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Spanish Armada, leading to the decision to build a British Empire",1,{"id":35,"data":36,"type":37,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":33},"89dffce7-6288-40d7-84b5-b899cdec800a",{"type":37,"intro":38},10,[39,40],"Why did Queen Elizabeth I decide to start building a British Empire?","How did the British manage to defeat an Invincible Armada?",[42,58,80,103],{"id":43,"data":44,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":47},"c8cc2ba3-2275-4dc1-bf9e-0a050c2218fa",{"type":33,"markdownContent":45,"audioMediaId":46},"The British Empire established their first overseas colony, on the coast of North America, in 1607. They were a late starter compared to the Spanish, who had already established colonies in the Americas by 1492.\n\nBut in the next few centuries, Britain caught up with their European neighbors, and eventually went on to surpass them. At their height, they were the largest empire in history, with colonies all around the world.\n\nIn 1897, Queen Victoria celebrated her Diamond Jubilee. At that moment in time, her subjects included more than a quarter of the world’s population. The British Empire touched millions of people, but not always for the better.\n\n![Graph](image://fec54edf-18ea-4934-b8f6-16b252f37c61 \"Queen Victoria. Image: Public domain\")","4d6b14c9-6d50-4d2c-bb1d-0a94a96bdead",[48],{"id":49,"data":50,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"0b78395a-30b9-4749-afbb-b3779a07d73a",{"type":51,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":33,"binaryQuestion":52,"binaryCorrect":54,"binaryIncorrect":56},11,[53],"When did the British Empire establish their first overseas colony?",[55],"1607",[57],"1492",{"id":59,"data":60,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":63},"8f9ae34b-a90c-4ad6-9390-db76c9eef551",{"type":33,"markdownContent":61,"audioMediaId":62},"In the late 1400s, King Henry VII of England wanted to emulate the Spanish, and put together an expedition to the newly discovered Americas.\n\nThis expedition, led by John Cabot, landed in Newfoundland in 1497. But the place seemed relatively barren, and they didn't encounter any native people. They decided to head back to England without setting up a colony.\n\n![Graph](image://577f824a-d528-4492-b909-bdc3ab5230e6 \"King Henry VII. Image: Public domain\")\n\nCabot made the same voyage again a year later, but never returned to England; it is unknown what exactly happened to him, but his ship probably sank. After that, Henry VII gave up on the idea of building an empire, and focused on domestic affairs instead.","0a47e9cd-02f7-46a6-a9d5-af4a77534248",[64],{"id":65,"data":66,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"6dce9d0c-691d-4884-8473-a7801e9c4781",{"type":51,"reviewType":67,"spacingBehaviour":33,"orderAxisType":68,"orderQuestion":69,"orderItems":71},8,6,[70],"In the 1490s, Britain wanted to explore the Americas. Put these events in order:",[72,74,76,78],{"label":73,"sortOrder":4},"Britain sends John Cabot to Newfoundland",{"label":75,"sortOrder":33},"John Cabot reports that Newfoundland is barren",{"label":77,"sortOrder":20},"John Cabot is lost on his second voyage",{"label":79,"sortOrder":19},"Britain suspends plans to explore the Americas",{"id":81,"data":82,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":85},"7cdd1c3f-7660-410a-9201-4dacdf34e92f",{"type":33,"markdownContent":83,"audioMediaId":84},"In 1558 – more than half a century after the failed voyages of John Cabot – Queen Elizabeth ascended to the English throne.\n\nTo gain an edge over her Spanish rivals, who were more rich and powerful than ever, Elizabeth encouraged privateers like John Hawkins and Francis Drake to start raiding Spanish ships. These raids often proved unsuccessful due to the strength of the Spanish navy, but there were some notable successes.\n\nIn 1573, Drake led a daring attack near the Spanish colony of Nombre de Dios in Panama, where he seized a large amount of silver and gold from Spanish ships. There was so much treasure that his crew could not carry it all, and had to bury some of it on the beach. In England, he was seen as a hero; in Spain, he was seen as a pirate.","25be2b1b-6931-463a-8215-7a236564f9b7",[86,95],{"id":87,"data":88,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"f934fb26-3cc3-4804-bbcd-87a5e6fe5412",{"type":51,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":33,"binaryQuestion":89,"binaryCorrect":91,"binaryIncorrect":93},[90],"In which year did Queen Elizabeth I ascend to the English throne?",[92],"1558",[94],"1498",{"id":96,"data":97,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"a38bab71-e8c0-43f3-851e-abaf01b4002f",{"type":51,"reviewType":98,"spacingBehaviour":33,"clozeQuestion":99,"clozeWords":101},4,[100],"Queen Elizabeth I asked privateers like Francis Drake to raid Spanish ships in the Americas.",[102],"Drake",{"id":104,"data":105,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":108},"5aa8060f-1c6a-4cb9-9716-a2fca548c37b",{"type":33,"markdownContent":106,"audioMediaId":107},"In 1588, tensions between Spain and England reached a boiling point when King Philip II of Spain sent the Spanish Armada to invade England.