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Learn about this incredible treatment and how it has evolved with our understanding of the nature of blood and the circulatory system.",3,1,[22,112],{"id":23,"data":24,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":27},"068230f9-f0c2-4b5c-a2ca-c6255aba0ce3",{"type":25,"title":26},2,"The Evolution of Blood Transfusion",[28,45,63,77,91],{"id":29,"data":30,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":34},"47291206-6b70-4a7f-af71-18728944605c",{"type":20,"title":31,"markdownContent":32,"audioMediaId":33},"Introduction","Blood transfusion is “the transfer of blood or blood products from one person (donor) into another person's bloodstream (recipient),” and is an indispensable element of modern medicine which saves millions of lives a year, usually in situations where serious blood loss has occurred. \n\nWhile the basic techniques involved in blood transfusion are relatively simple, and the earliest recorded research on blood transfusion dates to the 1600s, the first successful attempt in practice wasn’t until only 200 years ago. This was largely due to the lack of understanding and adequate knowledge on the nature of blood and the physiology of the circulatory system.","446b6693-3d83-43d4-ba0d-c640ae9f5737",[35],{"id":36,"data":37,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"dbfb1243-60f2-426f-b6f2-99dbc37d63a3",{"type":38,"reviewType":39,"spacingBehaviour":20,"clozeQuestion":40,"clozeWords":42},11,4,[41],"The earliest recorded research on blood transfusion dates to the 1600s, the first successful attempt in practice wasn’t until only 200 years ago.",[43,44],"1600s","200",{"id":46,"data":47,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":51},"31cd0c79-a2e6-4d4a-b987-8ec32da3087c",{"type":20,"title":48,"markdownContent":49,"audioMediaId":50},"Ancient Times","There is a plethora of ancient tales and written accounts to suggest that people have been fascinated by blood and its significance throughout history, with many cultures recognizing its regenerative properties long before blood transfusion was possible. \n\nIn Homer’s *Odyssey*, written around 700 BCE, Odysseus gave the ‘shades’ in the underworld blood from a sacrificed animal which allowed them to communicate with him. Ancient Egyptians practiced *bloodletting* to cure sick patients, which involved cutting open a vein to release the disease as in those times sickness was simply perceived to be ‘bad blood.’ This practice long continued with the Romans and the Greeks, with Hippocrates theorizing that disease was, in most cases, an imbalance in the blood. \n\nIn those times, as healers began to recognize the importance of blood in one’s health, attempts to replace lost or diseased blood were performed by giving patients blood to drink from a fit and healthy person or animal.","c974ae0f-2906-4fbf-929d-3ab3b8f7a063",[52],{"id":53,"data":54,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"98186e01-66b4-49a6-9781-b5ce698c44c1",{"type":38,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":20,"multiChoiceQuestion":55,"multiChoiceCorrect":57,"multiChoiceIncorrect":59},[56],"Who is first recorded to use bloodletting to cure sick patients?",[58],"Ancient Egyptians",[60,61,62],"Ancient Greeks","Ancient Assyrians","Ancient Sumerians",{"id":64,"data":65,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":69},"369e7607-756a-44e3-bb9e-d5ba699325e8",{"type":20,"title":66,"markdownContent":67,"audioMediaId":68},"The Circulatory System","The earliest known written account on the circulatory system can be found in the *Ebers Papyrus*, a compilation of Egyptian medical texts dating back to the 16th century BCE. The text contains an accurate description of the circulatory system, acknowledging the connection between heart and arteries, but is flawed in the belief that it was air circulating through the veins.  \n\nThe first major leap in our understanding of blood that made blood transfusion conceivable wasn’t until the 17th century when British physician and anatomist William Harvey discovered the circulatory system in 1628. Harvey discovered that blood has its own pathway through the body and demonstrated that all of the body’s organs and tissues are supplied by oxygen. He also showed for the first time that the body simultaneously processes oxygen-rich and oxygen-lacking blood without mixing the two.\n\n ![Graph](image://39378b13-8482-48dd-b758-2f94eb09daf8 \"The Circulatory System of the Upper Arm\")","2d23d450-a627-402d-937d-6a88e224a132",[70],{"id":71,"data":72,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"00645c83-de59-4608-9e77-9f5ed7f4c3ce",{"type":38,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":20,"activeRecallQuestion":73,"activeRecallAnswers":75},[74],"Who discovered the circulatory system in 1628?",[76],"William Harvey, British physician and anatomist",{"id":78,"data":79,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":83},"9ef83e99-1d8b-4c19-8614-8061988e23ab",{"type":20,"title":80,"markdownContent":81,"audioMediaId":82},"The First Blood Transfusions","The accurate understanding of the physiology and function of the circulatory system was demonstrated in 1628 by William Harvey. As a result, the first blood transfusions were attempted in the mid-1600s, though most often unsuccessfully in humans. \n\nIn 1665, British physician Richard Lower performed the first successful blood transfusion from one dog to another, then, in 1667, French physician Jean-Baptiste Denis performed the first ever direct blood transfusion to a human by transfusing blood from a sheep to a sick 15-yr old boy, and later repeated the same to another patient with both surviving. Further attempts though failed and proved fatal.