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Modern)",9,7,[30,389,708,1028,1332,1630,1970,2308,2601,2951],{"id":31,"data":32,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":36,"orbs":37},"89d40c90-f3c7-4a67-9f8d-ab81aed22c34",{"type":27,"title":33,"tagline":34},"Ottoman Empire","The first gunpowder empire (1299 - 1922)",3,4,[38,174,303],{"id":39,"data":40,"type":25,"version":36,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":42,"introPage":49,"pages":56},"248f2187-198e-4d63-a0f8-097d4ad3a299",{"type":25,"title":41},"Who were the Ottomans?",{"id":43,"data":44,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"0813afed-2353-4487-84c7-3fddb8f6994a",{"type":35,"summary":45},[46,47,48],"The Ottoman Empire began as a small Anatolian tribe led by Osman I","Osman I's dream about a tree came to symbolize the Ottomans' ambition to build a empire","The Ottomans expanded their territory into Europe, including parts of Macedonia, Bulgaria, and Greece",{"id":50,"data":51,"type":52,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"c87b6dfa-10f2-4964-aa24-03952b85287f",{"type":52,"intro":53},10,[54,55],"How did the Ottomans go from tiny tribe to powerful empire?","What famous dream became a symbol of Ottoman expansion?",[57,86,112],{"id":58,"data":59,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"reviews":62},"2c686b2d-30f8-4813-b7e5-d4c363b343a0",{"type":24,"markdownContent":60,"audioMediaId":61},"The early modern period is usually defined as the span of centuries between 1450 and 1800. This was an era of empires, when some of the largest civilizations in human history came to blows around the world. They used new technology, like gunpowder weapons, and sent ships to explore the globe.\n\nOne of the many powerful forces to rise in this period was the Ottoman Empire. In roughly 1299, they started their life as a small Anatolian tribe, but by 1453, they had conquered Constantinople, and founded an empire that would influence the world for many centuries to come.\n\nThe Ottoman siege of Constantinople was so significant that modern historians often use it to mark the start of the early modern period. It set the scene for the next few centuries – a culture rising from humble beginnings, then claiming its place in the world.\n\n![Graph](image://90e9b2a0-8ad1-447d-aa64-cbe56a68ea26 \"Ottoman court. Image: Public domain\")","592ed949-94e5-4c73-aeb6-8428fa12c22d",[63,75],{"id":64,"data":65,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"53656368-4d31-43af-83ba-a3e627831564",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":67,"multiChoiceCorrect":69,"multiChoiceIncorrect":71,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},11,[68],"The early modern period is usually defined by which approximate start and end points?",[70],"1450 and 1800",[72,73,74],"1550 and 1900","1450 and 1900","1550 and 1800",{"id":76,"data":77,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"deda7f1c-e5a4-4346-8c61-2844538fe130",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":78,"multiChoiceCorrect":80,"multiChoiceIncorrect":82,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[79],"What specific event is often used by historians to mark the start of the early modern period?",[81],"The Ottoman siege of Constantinople",[83,84,85],"The accession of Henry VIII","The Ottoman Siege of Vienna","The accession of Mehmed II",{"id":87,"data":88,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":91},"78d7e9a9-8b34-4c43-afae-9696b5c6db41",{"type":24,"markdownContent":89,"audioMediaId":90},"As we already mentioned, the origins of the Ottoman Empire can be traced back to a small, Muslim tribe from Anatolia – a region which now forms a part of modern Turkey. The tribe was led by Osman I. The word ‘Ottoman’ is derived from his name.\n\n![Graph](image://377ad75b-54fd-4a52-a843-f45524ae694d \"Anatoli. Image: Svenurban, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nNo written sources survive from Osman’s lifetime, but he is believed to have been a skillful and charismatic leader. During his reign, the tribe started to expand, claiming territory from other Anatolian tribes.\n\nAgain, no sources survive from this period. But somehow, the Ottomans claimed a significant chunk of land. Some historians believe that their expansion was driven by a fervor to spread their Islamic beliefs, but this theory is not widely accepted. Ultimately, no one knows how or why the Ottomans did it, but one way or another, they took control of Anatolia.