\n\nThe English navy was vastly outnumbered, and a Spanish victory seemed inevitable. In fact, the Spanish Armada was also called the ‘Invincible Armada’ on account of its staggering strength.\n\n![Graph](image://95c8cb26-5d06-4d01-bce4-c3301a914e0c \"The Spanish Armada. Image: Public domain\")\n\nBut the English navy had nimbler ships, and the enigmatic tactics of Francis Drake. After several months of fighting, the English navy emerged victorious. This turned out to be a major turning point in history. The English gained confidence from their unexpected victory, and Elizabeth I decided it was time to start a British Empire.","563df619-445a-4aae-8dc8-8398fd525e3a",[109,129,147,158],{"id":110,"data":111,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"3d263db7-a4d2-4d9f-a65e-cf874bc8c8ea",{"type":51,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":33,"collapsingSiblings":112,"multiChoiceQuestion":116,"multiChoiceCorrect":118,"multiChoiceIncorrect":120,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":124,"matchPairsPairs":126},[113,114,115],"b28d24c7-c1aa-494d-8bd4-ef561ab790db","b088e55b-cd17-412c-82a7-984cd669271e","e040d378-4de2-4734-ac48-a69e5699cbbd",[117],"Which of these figures do you associate with the start of the British Empire?",[119],"Queen Elizabeth",[121,122,123],"Shah Ismail","Babur","Prince Dorgon",[125],"Match the pairs below:",[127],{"left":119,"right":128,"direction":19},"British Empire",{"id":130,"data":131,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"aa29db12-ae0f-4ebd-a9df-8d446a837b9b",{"type":51,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":33,"collapsingSiblings":132,"multiChoiceQuestion":136,"multiChoiceCorrect":138,"multiChoiceIncorrect":140,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":144,"matchPairsPairs":145},[133,134,135],"31af1c48-6d75-41ca-a683-9c786837fda1","1d41f6a4-df7f-47ac-b035-ad5c49f51e2c","1ccc5285-766a-4ec9-9c6c-5254601b728e",[137],"Who ruled the British Empire at the height of its power – a quarter of the world's population?",[139],"Queen Victoria",[141,142,143],"Suleiman the Magnificent","Shah Abbas","Shah Jahan",[125],[146],{"left":139,"right":128,"direction":19},{"id":148,"data":149,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"1c5549e2-1e1f-47f9-a51c-d189aee3d047",{"type":51,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":33,"multiChoiceQuestion":150,"multiChoiceCorrect":152,"multiChoiceIncorrect":154,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[151],"With tensions high between Britain and Spain, who sent the Spanish Armada to attack Britain in 1588?",[153],"King Philip II",[155,156,157],"King Charles V","King Philip I","King Ferdinand II",{"id":159,"data":160,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"81f74a75-c14b-4ef6-af4d-d498dc9ae1ed",{"type":51,"reviewType":33,"spacingBehaviour":33,"activeRecallQuestion":161,"activeRecallAnswers":163},[162],"After an unexpected victory over the Spanish Armada, what did Queen Elizabeth I decide?",[164],"It was time to start building a British Empire",{"id":166,"data":167,"type":20,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":169,"introPage":177,"pages":183},"be33c24d-b04a-4f2a-9be8-e81a167d8aac",{"type":20,"title":168},"Global empire",{"id":170,"data":171,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":33},"5d59d166-3641-42ba-8df4-97b84d94f6c1",{"type":19,"summary":172},[173,174,175,176],"The British Empire began with the establishment of Jamestown in Virginia in 1607","The transatlantic slave trade was a key part of the early British Empire, with slaves being transported from Africa to the Americas","After the American War of Independence, Britain turned away from America, and colonized places like India and Australia instead","Britain's imperial century, from 1815 to 1914, saw the addition of about 400 million people to the empire",{"id":178,"data":179,"type":37,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":33},"444fe7ba-f10e-4c19-9d5d-e193b4d038cb",{"type":37,"intro":180},[181,182],"Which part of the world did Britain choose as a place to start building their empire?","Why did Britain's colonies in North America start pushing for independence?",[184,219,243,262],{"id":185,"data":186,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":189},"9ca45f37-babc-4603-a3b8-09b5cc4091b2",{"type":33,"markdownContent":187,"audioMediaId":188},"\nWhen Queen Elizabeth decided to build a British Empire, the Spanish still monopolized Central and South America, so the English decided to target North America instead. They established their first ever permanent colony in 1607, when Jamestown was founded in Virginia.