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the most populous cities in the world, known for its grandeur and impressive architecture",1,{"id":36,"data":37,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"990cc436-3df3-4325-97be-2bf827abeb04",{"type":38,"intro":39},10,[40,41],"How did a snake and an eagle help the Aztecs to find a home?","Why was Lake Texcoco such a perfect place for the Aztecs to build a city?",[43,61,74],{"id":44,"data":45,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":48},"291a1f90-d42d-4e78-8e8f-de69e5952c83",{"type":34,"markdownContent":46,"audioMediaId":47},"The Aztecs were a Mesoamerican people who rose to power in the 14th century, around the same time that the Ottoman Empire was rising in Anatolia.\n\n![Graph](image://3957bf2b-c270-4073-9fe5-1d096bbb3b03 \"An artist's impression of Aztec buildings. Image: Wolfgang Sauber, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nJust like the Ottomans, the Aztecs began as a small, nomadic tribe, before establishing an empire that stretched across much of Central America. This was before the first Europeans arrived on the continent – the Aztecs were the most powerful force in their part of the known world.\n\nReligion played an important role in Aztec society, and included human sacrifice, but this was only one aspect of Aztec culture. They were also skillful farmers, expressive poets, and the people who introduced chocolate, tomatoes, avocados and chillies to the world.","f4673c5d-cd76-42a9-a5c7-ea1f7f1219fd",[49],{"id":50,"data":51,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"bf6fa9d1-5a20-49a5-85f8-29bb06a383a6",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":53,"multiChoiceCorrect":55,"multiChoiceIncorrect":57,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},11,[54],"In which century did the Aztecs first rise to power?",[56],"14th century",[58,59,60],"13th century","15th century","16th century",{"id":62,"data":63,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":66},"05650d21-338d-45ca-b3e9-01a4fd31a64e",{"type":34,"markdownContent":64,"audioMediaId":65},"\nThe Aztecs started life as a roaming tribe in northern Mexico. Supposedly, in 1323, this tribe saw a vision of an eagle sitting on a cactus, eating a snake. This vision told them where to build their future home.\n\n![Graph](image://df0d4840-2023-47eb-a98e-c05311aeb613 \"Aztec vision. Image: anonymous, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe Aztecs headed south, until they reached the marshy shores of Lake Texcoco. There, they saw an eagle perched atop a cactus with a snake in its beak – just as their vision predicted. This famous image is actually featured on the modern Mexican flag.\n\nThe Aztecs decided to settle at Lake Texcoco, where they founded the city of Tenochtitlán. The lake provided them with fertile soil for agriculture, and abundant fish stocks, while the surrounding swamps made it difficult for enemies to attack them. Over time, the city began to thrive.","d104a4fc-e937-471f-a933-129961668324",[67],{"id":68,"data":69,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"e47ab509-7b23-4dd9-8006-4e5fdcd819ea",{"type":52,"reviewType":34,"spacingBehaviour":34,"activeRecallQuestion":70,"activeRecallAnswers":72},[71],"In 1323, what did the Aztecs supposedly see in a vision, then again on the shore of Lake Texcoco?",[73],"An eagle sitting on a cactus eating a snake",{"id":75,"data":76,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":79},"6d948678-4f13-4326-a37f-3c6064772391",{"type":34,"markdownContent":77,"audioMediaId":78},"The Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán grew into one of the most populous cities on the planet, with an estimated 350,000 inhabitants. In the rest of the world, only Paris, Venice and Constantinople would have rivaled it.\n\n![Graph](image://1a50f931-ed6a-460a-ac67-164fd5e02f09 \"The city of Tenochtitlán. Image: Mariana277, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe city was renowned for its grandeur, with impressive architecture such as temple-pyramids, and even a zoo within the walls of the emperor’s palace. This zoo had many exotic animals, including ocelots, bears and eagles.