\n\nSoon after, blood transfusions were banned by the French parliament and no longer pursued by the Royal Society in London as they were deemed too dangerous, and the procedure ceased to be used until the mid-19th century.","9fca055c-bddb-4702-ac2c-e87be889e81e",[84],{"id":85,"data":86,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"a63fe545-1568-4a08-b155-afa242cbd724",{"type":38,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":20,"activeRecallQuestion":87,"activeRecallAnswers":89},[88],"What happened to the boy to whom French physician Jean-Baptiste Denis transfused sheep's blood in 1667?",[90],"He survived (somewhat miraculously!)",{"id":92,"data":93,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":97},"47cb9fe4-0056-4935-b301-b05a92004946",{"type":20,"title":94,"markdownContent":95,"audioMediaId":96},"The 1800s – First Transfusion of Human Blood","The first blood transfusion from one human to another occurred in 1818 by British obstetrician James Blundell at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospital in London. Blundell used blood transfusion on a woman for the treatment of postpartum hemorrhage. Prior to that, and throughout history, a large percentage of women died during childbirth due to the loss of large amounts of blood. \n\nBlundell was successful with his first transfusion using the woman’s husband as donor, and he reported his success and findings in a paper to the Medico-Chirurgical Society of London which was presented on 22 December, 1818. This signaled the beginning of a new era of blood transfusions in modern medicine. \n\nHowever, while Blundell was successful in his first attempt, his subsequent attempts weren’t as positive. He was undoubtedly the first to understand that human blood is needed to be used on other humans, but it wasn’t yet known that there are different blood types, and that a transfusion with the wrong blood type can lead to immune rejection and, often, death.","5d6a9a78-2f65-4adb-a4a9-461353181bc7",[98,105],{"id":99,"data":100,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"4f85bf71-8ddf-4b9a-a6c7-112889a05ecf",{"type":38,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":20,"activeRecallQuestion":101,"activeRecallAnswers":103},[102],"Where was the first successful human to human blood transfusion conducted?",[104],"In the Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospital in London.",{"id":106,"data":107,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"917779cf-1208-4de5-a7da-b88513d7bee0",{"type":38,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":20,"activeRecallQuestion":108,"activeRecallAnswers":110},[109],"Why weren't Blundell subsequent attempts to transfuse blood between two humans successful?",[111],"Because he did not yet know about the existence of blood groups, and the fact that they could lead to immune rejections.",{"id":113,"data":114,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":116},"5924c100-5bdc-444d-8820-eda9a7d6dade",{"type":25,"title":115},"Scientific Breakthroughs in Blood Transfusion",[117,142,163,177],{"id":118,"data":119,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":123},"ead832bc-98ea-48d2-8f95-e3d7edece9f5",{"type":20,"title":120,"markdownContent":121,"audioMediaId":122},"The Discovery of Different Blood Types","In 1901, Austrian doctor Karl Landsteiner discovered the existence of different blood groups, and blood transfusion became a safer practice. Landsteiner discovered the A, B, and O blood groups and theorized that *agglutination* (the clumping of particles) occurred when two incompatible blood types were mixed. As a result, he established a blood type classification system based on the unique chemical composition of red blood cells. \n\nTwo years after Landsteiner’s discovery, his colleagues discovered the AB blood group and concluded that all 4 blood groups were mutually incompatible. In 1912, Roger Lee and Paul Dudley White determined that O type blood could be transfused into any other blood type, and that AB recipients could receive blood of any type. In 1907, American surgeon Reuben Ottenberg established the process of patient/donor blood cross-matching prior to a blood transfusion procedure. ","6ca2ca58-8c57-4710-8236-ad6eee3d86a5",[124,135],{"id":125,"data":126,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"a76fc5a1-099c-467f-b672-ef29e7d740f7",{"type":38,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":20,"multiChoiceQuestion":127,"multiChoiceCorrect":129,"multiChoiceIncorrect":131},[128],"Which