\n\nThis settlement marked the beginning of a long period of British colonialism along the American coast, which would eventually span from Canada all the way to Georgia. Their territory in North America became known as the Thirteen Colonies. The English also established colonies in the West Indies, which became lucrative sources of sugar and other valuable crops like tobacco and cotton.\n\nThese colonial outposts also served an important cultural purpose by providing a place where people could practice their religion freely; this was especially true for those who had fled religious intolerance in England itself, such as the puritan Pilgrims who settled in America in 1620.\n\n![Graph](image://6c0ac215-25b7-414e-b609-39219eff99cb \"The Pilgrims. Image: Public domain\")","a8c570ec-8128-4c8a-8079-f28c9c4e95b2",[190,201,212],{"id":191,"data":192,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"dfd28cc9-bc0d-4d7b-a820-a8de25f1e987",{"type":51,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":33,"multiChoiceQuestion":193,"multiChoiceCorrect":195,"multiChoiceIncorrect":197,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[194],"When Queen Elizabeth decided to build an empire, the Spanish monopolized Central and South America. Which region did she target instead?",[196],"North America",[198,199,200],"Africa","East Asia","Australia",{"id":202,"data":203,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"fe6c3e22-f7e1-4314-ab1c-5e2d3c42c6d7",{"type":51,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":33,"multiChoiceQuestion":204,"multiChoiceCorrect":206,"multiChoiceIncorrect":208,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[205],"What was the name of the territory established by the English in North America?",[207],"The Thirteen Colonies",[209,210,211],"The Eleven Colonies","Virginia","Jamestown",{"id":213,"data":214,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"fb2beb85-47fc-48e8-93fd-890e8cdae81d",{"type":51,"reviewType":33,"spacingBehaviour":33,"activeRecallQuestion":215,"activeRecallAnswers":217},[216],"What were the Puritans fleeing from when they travelled from England to America in 1620?",[218],"Religious intolerance",{"id":220,"data":221,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":224},"aab5148c-76c3-4e69-bc0b-0a9c0912df1b",{"type":33,"markdownContent":222,"audioMediaId":223},"The early days of the British Empire were defined by one of the darkest aspects of the early modern period: the transatlantic slave trade. The English were not the only Europeans to engage in the slave trade, but they were one of the most prolific.\n\nThe plantations in the West Indies and America needed manpower, so British ships began transporting slaves from Africa. This was part of a larger system known as triangular trade, which saw manufactured goods such as guns and textiles being shipped from Europe to Africa; slaves then taken from Africa to the Americas; and finally raw materials like sugar or coffee transported from the Americas to Europe.\n\n![Graph](image://9c895bb8-f669-4db4-9ae0-2477658dc1e4 \"Triangular trade. Image: SimonP at en.wikipedia, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThis lucrative business made Britain incredibly wealthy, but it had devastating consequences for those who were enslaved. More than a million people died on board overcrowded ships, while the ones who made it to the American plantations suffered unimaginable cruelty at the hands of slave owners.","b58f0343-9822-40d5-b215-7ae0153617ea",[225],{"id":226,"data":227,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"25493bae-1b84-44a4-80ba-373b00d2cf22",{"type":51,"reviewType":68,"spacingBehaviour":33,"matchPairsQuestion":228,"matchPairsPairs":230,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},[229],"The British Empire engaged in triangular trade. What was traded from where to where?",[231,234,237,240],{"left":232,"right":233,"direction":19},"Europe to Africa","Guns and textiles",{"left":235,"right":236,"direction":19},"Africa to Americas","Slaves",{"left":238,"right":239,"direction":19},"Americas to Europe","Sugar and coffee",{"left":241,"right":242,"direction":19},"Africa to Europe","None of these",{"id":244,"data":245,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":248},"a302f654-0d7b-489b-92bb-844bf5879dea",{"type":33,"markdownContent":246,"audioMediaId":247},"In the late 1700s, the British Empire suffered a major hurdle. Their Thirteen Colonies in North America were unhappy about paying British taxes, and wanted to become an independent state.\n\nThe American War of Independence broke out, and lasted for almost a decade. The colonies emerged victorious in 1776, and established the United States of America. In the process, Britain lost its most valuable asset.