settlements been taken over by Spanish rule?",[708],"1697",[710],"1520",{"id":712,"data":713,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"e0aba41a-f2a2-468d-9ae3-f97b4041823a",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":714,"binaryCorrect":716,"binaryIncorrect":717},[715],"What is estimated to have caused the death of up to 90% of the Maya people between 1519 and 1697?",[684],[718],"War",{"id":720,"data":721,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":724},"10d47489-a0a8-43ea-b302-b52b867b817d",{"type":24,"markdownContent":722,"audioMediaId":723},"The Maya did have a writing system called Maya script. They used it to write thousands of codices – folded sheets of bark-paper – to record details about their history, culture and religion.\n\nThese codices should have made it easy for historians to study the Maya, and might even have explained why their society collapsed in the 10th century.\n\nBut most of them were destroyed by Diego de Landa, a Spanish bishop, who thought destruction of the codices would leave the Maya with no other choice but to convert to Christianity. Only four Maya codices survived this destruction: the Dresden Codex, the Madrid Codex, the Paris Codex, and the Grolier Codex.\n\n![Graph](image://2c38acfb-9c4a-4883-bf00-7089c99765d1 \"Pages from the Dresden Codex. Image: public domain\")\n\nThese codices have helped historians to study the Maya – the Dresden Codex, for example, explains their astronomy – but with thousands of these documents destroyed forever, our understanding may never be fully complete.","36f9b067-e621-4b64-acd2-cbc3f1cadef7",[725,732,751],{"id":726,"data":727,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"388ed921-5328-4305-9130-268fe5262b29",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":728,"activeRecallAnswers":730},[729],"What is the name of the writing system used by the Maya?",[731],"Maya script",{"id":733,"data":734,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"0881cb22-04a0-42bc-987a-e82139aad2d1",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":735,"multiChoiceQuestion":739,"multiChoiceCorrect":741,"multiChoiceIncorrect":743,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":747,"matchPairsPairs":748},[736,737,738],"bc3b33b8-f7e1-4e3a-abdc-557155a7f6f0","1e596a81-cf8c-467d-be21-4b8b1c892d2d","36145858-c5bd-4382-8f22-f54b52bdb7b3",[740],"Who is responsible for the destruction of Maya codices?",[742],"Diego de Landa",[744,745,746],"Al-Bakri","Bai Juyi","Zhou Daguan",[107],[749],{"left":742,"right":750,"direction":35},"Destroyed Maya codices",{"id":752,"data":753,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"5d0152b4-aded-4d9c-8738-c8a6d097d8b3",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":754,"binaryCorrect":756,"binaryIncorrect":758},[755],"How many Maya codices survived the destruction by Diego de Landa?",[757],"Four",[759],"Two",{"id":761,"data":762,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":765},"38812341-a7f1-4512-bdd9-2b73d43aa78f",{"type":24,"markdownContent":763,"audioMediaId":764},"Despite the efforts by the Spanish to conquer the Maya, and eradicate their culture, an impressive number of Maya descendants can be found in the present day.\n\n40% of the population in Guatemala is of Maya descent. Many of them farm the same plots of land that their ancestors cultivated hundreds of years earlier, and practice traditional customs and beliefs. Some communities still worship at Maya shrines, and play the Ulama ball game – although no one is sacrificed at the end.\n\nThe Maya also left behind a legacy of ruins that attract millions of tourists from around the globe. The main pyramid in the city of Chichén Itzá is one of the seven wonders of the world. Clearly, the Maya never fully went away; their culture still lives on.","e2488372-9586-4655-8e34-38cfae5c88a8",[766,773],{"id":767,"data":768,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"528a7f2f-184c-4590-b967-87152e7d24b6",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":769,"clozeWords":771},[770],"Around 40% of the population in Guatemala is of Maya descent.",[772],"Guatemala",{"id":774,"data":775,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"e287686b-411d-4c9d-bfd0-373b181b0569",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":776,"multiChoiceCorrect":778,"multiChoiceIncorrect":779,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[777],"Which Maya city is home to one of the seven wonders of the world?",[559],[780,781,590],"Tikal","Palenque",{"id":783,"data":784,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":787},"0e953fad-cc26-4856-8198-71fe9f036fb6",{"type":27,"title":785,"tagline":786},"Ghana ","An empire built on gold (300 - 1200)",[788,891,999],{"id":789,"data":790,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":792,"introPage":799,"pages":805},"5702c5ac-ce6a-42c6-bf83-4dacb849c676",{"type":25,"title":791},"Who were the Ghana Empire?",{"id":793,"data":794,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"398f5370-36b6-4c4e-b72b-b6e56fb283fa",{"type":35,"summary":795},[796,797,798],"The Ghana Empire flourished in West Africa between 300 and 1200 CE","Historians struggle to study the Ghana Empire due to lack of written sources","Modern Ghana is named after the empire, but they do not share any territory",{"id":800,"data":801,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"93152349-ddb9-4425-89cb-2af0389c961d",{"type":51,"intro":802},[803,804],"Why is the Ghana Empire so hard to study?","Where did the Ghana Empire come from?",[806,830,867],{"id":807,"data":808,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":811},"dd8e117f-9356-4d0d-890c-38764c010066",{"type":24,"markdownContent":809,"audioMediaId":810},"The Ghana Empire was a powerful kingdom, flourishing in West Africa between approximately 300 and 1200 CE. They were rich in gold, and for several centuries, they dominated trade routes across the Saharan desert.\n\nOf all the medieval civilizations, the Ghana Empire is one of the least understood. They did not keep any written sources, which makes it hard for historians to study the finer details of Ghanaian culture. Most of what we know comes from Arabic travelers who visited the empire from the 8th century onwards.\n\nModern Ghana is named after the empire, but they do not share any common territory. Instead, the Ghana Empire’s territory roughly aligned with the modern-day countries of Mauritania, Mali, and Senegal.","c8eee38e-9102-427d-81cc-184d39137039",[812,823],{"id":813,"data":814,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"9653be6f-8e6a-497a-9bdd-8b93aa7fdf51",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":815,"multiChoiceCorrect":817,"multiChoiceIncorrect":819,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[816],"The Ghana Empire dominated trade routes across which desert?",[818],"Sahara",[820,821,822],"Namib","Kalahari","Libyan",{"id":824,"data":825,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"153498e7-b052-4720-ae77-d328a35cd563",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":826,"activeRecallAnswers":828},[827],"The Ghana Empire’s territory roughly aligned with which three modern-day countries?",[829],"Mauritania, Mali, Senegal",{"id":831,"data":832,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":835},"41d0d516-92fa-41ca-b691-ca9fc3ab3a88",{"type":24,"markdownContent":833,"audioMediaId":834},"Studying the Ghana Empire is a difficult task for historians. They probably lacked a writing system, which means historians must rely on sources written by Arabic travelers, combined with evidence discovered at archaeological sites.\n\nFor example, in the 11th century, al-Bakri described the Ghana capital: “The king has a palace and a number of domed dwellings.” In the 1900s, archaeologists found the ruined city of Koumbi Saleh in Mauritania. They thought it might have been the Ghana capital – then they realized the site does not match al-Bakri’s descriptions.\n\nComparing Arabic sources, with archaeological remains, is a slow and difficult process. But historians are making progress – we know a lot more now about the Ghana Empire than we did a couple of decades ago.","1323baa1-25db-4d39-ac7a-91e4df3bf7bf",[836,845,856],{"id":837,"data":838,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"ec85b934-cc48-402e-9a27-12943f35c805",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":839,"binaryCorrect":841,"binaryIncorrect":843},[840],"What is the main challenge for historians when studying the Ghana Empire?",[842],"Lack of written sources",[844],"Lack of archaeological remains",{"id":736,"data":846,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":847,"multiChoiceQuestion":848,"multiChoiceCorrect":850,"multiChoiceIncorrect":851,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":852,"matchPairsPairs":853},[733,737,738],[849],"Who wrote contemporary descriptions of the Ghana Empire?",[744],[742,745,746],[107],[854],{"left":744,"right":855,"direction":35},"Wrote contemporary descriptions of the Ghana empire",{"id":95,"data":857,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":858,"multiChoiceQuestion":859,"multiChoiceCorrect":861,"multiChoiceIncorrect":862,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":863,"matchPairsPairs":864},[92,96,97],[860],"Which of these describes Koumbi Saleh?",[103],[101,104,105],[107],[865],{"left":866,"right":103,"direction":35},"Koumbi Saleh",{"id":868,"data":869,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":872},"bde8e42d-f094-434b-bccb-94818f6fc6cf",{"type":24,"markdownContent":870,"audioMediaId":871},"Arabic travelers only encountered Ghana in the 8th century, which means everything before that – the origins of the empire – are extremely hard to study.\n\nAccording to local oral legends, the civilization first appeared at the start of the 4th century, but there is no way to confirm this date. These legends say that the first Ghanaians migrated from the Middle East, but archaeological evidence says otherwise – they probably descended from native West African cultures.\n\nThe Soninke people were one of these cultures. They are the ones whose oral legends still speak about Ghana’s origins. Over time, these cultures may have come together into a unified state, and laid the foundations of an empire.\n\n![Graph](image://a02bd37e-9ab5-470e-b7ef-c3ac4d04ee2c \"Soninke people. Image: public domain\")","ea004704-9be2-418d-911a-3288bbb24aca",[873,884],{"id":874,"data":875,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"b8a5bd58-8dea-4533-a642-f591ab159d0f",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":876,"multiChoiceCorrect":878,"multiChoiceIncorrect":880,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[877],"According to local oral legends, where did the first Ghanaians come from?",[879],"The Middle East",[881,882,883],"West Africa","Turkey","East Africa",{"id":885,"data":886,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"83228a2c-dae5-4d37-9fd8-d5f645ed0155",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":887,"multiChoiceCorrect":889,"multiChoiceIncorrect":890,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[888],"According to archaeological evidence, where did the first Ghanaians come from?",[881],[879,882,883],{"id":892,"data":893,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":895,"introPage":902,"pages":908},"88d5bc13-e78c-4552-bd70-b371b430e954",{"type":25,"title":894},"Land of Gold",{"id":896,"data":897,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"0db2cad9-92a9-4e88-8d55-03a9e4315f71",{"type":35,"summary":898},[899,900,901],"Camels allowed the Ghana Empire to establish long distance trade routes across the Sahara","Ghana became known as the 'Land of Gold', with kings known as 'Lords of Gold'","Ghana may have once had an animist religion, but they converted to Islam under the influence of North African traders",{"id":903,"data":904,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"499f9b1b-9dd4-467d-9a94-7dadf0b197d1",{"type":51,"intro":905},[906,907],"What was the significance of camels in the development of the Ghana Empire?","How did the Ghana Empire's control over gold fields influence its wealth and power?",[909,939,968],{"id":910,"data":911,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":914},"8e3f3a2b-30cc-4d86-86e2-6fb41ad5d2d6",{"type":24,"markdownContent":912,"audioMediaId":913},"At some point near the start of the Ghana Empire, they started to domesticate camels. This was a monumental development, and changed the course of their history.\n\nAfter taming and training these animals, they were able to transport valuable goods across the Sahara Desert on a level never seen before. They established long-distance trade networks with North Africa and the Middle East, massively upgrading the slow and irregular trading networks which existed in the ancient era.\n\nThey mainly traded in gold. As an empire, they were lucky enough to control three major gold fields, and foreign traders began to refer to Ghana as the ‘Land of Gold’. They also traded iron, copper and ivory, often in return for salt.\n\n![Graph](image://7405e957-4a62-416f-862e-43daaf1d91e6 \"Gold nuggets. James St. John, CC BY 2.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")","12ed2f80-746f-458d-9819-9c64a757df6b",[915,926,932],{"id":916,"data":917,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"58159b4b-6c47-4551-adca-550ff99377e8",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":918,"multiChoiceCorrect":920,"multiChoiceIncorrect":922,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[919],"Which animal did the Ghanaians successfully domesticate, which helped them to trade across the Sahara Desert?",[921],"Camels",[923,924,925],"Horses","Zebras","Goats",{"id":927,"data":928,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"8d228e96-6c6f-4037-9f8c-d6d209343d50",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":929,"activeRecallAnswers":931},[930],"What nickname did foreign traders give to the Ghana Empire?",[894],{"id":933,"data":934,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"40ea5ea3-7c89-418e-a9fe-73fc62da5be6",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":935,"clozeWords":937},[936],"The Ghana Empire traded in gold, iron, copper and ivory, often in return for salt.",[938],"salt",{"id":940,"data":941,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":944},"405542b0-0b52-424c-aa9f-476cef1a1695",{"type":24,"markdownContent":942,"audioMediaId":943},"The Ghana Empire was the ‘Land of Gold’, while its kings were known as the ‘Lords of Gold’. The entire empire grew rich in this period, and the leaders claimed most of the wealth.\n\nThere was a rule in the empire, where every gold nugget found in a mine was the property of the current king. Gold dust was allowed to be sold and traded, but nuggets went straight to the palace. This helped the kings to pay for armies, and protect the empire’s borders.\n\nAl-Bakri wrote an evocative account about an unknown Ghanaian king: 'He sits in audience \\[...\\] in a domed pavilion around which stand ten horses covered with gold-embroidered materials. At the door of the pavilion are dogs \\[...\\] Around their necks they wear collars of gold.'","e48ab388-005d-421c-89a9-aab84ba27441",[945,952,959],{"id":946,"data":947,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"98acd7d2-4a32-48fa-97e1-e5dc49c84865",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":948,"activeRecallAnswers":950},[949],"What nickname was given to the kings of the Ghana Empire?",[951],"Lords of Gold",{"id":953,"data":954,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"46901d21-c1b0-4bd1-bab8-542ee990425f",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":955,"clozeWords":957},[956],"According to Al-Bakri, the Ghanaian king had \"ten horses covered with gold-embroidered materials.\"",[958],"horses",{"id":960,"data":961,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"ab92ff14-3bbd-4b2a-972c-a2181ba463a3",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":962,"binaryCorrect":964,"binaryIncorrect":966},[963],"What happened to gold nuggets found in the mines of the Ghana Empire?",[965],"They were the property of the king",[967],"They could be sold and traded",{"id":969,"data":970,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":973},"6d078d4f-1700-4e04-a281-2c5484ecc75b",{"type":24,"markdownContent":971,"audioMediaId":972},"Not much is known about religious beliefs in the Ghana Empire. By 1154, the empire seems to have converted to Islam; that is what is written by al-Idrisi, an Arabic traveler who spent time in the empire at that time.\n\nBefore that, they probably practiced a native, animist religion, which may also have included ancestor worship. Al-Bakri wrote about it: 'Around the king's town are domed buildings and groves and thickets where the sorcerers of these people, men in charge of the religious cult, live.'\n\nThe conversion to Islam was probably due to the influence of North African traders, who brought their faith with them when they came to trade. Travelers like al-Bakri were Muslims themselves, and may have introduced the faith to Ghana’s Lords of Gold.","f3617778-79f1-4b06-81ed-b9509ba17e4d",[974,985,992],{"id":975,"data":976,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"7f404375-3e51-4c0c-b0f7-59fc00cb5f37",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":977,"multiChoiceCorrect":979,"multiChoiceIncorrect":981,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[978],"What was the main religion of the Ghana Empire in its first few centuries of power?",[980],"Animism",[982,983,984],"Christianity","Judaism","Islam",{"id":986,"data":987,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"72fecfc9-519c-444e-930a-32af391542ca",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":988,"binaryCorrect":990,"binaryIncorrect":991},[989],"According to al-Idrisi, what religion did the Ghana Empire convert to by 1154?",[984],[982],{"id":993,"data":994,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"98c746f4-34d4-4a2f-b036-e376de8b14a7",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":995,"clozeWords":997},[996],"The conversion of Ghana to Islam was probably due to the influence of North African traders.",[998],"North African",{"id":1000,"data":1001,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1003,"introPage":1010,"pages":1016},"d41c5e1f-fbd2-4e68-8b31-d57ed8957648",{"type":25,"title":1002},"Decline of the Ghana Empire",{"id":1004,"data":1005,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"4aa34bd0-0ddc-4ad2-b2ac-6392da718abc",{"type":35,"summary":1006},[1007,1008,1009],"The Almoravids attacked the Ghana Empire in the 11th century, destabilizing trade routes","Sundiata rebelled and dethroned the final Lord of Gold in 1240 CE","The fall of the Ghana Empire led to the rise of the Mali Empire in their place",{"id":1011,"data":1012,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"a2fd9aa6-2435-4e9b-a740-75e6ee45a345",{"type":51,"intro":1013},[1014,1015],"How did the Ghana Empire fall?","What was the legacy of the Ghana Empire?",[1017,1058],{"id":1018,"data":1019,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1022},"66fd69e3-eb4d-44c4-9670-b31dc28e6c5e",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1020,"audioMediaId":1021},"Just like so many aspects of the Ghana Empire, the cause of their decline is hard to pin down, but most historians have blamed it on the rise of neighboring states.\n\nIn the 11th century, a confederation of Saharan Muslims attacked the empire. The Almoravids, as they were known, successfully claimed some of Ghana’s cities and destabilized desert trade routes. This was probably some kind of holy war; it may even have led to the empire’s conversion to Islam.