\n\nTenochtitlán was also home to many public works projects, such as aqueducts, bridges and canals. The streets were kept clean by an army of street cleaners who swept them daily. All in all, this glittering city must surely have been a sight to behold.","dc176656-dc94-4b88-b81b-5b186eb89e22",[80,100,113],{"id":81,"data":82,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"08172239-0df5-407c-a725-404b019f3bc1",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"collapsingSiblings":83,"multiChoiceQuestion":87,"multiChoiceCorrect":89,"multiChoiceIncorrect":91,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":95,"matchPairsPairs":97},[84,85,86],"48e0cb9b-d586-4b03-9c54-f095afa488ac","61158cd0-f932-46cd-8a44-8c5e7bffd55a","ad026844-7427-4988-9b74-68ec0501dc0a",[88],"Which of these was the Aztec capital?",[90],"Tenochtitlán",[92,93,94],"Cusco","Timbuktu","Tabriz",[96],"Match the pairs below:",[98],{"left":99,"right":90,"direction":19},"Aztec capital",{"id":101,"data":102,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":19},"64c8fa41-b4db-4219-9e50-efedd067513f",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":103,"multiChoiceCorrect":105,"multiChoiceIncorrect":109,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":112,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[104],"Tenochtitlán was one of the most populous cities on the planet. At the time, it would only have been rivaled by which other cities?",[106,107,108],"Paris","Venice","Constantinople",[110,111],"London","Rome",true,{"id":114,"data":115,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"51a7e296-ae38-4ac8-b238-044035d7cffd",{"type":52,"reviewType":34,"spacingBehaviour":34,"activeRecallQuestion":116,"activeRecallAnswers":118},[117],"What unusual attraction could be found within the walls of the emperor's palace in Tenochtitlán?",[119],"A zoo with many exotic animals, including ocelots, bears and eagles",{"id":121,"data":122,"type":25,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":124,"introPage":131,"pages":137},"6b2cdd16-b70d-4b98-b93c-41abd94ec0d9",{"type":25,"title":123},"Fighters and poets",{"id":125,"data":126,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"3f806067-00d0-4e7f-b7c0-29399f23e0d3",{"type":19,"summary":127},[128,129,130],"Aztec soldiers aimed to capture their enemies, to be used as sacrifices later","Aztecs farmers used floating fields, or 'chinampas', on the waters of Lake Texcoco","The Aztecs kept records on painted sheets of bark or deerhide, but usually performed poetry orally",{"id":132,"data":133,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"90b7ba5b-65e5-4952-8d1a-1d484611bfb6",{"type":38,"intro":134},[135,136],"Instead of killing their enemies, what did the Aztecs do to them?","What important custom did the Aztecs refer to as 'flower song'?",[138,162,188,201],{"id":139,"data":140,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":143},"cf061015-5ec9-48d5-8c67-e80f6f13c4ce",{"type":34,"markdownContent":141,"audioMediaId":142},"The Aztecs began to build an empire in the early 15th century, taking control of many other city states in the region. Sometimes, they used diplomacy to form alliances, but at other times they used military force.\n\nThe city-states of Mesoamerica had an unusual way of fighting. Instead of killing enemy soldiers, the aim of the battle was usually to take them hostage.\n\nBecause of this, Aztec soldiers did not wear much armor. Instead, they would dress in animal skins. The Aztecs had elite units of jaguar warriors and eagle warriors, who dressed in the skins of these specific animals; these elite units were feared and respected, and captured higher numbers of enemy soldiers than anyone else.\n\n![Graph](image://994d2c26-2603-41f8-ab39-8af662ec39d4 \"Aztec warriors. Image: Public domain\")","1513f88c-838e-423c-a0f1-1e3798344b5a",[144,151],{"id":145,"data":146,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"242fd137-7535-4966-84a7-136e290f249b",{"type":52,"reviewType":34,"spacingBehaviour":34,"activeRecallQuestion":147,"activeRecallAnswers":149},[148],"The Aztecs had elite units of warriors who dressed in the skins of which animals?",[150],"Jaguars and eagles",{"id":152,"data":153,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"bdc89da0-219e-4d25-ba03-0e247a72244e",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":154,"multiChoiceCorrect":156,"multiChoiceIncorrect":158,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[155],"Instead of killing enemy soldiers, Aztec warriors usually aimed to:",[157],"Take enemy soldiers hostage",[159,160,161],"Scare enemy soldiers away","Kill enemy civilians","Dismember enemy soldiers",{"id":163,"data":164,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":167},"521a8064-11d1-4ec1-b3f0-103527ad1310",{"type":34,"markdownContent":165,"audioMediaId":166},"The Aztecs took enemy soldiers captive because they wanted to sacrifice them later. This was an important function of military conflict: to collect enough sacrifices to appease the Aztec gods.\n\nThe most common type of sacrifice was heart-extraction. A priest would pull the heart from a person’s chest, then throw the body down the temple steps. Modern historians have found hundreds of skeletons at Aztec temples, which show how common this practice was.