blood group did Karl Landsteiner not know about?",[130],"AB",[132,133,134],"A","B","O",{"id":136,"data":137,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"b880abfa-764e-4cd5-a658-99f0f31f8c3a",{"type":38,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":20,"activeRecallQuestion":138,"activeRecallAnswers":140},[139],"What is the name of the Austrian doctor who discovered the existence of different blood group?",[141],"Karl Landsteiner",{"id":143,"data":144,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":148},"86d38655-eedb-4da1-81f1-f373c69e840d",{"type":20,"title":145,"markdownContent":146,"audioMediaId":147},"Blood Types – A Brief Description","A person’s blood type entirely depends on the genes they inherited from their parents and the best-known system for categorizing blood types is known as the ABO system. The 4 major blood types are A, B, O, and AB, which are further split into 4 sub-categories: A+/A-, B+/B-, O+/O-, and AB+/AB-. The most common blood type is O+, while the rarest is AB-. \n\nThe differentiation between blood types lies in the *antigens* that are on the surface of the red blood cells. Antigens are protein or sugar molecules which vary from person to person due to genetic differences. The difference in the antigens of each blood type determines the compatibility between blood donor and receiver. Incompatible blood types will launch an immune response from the receiver and lead to rejection of the transfusion. \n\nPeople with O- blood type are considered universal donors as almost anyone with any blood type can receive O- in a transfusion.","dd493400-04f6-4d92-8f13-6646a9d1ad59",[149,156],{"id":150,"data":151,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"679b8888-038e-4f05-9de6-0440f90c0771",{"type":38,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":20,"activeRecallQuestion":152,"activeRecallAnswers":154},[153],"What is the rarest blood type?",[155],"AB-",{"id":157,"data":158,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"ad4ec024-d0cd-4954-a670-6815f60de136",{"type":38,"reviewType":39,"spacingBehaviour":20,"clozeQuestion":159,"clozeWords":161},[160],"People with O- blood type are considered universal donors.",[162],"universal donors",{"id":164,"data":165,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":169},"05d742d5-94db-4b74-9671-e1486a875a1e",{"type":20,"title":166,"markdownContent":167,"audioMediaId":168},"The Impact of War","Blood transfusions took off in the early 20th century following the fundamental discovery of the different blood groups and which ones were compatible and could safely be mixed. When WWI broke out in 1914, the need for continuous supply of fresh blood to save wounded soldiers led to the creation of blood banks. \n\nEfficient blood banking required methods to allow for longer preservation of blood, which led to the discovery of sodium citrate as a successful chemical with potent anti-clotting properties. Sodium citrate kept blood fresh while refrigerated, which made it possible to store and later transfuse blood from dead soldiers, saving thousands of lives.  \n\nFollowing the successful blood preservation and storage during WWI, the 1920s and ‘30s saw the beginning of voluntary blood donations which could be stored and used as needed, and, by the start of WWII, blood transfusion was a well-established procedure which was used on a large scale to treat thousands of injured soldiers.","c08a809e-f7f2-4fa8-b6b2-f0884c9ab691",[170],{"id":171,"data":172,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"1a58eb75-55bb-4ea4-9b2f-6df4a37f70b0",{"type":38,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":20,"activeRecallQuestion":173,"activeRecallAnswers":175},[174],"Why is sodium citrate used in blood transfusions?",[176],"It is used when blood is stored in banks, as an anti-clotting agent.",{"id":178,"data":179,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":183},"de107140-6cbb-4c59-b41c-b9dcc8bdc935",{"type":20,"title":180,"markdownContent":181,"audioMediaId":182},"Modern Advances","Today, scientific advances in how the blood works have made blood transfusion safer than ever before. *Nucleic acid amplification testing* (NAT), which is a type of molecular testing, finds active viruses in the donor's blood to determine infection risk. If an active virus is found, then the donor blood is discarded. \n\nFurthermore, advances are being made in avoiding and treating reactions occurring from blood transfusions, including transfusion-related lung injury (TRALI) and transfusion-associated cardiac overload. Researchers have found that modifying the blood prior to transfusion by removing white blood cells can reduce the likelihood of host rejection. \n","42e69e4b-41c3-4635-804f-c603f4617c69",[184,191],{"id":185,"data":186,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"7c312b48-8b8e-4cf6-9cc5-cc82f513f16e",{"type":38,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":20,"activeRecallQuestion":187,"activeRecallAnswers":189},[188],"What procedure can reduce the likelihood of host rejection of transfused blood?",[190],"Removing white blood