\n\nThe Almoravids were shaken off again a few years later, but the Ghana Empire never recovered its former strength. Some of their subjects began to rise up, and one rebel, Sundiata, dethroned the final Lord of Gold in 1240 CE.","ca5a73d2-9bef-4fdc-9ba1-b3b57b2096f2",[1023,1032,1043],{"id":1024,"data":1025,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"8cc1a55f-763f-41c4-8aab-5249d46445a8",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1026,"binaryCorrect":1028,"binaryIncorrect":1030},[1027],"What was the name of the confederation of Saharan Muslims who attacked the Ghana Empire?",[1029],"Almoravids",[1031],"Abbasids",{"id":400,"data":1033,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1034,"multiChoiceQuestion":1035,"multiChoiceCorrect":1037,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1038,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":24,"orderQuestion":1039,"orderItems":1040},[397,401,402],[1036],"When did the Ghana Empire fall?",[407],[71,408,409],[411],[1041],{"label":1042,"reveal":407,"sortOrder":24},"Fall of Ghana Empire",{"id":1044,"data":1045,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"68689797-5864-4083-98fa-73df1e318e9e",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1046,"multiChoiceQuestion":1050,"multiChoiceCorrect":1052,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1053,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1054,"matchPairsPairs":1055},[1047,1048,1049],"d3d898e7-d5f1-4007-9d93-123bd37edb75","6f065f47-0774-4346-bbcb-12178b22285a","ee7d543d-ba8b-4ddd-95cb-c185807fc601",[1051],"Which of these leaders overthrew Ghana's final Lord of Gold?",[157],[154,156,158],[107],[1056],{"left":157,"right":1057,"direction":35},"Overthrew the Ghana Empire",{"id":1059,"data":1060,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1063},"07df08e1-2129-40f9-ac99-352acc7c51f7",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1061,"audioMediaId":1062},"When the Ghana Empire finally fell, it brought an end to this wealthy civilization whose history spanned the majority of the medieval period. The Byzantine Empire, in Constantinople, only outlived the Ghanaians by a couple of hundred years.\n\nThe legacy of Ghana was far-reaching. The rebel, Sundiata, built the Mali Empire in its place, which generally picked up where the Ghana Empire left off. The Mali emperors were even richer than the Lords of Gold. In the 1300s, Mansa Musa made a pilgrimage to Mecca, gifting handfuls of gold to people he passed along the way.\n\nThe region’s prosperity sharply declined in the 1400s, when Europeans colonized West Africa, and stripped the region’s gold fields. In 1957, modern-day Ghana gained independence from Europe, and adopted the Ghana Empire's name as a symbol of national pride.","63d872f3-55e6-4569-9f7d-67ff1024d4e2",[1064,1071,1082],{"id":1065,"data":1066,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"9019ff02-c247-4128-858a-75aebdbc6cf3",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1067,"clozeWords":1069},[1068],"The Ghana Empire was replaced by the Mali Empire, which picked up where the Ghanaians left off.",[1070],"Mali",{"id":1072,"data":1073,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"7a2cbb45-1d64-433c-b190-3e5f555f1cb5",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1074,"multiChoiceCorrect":1076,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1078,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1075],"Which Malian king made a pilgrimage to Mecca in the 1300s, gifting handfuls of gold along the way?",[1077],"Mansa Musa",[1079,1080,1081],"Sandiata","Mari Djata","Maghan Keita",{"id":1083,"data":1084,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"7e8119bc-e9c1-4ca6-9943-897eba3e3da1",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1085,"binaryCorrect":1087,"binaryIncorrect":1089},[1086],"When did modern-day Ghana gain independence from Europe?",[1088],"1957",[1090],"1964",{"id":1092,"data":1093,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"orbs":1096},"a61d4f88-2f0f-40e1-92b1-3a035e50cc80",{"type":27,"title":1094,"tagline":1095},"Tang ","One of China's mightiest families (618 - 907)",[1097,1267,1374],{"id":1098,"data":1099,"type":25,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1101,"introPage":1108,"pages":1114},"2765f89b-233e-412e-b8a9-423bd47d69fd",{"type":25,"title":1100},"Who were the Tang?",{"id":1102,"data":1103,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"9d118cf4-3cf4-4e21-9ab5-65c4a91c66ce",{"type":35,"summary":1104},[1105,1106,1107],"The Tang Dynasty ruled over China from Chang’an, the largest city in the world at the time","The Tang Dynasty was a golden age for Chinese art and literature","Empress Wu briefly interrupted Tang rule as the first female ruler in Chinese history",{"id":1109,"data":1110,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"e8a5aaf6-bc04-4b55-a496-0400d9fe5300",{"type":51,"intro":1111},[1112,1113],"Where did the Tang Dynasty come from?","How did Empress Wu seize and maintain power?",[1115,1139,1186,1219],{"id":1116,"data":1117,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1120},"dd16d0f4-2cbc-4ca4-9f68-6c82206c27b6",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1118,"audioMediaId":1119},"The Tang Dynasty ruled over China from the capital city of Chang’an. At the time, it might have been the largest city in the entire world, with a population of 1 million people.\n\nThe Tang Dynasty is remembered as a golden age for Chinese art and literature. Even when the dynasty ended, it continued to influence Chinese culture for hundreds of years, as well as the neighboring countries of Korea and Japan.\n\n![Graph](image://6a0cbebc-fedf-4125-85e4-4f71e70bd61d \"A Tang emperor. Image: public domain\")\n\nThe dynasty was also known for fiery court politics; there were several revolts by powerful people vying for power, including Empress Wu, who became the first female ruler in Chinese history, and temporarily put the Tang Dynasty on hold.","c06083fb-cf44-4d22-8d67-8b8c9349cc41",[1121,1132],{"id":96,"data":1122,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1123,"multiChoiceQuestion":1124,"multiChoiceCorrect":1126,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1127,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1128,"matchPairsPairs":1129},[92,95,97],[1125],"Which of these describes Chang'an?",[104],[101,103,105],[107],[1130],{"left":1131,"right":104,"direction":35},"Chang’an",{"id":1133,"data":1134,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"2d05d27d-76d1-407e-a7c1-83727a644edc",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1135,"activeRecallAnswers":1137},[1136],"Which neighboring countries to China were influenced by the art and literature of the Tang Dynasty?",[1138],"Korea and Japan",{"id":1140,"data":1141,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1144},"4ceff320-d180-4785-94d7-b3bbc85fa934",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1142,"audioMediaId":1143},"At the start of the 7th century, China was ruled by the Sui Dynasty. They were unpopular leaders, with a reputation for pushing workers too hard on public projects, including efforts to fortify the Great Wall of China.\n\nIn 617 CE, a rebellion started, led by a nobleman named Li Yuan. He was actually a cousin to the Sui emperor, but that did not stop him from taking action. With the help of his talented son and daughter, Taizong and Princess Pingyang, he ousted the Sui, and established the Tang Dynasty in its place.\n\nThe Li family claimed to be descended from Lao Tzu, the prophet-like figure who established Taoism a thousand years earlier. Modern historians have questioned this lineage – it was probably invented to legitimize Tang rule.\n\n![Graph](image://11d7c72e-2177-419e-bc4f-ba41499f6e2d \"Lao Tzu. Image: public domain\")","8917dcad-2275-49ae-a4b6-e7a8a5fc223f",[1145,1156,1175],{"id":1146,"data":1147,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"bcb350be-c1c4-4456-bb2b-655586389df8",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1148,"multiChoiceCorrect":1150,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1152,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1149],"Who ruled China at the start of the 7th century, before the Tang Dynasty came to power?",[1151],"Sui Dynasty",[1153,1154,1155],"Zhou Dynasty","Qing Dynasty","Shang Dynasty",{"id":1157,"data":1158,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"117c4abc-0d4d-4cee-9c2a-7889795f088d",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1159,"multiChoiceQuestion":1163,"multiChoiceCorrect":1165,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1167,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1171,"matchPairsPairs":1172},[1160,1161,1162],"b48ccae9-fa1f-4183-bb65-5f8a6d711cd5","a47ba4dc-e97e-49f1-b57e-faaef032ea15","b6e3acde-4350-465f-8817-40422353230d",[1164],"Who was the founder of the Tang dynasty?",[1166],"Li Yuan",[1168,1169,1170],"Mu’awiya","Jayavarman","Genghis Khan",[107],[1173],{"left":1166,"right":1174,"direction":35},"Founded the Tang dynasty",{"id":1176,"data":1177,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"69b2b378-2ba3-4cfe-b22a-f3318053b143",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1178,"multiChoiceCorrect":1180,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1182,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1179],"Which prophet-like figure did the Li family claim to be descended from?",[1181],"Lao Tzu",[1183,1184,1185],"Confucius","Siddhartha Gautama","Zou Yan",{"id":1187,"data":1188,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1191},"bd3151bd-5169-431b-a0c7-944d40fdc14e",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1189,"audioMediaId":1190},"In 626 CE, at sixty years of age, Li Yuan decided to pass the throne to someone younger. His son, Taizong, took over as emperor, after killing his two brothers in a brutal struggle for the throne. He went on to become one of China’s greatest rulers, and was given the title ‘Great Khan’.\n\nA lot of his success was based on the choice to fill his court with wise Confucian advisors. They helped him to make important decisions based on ethics and philosophy, instead of pure, rational logistics.\n\nNone of his decisions were groundbreaking, but he refined his territory into a stable, well-run kingdom. In China, this period is sometimes referred to as the ‘era of good government’. His achievements were even more impressive considering the size of his empire. He ruled over approximately 50 million people, which was twice as large as the Byzantine Empire at the same time.","9383779d-aab8-434a-a252-5bd12c43946e",[1192,1199,1210],{"id":1193,"data":1194,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"09d85cd3-e84f-491a-88d8-53df2fe58ad3",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1195,"clozeWords":1197},[1196],"In 626 CE, Li Yuan passed the throne to his son Taizong, who became one of China's greatest rulers.",[1198],"Taizong",{"id":1200,"data":1201,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"92fda948-34cd-4bb2-8856-073b7acbf204",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1202,"multiChoiceCorrect":1204,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1206,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1203],"What type of advisors did Emperor Taizong fill his court with?",[1205],"Confucian",[1207,1208,1209],"Buddhist","Military","Economic",{"id":1211,"data":1212,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"ea75200c-8835-4577-9334-91d60b7bd408",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1213,"binaryCorrect":1215,"binaryIncorrect":1217},[1214],"What is Emperor Taizong's period of rule sometimes known as?",[1216],"The era of good government",[1218],"The era of good culture",{"id":1220,"data":1221,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"reviews":1224},"2a4a2b61-a832-4df3-ab24-d47df4b02442",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1222,"audioMediaId":1223},"Taizong’s son – Gaozong – was not as capable a ruler as his father. He was heavily manipulated by one of his concubines, who eventually managed to oust him from power, and declare herself Empress Wu.\n\nSupposedly, Wu started by murdering her own baby, then blaming the death on Gaozong’s current wife. The wife was demoted, and Wu took her place, ruling at Gaozong’s side. When he died, she stepped in to replace him, poisoning her son to make sure she was not challenged for the throne.\n\n![Graph](image://166188c9-ed2d-4e0c-a1a6-07e2c9383f7b \"Empress Wu. Image: public domain\")\n\nShe established a new dynasty – the Wu Zhou dynasty – and was actually an effective ruler. Ruthless and decisive, she restored stability to China, where her former husband had failed. But she was despised by many of her peers, and after fifteen years, the Tang Dynasty regained power in a violent palace coup.","faeba6ec-9b8d-4995-9077-b79a3ebb70f1",[1225,1234,1245,1256],{"id":1226,"data":1227,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"e2750c93-e74d-4973-b7bd-955abc8a5bae",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1228,"binaryCorrect":1230,"binaryIncorrect":1232},[1229],"How was Emperor Gaozong related to Emperor Taizong?",[1231],"He was Taizong's son",[1233],"He was Taizong's brother",{"id":381,"data":1235,"type":65,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1236,"multiChoiceQuestion":1237,"multiChoiceCorrect":1239,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1240,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1241,"matchPairsPairs":1242},[378,382,383],[1238],"Who was the first and only Empress of China?",[389],[387,390,391],[107],[1243],{"left":389,"right":1244,"direction":35},"First Chinese empress",{"id":1246,"data":1247,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"fa832d68-cd53-4d93-a98a-79b5e11f3941",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1248,"multiChoiceCorrect":1250,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1252,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1249],"What was Empress Wu's relationship to Gaozong?",[1251],"His concubine",[1253,1254,1255],"His sister","His mother","His friend",{"id":1257,"data":1258,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"d3256df3-7b4a-410d-b8fd-119fe1854d06",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1259,"multiChoiceCorrect":1261,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1263,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1260],"How long did Empress Wu remain in power before she was overthrown?",[1262],"Fifteen years",[1264,1265,1266],"Twenty years","Ten years","Five years",{"id":1268,"data":1269,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1271,"introPage":1278,"pages":1284},"b2f7169b-d8dd-43a5-8deb-363d2fc159a6",{"type":25,"title":1270},"Tang Golden Age",{"id":1272,"data":1273,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"88fb2467-715c-4247-8586-f5128a66a5a8",{"type":35,"summary":1274},[1275,1276,1277],"Emperor Xuanzong ushered in a golden age for the Tang Dynasty, especially in terms of culture","Bai Juyi wrote 'Song of Everlasting Sorrow' about Emperor Xuanzong and his love affair with Yang Guifei","The invention of woodblock printing helped to spread literature throughout China",{"id":1279,"data":1280,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"c7f06f88-3567-4f6e-b5c7-d09dd9304b67",{"type":51,"intro":1281},[1282,1283],"What role did Emperor Xuanzong play in the cultural flourishing of the Tang Dynasty?","How did the invention of woodblock printing contribute to the spread of literature?",[1285,1322,1348],{"id":1286,"data":1287,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1290},"a8ec39eb-9f73-4ef9-9220-48f506d4be4d",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1288,"audioMediaId":1289},"The brief interregnum of Empress Wu ended in 705. Seven years later, Emperor Xuanzong ascended to the throne, and held it for more than forty years. He ushered in a golden age for the Tang Dynasty, especially in terms of culture.\n\n![Graph](image://deb0a104-90ee-4330-9e9d-2521170cf478 \"Emperor Xuanzong. Image: public domain\")\n\nXuanzong was passionate about the arts. He owned a troupe of dancing horses, which delighted the emperor whenever he watched them perform. He invited painters to court, such as the esteemed Han Gan, who was asked to paint the dancing horses, capturing not just their bodies, but their spirits.\n\nHan Gan was not the only artist who Xuanzong invited to court. He patronized all kinds of artists and musicians, and established an Imperial Music Academy. He also sponsored poets, and helped to preserve almost 50,000 poems written in the Tang era.","1787cee2-8214-4b2b-8675-b8f9864c6f56",[1291,1302,1313],{"id":1292,"data":1293,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"6536e4d0-5e4a-4604-9a05-e98311c4b3d9",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1294,"multiChoiceCorrect":1296,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1298,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1295],"Who ushered in a golden age for the Tang Dynasty, after ascending to the throne in 712?",[1297],"Emperor Xuanzong",[1299,1300,1301],"Emperor Gaozong","Emperor Gaozu","Emperor Taizong",{"id":535,"data":1303,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1304,"multiChoiceQuestion":1305,"multiChoiceCorrect":1307,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1308,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1309,"matchPairsPairs":1310},[532,536,537],[1306],"Which of these would you associate with dancing horses?",[542],[323,543,544],[107],[1311],{"left":1312,"right":542,"direction":35},"Dancing horses",{"id":1314,"data":1315,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"4a027592-4f41-4876-b10e-fd44729f6c22",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1316,"binaryCorrect":1318,"binaryIncorrect":1320},[1317],"How many poems did Emperor Xuanzong help to preserve from the Tang era?",[1319],"50,000",[1321],"5,000",{"id":1323,"data":1324,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1327},"aaac92c4-a380-4f57-bfb8-7bb135adbaed",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1325,"audioMediaId":1326},"Under the patronage of Emperor Xuanzong, and in the decades following his generous reign, China became a vibrant hub for poetry and literature. No other medieval civilization came close to the literary heights of Tang China.\n\nThe most famous poet from this period was Li Bai, who wrote poems that focused on nature, friendship and heartache. One of his most famous poems, *Quiet Night Thought*, ends with the line 'Bowing my head I am thinking of home.'\n\nThe spread of literature was helped by the invention of woodblock printing. Commercial books were printed for the first time in history, with poems and stories spreading throughout the kingdom. Woodblock printing was also used to share Buddhist teachings, Confucian principles, and other important philosophies.","9467416a-1bb3-44cd-95cf-71f00ddf3b43",[1328,1339],{"id":1329,"data":1330,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"8a3346f0-d89b-4fc6-8fe5-c855b0971932",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1331,"multiChoiceCorrect":1333,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1335,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1332],"What is the title of Li Bai's most famous poem?",[1334],"Quiet Night Thought",[1336,1337,1338],"A Night of Reflection","Quiet Night Walk","A Night of Solitude",{"id":1340,"data":1341,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"c5a95eff-30f6-485c-ac20-468d6cd3c9c6",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1342,"binaryCorrect":1344,"binaryIncorrect":1346},[1343],"What invention helped to spread poems and literature during the era of the Tang Dynasty?",[1345],"Woodblock printing",[1347],"Movable type printing",{"id":1349,"data":1350,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1353},"16aa1e66-415c-4cbd-a6e6-f184d9b6fe85",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1351,"audioMediaId":1352},"In 809 CE, a Tang poet named Bai Juyi wrote *Song of Everlasting Sorrow*. This narrative poem was written about the Emperor Xuanzong, who had passed away fifty years earlier.