\n\nBut that did not mean that Britain's imperial ambitions were over. They continued to expand their empire elsewhere, taking control of places like Australia. The first settlement in Australia was a penal colony, established in 1788. And in the 1800s, free settlers began to move to Australia too.","2b0443ba-a47c-4cc1-9d00-72e5b7cbe422",[249,256],{"id":250,"data":251,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"11c47768-d005-4a86-8004-5ca87e41d932",{"type":51,"reviewType":33,"spacingBehaviour":33,"activeRecallQuestion":252,"activeRecallAnswers":254},[253],"In the late 1700s, the Thirteen Colonies were unhappy about paying British taxes. What happened next?",[255],"The American War of Independence",{"id":257,"data":258,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"083a22bf-dacf-4439-80da-dfcb83ebb26e",{"type":51,"reviewType":98,"spacingBehaviour":33,"clozeQuestion":259,"clozeWords":261},[260],"After losing the Thirteen Colonies to the American War of Independence, Britain turned its attention to places like Australia.",[200],{"id":263,"data":264,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":267},"0210dfd7-68ff-4fda-94e9-af7c23b960e0",{"type":33,"markdownContent":265,"audioMediaId":266},"The period of 1815 to 1914 is sometimes referred to as Britain’s imperial century. During this time, about 400 million people were added to the British Empire, making up for the loss of the American colonies in the 1700s.\n\nSpain had faded as an imperial power, and in 1815, the British had defeated Napoleon’s France at the Battle of Waterloo. This left them without any serious international rivals: Britain now ruled the world’s oceans, and no one had the power to stop them.\n\nSome of Britain's most significant acquisitions during the imperial century were South Africa, in 1815, and India, in 1858. Slavery had officially been abolished by now, but Britain still took advantage of many local populations, exploiting these colonies for the good of the British nation.","79782994-5b6d-4365-bfd5-d06703cea9bc",[268,279],{"id":269,"data":270,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"0ee8b05d-fba4-412e-95be-ffd3c9f45ed9",{"type":51,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":33,"multiChoiceQuestion":271,"multiChoiceCorrect":273,"multiChoiceIncorrect":275,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[272],"What period is sometimes referred to as Britain’s imperial century?",[274],"1815 to 1914",[276,277,278],"1714 to 1815","1861 to 1961","1761 to 1861",{"id":280,"data":281,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"c0b9cbc8-027d-40d6-aa0c-e29cec6d031d",{"type":51,"reviewType":67,"spacingBehaviour":33,"orderAxisType":33,"orderQuestion":282,"orderItems":284},[283],"Put these events in order:",[285,288,291,294,296],{"label":286,"reveal":287,"sortOrder":4},"Thirteen Colonies become independent","1776",{"label":289,"reveal":290,"sortOrder":33},"First British colony in Australia","1788",{"label":292,"reveal":293,"sortOrder":20},"Britain defeat Napoleon at Waterloo","1815",{"label":295,"reveal":293,"sortOrder":19},"Britain take over South Africa",{"label":297,"reveal":298,"sortOrder":98},"Britain take over India","1858",{"id":300,"data":301,"type":20,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":303,"introPage":310,"pages":316},"7457a376-d3ba-41a4-86cc-0b389637c1db",{"type":20,"title":302},"Decline of the British",{"id":304,"data":305,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":33},"779a2698-e747-4a9f-98fe-463ce610431c",{"type":19,"summary":306},[307,308,309],"Britain's empire declined after the two World Wars, partly because of the financial strain that was placed on them","India gained independence from British rule in 1947","Though the empire is gone, the Commonwealth includes 56 countries which still have political ties to Britain",{"id":311,"data":312,"type":37,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":33},"1c242409-f0a2-4bbc-9a99-951c031102c0",{"type":37,"intro":313},[314,315],"What led to the decline of the British Empire in the 20th century?","How does the legacy of the British Empire still influence the world today?",[317,350],{"id":318,"data":319,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":322},"de5677cb-f600-45a8-ad3c-c45cb8ddd2d1",{"type":33,"markdownContent":320,"audioMediaId":321},"Britain maintained their colossal empire well into the modern period. The first cracks began to show in the 20th century, when the two World Wars had a devastating effect on Britain’s finances.\n\nWith crippling debts, it was hard for Britain to maintain its empire. As well as this, people were beginning to question whether it was ethical to have an empire in the first place. During World War II, Britain had resisted the encroaching expansion of the German state; did their colonies not deserve independence from imposed British power too?\n\nIn 1947, India was granted independence after decades of British rule. In the coming years, other colonies became independent too. Officially, the final British colony was Hong Kong, with Britain cutting ties in 1997.