\n\n![Graph](image://2f86af69-7d63-4054-9602-c27cd306c180 \"Osman I. Image: Public domain\")","1842d136-6f59-4e69-a8a1-3fe3bad9826f",[92],{"id":93,"data":94,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"19d5fbfc-75ce-4cdf-96d2-9e5b209f3158",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":95,"multiChoiceQuestion":99,"multiChoiceCorrect":101,"multiChoiceIncorrect":103,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":107,"matchPairsPairs":109},[96,97,98],"a93c7be0-5ded-4f5a-b2c3-df4cb9138200","ab4ca573-85f5-4369-aa63-92b4faac17d1","a2f86bf3-58eb-437a-b93a-990cb8adf3cb",[100],"Which of these was the original home of the Ottomans?",[102],"Anatolia",[104,105,106],"Andes","Niger River","Caspian coast",[108],"Match the pairs below:",[110],{"left":111,"right":102,"direction":35},"Original home of the Ottomans",{"id":113,"data":114,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":36,"reviews":117},"5fd80d1c-3a45-47f7-b7b4-c0861ae1aaad",{"type":24,"markdownContent":115,"audioMediaId":116},"Osman died in 1323 or 1324, probably from gout – a form of inflammatory arthritis. After his death, stories were told about him, and he became a legendary figure in early Ottoman folklore.\n\nThe most famous story was the tale of Osman’s dream. Supposedly, when Osman was still a young man, he dreamt about a tree growing out from his navel, with branches so wide that they cast shade on the entire world.\n\nThis dream was a metaphor for Ottoman ambition: they wanted to build an empire as large as that tree. Osman’s successors set out to continue what he'd started; over the next few decades, they took control of parts of Macedonia, Kosovo, Bulgaria, Hungary, Serbia and Greece. It was an incredible rise – from that tiny tribe, to an empire spanning from Asia into Europe.\n\nBut for the Ottoman Empire, this was still only the start.","a068b23b-7510-4b32-9831-59f9aced1121",[118,136,156,163],{"id":119,"data":120,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"9bb88b83-320d-455c-9ae9-5a9d1bfd7fc2",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":121,"multiChoiceQuestion":125,"multiChoiceCorrect":127,"multiChoiceIncorrect":129,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":133,"matchPairsPairs":134},[122,123,124],"dc006b7a-bf90-47ce-99c0-3f1198e2ffe9","bc300c67-d3f5-40ec-b52d-1a6b4d6d577e","9318d734-6375-45a1-9f9a-c9d51e3e936f",[126],"Which of these figures founded the Ottoman Empire?",[128],"Osman I",[130,131,132],"Manco Capac","Sonni Ali the Great","Isabella & Ferdinand",[108],[135],{"left":128,"right":33,"direction":35},{"id":137,"data":138,"type":66,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"d121b676-e6c4-4fbd-8d69-d91f48403bd4",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":139,"multiChoiceQuestion":143,"multiChoiceCorrect":145,"multiChoiceIncorrect":147,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":24,"orderQuestion":151,"orderItems":153},[140,141,142],"b0653ca1-8c69-4af3-8893-ffac6d20fe7f","30c86975-33bf-469f-ba5b-aa8e26e152d3","45510780-7ccb-48eb-9402-dc98188ba93b",[144],"In which year was the Ottoman Empire established?",[146],"1299",[148,149,150],"1492","1501","1526",[152],"Put the following in order:",[154],{"label":155,"reveal":146,"sortOrder":4},"Start of Ottoman Empire",{"id":157,"data":158,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"5198f998-601a-407c-8608-fdb381944bb1",{"type":66,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":159,"activeRecallAnswers":161},[160],"Supposedly, when Osman I was young, what dream did he have?",[162],"He dreamt about a tree with branches so wide that they covered the entire world",{"id":164,"data":165,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"a04ab715-e8dc-4ab6-8da7-fb9a51d7fa05",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":166,"multiChoiceCorrect":168,"multiChoiceIncorrect":170,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[167],"What killed Osman I?",[169],"Gout",[171,172,173],"Pneumonia","Arrow","Gunshot",{"id":175,"data":176,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":178,"introPage":186,"pages":192},"dbc1dc46-5e54-447f-9ca1-0493846b0faa",{"type":25,"title":177},"Golden age",{"id":179,"data":180,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"3400364f-ddaf-45d5-af94-1a217df00739",{"type":35,"summary":181},[182,183,184,185],"Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453, with the help of gunpowder cannons","The Ottomans became known for religious tolerance, allowing non-Muslims to practice freely","Suleiman the Magnificent ruled during the Ottoman Empire's golden age, expanding borders and supporting the arts","Suleiman sponsored numerous architectural projects, including mosques in Mecca, Istanbul, and Baghdad",{"id":187,"data":188,"type":52,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"8dcd6fba-5799-437f-a0ce-70e35e22876a",{"type":52,"intro":189},[190,191],"Which new type of weapon changed the course of early modern history?","What cultural contributions defined the Ottoman golden age?",[193,217,241],{"id":194,"data":195,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":198},"f53af043-546d-49d3-9a36-8e3bac5162c9",{"type":24,"markdownContent":196,"audioMediaId":197},"In 1444 CE, Mehmed II ascended to the Ottoman throne. He was a direct descendant of Osman I – who'd died approximately 150 years earlier – and found himself ruling a large, Islamic empire.