\n\nThe poem tells a romanticized account of a love affair that the emperor had with a beautiful concubine: Yang Guifei. In the poem, the emperor was so enamored, that he stopped paying attention to anything else: 'The emperor neglected the world from that moment.'\n\nWar broke out in the country, but Emperor Xuanzong did not notice. In desperation, his men asked him to kill Yang Guifei, regain his senses, and protect China. He agreed to kill his lover, and saved China, before sinking into heartbreak: 'Earth fades, Heaven fades \\[...\\] but Everlasting Sorrow endures always.'","c4f6c3bf-b85d-4d9a-b5a5-ad915b060f0b",[1354,1365],{"id":737,"data":1355,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1356,"multiChoiceQuestion":1357,"multiChoiceCorrect":1359,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1360,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1361,"matchPairsPairs":1362},[733,736,738],[1358],"Who wrote 'Song of Everlasting Sorrow', a poem about a Tang emperor?",[745],[742,744,746],[107],[1363],{"left":745,"right":1364,"direction":35},"Wrote 'Song of Everlasting Sorrow' about a Tang emperor",{"id":1366,"data":1367,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"ffdf3f66-70e7-455e-aae7-d96a5bc95bd2",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1368,"binaryCorrect":1370,"binaryIncorrect":1372},[1369],"What does Emperor Xuanzong do to his love, Yang Guifei, at the end of Song of Everlasting Sorrow?",[1371],"He kills her",[1373],"He marries her",{"id":1375,"data":1376,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1378,"introPage":1385,"pages":1391},"4dc4a451-e88a-4e64-91fe-3617da56b5e8",{"type":25,"title":1377},"Decline of the Tang",{"id":1379,"data":1380,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"f8f13f07-9807-4242-85db-1ee05ffeb54c",{"type":35,"summary":1381},[1382,1383,1384],"The Tang Dynasty began to decline in the 800s, with a series of palace plots and murders","Rebel leader Huang Chao briefly took control of the kingdom, and proceeded to execute 3000 poets","The Song Dynasty restored order in China, and continued in the footsteps of the Tang",{"id":1386,"data":1387,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"08ea53eb-c716-409c-a42f-e16bb6383b7c",{"type":51,"intro":1388},[1389,1390],"Which rebel leader managed to dethrone the Tang?","What was the legacy of the Tang Dynasty?",[1392,1427],{"id":1393,"data":1394,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1397},"77fe260e-514d-4b5a-bc38-7b75f26b27eb",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1395,"audioMediaId":1396},"The Tang Dynasty began to decline in the 800s, with a series of palace plots and murders. In 835 CE, a clash between the emperor, and some powerful eunuchs, led to the slaughter of a thousand government officials.\n\nAs the palace descended into violent chaos, so did the rest of the country. Rebellions broke out, with one leader, Huang Chao, briefly taking control of the kingdom. He had 3000 poets executed, after one of them wrote an insulting rhyme about his leadership.\n\n![Graph](image://865a0c6a-04b1-4cd7-ade7-7797cbe70bf1 \"Huang Chao. Image: public domain\")\n\nThe Tang regained control after that, but not for long. In 907, Zhu Wen – a former salt smuggler – used a rebel army to defeat the Tang, and bring the dynasty to an official end.","f1dbed5f-8b8a-45b1-b492-c8f2fd7706c2",[1398,1409,1416],{"id":1399,"data":1400,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"c3294480-f1bb-49d6-818d-e371b3726fac",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1401,"multiChoiceCorrect":1403,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1405,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1402],"In which century did the Tang Dynasty start to decline, after a series of palace plots and murders?",[1404],"9th century",[1406,1407,1408],"8th century","10th century","11th century",{"id":1410,"data":1411,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"7b74522d-63e7-4c5b-bc02-eb54a12d2de6",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1412,"clozeWords":1414},[1413],"In 835 CE, a clash between the Chinese emperor and some eunuchs led to the slaughter of a thousand government officials.",[1415],"government officials",{"id":150,"data":1417,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1418,"multiChoiceQuestion":1419,"multiChoiceCorrect":1421,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1422,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1423,"matchPairsPairs":1424},[145,148,149],[1420],"Which of these was a former salt smuggler who overthrew the Tang Dynasty?",[158],[154,156,157],[107],[1425],{"left":158,"right":1426,"direction":35},"Overthrew the Tang Dynasty",{"id":1428,"data":1429,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1432},"590d6ca1-82b6-4e6b-93b1-9b70513496ee",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1430,"audioMediaId":1431},"After the collapse of the Tang Dynasty, China endured more than fifty years of violence and division, before the Song Dynasty came to power in China, and restored some sense of order.\n\nThe Song also valued culture, and encouraged artists and poets to continue what the Tang had started. Later dynasties also valued the Tang, and poets like Li Bai have been studied ever since. Other countries also learned from them – Japan and Korea adopted Tang-style poetry and painting techniques, which influenced their cultures for centuries to come.\n\nThe Tang also had another important legacy: the invention of gunpowder. It seems to have been invented by Buddhist monks, completely by accident, at some point during Tang rule. This invention changed warfare forever – without it, some major world events, like the famous fall of Constantinople, may never have taken place.","ffb395c4-fcf3-45ee-aecc-011011845f9a",[1433,1444,1452],{"id":1434,"data":1435,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"e4268061-2a7d-4815-b7e1-e09756ac219d",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1436,"multiChoiceCorrect":1438,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1440,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1437],"After fifty years of violence and division, which dynasty restored a sense of order to China?",[1439],"The Song Dynasty",[1441,1442,1443],"The Yuan Dynasty","The Qing Dynasty","The Ming Dynasty",{"id":1445,"data":1446,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"c0bc3a8f-8789-4187-acf6-59139e28ebc3",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1447,"clozeWords":1449},[1448],"The Song Dynasty valued culture, and encouraged Tang-style painting and poetry.",[1450,1451],"poetry","painting",{"id":1453,"data":1454,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"17e50ec8-9ad4-4c76-8110-76f36152543f",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1455,"binaryCorrect":1457,"binaryIncorrect":1459},[1456],"What invention is attributed to Buddhist monks during the Tang Dynasty?",[1458],"Gunpowder",[1460],"Paper",{"id":1462,"data":1463,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":1466},"24356a2e-b0bb-4380-b4b2-8f5f41886849",{"type":27,"title":1464,"tagline":1465},"Umayyad Caliphate ","The first great Islamic empire (661 - 750)",[1467,1578,1714],{"id":1468,"data":1469,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1471,"introPage":1478,"pages":1484},"b9715771-755d-4ea7-ae27-f0a4dda181c2",{"type":25,"title":1470},"Who were the Umayyads?",{"id":1472,"data":1473,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"7795506d-29de-4cfc-ab73-1300bcd5df60",{"type":35,"summary":1474},[1475,1476,1477],"Mu’awiya emerged victorious in the First Fitna conflict and established the Umayyad Caliphate","He established a stable capital in Damascus and used a police force to enforce law and order","Umayyad rulers were criticized for prioritizing power over religion, but this is subject to debate",{"id":1479,"data":1480,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"04189ed1-3536-4cd6-826e-e79ca89adcf4",{"type":51,"intro":1481},[1482,1483],"Where did the Umayyad Caliphate come from?","How did they solidify their position and establish a well-organized state?",[1485,1508,1543],{"id":1486,"data":1487,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1490},"a7757308-7de0-48c9-9460-642b231a0130",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1488,"audioMediaId":1489},"The Umayyad Caliphate was a Muslim empire that first appeared on the Arabian Peninsula in the 7th century – the same time that the Byzantines were thriving in Turkey, the Ghanaians were rising in West Africa, and the Tang Dynasty took shape in China.\n\nThe Umayyads were controversial, and often questioned by later Muslims, who thought the Umayyad rulers were more interested in gaining territory and power, rather than performing important religious duties, like spreading the Muslim faith.\n\nWhether this was true or not is subject to debate, but one thing is certain: the Umayyad Caliphate was a successful civilization. At the height of its power, the empire stretched from India all the way to Spain, making it one of the largest civilizations in the entire medieval period.","9fd7bd6c-c858-40ee-9788-f8b1cdf12084",[1491,1499],{"id":1492,"data":1493,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"07aeb539-e5ba-4ad7-877e-a1d0d5e38323",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1494,"multiChoiceCorrect":1496,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1498,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1495],"During which century did the Umayyad Caliphate first appear on the Arabian Peninsula?",[1497],"7th century",[1406,1404,1407],{"id":1500,"data":1501,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"9a7bda1b-09e4-4b89-9369-885b05660b81",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1502,"binaryCorrect":1504,"binaryIncorrect":1506},[1503],"How far did the Umayyad Caliphate stretch at the height of its power?",[1505],"From India to Spain",[1507],"From Israel to France",{"id":1509,"data":1510,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1513},"17d56a63-bdc1-4706-b942-dcdda7be4e95",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1511,"audioMediaId":1512},"After the death of Muhammad, in 632 CE, his followers needed to decide who would lead the Muslim faith moving forward. After long deliberation, a new line of leaders was chosen – the Rashidun Caliphate – who would protect and propagate the religion.\n\nThe Rashidun caliphs were deeply pious, and each of them had known Muhammad personally. But in 656 CE, they were met by a challenger: Mu’awiya, a late convert to Islam, who had briefly worked as one of Muhammad’s scribes.\n\n![Graph](image://720e1ad3-8c62-460b-a28e-26a27e4f67c6 \"Mu’awiya. Image: public domain\")\n\nWar broke out: a conflict known as the First Fitna. After five years of fighting, Mu’awiya emerged victorious, and started a new line of caliphs known as the Umayyad Caliphate. These caliphs were still the leaders of the faith, but Mu’awiya wanted to deal with secular matters too, like building a well-organized state.","67432dd4-d452-44b1-9b14-95fd5fdee72f",[1514,1525,1536],{"id":1515,"data":1516,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"6ff924b0-8422-463f-8791-8017a137b3a7",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1517,"multiChoiceCorrect":1519,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1521,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1518],"Who was chosen to lead the Muslim faith after the death of Muhammad in 632 CE?",[1520],"The Rashidun Caliphate",[1522,1523,1524],"The Umayyad Caliphate","The Abbasid Caliphate","The Safavid Caliphate",{"id":1160,"data":1526,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1527,"multiChoiceQuestion":1528,"multiChoiceCorrect":1530,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1531,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1532,"matchPairsPairs":1533},[1157,1161,1162],[1529],"Who was the founder of the Umayyad caliphate?",[1168],[1166,1169,1170],[107],[1534],{"left":1168,"right":1535,"direction":35},"Founded the Umayyad caliphate",{"id":1537,"data":1538,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"03b08b4e-dd4b-40dc-adc9-485dbb679f7e",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1539,"clozeWords":1541},[1540],"The Umayyad caliphs were the leaders of Islam, but Mu’awiya wanted to deal with secular matters too.",[1542],"secular",{"id":1544,"data":1545,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1548},"6b688749-bd9c-45f3-92b2-d915c441fd48",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1546,"audioMediaId":1547},"After seizing power, Caliph Mu’awiya proved himself to be a shrewd diplomat and ruthless leader. He started by solidifying his own position with a number of important steps.\n\nHe established a stable capital city in Damascus, with a strong system of government. This included the Shurta police force – a group of elite, handpicked officers, who were given the task of enforcing law and order in the city.\n\nHe also dealt with potential rivals violently and decisively. In 670 CE, Hasan ibn Ali – the grandson of Muhammad – was found dead in his home. Contemporary sources said Hasan was poisoned, and while no official links were found to Mu’awiya, most modern historians think the Umayyad caliph was involved.","decb4ec2-481e-441f-9e01-eb8f1868d9b8",[1549,1560,1571],{"id":97,"data":1550,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1551,"multiChoiceQuestion":1552,"multiChoiceCorrect":1554,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1555,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1556,"matchPairsPairs":1557},[92,95,96],[1553],"Which of these describes Damascus?",[105],[101,103,104],[107],[1558],{"left":1559,"right":105,"direction":35},"Damascus",{"id":253,"data":1561,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1562,"multiChoiceQuestion":1563,"multiChoiceCorrect":1565,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1566,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1567,"matchPairsPairs":1568},[248,251,252],[1564],"Which of these was a police force stationed in Damascus?",[261],[257,259,260],[107],[1569],{"left":261,"right":1570,"direction":35},"Police force in Damascus",{"id":1572,"data":1573,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"77e05ce6-c750-42f9-b843-49b61cf91648",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1574,"clozeWords":1576},[1575],"Mu’awiya is suspected of the murder of Hasan ibn Ali, the grandson of Muhammad.",[1577],"Muhammad",{"id":1579,"data":1580,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1582,"introPage":1589,"pages":1595},"e68bc43f-d702-48ca-b837-c630290c8f89",{"type":25,"title":1581},"Expansion and Arabization",{"id":1583,"data":1584,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"8a5ed9ed-9bd3-43d1-9194-b2dba1e7a743",{"type":35,"summary":1585},[1586,1587,1588],"The Umayyad Caliphate built an empire that stretched into Iran, India, and North Africa","The Umayyad Caliphate also successfully took Spain from the Visigoths","Wherever they went, they promoted Islam and Arab culture through language, coins and architecture",{"id":1590,"data":1591,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"a10e0995-b530-4408-ac79-b4e657024f53",{"type":51,"intro":1592},[1593,1594],"What was the Umayyad Caliphate's biggest victory and why was it so significant?","How did the Umayyad Caliphate contribute to the spread of Arab culture and Islamic art?",[1596,1627,1655,1679],{"id":1597,"data":1598,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1601},"70cc1b6e-1aa6-4b7b-9fb6-2d413a27c360",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1599,"audioMediaId":1600},"From the stable center of Damascus, Mu’awiya’s successors began to build an Umayyad empire. They expanded east into Iran and India, and west across North Africa. They united these territories under the banner of Islam, with mass conversions taking place in many cities and towns.\n\nIn the 670s, they launched a series of attacks against Constantinople. They were unsuccessful – the walls of the city were too strong – but it demonstrated the Caliphate’s ambition.\n\nTheir biggest victory came in 710 CE, when they sent an army from North Africa to Spain, and managed to fight off the Visigoth people who had lived there since the fall of Rome. This was the first time that Islam had managed to penetrate Christian Europe – it was a major moment in history.","69e15439-0eed-4953-9cb2-16ccd2a86f2d",[1602,1609,1619],{"id":1603,"data":1604,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"610c612b-2745-4d89-9455-5a1add565551",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1605,"binaryCorrect":1607,"binaryIncorrect":1608},[1606],"When the Umayyad Caliphate expanded its territory, it oversaw mass conversions to which religion?",[984],[983],{"id":1610,"data":1611,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"ef3f1eca-6b09-4aba-a0e7-98f36233f987",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1612,"multiChoiceCorrect":1614,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1615,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1613],"In the 670s, which major city did the Umayyad Caliphate attempt, but fail, to conquer?",[110],[1616,1617,1618],"Tours","Delhi","Jerusalem",{"id":1620,"data":1621,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"50785caa-ac75-445e-aa8a-dbff0a5e7056",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1622,"clozeWords":1624},[1623],"In 710 CE, the Umayyad Caliphate achieved a major victory when they defeated the Visigoth people in Spain.",[1625,1626],"710 CE","Spain",{"id":1628,"data":1629,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1632},"6d7b8006-5992-48e4-948d-8d2d1515fe55",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1630,"audioMediaId":1631},"Despite the work they did to spread the Muslim faith in Asia, North Africa and Europe, the motivations of the Umayyad Caliphate have been criticized by many Muslim writers looking back on the period later.\n\nThese writers said that the Umayyad leaders were more interested in being 'mulks' (secular kings) than 'caliphs' (religious leaders). They were also criticized for having too many Christians at court, like the philosopher and monk, Saint John of Damascus.\n\nBut modern historians have rejected these criticisms. The Umayyad leaders certainly cared about secular affairs, but not because they did not care about the Muslim faith. Instead, they believed that a stable, well-run administration was the best way to help the religion thrive.","312ef533-0115-4a7e-8053-bd1d5232ca48",[1633,1640,1649],{"id":1634,"data":1635,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"15282d88-c588-4dbc-ac6a-433bc2f9a946",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1636,"activeRecallAnswers":1638},[1637],"What is the difference between 'mulks' and 'caliphs'?",[1639],"Mulks' are secular kings, while 'Caliphs' are religious leaders",{"id":1641,"data":1642,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"de15f988-22df-4201-9224-eaa0b7d7c023",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1643,"binaryCorrect":1645,"binaryIncorrect":1647},[1644],"What did some Muslim writers criticize the Umayyad Caliphate for?",[1646],"They neglected their religious duties",[1648],"They were too interested in war",{"id":1650,"data":1651,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"f0076550-c478-490e-bb25-347b6102907c",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1652,"clozeWords":1654},[1653],"Historians have argued that the Umayyads focused on secular affairs as a way to provide a stable foundation for Islam.",[984],{"id":1656,"data":1657,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1660},"b29de500-0873-46dc-a97a-3fec7cbbedda",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1658,"audioMediaId":1659},"As well as working to spread the Muslim faith, the Umayyad Caliphate was also a major force in the spread of Arab culture. They wanted to create a unified empire, with citizens who shared the same language, culture and beliefs.