\n\n![Graph](image://b96bb186-c3dc-4763-a34a-2b962eef3042 \"The British Empire in the early 1900s. Image: Ibu007, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")","0e6c3cd1-3735-4c84-b616-b8bb82e05bd8",[323,343],{"id":324,"data":325,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"893bb87b-56bc-454e-9e72-4235065404eb",{"type":51,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":33,"collapsingSiblings":326,"multiChoiceQuestion":330,"multiChoiceCorrect":332,"multiChoiceIncorrect":334,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":33,"orderQuestion":338,"orderItems":340},[327,328,329],"f2b34741-26f9-421b-8b72-6dc4dd2fe5e5","5bc9e4c6-3315-4ada-b5b3-9542a17dbca5","27249425-5bf6-4ca5-bd1f-39ef3d32486b",[331],"In which year did Britain release its final colony, bringing an official end to the empire?",[333],"1997",[335,336,337],"1603","1644","1591",[339],"Put the following in order:",[341],{"label":342,"reveal":333,"sortOrder":19},"End of British Empire",{"id":344,"data":345,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"2ed0f7a1-2ac8-43cd-9e86-07d5bd18fff8",{"type":51,"reviewType":33,"spacingBehaviour":33,"activeRecallQuestion":346,"activeRecallAnswers":348},[347],"After which major conflict did Britain decide to start releasing some of its colonies?",[349],"World War Two",{"id":351,"data":352,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":355},"05793ae3-75da-4601-99a4-868f13bb23dd",{"type":33,"markdownContent":353,"audioMediaId":354},"The influence of the British Empire can still be felt in the world today. English has become a global language due to Britain’s imperial expansion; it is now spoken by over one billion people worldwide as either their first or second language.\n\nThe Commonwealth is a collection of 56 countries which still hold political ties to Britain. Technically speaking, these countries are still part of the British monarchy, even if they are politically independent. These countries include Canada, Australia and South Africa.\n\n![Graph](image://fca233bc-93dc-4b36-8079-0e900035ba09 \"The Commonwealth. Image: Bastin8, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nMeanwhile, the scars of the transatlantic slave trade can still be felt around the world. Many African nations have never recovered economically from this period of exploitation, while racial inequality still remains prevalent all over the world. In recent years, Britain has officially apologized for its past, but for many people, an apology is not enough.","7ecc7b25-0a5a-4c30-bccf-667a1d783916",[356,365,372],{"id":357,"data":358,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"28fbef10-8ccc-4570-b236-9ee08b8e43fa",{"type":51,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":33,"binaryQuestion":359,"binaryCorrect":361,"binaryIncorrect":363},[360],"How many countries are a part of the Commonwealth?",[362],"56",[364],"24",{"id":366,"data":367,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"35952cee-1883-4967-b9e8-0f8a4d71e67d",{"type":51,"reviewType":98,"spacingBehaviour":33,"clozeQuestion":368,"clozeWords":370},[369],"In the modern day, almost 1 billion people around the world still speak English as their first language.",[371],"1 billion",{"id":373,"data":374,"type":51,"version":33,"maxContentLevel":19},"734d8e1d-aa7e-456a-94ae-8a06d91af64c",{"type":51,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":33,"multiChoiceQuestion":375,"multiChoiceCorrect":377,"multiChoiceIncorrect":379,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[376],"What was the final colony that Britain cut ties with in 1997?",[378],"Hong Kong",[380,381,200],"India","West Indies",[383,504,610],{"id":23,"data":24,"type":20,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":26,"introPage":34,"pages":384},[385,422,452,474],{"id":43,"data":44,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":47,"parsed":386},{"data":387,"body":390,"toc":420},{"title":388,"description":389},"","The British Empire established their first overseas colony, on the coast of North America, in 1607. They were a late starter compared to the Spanish, who had already established colonies in the Americas by 1492.",{"type":391,"children":392},"root",[393,400,405,410],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":396,"children":397},"element","p",{},[398],{"type":399,"value":389},"text",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":401,"children":402},{},[403],{"type":399,"value":404},"But in the next few centuries, Britain caught up with their European neighbors, and eventually went on to surpass them. At their height, they were the largest empire in history, with colonies all around the world.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":406,"children":407},{},[408],{"type":399,"value":409},"In 1897, Queen Victoria celebrated her Diamond Jubilee. At that moment in time, her subjects included more than a quarter of the world’s population. The British Empire touched millions of people, but not always for the better.