\n\nWhen Aztec cities were running low on sacrifices, they would sometimes engage in Flowery Wars. This was when two allied cities would hold a mock battle, which had no political or military purpose, but which allowed both sides to collect some new sacrifices from the enemy army.\n\n![Graph](image://31197da1-12b2-41fe-9b48-6b3e70d6d6b6 \"Aztec sacrifice. Image: Public domain\")","0f6e278b-da79-4dbe-9a06-03ce52bae9ae",[168,177],{"id":169,"data":170,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"a926c515-5115-4465-89b2-1fd57f5a9a6d",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":34,"binaryQuestion":171,"binaryCorrect":173,"binaryIncorrect":175},[172],"What type of sacrifice was most commonly practiced by the Aztecs?",[174],"Heart-extraction",[176],"Blood-letting",{"id":178,"data":179,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"eb8b20eb-2186-4a1b-bf69-51b9ed79f312",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":180,"multiChoiceCorrect":182,"multiChoiceIncorrect":184,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[181],"The Aztecs would organize mock battles with their neighbors, which let both sides capture some sacrifices. What were these mock battles called?",[183],"Flowery Wars",[185,186,187],"Blood Wars","Jaguar Wars","Shadow Wars",{"id":189,"data":190,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":193},"7262d26f-1fe8-4001-af8a-af78dee37af3",{"type":34,"markdownContent":191,"audioMediaId":192},"The Aztecs were mainly vegetarian, with their diet consisting of local crops like maize, beans and squash. They farmed these crops on chinampas – small, floating fields that they built on the surface of Lake Texcoco.\n\nWhen they did eat meat products, it usually consisted of fish and shrimp from the lake, or sometimes insects and insect eggs. They did not have many domesticated livestock, because everything they needed was available in the local environment.\n\nThe wealthier members of Aztec society often took part in religious feasts. The highlights of these feasts would be cups of drinking chocolate, and teonanácatl – a type of hallucinatory mushroom. These mushrooms brought visions to the Aztecs, and were also often used by priests.","51e67164-4100-4b60-b4fa-472c7ed450d1",[194],{"id":195,"data":196,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"86a2dff4-0bc9-4947-8291-21c31c96c737",{"type":52,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":34,"clozeQuestion":197,"clozeWords":199},[198],"The Aztecs were mostly vegetarian, but would sometimes eat fish, shrimp, or insects.",[200],"insects",{"id":202,"data":203,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":206},"58c62fb4-c04c-46e3-b463-cefbe847fdae",{"type":34,"markdownContent":204,"audioMediaId":205},"The Aztecs kept records of their history and religion on painted sheets of bark or deerhide. These manuscripts are often referred to as codices by modern historians.\n\nUnlike most European manuscripts at the same time, the Aztec codices were dominated by pictures as opposed to written words. Historians have long debated whether these pictures should count as a writing system, or if the stories they tell would be better classified as visual artwork.\n\n![Graph](image://1b3fa80c-8c93-4c76-a729-f33861772e3f \"Aztec codex. Image: Public domain\")\n\nThe Aztecs were also keen poets, but these works were performed orally, as opposed to being written down. Their poems often included words paired together to express a more specific concept. Their term for poetry was an example of this: they called it in xochitl in cuicatl, which roughly translates as 'flower song.'","cb95de10-6818-472e-977e-d7c277d9dd6c",[207,225,232],{"id":208,"data":209,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":19},"436a0b67-9e52-4438-960a-93f7c2c46f8d",{"type":52,"reviewType":210,"spacingBehaviour":34,"matchPairsQuestion":211,"matchPairsPairs":212},6,[96],[213,216,219,222],{"left":214,"right":215,"direction":19},"Chinampa","Floating farms on Lake Texcoco",{"left":217,"right":218,"direction":19},"Teonanácatl","Hallucinatory mushroom",{"left":220,"right":221,"direction":19},"Xochitl in cuicatl","Aztec poetry ('flower song')",{"left":223,"right":224,"direction":19},"Quetzalcoatl","None of these",{"id":226,"data":227,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"29ea6dd7-5f9b-44eb-9f60-b2519aab2ba0",{"type":52,"reviewType":34,"spacingBehaviour":34,"activeRecallQuestion":228,"activeRecallAnswers":230},[229],"What term is used for the painted sheets of bark or deerhide kept by the Aztecs to record