\n\nAt the beginning of the 8th century, Arabic became the official language of the empire, replacing local languages like Persian and Greek. At a similar time, a new coinage was introduced, replacing Byzantine-style coins with Umayyad versions, complete with religious inscriptions in Arabic.\n\nWith a shared language, and shared coinage, trade and travel flourished in the empire, as goods and people were easier to move from place to place. The Umayyads also built roads and canals to connect the pieces of their empire.","21d1da8f-a094-4550-b9a0-7e861b3659db",[1661,1670],{"id":1662,"data":1663,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"33149e4e-3dcd-4247-ac15-24aabecc87be",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1664,"clozeWords":1666},[1665],"Throughout the empire, the Umayyads replaced local languages, like Persian and Greek, with Arabic.",[1667,1668,1669],"Persian","Greek","Arabic",{"id":1671,"data":1672,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"43f1f569-6009-45a0-b52f-d565065413cf",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1673,"binaryCorrect":1675,"binaryIncorrect":1677},[1674],"The Umayyad Empire introduced its own coinage to the empire. What did these coins replace?",[1676],"Byzantine-style coins",[1678],"Persian-style coins",{"id":1680,"data":1681,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1684},"7c8cfb41-9c9d-494a-a7ac-39b1fd2ec54f",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1682,"audioMediaId":1683},"The Umayyad Caliphate was an important period for Islamic art and architecture, especially during the reign of ‘Abd al-Malik, the fifth Umayyad caliph. He wanted art to visually convey religion, and strengthen the faith of anyone who set their eyes on it.\n\nIslamic textiles featured intricate designs, including geometric patterns and calligraphy. Mosaics were also popular; they were used to decorate mosques, palaces and other public buildings throughout the empire.\n\nArchitecture was another way to visually express the faith. Al-Malik ordered the construction of beautiful mosques, including the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, and the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus. The Dome of the Rock featured an iconic golden dome, which still stands in Jerusalem today.\n\n![Graph](image://b93863d4-949d-44fd-bb3e-efed8bcde4f4 \"Dome of the Rock. Image: Andrew Shiva / Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")","dd9f533b-a672-4457-8e23-c8811a159aec",[1685,1696,1703],{"id":1686,"data":1687,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"6ca7e4e0-0416-436d-acf9-392e99668fe3",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1688,"multiChoiceCorrect":1690,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1692,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1689],"Who was the fifth Umayyad caliph, who promoted Islamic architecture and visual arts?",[1691],"Abd al-Malik",[1693,1694,1695],"Abd al-Rahman","Abd al-Aziz","Abd al-Qadir",{"id":1697,"data":1698,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"3e117191-0da6-4d37-ae27-353bb1d68591",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1699,"clozeWords":1701},[1700],"During the Umayyad Caliphate, Islamic mosaics were often used to decorate mosques and palaces.",[1702],"mosaics",{"id":316,"data":1704,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1705,"multiChoiceQuestion":1706,"multiChoiceCorrect":1708,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1709,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1710,"matchPairsPairs":1711},[312,315,317],[1707],"Which of these would you associate with the Dome of the Rock?",[324],[321,323,325],[107],[1712],{"left":1713,"right":324,"direction":35},"Dome of the Rock",{"id":1715,"data":1716,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1718,"introPage":1725,"pages":1731},"d44c306a-dd22-4d5f-a094-d9014aeb9a0c",{"type":25,"title":1717},"Decline of the Umayyads",{"id":1719,"data":1720,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"c46b99a0-17d7-4e06-9013-aa1c32a5f506",{"type":35,"summary":1721},[1722,1723,1724],"The Umayyads ran into problems with the Berber Revolt, and defeat at the Battle of Tours","The Abbasid Caliphate overthrew the Umayyads at the Battle of the Great Zab River","Despite the fall of the Umayyads, many parts of their empire still practice Islam today",{"id":1726,"data":1727,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"70a5c8ad-0787-453f-8a34-8041e2d5397f",{"type":51,"intro":1728},[1729,1730],"What sparked the Berber Revolt and how did it impact the Umayyad Caliphate?","What was the legacy of the Umayyad Caliphate?",[1732,1764],{"id":1733,"data":1734,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1737},"03589ef1-87df-46a8-8ea6-e31d2e8cc2b8",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1735,"audioMediaId":1736},"In the 8th century, the Umayyads began to run into trouble, starting with the Berber Revolt in North Africa. This event saw an army of native rebels break free from the empire, and form their own independent Islamic state.\n\nNot long after that, the Umayyads were defeated by a Christian army at the Battle of Tours, putting an end to their plans to expand deeper into Europe. This dashed the confidence of the Umayyad army, with some soldiers beginning to question their military leaders. After several decades of powerful rule, cracks were starting to show.\n\n![Graph](image://11fd9bd5-b062-4877-9ad6-42348f9a3199 \"The Battle of Tours. Image: public domain\")\n\nIn 750, another group of rebels decided to take advantage. They claimed to be the descendants of Muhammad’s uncle, and the true protectors of the Muslim faith. They overthrew the Umayyads at the Battle of the Great Zab River, and established a new dynasty: the Abbasid Caliphate.","bce5e5f2-1126-4ff5-84ca-246cb2bf73e9",[1738,1749,1755],{"id":1739,"data":1740,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"3f5eb98e-9d04-44d9-901d-dd592f150763",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1741,"multiChoiceCorrect":1743,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1745,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1742],"What event saw an army of North African rebels break free from the Umayyads, and form their own independent state?",[1744],"The Berber Revolt",[1746,1747,1748],"The Battle of Tours","The Battle of Damascus","The Moroccan Revolt",{"id":1750,"data":1751,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"d0c013a6-5343-4498-a7ba-5ee2903d0620",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1752,"clozeWords":1754},[1753],"At the Battle of Tours, the Umayyads were defeated by a Christian army, which dashed their hopes of expanding into Europe.",[1616],{"id":1756,"data":1757,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"527a29ce-ac1f-4411-a906-dc38f47095ce",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1758,"binaryCorrect":1760,"binaryIncorrect":1762},[1759],"Who overthrew the Umayyads at the Battle of the Great Zab River and established a new dynasty?",[1761],"The Abbasids",[1763],"The Rashiduns",{"id":1765,"data":1766,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1769},"88f08266-720b-4dd5-805c-4f87d3bdf707",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1767,"audioMediaId":1768},"The Umayyad Caliphate was in power for less than a hundred years, but it left a lasting legacy in the territories it ruled, especially the Middle East and North Africa.\n\nMany of its former territories still retain an Umayyad-inspired society, with Arabic as the primary spoken language, and Islam as the primary religion. Islamic art and architecture can also be seen throughout these regions, including many surviving mosques.\n\nThe Umayyads also laid the foundations for an Islamic golden age under the Abbasid Caliphate which replaced them. Their well-run empire laid a strong foundation for the Abbasids to build on, and allowed science and culture to flourish. In the 8th century, the Grand Library at Baghdad attracted scholars and artists from all around the world.\n\n![Graph](image://60a64312-7afe-46af-9439-de8e14f2900e \"Grand Library at Baghdad. Image: public domain\")","6d7f0c9e-e7b3-4ff4-9f92-a80f524bd5f5",[1770,1781,1787],{"id":1771,"data":1772,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"bf93fc13-770c-4cbc-b406-390dfc995500",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1773,"multiChoiceCorrect":1775,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1777,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1774],"In the 8th century, which Islamic library became a hub for scholars and artists from around the world?",[1776],"The Grand Library at Baghdad",[1778,1779,1780],"The Grand Library at Damascus","The Grand Library at Cairo","The Grand Library at Mecca",{"id":1782,"data":1783,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"e33ea4a0-c45d-4974-8579-fa8091eae9e5",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1784,"clozeWords":1786},[1785],"Many of the Umayyads' former territories still use Arabic as the primary spoken language.",[1669],{"id":1788,"data":1789,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"f357cfa0-30d1-481b-b426-2dc8eeee1fc0",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1790,"binaryCorrect":1792,"binaryIncorrect":1794},[1791],"How long did the Umayyad Caliphate rule for?",[1793],"Just under a hundred years",[1795],"Just over a hundred years",{"id":1797,"data":1798,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"orbs":1801},"c36710a2-b51e-4f1a-8087-8bdb555c62ae",{"type":27,"title":1799,"tagline":1800},"Carolingian ","The first Holy Roman Empire (725 - 888)",[1802,1923,2027],{"id":1803,"data":1804,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1806,"introPage":1813,"pages":1819},"0166ec53-ccbd-46a5-b1f5-78ef2ee36d76",{"type":25,"title":1805},"Who were the Carolingians?",{"id":1807,"data":1808,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"92f6ab2b-156f-46d0-bc66-37b44cb26a9f",{"type":35,"summary":1809},[1810,1811,1812],"The Kingdom of Francia was originally ruled by the Merovingian dynasty of kings","Charles Martel, a Frankish noble, defended Francia against an attack from the Umayyad Caliphate","His son, Pepin the Short, overthrew the Merovingians and established the Carolingian Dynasty in their place",{"id":1814,"data":1815,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"72ffe0ed-1f90-4b61-82b2-bf659e596968",{"type":51,"intro":1816},[1817,1818],"What significant role did Charles Martel play in the defense of Francia?","Where did the Carolingian Dynasty come from?",[1820,1846,1874],{"id":1821,"data":1822,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1825},"ec7fb32f-d6ec-4523-b1ca-8c90ccdfc642",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1823,"audioMediaId":1824},"During the 8th and 9th centuries, the Carolingians ruled a large, Christian empire in western Europe. Many people saw it as the natural successor to the western half of the Roman Empire, which had fallen centuries earlier.\n\n![Graph](image://24b61524-8e63-4b46-9dc4-1da4237efb8b \"Charlemagne. Image: public domain\")\n\nThe Carolingians’ most famous ruler was Charlemagne, whose reign saw an increase in literacy and education, law and order, and religious piety. He ruled for more than 40 years, and was so influential that he is sometimes called the ‘Father of Europe’.\n\nThe name of the dynasty is derived from the fact that many of their kings were named Charles, which was Latinized as Carolus. Charlemagne’s successors included Charles the Simple, Charles the Bald, and Charles the Fat. As their epithets suggest, these kings failed to live up to Charlemagne’s lofty heights.","025fe819-736c-4d60-b68d-945ee9993700",[1826,1835],{"id":1827,"data":1828,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"368fd4be-61cd-43a3-b208-caf882dd77cd",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1829,"binaryCorrect":1831,"binaryIncorrect":1833},[1830],"In the 8th and 9th centuries, which dynasty was seen as the natural successor to the western half of the Roman Empire ?",[1832],"Carolingian",[1834],"Merovingian",{"id":1836,"data":1837,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"a241d4fb-b006-4ce4-8a34-e51744ee9cfc",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1838,"multiChoiceCorrect":1840,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1842,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1839],"What is Charlemagne also known as?",[1841],"The Father of Europe",[1843,1844,1845],"The Father of France","The Father of Christianity","The Father of Democracy",{"id":1847,"data":1848,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1851},"b82a30da-ceab-4f1a-bef9-2e844ae3b2b6",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1849,"audioMediaId":1850},"After the fall of Rome, Europe was divided up by barbarian groups, who established several Christian kingdoms. One of these was Francia, which roughly matched the borders of modern France. This kingdom was ruled by a line of kings called the Merovingian Dynasty.\n\nNot much is known about the Merovingian kings, apart from their commitment to growing long, thick hair. Supposedly, this was a sign of power. If a Merovingian’s hair was cut off by an opponent, he would no longer be allowed to rule.\n\nIn the north of their kingdom was an area known as Austrasia. It was managed by a line of noblemen, including a powerful figure named Charles Martel. They held a lot of influence in the Merovingian court, and over time, they started to outshine their long-haired kings.","0fec77e1-ded6-4dcd-a530-97a495ad33ee",[1852,1863],{"id":1853,"data":1854,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"1687e32a-0eb6-4d6b-a062-bcd13439b36d",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1855,"multiChoiceCorrect":1857,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1859,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1856],"Who were the kings who established the kingdom of Francia not long after the fall of Rome?",[1858],"The Merovingians",[1860,1861,1862],"The Carolingians","The Visigoths","The Ostrogoths",{"id":536,"data":1864,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1865,"multiChoiceQuestion":1866,"multiChoiceCorrect":1868,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1869,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1870,"matchPairsPairs":1871},[532,535,537],[1867],"Which of these would you associate with long, thick hair?",[543],[323,542,544],[107],[1872],{"left":1873,"right":543,"direction":35},"Long, thick hair",{"id":1875,"data":1876,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1879},"0e7d5160-6ca5-4549-83da-ffa3e31f052b",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1877,"audioMediaId":1878},"In the early 8th century, the Umayyad Caliphate – whose territory included the Iberian peninsula – began to worry the edges of the Merovingian kingdom. They wanted to claim the region as their own, and convert its people to Islam.\n\nThe defense of Francia was led, not by the Merovingian king, but by the Austrasian nobleman Charles Martel. In 732 CE, he famously defeated the invading Umayyads at the Battle of Tours, and became known as the defender of Christianity.\n\nBy this point, the power of the Austrasian noblemen was plain for all to see. In 768 CE, Charles’ son, Pepin the Short, overthrew the final Merovingian king, and established the Carolingian Dynasty in its place. Pepin was crowned by Pope Zacharias, who wanted to lend the support of the Church to the man whose father had protected Christian Europe.\n\n![Graph](image://98ef6bdd-2897-4ff8-b3e6-6198b2b41615 \"Pepin the Short. Image: public domain\")","f5a16c3a-5487-4a7f-adac-b7c69a63f4bd",[1880,1887,1905,1916],{"id":1881,"data":1882,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"98da83f7-6c6a-4e23-8fc5-cf5c98882913",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1883,"clozeWords":1885},[1884],"The region of Austrasia, in the north of Francia, was managed by a nobleman named Charles Martel from around 717 to 741 CE.",[1886],"Charles Martel",{"id":1888,"data":1889,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"90cb0728-1ff7-4d6b-9b90-926e073d73c0",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1890,"multiChoiceQuestion":1894,"multiChoiceCorrect":1896,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1897,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1901,"matchPairsPairs":1902},[1891,1892,1893],"84214f8a-f1a1-4216-af15-f56399a98699","d0ca2f79-04a3-4ebc-a5c8-d70301b51059","3f95c971-63dd-4aec-99c1-ab7c67a8ee42",[1895],"Who emerged victorious at the Battle of Tours?",[1886],[1898,1899,1900],"Charlemagne","Pepin the Short","Louis V",[107],[1903],{"left":1886,"right":1904,"direction":35},"Won the Battle of Tours",{"id":1892,"data":1906,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1907,"multiChoiceQuestion":1908,"multiChoiceCorrect":1910,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1911,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1912,"matchPairsPairs":1913},[1891,1888,1893],[1909],"Who was Charles Martel's son?",[1899],[1898,1886,1900],[107],[1914],{"left":1899,"right":1915,"direction":35},"First Carolingian king",{"id":1917,"data":1918,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"76ccad77-b7f8-4d18-a0b6-5106055c1f40",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1919,"clozeWords":1921},[1920],"In 768 CE, Pepin the Short overthrew the Merovingians, and established the Carolingian Dynasty.",[1922],"Merovingians",{"id":1924,"data":1925,"type":25,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1927,"introPage":1934,"pages":1940},"3d810b9f-6a09-4b90-b069-286527adba85",{"type":25,"title":1926},"Romanum imperium",{"id":1928,"data":1929,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"970599e4-be49-4012-b15a-7982a8735f27",{"type":35,"summary":1930},[1931,1932,1933],"Charlemagne became the first ever Holy Roman Emperor in 800 CE","Charlemagne supported the Catholic Church and promoted literacy throughout his kingdom","Charlemagne's reign saw a cultural revival which became known as the Carolingian Renaissance",{"id":1935,"data":1936,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"200eb7b9-72af-4702-ae11-76d80150f523",{"type":51,"intro":1937},[1938,1939],"What was Charlemagne's strategy to unite Europe's Germanic people under one Christian kingdom?","How did Charlemagne's reign lead to a Carolingian Renaissance?",[1941,1973,1997],{"id":1942,"data":1943,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1946},"bd043114-6580-40c3-bd65-7b5d5419255d",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1944,"audioMediaId":1945},"Pepin the Short was the first Carolingian king, but he was not their greatest ruler. That title goes to his son, Charlemagne, who became king of the Franks in 771 CE.\n\nHe set out on a mission to unite all of Europe’s Germanic people into one Christian kingdom. He spent most of his reign engaged in military conflicts, taking control of Lombardy (northern Italy), Avar (Austria and Hungary) and Bavaria (Germany). He forced his new subjects to convert to Christianity, putting anyone who refused to death.\n\nHis work caught the attention of Pope Leo III, who thought this growing empire was the natural successor to Christian Rome. In 800 CE, he named Charlemagne the Holy Roman Emperor – the first person to hold this title. People began to refer to the empire as Romanum imperium: the Latin term for ‘Roman Empire’.