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":411,"children":412},{},[413],{"type":394,"tag":414,"props":415,"children":419},"img",{"alt":416,"src":417,"title":418},"Graph","image://fec54edf-18ea-4934-b8f6-16b252f37c61","Queen Victoria. Image: Public domain",[],{"title":388,"searchDepth":20,"depth":20,"links":421},[],{"id":59,"data":60,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":63,"parsed":423},{"data":424,"body":426,"toc":450},{"title":388,"description":425},"In the late 1400s, King Henry VII of England wanted to emulate the Spanish, and put together an expedition to the newly discovered Americas.",{"type":391,"children":427},[428,432,437,445],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":429,"children":430},{},[431],{"type":399,"value":425},{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":433,"children":434},{},[435],{"type":399,"value":436},"This expedition, led by John Cabot, landed in Newfoundland in 1497. But the place seemed relatively barren, and they didn't encounter any native people. They decided to head back to England without setting up a colony.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":438,"children":439},{},[440],{"type":394,"tag":414,"props":441,"children":444},{"alt":416,"src":442,"title":443},"image://577f824a-d528-4492-b909-bdc3ab5230e6","King Henry VII. Image: Public domain",[],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":446,"children":447},{},[448],{"type":399,"value":449},"Cabot made the same voyage again a year later, but never returned to England; it is unknown what exactly happened to him, but his ship probably sank. After that, Henry VII gave up on the idea of building an empire, and focused on domestic affairs instead.",{"title":388,"searchDepth":20,"depth":20,"links":451},[],{"id":81,"data":82,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":85,"parsed":453},{"data":454,"body":456,"toc":472},{"title":388,"description":455},"In 1558 – more than half a century after the failed voyages of John Cabot – Queen Elizabeth ascended to the English throne.",{"type":391,"children":457},[458,462,467],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":459,"children":460},{},[461],{"type":399,"value":455},{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":463,"children":464},{},[465],{"type":399,"value":466},"To gain an edge over her Spanish rivals, who were more rich and powerful than ever, Elizabeth encouraged privateers like John Hawkins and Francis Drake to start raiding Spanish ships. These raids often proved unsuccessful due to the strength of the Spanish navy, but there were some notable successes.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":468,"children":469},{},[470],{"type":399,"value":471},"In 1573, Drake led a daring attack near the Spanish colony of Nombre de Dios in Panama, where he seized a large amount of silver and gold from Spanish ships. There was so much treasure that his crew could not carry it all, and had to bury some of it on the beach. In England, he was seen as a hero; in Spain, he was seen as a pirate.",{"title":388,"searchDepth":20,"depth":20,"links":473},[],{"id":104,"data":105,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":108,"parsed":475},{"data":476,"body":478,"toc":502},{"title":388,"description":477},"In 1588, tensions between Spain and England reached a boiling point when King Philip II of Spain sent the Spanish Armada to invade England.",{"type":391,"children":479},[480,484,489,497],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":481,"children":482},{},[483],{"type":399,"value":477},{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":485,"children":486},{},[487],{"type":399,"value":488},"The English navy was vastly outnumbered, and a Spanish victory seemed inevitable. In fact, the Spanish Armada was also called the ‘Invincible Armada’ on account of its staggering strength.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":490,"children":491},{},[492],{"type":394,"tag":414,"props":493,"children":496},{"alt":416,"src":494,"title":495},"image://95c8cb26-5d06-4d01-bce4-c3301a914e0c","The Spanish Armada. Image: Public domain",[],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":498,"children":499},{},[500],{"type":399,"value":501},"But the English navy had nimbler ships, and the enigmatic tactics of Francis Drake. After several months of fighting, the English navy emerged victorious. This turned out to be a major turning point in history. The English gained confidence from their unexpected victory, and Elizabeth I decided it was time to start a British Empire.",{"title":388,"searchDepth":20,"depth":20,"links":503},[],{"id":166,"data":167,"type":20,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":169,"introPage":177,"pages":505},[506,536,566,588],{"id":185,"data":186,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":189,"parsed":507},{"data":508,"body":510,"toc":534},{"title":388,"description":509},"When Queen Elizabeth decided to build a