\n\n![Graph](image://730a48d8-d7cc-40df-bc73-cc2ad17d4540 \"Mehmed II. Image: Public domain\")\n\nBut there was one piece of land which eluded the Ottomans: the Christian city of Constantinople, in what is now north-western Turkey. This ancient city's colossal walls had been standing firm since the days of the Roman Empire. These walls were so large and heavily fortified that many people believed that the city was utterly impenetrable.\n\nThese people were wrong. In 1453, Mehmed II laid siege to Constantinople, with the help of some cutting-edge gunpowder cannons designed by a Hungarian engineer. These cannons blasted through the city walls, and the Ottomans took control. This city’s name was later changed to Istanbul.\n\n![Graph](image://906a4cfc-4a62-4b29-8d46-b0e4d872921e \"Siege of Constantinople. Image: Public domain\")\n\nSome modern historians refer to the Ottomans as a ‘gunpowder empire’. This new technology saw a shift in traditional power dynamics throughout the early modern era.","fcfeafdd-6f00-4b64-91df-29ab65c14c60",[199,210],{"id":200,"data":201,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"5439ce71-2424-41f2-8b8c-12af5aea8d99",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":202,"multiChoiceCorrect":204,"multiChoiceIncorrect":206,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[203],"Who was the direct descendant of Osman I who ascended to the Ottoman throne in 1444 CE?",[205],"Mehmed II",[207,208,209],"Suleiman I","Selim I","Murad II",{"id":211,"data":212,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"b57b5c88-40f6-4c03-b60a-f45cf6a3673f",{"type":66,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":213,"activeRecallAnswers":215},[214],"What cutting-edge technology helped the Ottomans claim Constantinople?",[216],"Gunpowder cannons",{"id":218,"data":219,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":222},"82d85f1f-a658-469b-b7a1-e268a237901b",{"type":24,"markdownContent":220,"audioMediaId":221},"The Ottomans were renowned for their fearsome leaders and gunpowder weaponry, but this empire also had a softer side. They became widely known for their religious tolerance, as they generally allowed non-Muslims in their empire to freely practice their own religion.\n\nThey even allowed non-Muslim communities to have their own courts, called Millets. These courts were allowed to follow religious laws, like Jewish halakha or Christian canon, instead of a centralized Ottoman code.\n\nHowever, this religious tolerance did have certain limits. For example, the Devshirme system took young boys from Christian families. These boys received a first-class education, and often became advisors to the Ottoman government, or part of an elite group of soldiers called the Janissaries. However, they were also carefully converted to Islam.\n\n![Graph](image://0c2a94fe-ba3c-4dc9-8a76-97bf883a969e \"Janissaries. Image: Public domain\")","607a440f-adcd-4202-afe6-d57a1114e35f",[223],{"id":224,"data":225,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"4804a176-c929-49a5-abd8-d3e2199d12c3",{"type":66,"reviewType":226,"spacingBehaviour":24,"matchPairsQuestion":227,"matchPairsPairs":228,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},6,[108],[229,232,235,238],{"left":230,"right":231,"direction":35},"Millet","Local court for non-Muslims",{"left":233,"right":234,"direction":35},"Devshirme","System for converting Christian boys",{"left":236,"right":237,"direction":35},"Janissary","Elite Ottoman soldier",{"left":239,"right":240,"direction":35},"Orban","None of these",{"id":242,"data":243,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":246},"cd38fa7a-5ea6-4624-b216-5b43c9d80579",{"type":24,"markdownContent":244,"audioMediaId":245},"While Osman I and Mehmed II are probably the most famous Ottoman rulers, the empire enjoyed its greatest years during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent. He ruled from 1520 to 1566, another century (give or take) after Mehmed II had claimed Constantinople.\n\n![Graph](image://3a41eb65-ef69-4e89-9da3-ea3aba906ac0 \"Suleiman the Magnificent. Image: Public domain\")\n\nDuring his reign, Suleiman continued to expand the empire’s borders. But he also made significant contributions to art, architecture and science.\n\nHundreds of artistic societies were given government funding. Suleiman himself was an accomplished poet and gardener. He was famous for cultivating a rare white tulip, which artists began to include in designs on pots and rugs.