\n\n![Graph](image://e386e292-707a-4a43-adbc-275ec1d2a9bb \"Pope Leo III. Image: public domain\")","0b4f0610-7632-4ff1-b087-b0c8ceaa3490",[1947,1954,1965],{"id":1948,"data":1949,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"565929c0-b71f-416d-838a-7d63c0eacb7b",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1950,"clozeWords":1952},[1951],"In his bid to build a Christian Empire, Charlemagne took control of Lombardy, Avar and Bavaria.",[1953],"Bavaria",{"id":1891,"data":1955,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1956,"multiChoiceQuestion":1957,"multiChoiceCorrect":1959,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1960,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1961,"matchPairsPairs":1962},[1892,1888,1893],[1958],"Who was the first Holy Roman Emperor?",[1898],[1899,1886,1900],[107],[1963],{"left":1898,"right":1964,"direction":35},"First Holy Roman Emperor",{"id":1966,"data":1967,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"87836f64-4e9f-4b49-93f0-d06966a89955",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1968,"binaryCorrect":1970,"binaryIncorrect":1971},[1969],"What name did people give to the Carolingian Empire at the time?",[1926],[1972],"Carolingum imperium",{"id":1974,"data":1975,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1978},"e735b2fd-a8e9-4784-a779-ae24baa89963",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1976,"audioMediaId":1977},"As Holy Roman Emperor, Charlemagne became explicitly intertwined with the Catholic Church. He was a zealous defender of Christianity, and helped the Church to become more powerful than ever before.\n\nAs his empire expanded, he gave vast tracts of land to the Church, which allowed it to build monasteries and churches all over Europe. In many places, this land is still owned by the Catholic Church today.\n\nMeanwhile, his Admonitio generalis was a set of reforms which enforced new standards of morality and literacy among members of the clergy. In the past, many priests could not even read the Bible, and Charlemagne sought to change this.","f7de83e3-1113-471a-add5-8f74a58f8878",[1979,1986],{"id":1980,"data":1981,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"bda7cd21-cab5-4a0c-aed5-3ef46312cd5f",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1982,"clozeWords":1984},[1983],"Before Charlemagne's reforms, many Catholic priests could not even read the Bible.",[1985],"Catholic priests",{"id":1987,"data":1988,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"32b90103-f19e-4c0d-9504-17ab279a745c",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1989,"multiChoiceCorrect":1991,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1993,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1990],"What did Charlemagne seek to change with his Admonitio generalis?",[1992],"Morality and literacy among the clergy",[1994,1995,1996],"The amount of land owned by the church","The rights of noblemen","The rights of monarchical inheritance",{"id":1998,"data":1999,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"reviews":2002},"a11fe95c-fe0f-4424-b361-01aedf722ac4",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2000,"audioMediaId":2001},"As well as supporting the Catholic Church, Charlemagne was a patron of science and learning, and his reign saw a period of cultural revival known as the Carolingian Renaissance.\n\nHe filled his court with renowned intellectuals, and asked them to help him educate his Christian subjects. Together, they established a writing system called Carolingian Minuscule, and opened libraries and schools throughout the empire. This writing system became the basis for many modern European alphabets.\n\n![Graph](image://61980955-d2ab-4ad4-a3b3-3c4155224d6a \"Carolingian Miniscule. Image: public domain\")\n\nHis work ushered in an intellectual golden age unlike anything seen in western Europe since the fall of Rome. This was precisely Charlemagne’s intention: he thought of his empire as a new Rome, and wanted to match its former glory.","4b242e40-ab5a-46a9-be35-3dab5e13b05c",[2003,2014,2021],{"id":2004,"data":2005,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"2c30bdd7-abd1-45d3-b90f-331157dcb95e",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2006,"multiChoiceCorrect":2008,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2010,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2007],"What period of cultural revival occurred during Charlemagne's reign?",[2009],"The Carolingian Renaissance",[2011,2012,2013],"The Medieval Renaissance","The Gothic Enlightenment","The Catholic Enlightenment",{"id":2015,"data":2016,"type":65,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"032a4461-b40b-4e4e-b125-0f1b91f1b813",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":2017,"activeRecallAnswers":2019},[2018],"What writing system did Charlemagne establish, which became the basis for many modern European alphabets?",[2020],"Carolingian Miniscule",{"id":2022,"data":2023,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"a008e3ee-e28c-4b55-b6a9-43d576d93d5b",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":2024,"clozeWords":2026},[2025],"Charlemagne thought of his empire as a new Rome, and wanted to match its former glory.",[462],{"id":2028,"data":2029,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":2031,"introPage":2039,"pages":2045},"1a5ce3a7-3da5-4e1a-9002-cfe43e32b18f",{"type":25,"title":2030},"Decline of the Carolingians",{"id":2032,"data":2033,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"763d5e3f-a4b3-42fc-a92f-02a5af1c6106",{"type":35,"summary":2034},[2035,2036,2037,2038],"Charlemagne's health declined in old age, leading to his passing in 814 CE","Charlemagne was replaced by his son, Louis the Pious, but he was a much weaker ruler","The Treaty of Verdun, in 843 CE, divided the Carolingian Empire among Louis' sons","The divided kingdom was attacked by outsiders, until the Carolingians finally fell",{"id":2040,"data":2041,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"5c22e132-d250-4b72-94d0-fcb96c35df83",{"type":51,"intro":2042},[2043,2044],"How did the Treaty of Verdun contribute to the fall of the Carolingian Empire?","What was the legacy of the Carolingian Empire?",[2046,2079,2118],{"id":2047,"data":2048,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2051},"8e7ace0e-3383-495a-afa8-f49ceefe95df",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2049,"audioMediaId":2050},"In old age, Charlemagne’s health deserted him; he had frequent fevers, and developed an uncomfortable limp. In 814, he passed away, and left his son, Louis the Pious, to rule the empire instead.\n\nLouis was another devout Christian, who generally followed in his father’s footsteps, continuing to support the Catholic Church and encourage education and learning. He also had a ruthless streak. After hearing about a plot to dethrone him, he had the plotters blinded, including his nephew Bernard.\n\nHe regretted this decision. Five years later, he performed public penance, and sought the forgiveness of the Pope. The Pope forgave him, but some people thought the entire ordeal made Louis look weak. This event was probably the beginning of the end for the Carolingian Dynasty.\n\n![Graph](image://c60ff592-e5f1-44ab-bbfb-4a89127fce4a \"Louis the Pious. Image: public domain\")","890e9b93-3b5b-4079-8349-b6ac64383103",[2052,2061,2072],{"id":2053,"data":2054,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"f5ed1ebc-cf75-4806-b9b9-6163065df021",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2055,"binaryCorrect":2057,"binaryIncorrect":2059},[2056],"Who replaced Charlemagne when he passed away in 814 CE?",[2058],"Louis the Pious",[2060],"Charles the Fat",{"id":2062,"data":2063,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"c310540c-4f7a-4ec0-a449-e179b4f68498",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2064,"multiChoiceCorrect":2066,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2068,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2065],"What did Louis the Pious do to a group of rebels who were making plans to dethrone him?",[2067],"He had them blinded",[2069,2070,2071],"He had them killed","He had them exiled","He had them imprisoned",{"id":2073,"data":2074,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"942df2f0-e51a-4bc8-9495-b56c990a4782",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":2075,"clozeWords":2077},[2076],"After blinding a group of rebels, Louis the Pious sought public forgiveness from the Pope.",[2078],"The Pope",{"id":2080,"data":2081,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2084},"da22ac9a-2ab3-499d-b0a7-75690caf4f48",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2082,"audioMediaId":2083},"The final years of Louis’ reign were marked by a series of revolts and civil wars. He managed to suppress them, but when he passed away, in 840 CE, another war broke out between three of his sons, who all wanted the empire for themselves.\n\nIn 843 CE, the Treaty of Verdun was drawn up, which divided the empire between the sons. This severely weakened the empire as a whole: the three kingdoms, as rivals, were far weaker than they had been as a single, unified entity.\n\nIn the next few years, rival forces began to attack the remnants of the empire. In 845 CE, the Frankish city of Paris was sacked by a Viking army. By the end of the century, the former empire had fragmented even further. Another century later, the final Carolingian – Louis V – was dethroned.","b986186c-1c3c-4c71-9d70-5a518169e0ec",[2085,2096,2107],{"id":2086,"data":2087,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"4b82b901-4d93-4c58-b226-9cd9f98a5b8f",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2088,"multiChoiceCorrect":2090,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2092,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2089],"What treaty divided the Carolingian Empire between Louis' sons in 843 CE?",[2091],"The Treaty of Verdun",[2093,2094,2095],"The Treaty of Tours","The Treaty of Rome","The Treaty of Versailles",{"id":2097,"data":2098,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"a1dc9a0c-38dd-4c86-ac57-373b4d228f6e",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2099,"multiChoiceCorrect":2101,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2103,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2100],"Which Frankish city was sacked by Vikings in 845 CE?",[2102],"Paris",[2104,2105,2106],"Aachen","Rouen","Calais",{"id":1893,"data":2108,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":2109,"multiChoiceQuestion":2110,"multiChoiceCorrect":2112,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2113,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2114,"matchPairsPairs":2115},[1891,1892,1888],[2111],"Who was the last king from the Carolingian dynasty?",[1900],[1898,1899,1886],[107],[2116],{"left":1900,"right":2117,"direction":35},"Last Carolingian king",{"id":2119,"data":2120,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2123},"1ae077f2-a13d-4f01-b6ae-35932ae54609",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2121,"audioMediaId":2122},"The legacy of the Carolingian Empire is still felt in modern Europe, with many aspects of western culture tracing back to this period. Christianity is still Europe’s most popular religion, and its people continue to value education and literacy.\n\nEven the concept of Europe can be linked to the Carolingians. The continent was once just a collection of separate kingdoms, until the Carolingians turned them into a unified body with similar values and beliefs. In many ways, the European Union is a successor to this former empire.\n\nThere is also a dark side to the Carolingian legacy. Modern rulers, like Napoleon and Hitler, have claimed inspiration from Charlemagne, in their attempts to conquer the rest of Europe. Hitler, in particular, viewed his Nazi Reich as a continuation of the Carolingian Empire.","0a695005-cafb-40b8-b622-d68d67afc7b0",[2124,2131,2138],{"id":2125,"data":2126,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"af9e89c1-7afa-4537-9d66-0651224ff368",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2127,"binaryCorrect":2129,"binaryIncorrect":2130},[2128],"What is still Europe's most popular religion, which traces its roots to the Carolingian Empire?",[982],[983],{"id":2132,"data":2133,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"2d231701-2bd5-4f9c-9c3b-699d9fc8f7cd",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":2134,"clozeWords":2136},[2135],"In terms of a unified continent with common values, the European Union is a successor to the Carolingian Empire.",[2137],"European Union",{"id":2139,"data":2140,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"28272795-7b02-489b-a2f0-f04a2b6ec7ac",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2141,"multiChoiceCorrect":2143,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2145,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2142],"Which 20th century European leader was inspired by Charlemagne and the Carolingian Empire?",[2144],"Hitler",[2146,2147,2148],"Stalin","Mussolini","Churchill",{"id":2150,"data":2151,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":2154},"dd228260-0f3d-4b0b-a153-688ea657aa52",{"type":27,"title":2152,"tagline":2153},"Khmer","The great builders of Cambodia (802 - 1431) ",[2155,2296,2411],{"id":2156,"data":2157,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":2159,"introPage":2166,"pages":2172},"bd72ecbd-1241-450f-8b65-629b0bad6a98",{"type":25,"title":2158},"Who were the Khmer?",{"id":2160,"data":2161,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"e661a1a8-d227-4684-a7e7-d8775ea2c972",{"type":35,"summary":2162},[2163,2164,2165],"The Khmer Empire was a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom in Southeast Asia that lasted from 802 to 1431 CE","It was founded by Jayavarman, who united many smaller kingdoms into a large state in the 8th century","Only one primary written account of Khmer society exists, written by a Chinese diplomat named Zhou Daguan",{"id":2167,"data":2168,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"1d6578e2-4276-4f92-805d-cac4d604d66e",{"type":51,"intro":2169},[2170,2171],"Where did the Khmer Empire come from?","Why is Zhou Daguan's 'The Customs of Cambodia' so important?",[2173,2205,2233,2259],{"id":2174,"data":2175,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2178},"f4383bc9-5278-4444-82aa-880031396ba2",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2176,"audioMediaId":2177},"The Khmer Empire was a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom located in Southeast Asia. It flourished from 802 to 1431 CE, making it one of the longest-lasting civilizations in the medieval period. At its peak, the Khmer Empire covered most of modern Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam.\n\n![Graph](image://cb5b9397-fa04-4d7c-ac99-ffda76e76739 \"The Khmer Empire. Image: Javierfv1212, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe Khmer people were known for their impressive cities and monuments, such as the Angkor complex, which was the largest urban center in the world at the time. Their cities featured intricate stone carvings depicting scenes from Hindu mythology, as well as majestic Buddhist sculptures.\n\nMany of these structures were lost to the world for hundreds of years, until they were rediscovered by archaeologists in the 19th century. In the decades since, historians have tried to piece together what life in this empire was like.","b48b1bf0-7306-46d0-8280-f7e9b363c9fb",[2179,2186,2195],{"id":2180,"data":2181,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"08295935-fc27-407e-8f9b-dc36572cc847",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":2182,"clozeWords":2184},[2183],"The Khmer Empire was a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom located in Southeast Asia.",[2185],"Southeast Asia",{"id":2187,"data":2188,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"569d57d3-b334-477b-94ba-44e7e863351c",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2189,"binaryCorrect":2191,"binaryIncorrect":2193},[2190],"What was the largest Khmer city, which was also the largest urban center in the world at that time?",[2192],"Angkor",[2194],"Borobudur",{"id":2196,"data":2197,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"4e285ee4-5f93-4bec-9a57-126adc7eafdf",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2198,"multiChoiceCorrect":2200,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2202,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2199],"When was the Khmer Empire rediscovered by archaeologists?",[2201],"19th century",[2203,2204,697],"18th century","17th century",{"id":2206,"data":2207,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2210},"7080f12f-7bf1-44ad-bd72-d68cf7e45df3",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2208,"audioMediaId":2209},"The Khmer Empire did have a writing system, which can be found on the walls of some of their temples, but apart from these stone inscriptions, none of their writings survived to the modern day.\n\nNot many accounts from foreign visitors are available to historians either. In fact, only one primary written account has survived the passage of time. It was written in the 13th century by a Chinese diplomat – Zhou Daguan – who spent a year living in the Khmer Empire.\n\nDuring this time, he wrote *The Customs of Cambodia*, which provides insight into Khmer society, including descriptions of festivals, ceremonies, food, and trade. This source is incomplete, and only includes about a third of Zhou’s original writings, but considering the lack of other sources, the surviving fragments are invaluable.","56a6675f-dedd-4dc9-8fb2-d5a519bdc1b7",[2211,2222],{"id":2212,"data":2213,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"a0b567ae-0e3c-4a21-8de7-2ce578976188",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2214,"multiChoiceCorrect":2216,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2218,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2215],"Apart from stone inscriptions, what is the only written account to survive from the Khmer Empire?",[2217],"The Customs of Cambodia",[2219,2220,2221],"The History of Cambodia","The Geography of Cambodia","The People of Cambodia",{"id":738,"data":2223,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":2224,"multiChoiceQuestion":2225,"multiChoiceCorrect":2227,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2228,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2229,"matchPairsPairs":2230},[733,736,737],[2226],"Who wrote 'The Customs of Cambodia', a contemporary description of the Khmer Empire?",[746],[742,744,745],[107],[2231],{"left":746,"right":2232,"direction":35},"Wrote contemporary descriptions of the Khmer empire",{"id":2234,"data":2235,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2238},"893aead9-fca8-4255-8c46-e17b736c087c",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2236,"audioMediaId":2237},"The Khmer people are believed to have originated in the Mekong Delta, where they built a traditional agricultural community. The farmers mainly grew rice, which was a staple part of their diet.\n\nBy the 1st century, these agricultural communities had grown into several small kingdoms. Funan was a maritime kingdom that traded with India and China, adopting elements of their culture, including Hindu and Buddhist beliefs. Chenla appeared slightly later, and continued where Funan left off.