British Empire, the Spanish still monopolized Central and South America, so the English decided to target North America instead. They established their first ever permanent colony in 1607, when Jamestown was founded in Virginia.",{"type":391,"children":511},[512,516,521,526],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":513,"children":514},{},[515],{"type":399,"value":509},{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":517,"children":518},{},[519],{"type":399,"value":520},"This settlement marked the beginning of a long period of British colonialism along the American coast, which would eventually span from Canada all the way to Georgia. Their territory in North America became known as the Thirteen Colonies. The English also established colonies in the West Indies, which became lucrative sources of sugar and other valuable crops like tobacco and cotton.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":522,"children":523},{},[524],{"type":399,"value":525},"These colonial outposts also served an important cultural purpose by providing a place where people could practice their religion freely; this was especially true for those who had fled religious intolerance in England itself, such as the puritan Pilgrims who settled in America in 1620.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":527,"children":528},{},[529],{"type":394,"tag":414,"props":530,"children":533},{"alt":416,"src":531,"title":532},"image://6c0ac215-25b7-414e-b609-39219eff99cb","The Pilgrims. Image: Public domain",[],{"title":388,"searchDepth":20,"depth":20,"links":535},[],{"id":220,"data":221,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":224,"parsed":537},{"data":538,"body":540,"toc":564},{"title":388,"description":539},"The early days of the British Empire were defined by one of the darkest aspects of the early modern period: the transatlantic slave trade. The English were not the only Europeans to engage in the slave trade, but they were one of the most prolific.",{"type":391,"children":541},[542,546,551,559],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":543,"children":544},{},[545],{"type":399,"value":539},{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":547,"children":548},{},[549],{"type":399,"value":550},"The plantations in the West Indies and America needed manpower, so British ships began transporting slaves from Africa. This was part of a larger system known as triangular trade, which saw manufactured goods such as guns and textiles being shipped from Europe to Africa; slaves then taken from Africa to the Americas; and finally raw materials like sugar or coffee transported from the Americas to Europe.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":552,"children":553},{},[554],{"type":394,"tag":414,"props":555,"children":558},{"alt":416,"src":556,"title":557},"image://9c895bb8-f669-4db4-9ae0-2477658dc1e4","Triangular trade. Image: SimonP at en.wikipedia, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":560,"children":561},{},[562],{"type":399,"value":563},"This lucrative business made Britain incredibly wealthy, but it had devastating consequences for those who were enslaved. More than a million people died on board overcrowded ships, while the ones who made it to the American plantations suffered unimaginable cruelty at the hands of slave owners.",{"title":388,"searchDepth":20,"depth":20,"links":565},[],{"id":244,"data":245,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":248,"parsed":567},{"data":568,"body":570,"toc":586},{"title":388,"description":569},"In the late 1700s, the British Empire suffered a major hurdle. Their Thirteen Colonies in North America were unhappy about paying British taxes, and wanted to become an independent state.",{"type":391,"children":571},[572,576,581],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":573,"children":574},{},[575],{"type":399,"value":569},{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":577,"children":578},{},[579],{"type":399,"value":580},"The American War of Independence broke out, and lasted for almost a decade. The colonies emerged victorious in 1776, and established the United States of America. In the process, Britain lost its most valuable asset.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":582,"children":583},{},[584],{"type":399,"value":585},"But that did not mean that Britain's imperial ambitions were over. They continued to expand their empire elsewhere, taking control of places like Australia. The first settlement in Australia was a penal colony, established in 1788. And in the 1800s, free settlers began to move to Australia too.",{"title":388,"searchDepth":20,"depth":20,"links":587},[],{"id":263,"data":264,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":267,"parsed":589},{"data":590,"body":592,"toc":608},{"title":388,"description":591},"The period of 1815 to 1914 is sometimes referred to as Britain’s imperial century. During this time, about 400 million people were added to the British Empire, making up for the loss of the American colonies in the 1700s.",{"type":391,"children":593},[594,598,603],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":595,"children":596},{},[597],{"type":399,"value":591},{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":599,"children":600},{},[601],{"type":399,"value":602},"Spain had faded as an imperial power, and in 1815, the British had defeated Napoleon’s France at the Battle of Waterloo. This left them without any serious international rivals: Britain now ruled the world’s oceans, and no one had the power to stop them.