their history and religion?",[231],"Codices",{"id":233,"data":234,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"6667e2e3-5471-4c94-9dd8-c8975a301358",{"type":52,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":34,"clozeQuestion":235,"clozeWords":237},[236],"Unlike most European manuscripts, the Aztec codices were dominated by pictures as opposed to written words.",[238],"pictures",{"id":240,"data":241,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":243,"introPage":251,"pages":257},"a7d8b9ec-05d7-4997-ad0b-786b2f3e71e5",{"type":25,"title":242},"Decline of the Aztecs",{"id":244,"data":245,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"333d0a88-f9c0-43e6-8849-51553f5901c0",{"type":19,"summary":246},[247,248,249,250],"A group of Spanish conquistadors led by Hernán Cortés arrived in the Aztec Empire in 1519","Emperor Moctezuma wanted to befriend them, but the Aztecs betrayed him and looted the city","The Spanish later returned with a larger army, including native allies, and destroyed Tenochtitlán","The Aztec legacy was wiped away by the Spaniards, who imposed their language and culture",{"id":252,"data":253,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"4af05a30-717c-4c73-a198-f1fafd773acd",{"type":38,"intro":254},[255,256],"Which mysterious people arrived at the edge of the Aztec Empire in 1519?","How did the mighty Aztec Empire fall?",[258,284,319],{"id":259,"data":260,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":263},"d0ad4728-0957-4c2a-bad5-c384837df379",{"type":34,"markdownContent":261,"audioMediaId":262},"\nIn 1519, when the Aztecs were at the height of their power, a strange race of people arrived at the edge of the empire. These were Spanish conquistadors led by Hernán Cortés, who had sailed from Cuba with just 500 men and 11 ships.\n\n![Graph](image://0ffdc1d1-6d93-44bb-84d3-f2b3c60fa2e2 \"Hernán Cortés. Image: Public domain\")\n\nThis was the first time in history that Aztecs and Europeans had met. The Aztec Emperor – Moctezuma II – was initially suspicious, but decided to invite the Spaniards to visit Tenochtitlán. The Spanish toured the city and saw the many Aztec temples, markets and palaces, while Moctezuma gave them expensive gifts.\n\nIt is hard to know why Moctezuma was so welcoming. A common story states that he mistook the Spaniards for gods, but this was probably invented by the Spaniards as a way to flatter themselves. In reality, Moctezuma probably hoped that befriending the Spanish would bring diplomatic advantages.","342893fd-af59-4ac0-9cf7-4a267ac2ee29",[264,275],{"id":265,"data":266,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"589574d1-c1f3-4c7c-9690-8584fbf4cc7f",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":267,"multiChoiceCorrect":269,"multiChoiceIncorrect":271,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[268],"In 1519, when the Aztecs were at the height of their power, who arrived at the edge of the empire?",[270],"The Spanish, led by Hernán Cortés",[272,273,274],"The Spanish, led by Francisco Pizarro","The British, led by John Cabot","The British, led by Walter Raleigh",{"id":276,"data":277,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"4829feec-aa07-444d-ab35-cc4f70b5291c",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":34,"binaryQuestion":278,"binaryCorrect":280,"binaryIncorrect":282},[279],"How many ships and men did Cortés bring with him when he arrived at the edge of the Aztec Empire?",[281],"500 men and 11 ships",[283],"1000 men and 5 ships",{"id":285,"data":286,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":289},"a1aee765-0e7f-4f6a-8115-c343111dcf71",{"type":34,"markdownContent":287,"audioMediaId":288},"\nMoctezuma’s decision to invite the Spaniards into Tenochtitlán was a mistake. The Spanish captured him, leading to his death in unknown circumstances, then fled the city with as much gold as they could carry. Hundreds of them were killed on the way out, but a few of them, including Hernán Cortés, made it out alive.\n\nThe Spaniards regrouped, and a year later, they returned to lay siege to Tenochtitlán. Their army now consisted of a thousand Spaniards armed with cannons and explosives, plus tens of thousands of local warriors who wanted to see the Aztecs fall.