\n\nKingdoms like these continued to rise and fall in the region, often warring with each other along the way. It was not until the end of the 8th century, when a man named Jayavarman appeared, and combined these smaller, warring kingdoms into a large, unified state.","2171227b-aa83-452e-a497-7134130bcab6",[2239,2250],{"id":2240,"data":2241,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"6a4ef476-0d26-4e89-88aa-d55ccbaee13f",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2242,"multiChoiceCorrect":2244,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2246,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2243],"What was the main crop grown by the Khmer people who first settled in the Mekong Delta?",[2245],"Rice",[2247,2248,2249],"Wheat","Barley","Beans",{"id":2251,"data":2252,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"838382cd-e038-49d2-bc5d-e87aaa58e96e",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2253,"binaryCorrect":2255,"binaryIncorrect":2257},[2254],"Which maritime kingdom traded with India and China, and brought elements of their culture to Southeast Asia?",[2256],"Funan",[2258],"Cham",{"id":2260,"data":2261,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2264},"6138d8e7-d64a-4342-83c8-084a2b08ab49",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2262,"audioMediaId":2263},"The story of Jayavarman – the first Khmer ruler – would never have been known by modern historians if not for the Sdok Kok Thom temple in Thailand. On one of the temple’s intricate walls, an inscription explains how Jayavarman rose to power.\n\n![Graph](image://5518f281-760a-4dd2-a663-9c0c73f33578 \"Jayavarman. Image: Suzan Black, CC BY 3.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nAccording to the inscription, he traveled to South East Asia from a place called Java, which may or may not have been the modern island with the same name. He led a series of successful military campaigns, building a federation of states, and in 802 CE, he named himself chakravartin, or ‘universal ruler’, during a ceremony on Kulen Mountain.\n\nHis descendants became impressive figures, who controlled the region for many centuries to come. *The Customs of Cambodia* describes one of these figures: 'Behind them comes the sovereign, standing on an elephant, holding his sacred sword in his hand. The elephant’s tusks are encased in gold.\"","aec96253-37e1-4f2e-b8ff-be719adebd2e",[2265,2276,2285],{"id":1161,"data":2266,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":2267,"multiChoiceQuestion":2268,"multiChoiceCorrect":2270,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2271,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2272,"matchPairsPairs":2273},[1157,1160,1162],[2269],"Who was the founder of the Khmer Empire?",[1169],[1166,1168,1170],[107],[2274],{"left":1169,"right":2275,"direction":35},"Founded the Khmer empire",{"id":2277,"data":2278,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"296c4710-88fb-450f-9e84-ee0642e8a652",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2279,"binaryCorrect":2281,"binaryIncorrect":2283},[2280],"After founding the Khmer Empire, Jayavarman named himself chakravartin, which translates as what?",[2282],"Universal Ruler",[2284],"Holy Emperor",{"id":2286,"data":2287,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"8387f3ac-202a-4b7c-8ec7-b159545f8d28",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2288,"multiChoiceCorrect":2290,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2292,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2289],"Where did Jayavarman name himself chakravartin?",[2291],"Kulen Mountain",[2293,2294,2295],"Phnom Penh","Angkor Wat","Java Island",{"id":2297,"data":2298,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":2300,"introPage":2307,"pages":2313},"0ac1d538-9a9f-41be-b65f-5581535770a0",{"type":25,"title":2299},"Architecture and warfare",{"id":2301,"data":2302,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"1c28d6b9-13ae-41cf-aad8-e1f9bb934cae",{"type":35,"summary":2303},[2304,2305,2306],"The Khmer Empire had impressive infrastructure, including hospitals that may have been part of the world’s first public healthcare system","The Khmer Empire's most famous city was the Angkor complex in Siem Reap province, covering an area almost as large as modern-day Los Angeles","The Khmer Empire clashed with rival states, especially the Cham people of modern-day Vietnam, but managed to survive under the rule of Jayavarman VII",{"id":2308,"data":2309,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"02a6da39-646f-4741-ac07-db358b4a3a7f",{"type":51,"intro":2310},[2311,2312],"What unique role did women play in the Khmer Empire's market squares?","How did Jayavarman VII change the course of the Khmer Empire's history?",[2314,2348,2381],{"id":2315,"data":2316,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2319},"95e81f46-7577-4387-9477-9d3aa0c5e097",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2317,"audioMediaId":2318},"The Khmer Empire was renowned for its impressive infrastructure, with sprawling cities that included temples, baray reservoirs, extensive highways, and hospitals. These hospitals may have been part of the world’s first public healthcare system.\n\nToday, the most famous of their cities is the Angkor complex in Siem Reap province, which covers an area of over 1000 square kilometers, making it almost as large as modern-day Los Angeles. The city included majestic palaces and market squares.\n\n*The Customs of Cambodia* described how 'All official buildings and homes of the aristocracy, including the Royal Palace, face the east.' This source also said that the market squares were run by women; supposedly, women were in charge of trade and commerce.","37bb5fad-9d93-44dc-bf21-0161d8d8ecb9",[2320,2328,2339],{"id":2321,"data":2322,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"c0d748fd-9ec6-4ed3-81e1-1e3abc1da481",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":2323,"clozeWords":2325},[2324],"The Angkor complex covered 1000 square kilometers, making it almost as large as the modern city of Los Angeles.",[2326,2327],"1000","Los Angeles",{"id":2329,"data":2330,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"a09185e9-966a-4a06-9073-a976e1ff35e1",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2331,"multiChoiceCorrect":2333,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2335,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2332],"According to *The Customs of Cambodia*, which direction did official buildings face in Khmer cities?",[2334],"East",[2336,2337,2338],"West","North","South",{"id":2340,"data":2341,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"20b345a9-dfe5-4d8a-8c2e-1d308bc5cf20",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2342,"binaryCorrect":2344,"binaryIncorrect":2346},[2343],"Who were in charge of trade and commerce in the Khmer Empire?",[2345],"Women",[2347],"Men",{"id":2349,"data":2350,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2353},"7f0690c1-e100-4ae8-b623-4ec56708c2d5",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2351,"audioMediaId":2352},"In the early years of the Khmer Empire, people were predominantly Hindu. The first king, Jayavarman, was a devout follower of Shiva, and built numerous temples throughout his empire to honor the Hindu gods.\n\nBy the 10th century, Buddhism had become more popular among the Khmer people, and many of their temples were converted into Buddhist shrines. Traditional animism was also common; the empire’s religion was generally quite diverse.\n\nThe Khmer had a festive approach to worship, and enjoyed big celebrations and parades. Wrestling, horse racing, music and dance were all important parts of their culture. Bon Om Touk was an annual boat race which still takes place in Cambodia today.","a1748ea5-0357-41af-ad6f-f4ae80e7f608",[2354,2365,2372],{"id":2355,"data":2356,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"4e0d1d4b-a5e3-4cb4-8ba0-4f20295d9563",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2357,"multiChoiceCorrect":2359,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2361,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2358],"The first Khmer king, Jayavarman, was a devout follower of which Hindu god?",[2360],"Shiva",[2362,2363,2364],"Brahma","Vishnu","Krishna",{"id":2366,"data":2367,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"d3961281-c388-4bb1-8965-0a75038758df",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":2368,"clozeWords":2370},[2369],"In the early years of the Khmer Empire, the most prominent religion was Hinduism, before Buddhism become more popular.",[2371],"Buddhism",{"id":2373,"data":2374,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"d236c0f2-b4cb-4228-91cb-4608f5ad56ef",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2375,"binaryCorrect":2377,"binaryIncorrect":2379},[2376],"What was the name of the Khmer boat race that still takes place in Cambodia today?",[2378],"Bon Om Touk",[2380],"Pok a Tok",{"id":2382,"data":2383,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2386},"5a45fbf3-3d30-42c0-9e08-f66af95a5d4d",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2384,"audioMediaId":2385},"The Khmer Empire was not the only power in Southeast Asia during this period. In the 1100s, they clashed with rival states, especially the Cham people of modern-day Vietnam.\n\n![Graph](image://3d438b39-7c48-4255-803a-de3bb9479f9b \"A depiction of the Cham people. Image: public domain\")\n\nThe two sides were evenly matched, and exchanged pieces of territory back and forth. In 1145, the Khmer briefly held the Cham capital at Vijaya, and in 1177, the Cham looted the Khmer city of Angkor. This was a humiliating event in Khmer history, and left the empire looking fragile.\n\nThis changed when a Khmer ruler, Jayavarman VII, managed to defeat the Cham in 1203, and claim their territory as his own. He is generally regarded as the Khmer’s greatest king. Without him, the empire might have fallen, but with him, they managed to survive.","b7dafb9f-e470-4922-9814-fbc04d1683d4",[2387,2394,2404],{"id":2388,"data":2389,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"3c3ac54f-3b19-4441-be83-3eef0149a3ef",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2390,"binaryCorrect":2392,"binaryIncorrect":2393},[2391],"Which rival state did the Khmer Empire clash with in the 12th century?",[2258],[2256],{"id":2395,"data":2396,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"c8834c1b-fdc1-40a6-95d7-c8248ae6ce22",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2397,"multiChoiceCorrect":2399,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2400,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2398],"Which Khmer city was looted by the Cham in 1177?",[2192],[2401,2402,2403],"Vijaya","Ayutthaya","Vimayapura",{"id":2405,"data":2406,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"dd47b744-9c64-497f-be61-86b077c84ab6",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":2407,"activeRecallAnswers":2409},[2408],"After defeating the Cham, who became known as the Khmer Empire's greatest king?",[2410],"Jayavarman VII",{"id":2412,"data":2413,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":2415,"introPage":2422,"pages":2428},"60d74480-9b93-420f-8a41-50d83270dc79",{"type":25,"title":2414},"Decline of the Khmer",{"id":2416,"data":2417,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"0fd6a564-b1be-46f4-b2f4-1b3cad71ac64",{"type":35,"summary":2418},[2419,2420,2421],"The decline of the Khmer Empire in the 14th century remains a mystery to historians","Ecological factors like drought and disease may have contributed to the empire's downfall","The legacy of the Khmer Empire lives on through the iconic site of Angkor, now a symbol of Cambodian national identity",{"id":2423,"data":2424,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"71afcab9-d759-439c-9aae-05c2e0a2a037",{"type":51,"intro":2425},[2426,2427],"What ecological factors might have contributed to the fall of the Khmer Empire?","What was the legacy of the Khmer Empire?",[2429,2463],{"id":2430,"data":2431,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2434},"676cc3c0-8de8-49c1-beb2-3ef4e2779b91",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2432,"audioMediaId":2433},"The decline of the Khmer Empire has puzzled historians for centuries. It happened during the 14th century, later than Zhou wrote *The Customs of Cambodia*, which means the source does not offer any insight to explain what happened to them.\n\nSome historians have pointed to ecological factors, like drought or disease. Their decline coincided with the spread of the Black Death through nearby China. This plague killed millions of people in China, and might have had the same effect in the Khmer Empire.\n\nWhatever the cause, the Khmer Empire declined in strength, which left them open to foreign invasion. In 1431 CE, the kingdom of Ayutthaya, in neighboring Siam, swept into the empire and claimed the territory as their own.","734ac870-9657-428e-8b8d-9d07bc6df611",[2435,2444,2452],{"id":2436,"data":2437,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"65072587-6670-4fc9-967e-a0832949c99a",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2438,"binaryCorrect":2440,"binaryIncorrect":2442},[2439],"Which disease might have contributed to the decline of the Khmer Empire?",[2441],"The Black Death",[2443],"Smallpox",{"id":2445,"data":2446,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"6e2c3ac3-ade9-4e4a-af1b-b3025d3ec988",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2447,"multiChoiceCorrect":2449,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2450,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2448],"Which rival kingdom invaded the declining Khmer Empire, and claimed the territory as their own?",[2402],[2258,2256,2451],"Chenla",{"id":401,"data":2453,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":2454,"multiChoiceQuestion":2455,"multiChoiceCorrect":2457,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2458,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":24,"orderQuestion":2459,"orderItems":2460},[397,400,402],[2456],"When did the Khmer Empire officially fall?",[408],[71,407,409],[411],[2461],{"label":2462,"reveal":408,"sortOrder":25},"Fall of Khmer Empire",{"id":2464,"data":2465,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2468},"d50a22df-dbc6-47e5-8827-3aedc182c39e",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2466,"audioMediaId":2467},"The most noticeable legacy of the Khmer Empire is probably the site of Angkor, which draws millions of tourists every year. It was only rediscovered in the 19th century, hidden beneath a layer of overgrown jungle.\n\n![Graph](image://1ddbdb9f-9d28-44fe-b6df-a85f86902cb0 \"Angkor Wat. Image: Kheng Vungvuthy, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe distinctive towers of Angkor Wat – the city’s massive temple complex – appear on the modern Cambodian flag. The country is proud of its Khmer heritage, and sees the ruined cities as a source of national identity.\n\nThis national identity was abused in the 20th century, when a nationalist group forced its way into power. Their reign was a period of violence and terror, when more than 10% of the country was killed. They called themselves the Khmer Rouge, in reference to the former empire.","98e190f6-5154-476a-aba0-1e0b6f2b997c",[2469,2479,2489,2500],{"id":317,"data":2470,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":2471,"multiChoiceQuestion":2472,"multiChoiceCorrect":2474,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2475,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2476,"matchPairsPairs":2477},[312,315,316],[2473],"Which of these would you associate with Angkor Wat?",[325],[321,323,324],[107],[2478],{"left":2294,"right":325,"direction":35},{"id":2480,"data":2481,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"d07ddb9a-6823-4142-a7ee-4cee7b3bceaa",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2482,"multiChoiceCorrect":2484,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2486,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2483],"What appears on the modern Cambodian flag?",[2485],"Angkor Wat temple",[2487,2291,2488],"Sdok Kok Thom temple","The Khmer royal crest",{"id":2490,"data":2491,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"ef620fa0-353d-45ec-869b-078d61d5b341",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2492,"multiChoiceCorrect":2494,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2496,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2493],"What was the name of the nationalist group that took control of Cambodia in the 20th century?",[2495],"Khmer Rouge",[2497,2498,2499],"Khmer Minh","Khmer Bleu","Khmer Cong",{"id":2501,"data":2502,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"68a860e4-847f-489e-b55b-44f9f70f096d",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":2503,"clozeWords":2505},[2504],"The Khmer Rouge killed more than 10 percent of the Cambodian population.",[2506],"10",{"id":2508,"data":2509,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"orbs":2512},"956bd9fc-60d4-4bb9-9947-ff84be8657c4",{"type":27,"title":2510,"tagline":2511},"Angevin","A land of castles and kings (1154 - 1214)",[2513,2633,2749],{"id":2514,"data":2515,"type":25,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":2517,"introPage":2524,"pages":2530},"ef0e0278-3fda-4320-b537-f3cf2d1284b7",{"type":25,"title":2516},"Who were the Angevin Empire?",{"id":2518,"data":2519,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"a09bca0f-c066-4ad0-a569-9363705152d5",{"type":35,"summary":2520},[2521,2522,2523],"William the Conqueror invaded England in 1066, marking the start of the High Middle Ages","William's great gradson, Henry of Anjou, inherited the English throne in 1154 CE","Henry and his wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine, conquered Wales and Ireland, and established the Angevin Empire",{"id":2525,"data":2526,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"ba8ac147-7bbd-4987-ae4f-69a6a22aae70",{"type":51,"intro":2527},[2528,2529],"Where did the Angevin Empire come from?","Why was the marriage of Henry to Eleanor so important?",[2531,2553,2586,2602],{"id":2532,"data":2533,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2536},"cb29df52-a236-483b-b5de-bed9d2079e5d",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2534,"audioMediaId":2535},"The Angevin Empire was a European civilization which stretched across Britain and France. It was the largest empire in Europe at the time, after former superpowers, like the Carolingian Empire, had collapsed several centuries earlier.\n\n![Graph](image://b7fbbcdc-0c8e-4dfc-8122-a8195a299c5e \"Angevin Empire. Image: Reigen, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThis empire is probably what most people imagine when they think of the medieval period: it was an age of honor and chivalry, with lords and knights, and huge, majestic castles. It is sometimes referred to, by modern historians, as the High Middle Ages.\n\nThis was also a period of political tension, especially between the Angevin leaders and the kings of France. These tensions continued long after the Angevin empire collapsed in the 13th century. The Anglo-French wars, as they are sometimes known, continued well into the modern era.","22875c36-c812-4f3e-b4e9-58f459489b67",[2537,2544],{"id":2538,"data":2539,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"61cb4af2-548d-4075-9675-e1ac93a92f7e",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":2540,"clozeWords":2542},[2541],"The Angevin Empire was a European civilization which stretched across Britain and France.",[2543],"France",{"id":2545,"data":2546,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"68e8a557-55b3-4ac1-b8b3-377454b04050",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2547,"binaryCorrect":2549,"binaryIncorrect":2551},[2548],"The period of history defined by knights and castles, is often referred to as what?",[2550],"The High Middle Ages",[2552],"The Low Middle Ages",{"id":2554,"data":2555,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2558},"a57cc9fe-2056-4f64-8c9e-8f9bd9785c2c",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2556,"audioMediaId":2557},"The origins of the Angevin Empire can be traced to the moment when William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, invaded England in 1066. Before that, the country was ruled by Anglo-Saxons, but now it was under the control of French-speaking nobles.