\n\nThis was also a golden age of Islamic architecture. Suleiman sponsored hundreds of projects, including stunning mosques in Mecca, Istanbul and Baghdad. Many of these mosques are still standing – an enduring legacy from the golden age of Suleiman the Magnificent.\n\n![Graph](image://d2f9a966-945e-45c2-806a-84c2f2e894e7 \"Süleymaniye Mosque, commissioned by Suleiman. Image: Hunanuk, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\")","b50ad25a-270c-46db-b90d-ce5ecadf5952",[247,265,283,290],{"id":248,"data":249,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"31af1c48-6d75-41ca-a683-9c786837fda1",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":250,"multiChoiceQuestion":254,"multiChoiceCorrect":256,"multiChoiceIncorrect":258,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":262,"matchPairsPairs":263},[251,252,253],"aa29db12-ae0f-4ebd-a9df-8d446a837b9b","1d41f6a4-df7f-47ac-b035-ad5c49f51e2c","1ccc5285-766a-4ec9-9c6c-5254601b728e",[255],"Which ruler sponsored hundreds of artistic societies during the golden age of Islamic art and architecture?",[257],"Suleiman the Magnificent",[259,260,261],"Queen Victoria","Shah Abbas","Shah Jahan",[108],[264],{"left":257,"right":33,"direction":35},{"id":266,"data":267,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"b3c48af3-2077-4b6d-81fa-d4072300120f",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":268,"multiChoiceQuestion":272,"multiChoiceCorrect":274,"multiChoiceIncorrect":276,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":280,"matchPairsPairs":281},[269,270,271],"26494c10-530a-42d9-999c-ee3a365294cb","090a11b9-8cdb-47a6-af85-4f08aa0be3fa","5fd164be-f111-4b93-8269-c485adcfb49a",[273],"Which of these would you most associate with the Ottoman Empire?",[275],"Gunpowder",[277,278,279],"Llamas","Cowrie shells","Woodblock prints",[108],[282],{"left":33,"right":275,"direction":35},{"id":284,"data":285,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"21af341d-0648-4fea-8a78-bb73e5356c67",{"type":66,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":286,"activeRecallAnswers":288},[287],"Suleiman the Magnificent was an accomplished gardener. What was he most famous for cultivating?",[289],"A rare white tulip",{"id":291,"data":292,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"8ae3d69e-a482-4bfe-b7fd-73252ae3fdcb",{"type":66,"reviewType":226,"spacingBehaviour":24,"matchPairsQuestion":293,"matchPairsPairs":294,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},[108],[295,297,299,301],{"left":128,"right":296,"direction":35},"Founder of the Ottoman Empire",{"left":205,"right":298,"direction":35},"Successfully sieged Constantinople",{"left":257,"right":300,"direction":35},"Oversaw an Ottoman golden age",{"left":302,"right":240,"direction":35},"Mehmed VI",{"id":304,"data":305,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":307,"introPage":314,"pages":320},"f022ca7d-1af6-419d-9a1f-96325ada0779",{"type":25,"title":306},"Decline of the Ottomans",{"id":308,"data":309,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"4051f3e8-803d-41c5-9d73-e6386a6f0d04",{"type":35,"summary":310},[311,312,313],"The decline of the Ottomans began in the 1800s, with the onset of the Industrial Revolution","The Ottomans were then defeated in World War One, leading to the official collapse of their empire","The Ottoman Empire left a lasting legacy in modern Turkey, for example their Islamic architecture",{"id":315,"data":316,"type":52,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"8867ede0-9e9a-4cfe-b83b-05350ae9121b",{"type":52,"intro":317},[318,319],"How did World War One strike a final blow to the Ottomans?","What kind of legacy did the Ottoman Empire leave behind?",[321,334,351],{"id":322,"data":323,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":326},"cfa380ae-f3cb-4ee8-9191-005ab080edaa",{"type":24,"markdownContent":324,"audioMediaId":325},"Historians once believed that the Ottoman Empire declined after Suleiman the Magnificent's reign, but this is no longer widely accepted.\n\nThey did shift their attention from territorial expansion, and began to focus on securing their borders instead, but this should not be seen as a sign of decline. They were simply adapting to changing times, as other empires were rising on either side, and they needed to secure their position.\n\nThey also began to pursue trade deals with some of these other powers. In the 1700s, they drew up treaties with Britain, Holland, Denmark, Prussia and France. Again, these deals were not a sign of Ottoman weakness. They were simply adapting to the changing world.