\n\n![Graph](image://2a7e6739-ca2e-40c9-8105-85afc726dea0 \"Siege of Tenochtitlán. Image: Public domain\")\n\nAs powerful as they were, the Aztecs could not cope with such a large and technologically sophisticated force. After 93 days, their defenses collapsed. The Spaniards surged into the city, destroying temples and burning districts, killing hundreds of thousands of Aztecs along the way. This marked the official end of the Aztec Empire.","cf42402c-5f46-4fd7-a97b-71bf1db487d0",[290,301],{"id":291,"data":292,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"c4effdcc-bfd2-4f21-b905-060ea6f6c514",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":293,"multiChoiceCorrect":295,"multiChoiceIncorrect":297,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[294],"Which Aztec emperor greeted the Spanish when they arrived at Tenochtitlán?",[296],"Moctezuma ",[298,299,300],"Axayacatl","Itzcoatl","Tizoc",{"id":302,"data":303,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"9197551e-0edb-49a8-b7f7-da02a6a74543",{"type":52,"reviewType":210,"spacingBehaviour":34,"matchPairsQuestion":304,"matchPairsPairs":306,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},[305],"Put these events in order (1 = earliest, 4 = latest)",[307,310,313,316],{"left":308,"right":309,"direction":19},"1","Emperor Moctezuma invited the Spanish into Tenochtitlán",{"left":311,"right":312,"direction":19},"2","The Spanish fled from Tenochtitlán with stolen gold",{"left":314,"right":315,"direction":19},"3","The Spanish allied with tens of thousands of locals",{"left":317,"right":318,"direction":19},"4","The Spanish burned Tenochtitlán to the ground",{"id":320,"data":321,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":324},"d7819dc8-53e1-4d08-972c-033c1c588299",{"type":34,"markdownContent":322,"audioMediaId":323},"The Aztecs left a lasting legacy, particularly in terms of food. Chocolate is one of the most popular foods in the modern world, while other Aztec staples like tomatoes and chillies are also vital components of many modern cuisines.\n\nUnfortunately, most of the Aztec legacy was wiped away by the Spaniards. As well as burning down the once-glorious capital of Tenochtitlán, they set about destroying Aztec codices, and stamping out all traces of Aztec religion.\n\nThey also imposed their own language and culture on the people of Mexico. In the modern day, this part of the world still speaks Spanish and practices Christianity. Looking at the country now, it is hard to believe that the Aztecs ruled there just a few hundred years in the past.","90275788-2c8d-44b0-b3eb-72428726c2d8",[325,332],{"id":326,"data":327,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"e4cccc75-7fa8-4780-96fc-ca37f8a3d636",{"type":52,"reviewType":34,"spacingBehaviour":34,"activeRecallQuestion":328,"activeRecallAnswers":330},[329],"What happened to the majority of Aztec codices after the Siege of Tenochtitlán?",[331],"They were destroyed by the Spanish",{"id":333,"data":334,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"4445fbf1-696e-4ca4-b10c-4d4a0c569f93",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":335,"multiChoiceCorrect":337,"multiChoiceIncorrect":341,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":112,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[336],"Which of these modern foods were introduced to Europeans by the Aztecs?",[338,339,340],"Tomatoes","Chocolate","Chillies",[342],"Nutmeg",[344,443,557],{"id":23,"data":24,"type":25,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":27,"introPage":35,"pages":345},[346,383,413],{"id":44,"data":45,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":48,"parsed":347},{"data":348,"body":351,"toc":381},{"title":349,"description":350},"","The Aztecs were a Mesoamerican people who rose to power in the 14th century, around the same time that the Ottoman Empire was rising in Anatolia.",{"type":352,"children":353},"root",[354,361,371,376],{"type":355,"tag":356,"props":357,"children":358},"element","p",{},[359],{"type":360,"value":350},"text",{"type":355,"tag":356,"props":362,"children":363},{},[364],{"type":355,"tag":365,"props":366,"children":370},"img",{"alt":367,"src":368,"title":369},"Graph","image://3957bf2b-c270-4073-9fe5-1d096bbb3b03","An artist's impression of Aztec buildings. Image: Wolfgang Sauber, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":355,"tag":356,"props":372,"children":373},{},[374],{"type":360,"value":375},"Just like the Ottomans, the Aztecs began as a small, nomadic tribe, before establishing an empire that stretched across much of Central America. This was before the first Europeans arrived on the continent – the Aztecs were the most powerful force in their part of the known world.",{"type":355,"tag":356,"props":377,"children":378},{},[379],{"type":360,"value":380},"Religion played an important role in Aztec society, and included human sacrifice, but this was only one aspect of Aztec culture. They were also skillful farmers, expressive poets, and the people who introduced chocolate, tomatoes, avocados and chillies to the