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":604,"children":605},{},[606],{"type":399,"value":607},"Some of Britain's most significant acquisitions during the imperial century were South Africa, in 1815, and India, in 1858. Slavery had officially been abolished by now, but Britain still took advantage of many local populations, exploiting these colonies for the good of the British nation.",{"title":388,"searchDepth":20,"depth":20,"links":609},[],{"id":300,"data":301,"type":20,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":303,"introPage":310,"pages":611},[612,642],{"id":318,"data":319,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":322,"parsed":613},{"data":614,"body":616,"toc":640},{"title":388,"description":615},"Britain maintained their colossal empire well into the modern period. The first cracks began to show in the 20th century, when the two World Wars had a devastating effect on Britain’s finances.",{"type":391,"children":617},[618,622,627,632],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":619,"children":620},{},[621],{"type":399,"value":615},{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":623,"children":624},{},[625],{"type":399,"value":626},"With crippling debts, it was hard for Britain to maintain its empire. As well as this, people were beginning to question whether it was ethical to have an empire in the first place. During World War II, Britain had resisted the encroaching expansion of the German state; did their colonies not deserve independence from imposed British power too?",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":628,"children":629},{},[630],{"type":399,"value":631},"In 1947, India was granted independence after decades of British rule. In the coming years, other colonies became independent too. Officially, the final British colony was Hong Kong, with Britain cutting ties in 1997.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":633,"children":634},{},[635],{"type":394,"tag":414,"props":636,"children":639},{"alt":416,"src":637,"title":638},"image://b96bb186-c3dc-4763-a34a-2b962eef3042","The British Empire in the early 1900s. Image: Ibu007, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"title":388,"searchDepth":20,"depth":20,"links":641},[],{"id":351,"data":352,"type":33,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":355,"parsed":643},{"data":644,"body":646,"toc":670},{"title":388,"description":645},"The influence of the British Empire can still be felt in the world today. English has become a global language due to Britain’s imperial expansion; it is now spoken by over one billion people worldwide as either their first or second language.",{"type":391,"children":647},[648,652,657,665],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":649,"children":650},{},[651],{"type":399,"value":645},{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":653,"children":654},{},[655],{"type":399,"value":656},"The Commonwealth is a collection of 56 countries which still hold political ties to Britain. Technically speaking, these countries are still part of the British monarchy, even if they are politically independent. These countries include Canada, Australia and South Africa.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":658,"children":659},{},[660],{"type":394,"tag":414,"props":661,"children":664},{"alt":416,"src":662,"title":663},"image://fca233bc-93dc-4b36-8079-0e900035ba09","The Commonwealth. Image: Bastin8, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":666,"children":667},{},[668],{"type":399,"value":669},"Meanwhile, the scars of the transatlantic slave trade can still be felt around the world. Many African nations have never recovered economically from this period of exploitation, while racial inequality still remains prevalent all over the world. In recent years, Britain has officially apologized for its past, but for many people, an apology is not enough.",{"title":388,"searchDepth":20,"depth":20,"links":671},[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":673,"height":673,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":674},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":673,"height":673,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":676},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M4 5h16M4 12h16M4 19h16\"/>",1778228220181]