\n\n![Graph](image://9a8f94a5-5947-49b1-b5fe-0c76c5665132 \"William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy. Image: DDMS123, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nWilliam’s reign marked the start of the High Middle Ages. He introduced thousands of knights, who were well-trained and well-armed, and helped to maintain order. He also built hundreds of intimidating castles, which helped him to maintain control.\n\nWilliam was the king of England, but he was never more than a duke in his native France. The French crown was held by Philip I of the Capetian Dynasty – the line of kings who had replaced the Carolingians a hundred years earlier. William and Philip agreed to a truce in 1077 CE.","706f1f24-e982-4b7b-b60d-ca3c29d71e27",[2559,2567,2576],{"id":2560,"data":2561,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"07f0b7e6-371d-413f-8a46-395ed3dea9fd",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":2562,"clozeWords":2564},[2563],"William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, invaded England in 1066.",[2565,2566],"Normandy","1066",{"id":2568,"data":2569,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"d8aad297-cdc4-4b22-8a70-4055b81baafb",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2570,"binaryCorrect":2572,"binaryIncorrect":2574},[2571],"What did William the Conqueror introduce to Britain to maintain order during his reign?",[2573],"Thousands of knights",[2575],"A council of priests",{"id":2577,"data":2578,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"84293188-0d88-40e7-bacc-610c47c08933",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2579,"multiChoiceCorrect":2581,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2583,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2580],"Who was the French king who agreed to a truce with William the Conqueror in 1077?",[2582],"Philip I",[2584,1900,2585],"Charles II","Henry I",{"id":2587,"data":2588,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2591},"4c309d3f-9a02-4203-8ff9-ff752674cf64",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2589,"audioMediaId":2590},"William the Conqueror’s united lands of England and Normandy were not the Angevin Empire. That only came later, in 1154, when William’s great-grandson – Henry of Anjou – inherited the English throne.\n\nJust like William, Henry was also a French duke. The French king at the time was Louis VII, the grandson of Philip I. There was a lot of tension between the two men – Louis did not like that one of his dukes was also a king elsewhere.\n\nTo strain the relationship even further, Henry was married to Eleanor of Aquitaine, who just so happened to be Louis’ former wife. He annulled their marriage when she became disruptive at court, and she wasted no time in marrying his rival instead.","0455b3f9-8919-46a3-acc0-b537812ff82f",[2592],{"id":2593,"data":2594,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"04a7bc9b-00b8-4638-bfaf-d43e9ff8e13a",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2595,"multiChoiceCorrect":2597,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2599,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2596],"Who was the French king when Henry of Anjou inherited the English throne?",[2598],"Louis VII",[2582,2600,2601],"Charles III","Henry IV",{"id":2603,"data":2604,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"reviews":2607},"d5eb4e8f-00ec-4893-a86b-91e95f037082",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2605,"audioMediaId":2606},"Henry of Anjou, with Eleanor beside him, wanted to add to his lands in England and France. During the first two decades of his time in power, he took control of Wales and Ireland.\n\n![Graph](image://ea5770bd-9c26-4c91-a521-2a4370811da5 \"Henry and Eleanor. Image: public domain\")\n\nIn the 11th century, William the Conqueror had failed to subdue these stubborn nations, but Henry achieved what his ancestor had not. This expanded territory became known as the Angevin Empire, named in reference to Henry’s native Anjou.","979d65a3-a567-4565-b86c-b359e7118820",[2608,2615,2624],{"id":2609,"data":2610,"type":65,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"b70cfc48-b8c0-40c1-ba43-5f084040cf2a",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":2611,"clozeWords":2613},[2612],"During his first two decades as King of England, Henry of Anjou took control of Wales, Scotland and Ireland.",[2614],"Ireland",{"id":2616,"data":2617,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"96fcbb99-6e75-4f92-a0b0-2777a7dbf490",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2618,"binaryCorrect":2620,"binaryIncorrect":2622},[2619],"Which region was the Angevin Empire named after?",[2621],"Anjou",[2623],"Aquitaine",{"id":2625,"data":2626,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"004779ec-7c9f-4920-b14f-38cbc24b41e2",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2627,"binaryCorrect":2629,"binaryIncorrect":2631},[2628],"What put a strain on the relationship between Henry of Anjou and Louis VII?",[2630],"Henry married Louis' former wife",[2632],"Louis married Henry's former wife",{"id":2634,"data":2635,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":2637,"introPage":2644,"pages":2650},"606e87fe-a205-434a-a60d-62357bf647e5",{"type":25,"title":2636},"Kings and queens",{"id":2638,"data":2639,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"902f22fa-388a-4394-a861-0391f55b3a7c",{"type":35,"summary":2640},[2641,2642,2643],"Eleanor of Aquitaine was a powerful queen who controlled Aquitaine before marrying Henry","Henry and Eleanor brought stability to the Angevin Empire through skillful administration","A 12th Century Renaissance took place, as ancient books were brought home from the Crusades",{"id":2645,"data":2646,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"ace2fad3-387d-49ab-ae64-42f8d7023243",{"type":51,"intro":2647},[2648,2649],"What role did Eleanor of Aquitaine play in the Angevin Empire?","How did the Crusades contribute to the 12th Century Renaissance in England?",[2651,2675,2716],{"id":2652,"data":2653,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2656},"473e5697-5a14-4f81-9aae-f191441bea47",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2654,"audioMediaId":2655},"When studying civilizations like the Angevin Empire, historians have traditionally focused on kings like Henry and Louis. But in recent years, there has been a movement to acknowledge the influence of queens as well.\n\nEleanor of Aquitaine was a powerful personality in her own right. Before she married Henry, or Louis before him, she controlled the region of Aquitaine – the largest duchy in France. Part of the reason Louis married her was to gain control of the land.\n\n![Graph](image://23fdfa6f-08e3-4437-891f-624db45f0986 \"Eleanor of Aquitaine. Image: public domain\")\n\nBut Eleanor was clever and headstrong, and often clashed with Louis over policy. In the end, he decided to get rid of her, and asked the Pope to annul the marriage. Eleanor quickly married Henry of Anjou instead. Within two years, she went from being the queen of France, to the queen of England.","8b41efd8-6349-453b-8706-6996eb500a2e",[2657,2668],{"id":382,"data":2658,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":2659,"multiChoiceQuestion":2660,"multiChoiceCorrect":2662,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2663,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2664,"matchPairsPairs":2665},[378,381,383],[2661],"Who was the first Angevin queen?",[390],[387,389,391],[107],[2666],{"left":390,"right":2667,"direction":35},"First Angevin queen",{"id":2669,"data":2670,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"44dfd955-724f-47cc-9ac5-7cc0534d3a54",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":2671,"clozeWords":2673},[2672],"During the High Middle Ages, the region of Aquitaine was politically important, as the largest duchy in France.",[2674],"duchy",{"id":2676,"data":2677,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2680},"5e228d75-4d95-46cc-a9ee-8a8ed6250525",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2678,"audioMediaId":2679},"Henry and Eleanor were skillful administrators, who brought stability to the empire as a whole. This was helped by the formation of a council of barons – an inner circle of powerful nobles who helped the monarchs to run all the parts of the empire, from Ireland, to Britain, to France.\n\nThe Angevin Empire was also a period of scientific and medical advancement, which is sometimes referred to as the 12th Century Renaissance.\n\nThis was mainly due to the Crusades – a series of pilgrimages which saw English soldiers travel to the East, and try to free Jerusalem from Muslim control. When they returned to England, they brought an influx of books from places like Constantinople, including translations of ancient texts which had been lost in Europe for centuries.\n\nThis was not a deliberate strategy by the Angevin monarchs, but it made a major difference to scientific understanding in the country. It opened their eyes to long-forgotten ideas, and to new ideas too; books also came back from Islamic thinkers, like the ones working at the Grand Library in Baghdad.","4f25c63c-86bd-4a3b-93f7-f5e3f241cf96",[2681,2691,2698,2709],{"id":2682,"data":2683,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"cef61c42-ea94-47c4-88c6-4b507e63a494",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2684,"multiChoiceCorrect":2686,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2688,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2685],"What did Henry and Eleanor use to help them run their empire?",[2687],"A council of barons",[2575,2689,2690],"A council of kings","A council of knights",{"id":2692,"data":2693,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"f198279b-664e-4dc4-bbf7-7409bba8730e",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":2694,"activeRecallAnswers":2696},[2695],"What was the period of scientific advancement which took place in the Angevin Empire?",[2697],"The 12th Century Renaissance",{"id":2699,"data":2700,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"559689dc-b56a-4db1-893a-7646b9ddd9dc",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2701,"multiChoiceCorrect":2703,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2705,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2702],"What were the religious pilgrimages that brought English soldiers to the Holy Lands in the East?",[2704],"The Crusades",[2706,2707,2708],"The Campaigns","The Journeys","The Travels",{"id":2710,"data":2711,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"28a4643a-1f44-441e-a016-1f603eddc8ea",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":2712,"clozeWords":2714},[2713],"When Crusaders returned to England, they brought an influx of books from places like Constantinople.",[2715],"books",{"id":2717,"data":2718,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2721},"d62eebbb-6c1e-4107-81d5-536ea28dd84b",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2719,"audioMediaId":2720},"In the first few centuries of the medieval period, European kings, like Charlemagne, worked closely with the Catholic Church. But during the reign of the Angevins, tensions started to show.\n\nIn 1164, Henry passed a series of reforms called the Constitutions of Clarendon. These reforms were meant to limit the power of English bishops, and increase the power of the crown instead – but the archbishop, Thomas Becket, refused to comply.\n\n![Graph](image://3b1d2245-332b-4bf1-b1bc-2202e42eae3b \"Thomas Becket. Image: public domain\")\n\nThomas Becket was sent into exile for six years. When he finally returned, he was attacked by four knights, and murdered in Canterbury Cathedral. This event sent shockwaves through Christian Europe; Becket was venerated as a martyr, and became a symbol of defiance in the face of oppressive regimes.","dd9e0b53-d321-445c-bd2f-31fd92287042",[2722,2733,2740],{"id":2723,"data":2724,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"4cd813f0-d9ce-4b6f-a354-c57afe6f21db",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2725,"multiChoiceCorrect":2727,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2729,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2726],"What reforms were passed by Henry of Anjou to limit the power of English bishops?",[2728],"The Constitutions of Clarendon",[2730,2731,2732],"The Constitutions of Canterbury","The Constitutions of Westminster","The Constitutions of Winchester",{"id":2734,"data":2735,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"14cd694f-ebc9-4e10-98f6-e22f894c8037",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":2736,"activeRecallAnswers":2738},[2737],"Which English archbishop refused to comply with the Constitutions of Clarendon?",[2739],"Thomas Becket",{"id":2741,"data":2742,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"dbff2240-2e32-4c84-b58e-dc25eb618f74",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2743,"binaryCorrect":2745,"binaryIncorrect":2747},[2744],"What happened to Thomas Becket when he returned from his exile in France?",[2746],"He was murdered in Canterbury Cathedral",[2748],"He was murdered in Clarendon Cathedral",{"id":2750,"data":2751,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":2753,"introPage":2760,"pages":2766},"9c1d3a62-415b-432c-98b7-202280f8cbcf",{"type":25,"title":2752},"Decline of Angevin",{"id":2754,"data":2755,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"69262322-2e40-4513-a827-67faca516680",{"type":35,"summary":2756},[2757,2758,2759],"Henry's sons, and Eleanor, revolted against him in 1173, but this revolt failed","More than ten years later, Henry died, and his sons were able to take over","Technically, the Angevin family is still going, as King Charles III is a direct descendant of Henry",{"id":2761,"data":2762,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"17e7a2aa-a431-4401-97ca-1fbde0129be9",{"type":51,"intro":2763},[2764,2765],"Who led a revolt against Henry in 1173, and what was the outcome?","What was the legacy of the Angevin Empire?",[2767,2799],{"id":2768,"data":2769,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2772},"215fc924-52f1-41b5-9cc3-1fd8c3ef0d89",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2770,"audioMediaId":2771},"In 1173, two of Henry’s sons launched a revolt against him, with the support of their mother, Eleanor. The three of them wanted to gain more power, but the revolt failed, and Eleanor found herself imprisoned.\n\nThe sons had to wait another sixteen years, until Henry died of a bleeding ulcer, bringing his period of rule to an end. His sons took over, and Eleanor was released from imprisonment. But Henry’s sons were uninspiring rulers who struggled to maintain the empire.\n\nWith Henry out of the picture, the French king laid claim to the Angevin territories of Normandy, Anjou and Aquitaine. Henry’s descendants kept control of their lands in Britain, but with no lands in France, the Angevin period was over.","638ed583-519b-431b-9b17-8401b0270444",[2773,2784,2793],{"id":2774,"data":2775,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"6d9c3824-28de-41a9-971e-ea2631337f20",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2776,"multiChoiceCorrect":2778,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2780,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2777],"Who launched a revolt against Henry of Anjou, with the support of Eleanor of Aquitaine?",[2779],"Henry's sons",[2781,2782,2783],"Henry's brothers","Henry's father","Henry's cousins",{"id":2785,"data":2786,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"f5a0dd59-f811-455b-9698-7b7bc2fabdd0",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2787,"binaryCorrect":2789,"binaryIncorrect":2791},[2788],"What killed Henry of Anjou in 1189?",[2790],"A bleeding ulcer",[2792],"An arrow wound",{"id":2794,"data":2795,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"6af84d5f-8ab3-496f-b22b-04d705d4c69c",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":2796,"clozeWords":2798},[2797],"When Henry of Anjou died, the French king laid claim to the Angevin territories of Anjou, Normandy and Aquitaine.",[2565,2623],{"id":2800,"data":2801,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2804},"89c89e89-023a-4891-b91d-1b68cdcd27b9",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2802,"audioMediaId":2803},"Though the Angevin Empire technically ended in 1214, when it lost control of its French territories, the descendants of King Henry continued to rule Britain for hundreds of years. In fact, their reign continues today: Charles III is a direct descendant of Henry.\n\n![Graph](image://f5a34ac1-7843-46ec-9760-70f4182507e6 \"King Charles III. Image: Mark Jones, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nIn the modern era, the British built the largest empire in human history, encompassing India, Egypt, Australia and beyond. This empire was led by rulers from the exact same dynasty as the Angevins. In other words, they never really went away.\n\nThe Angevin Empire also had an enduring impact on modern perceptions of the medieval era. This era of knights and castles has been romanticized in countless books and films, and continues to excite the imaginations of people today.","a219a540-71ea-44d7-834c-abd1a50cf9a1",[2805,2816,2827],{"id":402,"data":2806,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":2807,"multiChoiceQuestion":2808,"multiChoiceCorrect":2810,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2811,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":24,"orderQuestion":2812,"orderItems":2813},[397,400,401],[2809],"When did the Angevin Empire fall?",[409],[71,407,408],[411],[2814],{"label":2815,"reveal":409,"sortOrder":4},"Fall of Angevin Empire",{"id":2817,"data":2818,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"cf41c71b-1bc0-4fd0-93ae-41727a1727e3",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2819,"multiChoiceCorrect":2821,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2823,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2820],"Which modern empire was ruled by the descendants of Henry of Anjou?",[2822],"The British Empire",[2824,2825,2826],"The French Republic","The Spanish Empire","The Second Reich",{"id":2828,"data":2829,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"cac70d50-b623-4321-a7d0-3f626ab13e44",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":2830,"clozeWords":2832},[2831],"The legacy of the Angevin Empire continues today, with Charles III being a direct descendant of King Henry of Anjou.",[2600],{"id":2834,"data":2835,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":2838},"7a3d92c6-e6b2-4e58-9bae-b80ff0308060",{"type":27,"title":2836,"tagline":2837},"Mongol","The fearsome warriors of the east (1206 - 1368)",[2839,2950,3062],{"id":2840,"data":2841,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":2843,"introPage":2850,"pages":2856},"a6a2d191-e6d8-4946-8a8a-5b4bd96b1bbe",{"type":25,"title":2842},"Who were the Mongols?",{"id":2844,"data":2845,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"9e484365-171f-42ae-bbec-49ef6e7d953a",{"type":35,"summary":2846},[2847,2848,2849],"The Mongols began as nomadic tribes in Central Asia","In 1206 CE, Genghis Khan united these tribes and set out to build an empire","At its peak, the Mongol Empire stretched from China to Eastern Europe, and was known for brutal warfare",{"id":2851,"data":2852,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"c1e9898e-f3df-4b63-bf67-5ece08756b3e",{"type":51,"intro":2853},[2854,2855],"Where did the Mongols come from?","What was the meaning of the title 'Genghis Khan'?",[2857,2874,2915],{"id":2858,"data":2859,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2862},"e24bfe8d-d2bf-40a1-9429-016eadb1e1cd",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2860,"audioMediaId":2861},"The Mongols started life as a nomadic people in Central Asia, before rising to power in the 13th century, and creating the largest land empire in human history. At the height of their power, their territory stretched from China all the way to Eastern Europe.