world.",{"title":349,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":382},[],{"id":62,"data":63,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":66,"parsed":384},{"data":385,"body":387,"toc":411},{"title":349,"description":386},"The Aztecs started life as a roaming tribe in northern Mexico. Supposedly, in 1323, this tribe saw a vision of an eagle sitting on a cactus, eating a snake. This vision told them where to build their future home.",{"type":352,"children":388},[389,393,401,406],{"type":355,"tag":356,"props":390,"children":391},{},[392],{"type":360,"value":386},{"type":355,"tag":356,"props":394,"children":395},{},[396],{"type":355,"tag":365,"props":397,"children":400},{"alt":367,"src":398,"title":399},"image://df0d4840-2023-47eb-a98e-c05311aeb613","Aztec vision. Image: anonymous, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":355,"tag":356,"props":402,"children":403},{},[404],{"type":360,"value":405},"The Aztecs headed south, until they reached the marshy shores of Lake Texcoco. There, they saw an eagle perched atop a cactus with a snake in its beak – just as their vision predicted. This famous image is actually featured on the modern Mexican flag.",{"type":355,"tag":356,"props":407,"children":408},{},[409],{"type":360,"value":410},"The Aztecs decided to settle at Lake Texcoco, where they founded the city of Tenochtitlán. The lake provided them with fertile soil for agriculture, and abundant fish stocks, while the surrounding swamps made it difficult for enemies to attack them. Over time, the city began to thrive.",{"title":349,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":412},[],{"id":75,"data":76,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":79,"parsed":414},{"data":415,"body":417,"toc":441},{"title":349,"description":416},"The Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán grew into one of the most populous cities on the planet, with an estimated 350,000 inhabitants. In the rest of the world, only Paris, Venice and Constantinople would have rivaled it.",{"type":352,"children":418},[419,423,431,436],{"type":355,"tag":356,"props":420,"children":421},{},[422],{"type":360,"value":416},{"type":355,"tag":356,"props":424,"children":425},{},[426],{"type":355,"tag":365,"props":427,"children":430},{"alt":367,"src":428,"title":429},"image://1a50f931-ed6a-460a-ac67-164fd5e02f09","The city of Tenochtitlán. Image: Mariana277, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":355,"tag":356,"props":432,"children":433},{},[434],{"type":360,"value":435},"The city was renowned for its grandeur, with impressive architecture such as temple-pyramids, and even a zoo within the walls of the emperor’s palace. This zoo had many exotic animals, including ocelots, bears and eagles.",{"type":355,"tag":356,"props":437,"children":438},{},[439],{"type":360,"value":440},"Tenochtitlán was also home to many public works projects, such as aqueducts, bridges and canals. The streets were kept clean by an army of street cleaners who swept them daily. All in all, this glittering city must surely have been a sight to behold.",{"title":349,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":442},[],{"id":121,"data":122,"type":25,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":124,"introPage":131,"pages":444},[445,475,505,527],{"id":139,"data":140,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":143,"parsed":446},{"data":447,"body":449,"toc":473},{"title":349,"description":448},"The Aztecs began to build an empire in the early 15th century, taking control of many other city states in the region. Sometimes, they used diplomacy to form alliances, but at other times they used military force.",{"type":352,"children":450},[451,455,460,465],{"type":355,"tag":356,"props":452,"children":453},{},[454],{"type":360,"value":448},{"type":355,"tag":356,"props":456,"children":457},{},[458],{"type":360,"value":459},"The city-states of Mesoamerica had an unusual way of fighting. Instead of killing enemy soldiers, the aim of the battle was usually to take them hostage.",{"type":355,"tag":356,"props":461,"children":462},{},[463],{"type":360,"value":464},"Because of this, Aztec soldiers did not wear much armor. Instead, they would dress in animal skins. The Aztecs had elite units of jaguar warriors and eagle warriors, who dressed in the skins of these specific animals; these elite units were feared and respected, and captured higher numbers of enemy soldiers than anyone else.",{"type":355,"tag":356,"props":466,"children":467},{},[468],{"type":355,"tag":365,"props":469,"children":472},{"alt":367,"src":470,"title":471},"image://994d2c26-2603-41f8-ab39-8af662ec39d4","Aztec warriors. Image: Public