cells",{"id":192,"data":193,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"aab603d0-b8ef-4934-9a12-4d7dd1d7ef6a",{"type":38,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":20,"activeRecallQuestion":194,"activeRecallAnswers":196},[195],"Why is nucleic acid amplification testing (NAT) used in blood transfusions?",[197],"It finds active viruses in the donor's blood to determine infection risk.",[199,339],{"id":23,"data":24,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":200},[201,223,260,295,317],{"id":29,"data":30,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":34,"parsed":202},{"data":203,"body":206,"toc":221},{"title":204,"description":205},"","Blood transfusion is “the transfer of blood or blood products from one person (donor) into another person's bloodstream (recipient),” and is an indispensable element of modern medicine which saves millions of lives a year, usually in situations where serious blood loss has occurred.",{"type":207,"children":208},"root",[209,216],{"type":210,"tag":211,"props":212,"children":213},"element","p",{},[214],{"type":215,"value":205},"text",{"type":210,"tag":211,"props":217,"children":218},{},[219],{"type":215,"value":220},"While the basic techniques involved in blood transfusion are relatively simple, and the earliest recorded research on blood transfusion dates to the 1600s, the first successful attempt in practice wasn’t until only 200 years ago. This was largely due to the lack of understanding and adequate knowledge on the nature of blood and the physiology of the circulatory system.",{"title":204,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":222},[],{"id":46,"data":47,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":51,"parsed":224},{"data":225,"body":227,"toc":258},{"title":204,"description":226},"There is a plethora of ancient tales and written accounts to suggest that people have been fascinated by blood and its significance throughout history, with many cultures recognizing its regenerative properties long before blood transfusion was possible.",{"type":207,"children":228},[229,233,253],{"type":210,"tag":211,"props":230,"children":231},{},[232],{"type":215,"value":226},{"type":210,"tag":211,"props":234,"children":235},{},[236,238,244,246,251],{"type":215,"value":237},"In Homer’s ",{"type":210,"tag":239,"props":240,"children":241},"em",{},[242],{"type":215,"value":243},"Odyssey",{"type":215,"value":245},", written around 700 BCE, Odysseus gave the ‘shades’ in the underworld blood from a sacrificed animal which allowed them to communicate with him. Ancient Egyptians practiced ",{"type":210,"tag":239,"props":247,"children":248},{},[249],{"type":215,"value":250},"bloodletting",{"type":215,"value":252}," to cure sick patients, which involved cutting open a vein to release the disease as in those times sickness was simply perceived to be ‘bad blood.’ This practice long continued with the Romans and the Greeks, with Hippocrates theorizing that disease was, in most cases, an imbalance in the blood.",{"type":210,"tag":211,"props":254,"children":255},{},[256],{"type":215,"value":257},"In those times, as healers began to recognize the importance of blood in one’s health, attempts to replace lost or diseased blood were performed by giving patients blood to drink from a fit and healthy person or animal.",{"title":204,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":259},[],{"id":64,"data":65,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":69,"parsed":261},{"data":262,"body":264,"toc":293},{"title":204,"description":263},"The earliest known written account on the circulatory system can be found in the Ebers Papyrus, a compilation of Egyptian medical texts dating back to the 16th century BCE. The text contains an accurate description of the circulatory system, acknowledging the connection between heart and arteries, but is flawed in the belief that it was air circulating through the veins.",{"type":207,"children":265},[266,278,283],{"type":210,"tag":211,"props":267,"children":268},{},[269,271,276],{"type":215,"value":270},"The earliest known written account on the circulatory system can be found in the ",{"type":210,"tag":239,"props":272,"children":273},{},[274],{"type":215,"value":275},"Ebers Papyrus",{"type":215,"value":277},", a compilation of Egyptian medical texts dating back to the 16th century BCE. The text contains an accurate description of the circulatory system, acknowledging the connection between heart and arteries, but is flawed in the belief that it was air circulating through the veins.",{"type":210,"tag":211,"props":279,"children":280},{},[281],{"type":215,"value":282},"The first major leap in our understanding of blood that made blood transfusion conceivable wasn’t until the 17th century when British physician and anatomist William Harvey discovered the circulatory system in 1628. Harvey discovered that blood has its own pathway through the body and demonstrated that all of the body’s organs and tissues are supplied by oxygen. He also showed for the first time that the body simultaneously processes oxygen-rich and oxygen-lacking blood without mixing the