\n\nThe Mongol Empire was known for brutal warfare, and that is how they are often remembered today. Their warriors were so respected and feared that enemy cities would often surrender before the fighting even began.\n\n![Graph](image://517d3b7f-33b9-4fbe-8978-3ebf48ed716e \"The Mongol Empire. Image: Cattette, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nBut there was more to these people than warfare. They also brought peace and stability to the areas they conquered, and encouraged long-distance trade between Asia and Europe. There is no denying the fact they were fierce and violent, but the Mongols had a gentler side to them too.","c57a66fc-322c-4352-a71f-5fb482c2f064",[2863],{"id":2864,"data":2865,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"2708a38d-174d-45cc-9021-c51bda1e68a4",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2866,"multiChoiceCorrect":2868,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2870,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2867],"Who created the largest land empire in human history, stretching from China to Eastern Europe?",[2869],"The Mongols",[2871,2872,2873],"The Romans","The Kievan Rus'","The Mughals",{"id":2875,"data":2876,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2879},"792130a6-093f-4763-ab5d-b4d2ec5a5976",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2877,"audioMediaId":2878},"For the vast majority of the medieval period, the Mongol people were just a collection of small, disparate tribes, who lived nomadically on the grasslands of the Asian steppe.\n\nThey herded goats and horses, camels and yaks, and moved their herds from plain to plain in search of suitable pastures. They slept in circular tents, sometimes known as yurts, and wore baggy trousers and cone-shaped hats.\n\nTheir religion was a combination of traditional animism and ancestor worship. They believed that natural phenomena, like storms and mountains, were home to powerful spirits. Overall, there was little to suggest that these tribes were capable of building an empire, but this changed at the beginning of the 13th century, with the rise of Genghis Khan.","3e999822-1e10-4579-8343-6a9caa45dbba",[2880,2887,2895,2904],{"id":2881,"data":2882,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"d13066d0-2ec9-48c2-a3d5-798a1f72ff39",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":2883,"clozeWords":2885},[2884],"Before the 13th century, the Mongol people were a group of tribes who herded goats, horses, camels and yaks.",[2886],"13th",{"id":2888,"data":2889,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"7f15ecdf-d66c-4a14-857c-474f3b802ed3",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2890,"multiChoiceCorrect":2892,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2893,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2891],"What was the main religion of the early Mongol tribes?",[980],[2371,984,2894],"Confucianism",{"id":2896,"data":2897,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"39995ff0-0d60-42ef-b11a-f51428d9d56f",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2898,"binaryCorrect":2900,"binaryIncorrect":2902},[2899],"What type of dwellings did the Mongol people sleep in?",[2901],"Yurts",[2903],"Huts",{"id":537,"data":2905,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":2906,"multiChoiceQuestion":2907,"multiChoiceCorrect":2909,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2910,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2911,"matchPairsPairs":2912},[532,535,536],[2908],"Which of these would you associate with cone-shaped hats?",[544],[323,542,543],[107],[2913],{"left":2914,"right":544,"direction":35},"Cone-shaped hats",{"id":2916,"data":2917,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2920},"436a32c7-91b3-4633-959c-6b2be9e4f3cd",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2918,"audioMediaId":2919},"At some point in the middle of the 12th century – the exact date is subject to debate – a child was born to a Mongol chieftain. This child’s name was Temüjin, and he changed the course of history.\n\nAs an adult, Temüjin set out to unite the other Mongol tribes, using a combination of diplomacy and warfare. By 1206, he had achieved it, and at a ceremony on the banks of the Onon River, he formally named himself Genghis Khan. This honorary title meant ‘universal leader’.\n\n![Graph](image://542fbb59-f1e8-4f92-8336-ff8c27dd31ad \"Genghis Khan. Image: public domain\")\n\nHis united tribes were stronger together than they ever were apart. Together, they began to expand outwards, rapidly conquering parts of Central Asia and China. With Genghis Khan at the head of the Mongols, these nomadic herders were a devastating military force.","ecc18e38-3f63-4798-ac9b-d891a97eba4c",[2921,2932,2943],{"id":1162,"data":2922,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":2923,"multiChoiceQuestion":2924,"multiChoiceCorrect":2926,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2927,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2928,"matchPairsPairs":2929},[1157,1160,1161],[2925],"Who was the founder of the Mongol Empire?",[1170],[1166,1168,1169],[107],[2930],{"left":1170,"right":2931,"direction":35},"Founded the Mongol empire",{"id":2933,"data":2934,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"251f3a88-8453-4a30-9c90-4e2dcfcf7da3",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2935,"multiChoiceCorrect":2937,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2939,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2936],"What does the honorary title, 'Genghis Khan', translate as?",[2938],"Universal leader",[2940,2941,2942],"Supreme leader","Great leader","Magnificent leader",{"id":2944,"data":2945,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"b7f9c43b-28aa-40d0-be1c-9cb68fe5070c",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":2946,"activeRecallAnswers":2948},[2947],"What was Genghis Khan's birth name?",[2949],"Temüjin",{"id":2951,"data":2952,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":2954,"introPage":2961,"pages":2967},"e0450dbe-2d6d-4918-828d-82b95bd1cd21",{"type":25,"title":2953},"War and peace",{"id":2955,"data":2956,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"61182aae-d7cd-41c7-a8c4-1edd25482ed8",{"type":35,"summary":2957},[2958,2959,2960],"The Mongols often overwhelmed their enemies with fast horses and arrow storms","Genghis Khan's death, in 1227 CE, led to division of the empire into four khanates","This actually led to a period of peace and cultural exchange, which historians call Pax Mongolica",{"id":2962,"data":2963,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"b01b939f-c11d-412b-b8fb-3c0fe435abb2",{"type":51,"intro":2964},[2965,2966],"What were the key tactics that made the Mongols such a formidable military force?","How did the Mongols transition from conquerors to administrators during the Pax Mongolica?",[2968,2996,3031],{"id":2969,"data":2970,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2973},"b5c819e3-54cc-4190-8820-0571ebc1d03a",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2971,"audioMediaId":2972},"As a military force, the Mongols rarely outnumbered their enemies, but they still found ways to overwhelm them. One of their most effective tactics was the use of fast horses, which let them move quickly over vast distances and launch surprise attacks on their foes.\n\nThey also used arrow storms – barrages of arrows shot from horseback – that caused panic among enemy troops. Some historians think that the Mongols also had gunpowder weapons, which they adopted after conquering parts of China, but this theory has never been proven.\n\nIn many places, the Mongols slaughtered civilians, and burned entire cities to the ground. Mass migrations often took place, as people began to flee their homes before the Mongols even arrived.","693384f6-881f-4978-b066-cf8a789455ab",[2974,2983,2989],{"id":2975,"data":2976,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"5706a871-c152-431d-8502-6235c80446a2",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2977,"binaryCorrect":2979,"binaryIncorrect":2981},[2978],"What helped the Mongols to overwhelm their enemies?",[2980],"They had faster horses",[2982],"They outnumbered the enemy",{"id":2984,"data":2985,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"74331110-79cd-44da-abff-e7b781d1d93b",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":2986,"clozeWords":2988},[2987],"Some historians think that the Mongols also had gunpowder weapons, but this theory has never been proven.",[359],{"id":2990,"data":2991,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"fbf4b6f0-c1cb-412b-ab3f-aae072642497",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":2992,"activeRecallAnswers":2994},[2993],"Why were there so many mass migrations during the period of the Mongol Empire?",[2995],"People would rather flee their homes than wait for the Mongols to attack",{"id":2997,"data":2998,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":3001},"9c1309f9-e2a4-49c3-a6c4-6ef7b964b548",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2999,"audioMediaId":3000},"In 1227 CE, Genghis Khan was struck down by an unknown disease. This was a blow to the growing Mongol Empire, but they managed to carry on without him.\n\nBy this point, their territory stretched from China and Korea, through Iran and Russia, all the way to the edges of Europe. A decision was made to divide all this land into four khanates, each with a different ruler – the empire was too large for a single leader to manage.\n\nThe most famous of these rulers was Kublai Khan, who ruled the Chinese portion of the empire. He displaced the Song Dynasty, and founded the Yuan Dynasty in its place, with himself as Chinese Emperor. He went on to adopt many Chinese customs, and is generally remembered as an excellent Chinese ruler.\n\n![Graph](image://a0003fff-b1c8-45b9-9e37-b981cd060e48 \"Kublai Khan. Image: public domain\")","dd51090a-2590-4aa5-b1b2-f0fa41554a17",[3002,3013,3020],{"id":3003,"data":3004,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"3f5ecbc3-e973-483f-b154-491ecc3ff71e",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":3005,"multiChoiceCorrect":3007,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3009,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[3006],"In which year did Genghis Khan die?",[3008],"1227 CE",[3010,3011,3012],"1206 CE","1368 CE","1337 CE",{"id":3014,"data":3015,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"3f46b4c4-3ccb-4445-b145-9037fb9c8655",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":3016,"clozeWords":3018},[3017],"After Genghis Khan's death, the Mongol Empire was divided into four khanates.",[3019],"khanates",{"id":383,"data":3021,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":3022,"multiChoiceQuestion":3023,"multiChoiceCorrect":3025,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3026,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":3027,"matchPairsPairs":3028},[378,381,382],[3024],"Who was the ruler of the Chinese portion of the Mongol empire?",[391],[387,389,390],[107],[3029],{"left":391,"right":3030,"direction":35},"Ruled Chinese portion of the Mongol empire",{"id":3032,"data":3033,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":3036},"f1f804f7-4baf-40e8-9c38-9d20cd252d79",{"type":24,"markdownContent":3034,"audioMediaId":3035},"Kublai Khan was not the only Mongol with a reputation for being a capable, peacetime ruler. In general, the Mongols were skilled administrators, who managed to turn their conquered lands into a strong, stable empire.\n\nFrom about 1279, until the empire’s end, was a period known as Pax Mongolica, or ‘Mongol peace’. During this time, many Mongols adopted Islam or Buddhism, and started to settle into sedentary lifestyles, just like the people they had conquered.\n\nMeanwhile, trade flourished between Asia and Europe along the Silk Road, which the Mongols maintained and protected. It was often said that a maiden with a nugget of gold on her head could wander from one end of the empire to the other without worrying about coming to harm.\n\n![Graph](image://e0b6ab67-b34c-450c-aadc-dc6c6a857b59 \"Map of the Silk Road. Image: User:Kelvin CaseUser:Turkish FlameUser:SmallJarsWithGreenLabels, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")","61f5e0fe-fa53-49ec-9c3b-d320e259f053",[3037,3044,3055],{"id":3038,"data":3039,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"57523640-087b-4626-bdf8-fbca175f0d11",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":3040,"clozeWords":3042},[3041],"In the 13th century, the Mongol Empire oversaw a period of peace and stability, which is sometimes known as Pax Mongolica.",[2886,3043],"Pax Mongolica",{"id":3045,"data":3046,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"09f973bf-776f-4854-a38f-65933dda2c1d",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":3047,"multiChoiceCorrect":3049,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3051,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[3048],"Which trade route between Asia and Europe that was maintained and protected by the Mongols?",[3050],"The Silk Road",[3052,3053,3054],"The Golden Road","The Silver Road","The Diamond Road",{"id":3056,"data":3057,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"68477c7f-e6fb-4815-b5b9-b37e371513fa",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":3058,"activeRecallAnswers":3060},[3059],"Which religions did the Mongols start to adopt during the period of Pax Mongolica?",[3061],"Islam and Buddhism",{"id":3063,"data":3064,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":3066,"introPage":3073,"pages":3079},"c9c923cf-970a-4069-ab1d-05ed62ba6ca2",{"type":25,"title":3065},"Decline of the Mongols",{"id":3067,"data":3068,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"d8b78b42-c99d-4944-aea5-c4099da3cb26",{"type":35,"summary":3069},[3070,3071,3072],"The Mongol Empire began to decline due to the Black Death, which killed millions in China and Europe","Rebel groups rose up and overthrew Mongol leaders, leading to the empire's collapse by 1368 CE","The empire's legacy includes a devastating death toll, but they also laid foundations for long-distance communication and trade",{"id":3074,"data":3075,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"2904914d-c44a-4961-a522-9629b5b6d2a6",{"type":51,"intro":3076},[3077,3078],"How did the Black Death contribute to the fall of the Mongol Empire?","What was the legacy of the Mongol Empire?",[3080,3111],{"id":3081,"data":3082,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":3085},"b67f23fb-55d7-4623-b260-849c221889bd",{"type":24,"markdownContent":3083,"audioMediaId":3084},"The Mongol empire began to decline in the late 14th century, mainly because of the Black Death. The Mongol Empire had connected hundreds of isolated communities in Europe and Asia – and now, those connections helped the disease to spread.\n\nInfected fleas would travel on the backs of horses and camels, and in the hair of traveling merchants. The effects of this were truly devastating. The Black Death is estimated to have killed one third of China’s population, and up to half of Europe.\n\n![Graph](image://5c81edcd-1359-4d6e-943a-1e10a6e499ec \"The Black Death. Image: public domain\")\n\nIn this period of devastating population collapse, the stability of the empire shattered. Rebel groups rose up around the empire, and overthrew their Mongol leaders. In China, Ming rebels seized control, and founded a new dynasty. By 1368, the Mongol Empire had completely faded away.","93433638-5177-44c7-a4cd-c01f839b4d88",[3086,3094,3102],{"id":3087,"data":3088,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"88cab6f8-634f-495b-ba06-d8e07f748ab6",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":3089,"binaryCorrect":3091,"binaryIncorrect":3092},[3090],"What is estimated to have killed up to half of Europe's population during the 14th century?",[2441],[3093],"The Mongol Empire",{"id":3095,"data":3096,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"62f5c786-9c9a-4e4b-ad88-812957b4ed13",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":3097,"clozeWords":3099},[3098],"By facilitating trade between Europe and Asia, the Mongols also unintentionally facilitated the spread of the Black Death.",[3100,3101],"Europe","Asia",{"id":3103,"data":3104,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"ab6d03e9-4fe5-476e-93f9-76843f34078c",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":3105,"binaryCorrect":3107,"binaryIncorrect":3109},[3106],"Which Chinese rebels overthrew the Mongols, and introduced a new dynasty in their place?",[3108],"The Ming",[3110],"The Qing",{"id":3112,"data":3113,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":3116},"0c581e7c-f391-47b4-82e8-706db07087e3",{"type":24,"markdownContent":3114,"audioMediaId":3115},"The most obvious legacy of the Mongol Empire was the death toll. They were one of the most destructive forces in human history, with an estimated 80 million people killed during their conquests. That does not take into account the Black Death, which killed an additional 100 million people.\n\nBut their other legacy was one of long-distance communication and trade. They united Europe and Asia along a peaceful Silk Road, and helped people at both ends of the Eurasian continent to interact more easily than ever.\n\nIn other words, the Mongol Empire laid the foundations for the modern period. In the centuries following the collapse of their empire, the world became more connected. Trade routes flourished between every continent, as brand new empires, like the Ottomans and the British, rose in the place of those who came before.","ee1b9ba0-ac72-4a66-a542-dd5ee8560497",[3117,3128],{"id":3118,"data":3119,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"b3d40236-7e4f-4eb1-9399-79f7f8d49e13",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":3120,"multiChoiceCorrect":3122,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3124,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[3121],"How many people were estimated to have been killed during the Mongol Empire's conquests?",[3123],"80 million",[3125,3126,3127],"100 million","120 million","140 million",{"id":3129,"data":3130,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"b11a12a4-10be-4952-b7f5-8f20b1764eaf",{"type":65,"reviewType":166,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":3131,"clozeWords":3133},[3132],"By uniting the two ends of Europe and Asia, the Mongol Empire laid the foundations for the interconnectedness of the modern era.",[3101,3134],"modern",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":3136,"height":3136,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":3137},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":3136,"height":3136,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":3139},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M12.586 2.586A2 2 0 0 0 11.172 2H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v7.172a2 2 0 0 0 .586 1.414l8.704 8.704a2.426 2.426 0 0 0 3.42 0l6.58-6.58a2.426 2.426 0 0 0 0-3.42z\"/>\u003Ccircle cx=\"7.5\" cy=\"7.5\" r=\".5\" fill=\"currentColor\"/>\u003C/g>",1778228386975]