domain",[],{"title":349,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":474},[],{"id":163,"data":164,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":167,"parsed":476},{"data":477,"body":479,"toc":503},{"title":349,"description":478},"The Aztecs took enemy soldiers captive because they wanted to sacrifice them later. This was an important function of military conflict: to collect enough sacrifices to appease the Aztec gods.",{"type":352,"children":480},[481,485,490,495],{"type":355,"tag":356,"props":482,"children":483},{},[484],{"type":360,"value":478},{"type":355,"tag":356,"props":486,"children":487},{},[488],{"type":360,"value":489},"The most common type of sacrifice was heart-extraction. A priest would pull the heart from a person’s chest, then throw the body down the temple steps. Modern historians have found hundreds of skeletons at Aztec temples, which show how common this practice was.",{"type":355,"tag":356,"props":491,"children":492},{},[493],{"type":360,"value":494},"When Aztec cities were running low on sacrifices, they would sometimes engage in Flowery Wars. This was when two allied cities would hold a mock battle, which had no political or military purpose, but which allowed both sides to collect some new sacrifices from the enemy army.",{"type":355,"tag":356,"props":496,"children":497},{},[498],{"type":355,"tag":365,"props":499,"children":502},{"alt":367,"src":500,"title":501},"image://31197da1-12b2-41fe-9b48-6b3e70d6d6b6","Aztec sacrifice. Image: Public domain",[],{"title":349,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":504},[],{"id":189,"data":190,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":193,"parsed":506},{"data":507,"body":509,"toc":525},{"title":349,"description":508},"The Aztecs were mainly vegetarian, with their diet consisting of local crops like maize, beans and squash. They farmed these crops on chinampas – small, floating fields that they built on the surface of Lake Texcoco.",{"type":352,"children":510},[511,515,520],{"type":355,"tag":356,"props":512,"children":513},{},[514],{"type":360,"value":508},{"type":355,"tag":356,"props":516,"children":517},{},[518],{"type":360,"value":519},"When they did eat meat products, it usually consisted of fish and shrimp from the lake, or sometimes insects and insect eggs. They did not have many domesticated livestock, because everything they needed was available in the local environment.",{"type":355,"tag":356,"props":521,"children":522},{},[523],{"type":360,"value":524},"The wealthier members of Aztec society often took part in religious feasts. The highlights of these feasts would be cups of drinking chocolate, and teonanácatl – a type of hallucinatory mushroom. These mushrooms brought visions to the Aztecs, and were also often used by priests.",{"title":349,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":526},[],{"id":202,"data":203,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":206,"parsed":528},{"data":529,"body":531,"toc":555},{"title":349,"description":530},"The Aztecs kept records of their history and religion on painted sheets of bark or deerhide. These manuscripts are often referred to as codices by modern historians.",{"type":352,"children":532},[533,537,542,550],{"type":355,"tag":356,"props":534,"children":535},{},[536],{"type":360,"value":530},{"type":355,"tag":356,"props":538,"children":539},{},[540],{"type":360,"value":541},"Unlike most European manuscripts at the same time, the Aztec codices were dominated by pictures as opposed to written words. Historians have long debated whether these pictures should count as a writing system, or if the stories they tell would be better classified as visual artwork.",{"type":355,"tag":356,"props":543,"children":544},{},[545],{"type":355,"tag":365,"props":546,"children":549},{"alt":367,"src":547,"title":548},"image://1b3fa80c-8c93-4c76-a729-f33861772e3f","Aztec codex. Image: Public domain",[],{"type":355,"tag":356,"props":551,"children":552},{},[553],{"type":360,"value":554},"The Aztecs were also keen poets, but these works were performed orally, as opposed to being written down. Their poems often included words paired together to express a more specific concept. Their term for poetry was an example of this: they called it in xochitl in cuicatl, which roughly translates as 'flower song.'",{"title":349,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":556},[],{"id":240,"data":241,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":243,"introPage":251,"pages":558},[559,589,619],{"id":259,"data":260,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":263,"parsed":560},{"data":561,"body":563,"toc":587},{"title":349,"description":562},"In 1519, when the Aztecs were at the height of their power, a