two.",{"type":210,"tag":211,"props":284,"children":285},{},[286],{"type":210,"tag":287,"props":288,"children":292},"img",{"alt":289,"src":290,"title":291},"Graph","image://39378b13-8482-48dd-b758-2f94eb09daf8","The Circulatory System of the Upper Arm",[],{"title":204,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":294},[],{"id":78,"data":79,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":83,"parsed":296},{"data":297,"body":299,"toc":315},{"title":204,"description":298},"The accurate understanding of the physiology and function of the circulatory system was demonstrated in 1628 by William Harvey. As a result, the first blood transfusions were attempted in the mid-1600s, though most often unsuccessfully in humans.",{"type":207,"children":300},[301,305,310],{"type":210,"tag":211,"props":302,"children":303},{},[304],{"type":215,"value":298},{"type":210,"tag":211,"props":306,"children":307},{},[308],{"type":215,"value":309},"In 1665, British physician Richard Lower performed the first successful blood transfusion from one dog to another, then, in 1667, French physician Jean-Baptiste Denis performed the first ever direct blood transfusion to a human by transfusing blood from a sheep to a sick 15-yr old boy, and later repeated the same to another patient with both surviving. Further attempts though failed and proved fatal.",{"type":210,"tag":211,"props":311,"children":312},{},[313],{"type":215,"value":314},"Soon after, blood transfusions were banned by the French parliament and no longer pursued by the Royal Society in London as they were deemed too dangerous, and the procedure ceased to be used until the mid-19th century.",{"title":204,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":316},[],{"id":92,"data":93,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":97,"parsed":318},{"data":319,"body":321,"toc":337},{"title":204,"description":320},"The first blood transfusion from one human to another occurred in 1818 by British obstetrician James Blundell at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospital in London. Blundell used blood transfusion on a woman for the treatment of postpartum hemorrhage. Prior to that, and throughout history, a large percentage of women died during childbirth due to the loss of large amounts of blood.",{"type":207,"children":322},[323,327,332],{"type":210,"tag":211,"props":324,"children":325},{},[326],{"type":215,"value":320},{"type":210,"tag":211,"props":328,"children":329},{},[330],{"type":215,"value":331},"Blundell was successful with his first transfusion using the woman’s husband as donor, and he reported his success and findings in a paper to the Medico-Chirurgical Society of London which was presented on 22 December, 1818. This signaled the beginning of a new era of blood transfusions in modern medicine.",{"type":210,"tag":211,"props":333,"children":334},{},[335],{"type":215,"value":336},"However, while Blundell was successful in his first attempt, his subsequent attempts weren’t as positive. He was undoubtedly the first to understand that human blood is needed to be used on other humans, but it wasn’t yet known that there are different blood types, and that a transfusion with the wrong blood type can lead to immune rejection and, often, death.",{"title":204,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":338},[],{"id":113,"data":114,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":340},[341,366,395,417],{"id":118,"data":119,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":123,"parsed":342},{"data":343,"body":345,"toc":364},{"title":204,"description":344},"In 1901, Austrian doctor Karl Landsteiner discovered the existence of different blood groups, and blood transfusion became a safer practice. Landsteiner discovered the A, B, and O blood groups and theorized that agglutination (the clumping of particles) occurred when two incompatible blood types were mixed. As a result, he established a blood type classification system based on the unique chemical composition of red blood cells.",{"type":207,"children":346},[347,359],{"type":210,"tag":211,"props":348,"children":349},{},[350,352,357],{"type":215,"value":351},"In 1901, Austrian doctor Karl Landsteiner discovered the existence of different blood groups, and blood transfusion became a safer practice. Landsteiner discovered the A, B, and O blood groups and theorized that ",{"type":210,"tag":239,"props":353,"children":354},{},[355],{"type":215,"value":356},"agglutination",{"type":215,"value":358}," (the clumping of particles) occurred when two incompatible blood types were mixed. As a result, he established a blood type classification system based on the unique chemical composition of red blood cells.",{"type":210,"tag":211,"props":360,"children":361},{},[362],{"type":215,"value":363},"Two years after Landsteiner’s discovery, his colleagues discovered the AB blood group and concluded that all 4 blood groups were mutually incompatible. In 1912, Roger Lee and Paul Dudley White determined that O type blood could be transfused into any other blood type, and that AB recipients could receive blood of any type. In 1907, American surgeon Reuben Ottenberg established the process of