strange race of people arrived at the edge of the empire. These were Spanish conquistadors led by Hernán Cortés, who had sailed from Cuba with just 500 men and 11 ships.",{"type":352,"children":564},[565,569,577,582],{"type":355,"tag":356,"props":566,"children":567},{},[568],{"type":360,"value":562},{"type":355,"tag":356,"props":570,"children":571},{},[572],{"type":355,"tag":365,"props":573,"children":576},{"alt":367,"src":574,"title":575},"image://0ffdc1d1-6d93-44bb-84d3-f2b3c60fa2e2","Hernán Cortés. Image: Public domain",[],{"type":355,"tag":356,"props":578,"children":579},{},[580],{"type":360,"value":581},"This was the first time in history that Aztecs and Europeans had met. The Aztec Emperor – Moctezuma II – was initially suspicious, but decided to invite the Spaniards to visit Tenochtitlán. The Spanish toured the city and saw the many Aztec temples, markets and palaces, while Moctezuma gave them expensive gifts.",{"type":355,"tag":356,"props":583,"children":584},{},[585],{"type":360,"value":586},"It is hard to know why Moctezuma was so welcoming. A common story states that he mistook the Spaniards for gods, but this was probably invented by the Spaniards as a way to flatter themselves. In reality, Moctezuma probably hoped that befriending the Spanish would bring diplomatic advantages.",{"title":349,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":588},[],{"id":285,"data":286,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":289,"parsed":590},{"data":591,"body":593,"toc":617},{"title":349,"description":592},"Moctezuma’s decision to invite the Spaniards into Tenochtitlán was a mistake. The Spanish captured him, leading to his death in unknown circumstances, then fled the city with as much gold as they could carry. Hundreds of them were killed on the way out, but a few of them, including Hernán Cortés, made it out alive.",{"type":352,"children":594},[595,599,604,612],{"type":355,"tag":356,"props":596,"children":597},{},[598],{"type":360,"value":592},{"type":355,"tag":356,"props":600,"children":601},{},[602],{"type":360,"value":603},"The Spaniards regrouped, and a year later, they returned to lay siege to Tenochtitlán. Their army now consisted of a thousand Spaniards armed with cannons and explosives, plus tens of thousands of local warriors who wanted to see the Aztecs fall.",{"type":355,"tag":356,"props":605,"children":606},{},[607],{"type":355,"tag":365,"props":608,"children":611},{"alt":367,"src":609,"title":610},"image://2a7e6739-ca2e-40c9-8105-85afc726dea0","Siege of Tenochtitlán. Image: Public domain",[],{"type":355,"tag":356,"props":613,"children":614},{},[615],{"type":360,"value":616},"As powerful as they were, the Aztecs could not cope with such a large and technologically sophisticated force. After 93 days, their defenses collapsed. The Spaniards surged into the city, destroying temples and burning districts, killing hundreds of thousands of Aztecs along the way. This marked the official end of the Aztec Empire.",{"title":349,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":618},[],{"id":320,"data":321,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":324,"parsed":620},{"data":621,"body":623,"toc":639},{"title":349,"description":622},"The Aztecs left a lasting legacy, particularly in terms of food. Chocolate is one of the most popular foods in the modern world, while other Aztec staples like tomatoes and chillies are also vital components of many modern cuisines.",{"type":352,"children":624},[625,629,634],{"type":355,"tag":356,"props":626,"children":627},{},[628],{"type":360,"value":622},{"type":355,"tag":356,"props":630,"children":631},{},[632],{"type":360,"value":633},"Unfortunately, most of the Aztec legacy was wiped away by the Spaniards. As well as burning down the once-glorious capital of Tenochtitlán, they set about destroying Aztec codices, and stamping out all traces of Aztec religion.",{"type":355,"tag":356,"props":635,"children":636},{},[637],{"type":360,"value":638},"They also imposed their own language and culture on the people of Mexico. In the modern day, this part of the world still speaks Spanish and practices Christianity. Looking at the country now, it is hard to believe that the Aztecs ruled there just a few hundred years in the past.",{"title":349,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":640},[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":642,"height":642,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":643},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":642,"height":642,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":645},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M4 5h16M4 12h16M4 19h16\"/>",1778228219188]