patient/donor blood cross-matching prior to a blood transfusion procedure.",{"title":204,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":365},[],{"id":143,"data":144,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":148,"parsed":367},{"data":368,"body":370,"toc":393},{"title":204,"description":369},"A person’s blood type entirely depends on the genes they inherited from their parents and the best-known system for categorizing blood types is known as the ABO system. The 4 major blood types are A, B, O, and AB, which are further split into 4 sub-categories: A+/A-, B+/B-, O+/O-, and AB+/AB-. The most common blood type is O+, while the rarest is AB-.",{"type":207,"children":371},[372,376,388],{"type":210,"tag":211,"props":373,"children":374},{},[375],{"type":215,"value":369},{"type":210,"tag":211,"props":377,"children":378},{},[379,381,386],{"type":215,"value":380},"The differentiation between blood types lies in the ",{"type":210,"tag":239,"props":382,"children":383},{},[384],{"type":215,"value":385},"antigens",{"type":215,"value":387}," that are on the surface of the red blood cells. Antigens are protein or sugar molecules which vary from person to person due to genetic differences. The difference in the antigens of each blood type determines the compatibility between blood donor and receiver. Incompatible blood types will launch an immune response from the receiver and lead to rejection of the transfusion.",{"type":210,"tag":211,"props":389,"children":390},{},[391],{"type":215,"value":392},"People with O- blood type are considered universal donors as almost anyone with any blood type can receive O- in a transfusion.",{"title":204,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":394},[],{"id":164,"data":165,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":169,"parsed":396},{"data":397,"body":399,"toc":415},{"title":204,"description":398},"Blood transfusions took off in the early 20th century following the fundamental discovery of the different blood groups and which ones were compatible and could safely be mixed. When WWI broke out in 1914, the need for continuous supply of fresh blood to save wounded soldiers led to the creation of blood banks.",{"type":207,"children":400},[401,405,410],{"type":210,"tag":211,"props":402,"children":403},{},[404],{"type":215,"value":398},{"type":210,"tag":211,"props":406,"children":407},{},[408],{"type":215,"value":409},"Efficient blood banking required methods to allow for longer preservation of blood, which led to the discovery of sodium citrate as a successful chemical with potent anti-clotting properties. Sodium citrate kept blood fresh while refrigerated, which made it possible to store and later transfuse blood from dead soldiers, saving thousands of lives.",{"type":210,"tag":211,"props":411,"children":412},{},[413],{"type":215,"value":414},"Following the successful blood preservation and storage during WWI, the 1920s and ‘30s saw the beginning of voluntary blood donations which could be stored and used as needed, and, by the start of WWII, blood transfusion was a well-established procedure which was used on a large scale to treat thousands of injured soldiers.",{"title":204,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":416},[],{"id":178,"data":179,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":183,"parsed":418},{"data":419,"body":421,"toc":440},{"title":204,"description":420},"Today, scientific advances in how the blood works have made blood transfusion safer than ever before. Nucleic acid amplification testing (NAT), which is a type of molecular testing, finds active viruses in the donor's blood to determine infection risk. If an active virus is found, then the donor blood is discarded.",{"type":207,"children":422},[423,435],{"type":210,"tag":211,"props":424,"children":425},{},[426,428,433],{"type":215,"value":427},"Today, scientific advances in how the blood works have made blood transfusion safer than ever before. ",{"type":210,"tag":239,"props":429,"children":430},{},[431],{"type":215,"value":432},"Nucleic acid amplification testing",{"type":215,"value":434}," (NAT), which is a type of molecular testing, finds active viruses in the donor's blood to determine infection risk. If an active virus is found, then the donor blood is discarded.",{"type":210,"tag":211,"props":436,"children":437},{},[438],{"type":215,"value":439},"Furthermore, advances are being made in avoiding and treating reactions occurring from blood transfusions, including transfusion-related lung injury (TRALI) and transfusion-associated cardiac overload. Researchers have found that modifying the blood prior to transfusion by removing white blood cells can reduce the likelihood of host rejection.",{"title":204,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":441},[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":443,"height":443,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":444},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":443,"height":443,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":446},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M4 5h16M4 12h16M4 19h16\"/>",1778179251907]