\n\n![Graph](image://4d11b056-7f36-4d9f-b4b5-acfcd66d4498 \"Ottoman Empire at peak. Image: Dodobondo, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")","6c18ab91-9766-4dec-9116-551f83ee29cb",[327],{"id":328,"data":329,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"28707e0f-6b1e-4b3f-abbd-0e6a89091fa8",{"type":66,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":330,"activeRecallAnswers":332},[331],"In the 1700s, the Ottomans stopped expanding their territory. What did they focus on instead?",[333],"Securing their borders and setting up trade deals",{"id":335,"data":336,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":339},"fb0b809e-1df5-486b-823e-d3e38cc1337c",{"type":24,"markdownContent":337,"audioMediaId":338},"The real decline of the Ottoman Empire began in the 1800s. It is often linked to the Industrial Revolution, when European powers began to rapidly modernize. The Ottomans were unable to keep up, as Europe began to produce goods and weapons more efficiently than ever before.\n\nThe Industrial Revolution is often used to mark the end of the early modern era, and the beginning of modern history. It aligns with the lifespan of the Ottoman Empire – they rose at the start of the early modern era, and declined when the period reached its end.\n\nThis decline culminated in World War One, where the Ottomans fought on the side of Germany, and were heavily defeated by Allied forces. They lost almost 500,000 soldiers during the course of the war, and saw their territories claimed by foreign powers. This marked the official end of the Ottoman Empire, after six hundred years of rule.\n\n![Graph](image://23a1e156-f431-4f42-bdd2-c1be0683eb31 \"Ottomans at World War One. Image: Public domain\")","8d1bd5c5-0f45-40d7-95a3-f8edd8e276a4",[340],{"id":341,"data":342,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"70028db6-0bef-4ba7-b95e-e306de2aef54",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":343,"multiChoiceCorrect":345,"multiChoiceIncorrect":347,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[344],"What event is often linked to the decline of the Ottomans in the 1800s?",[346],"The Industrial Revolution",[348,349,350],"The French Revolution","Defeat at Battle of Vienna","Defeat at World War One",{"id":352,"data":353,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":356},"354eda73-51ca-4a06-8283-b1690676d5a1",{"type":24,"markdownContent":354,"audioMediaId":355},"The Ottoman Empire may have collapsed in the 1900s, but they left a lasting legacy on modern Turkey. For example, Islam remains the dominant faith in the country. If the Ottomans had never claimed control of the region, Turkey would probably be a Christian country instead.\n\nThe Islamic architecture of the Ottoman Empire is another legacy of their time in power. This is particularly evident in Istanbul, where iconic landmarks like Hagia Sophia are testament to Ottoman influence.\n\n![Graph](image://45a9f39a-7d4a-4f10-9113-6be07d6d2694 \"Hagia Sofia. Image: Public domain\")\n\nAnother legacy of the Ottoman Empire are the scars of the Armenian genocide. During World War One – the final years before Ottoman collapse – a million Armenians were put to death by the Ottoman government, who were supposedly trying to protect the state from an Armenian revolution. It was a dark ending for an empire once famed for its art, architecture, and tolerance.","cbd3841c-a520-4d9e-8a46-f6133b68ec67",[357,375,382],{"id":358,"data":359,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"d6b2ad2b-42a5-454c-ac1e-71f01809b45f",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":360,"multiChoiceQuestion":364,"multiChoiceCorrect":366,"multiChoiceIncorrect":368,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":372,"matchPairsPairs":373},[361,362,363],"fc8f0cff-b320-4fe6-83aa-91755b42e4d9","44ca4784-ddfe-434d-95ec-9d03d2a8522b","4da38bd9-6c2e-4ed2-9e7d-731bb83535bb",[365],"Which of these would you associate with the Ottoman Empire?",[367],"Hagia Sophia (mosque)",[369,370,371],"Taj Mahal (memorial)","Siku Quanshu (library)","Sankoré Madrasa (university)",[108],[374],{"left":33,"right":367,"direction":35},{"id":376,"data":377,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"b79f9335-5db8-4b47-ba8f-7767982fbbff",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":378,"multiChoiceCorrect":380,"multiChoiceIncorrect":381,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[379],"What event marked the official end of the Ottoman Empire, after six hundred years of rule?",[350],[346,348,349],{"id":383,"data":384,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"04fcb18a-7296-424d-a3a5-e5430680dcb0",{"type":66,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":385,"clozeWords":387},[386],"During World War One, a million Armenians were put to death by the Ottoman government.",[388],"Armenians",{"id":390,"data":391,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":36,"orbs":394},"6cbe6a65-ff32-4762-83f9-1d272e48f521",{"type":27,"title":392,"tagline":393},"Aztec Empire","The Mesoamerican powerhouse (1300 - 1521)",[395,487,604],{"id":396,"data":397,"type":25,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":399,"introPage":406,"pages":412},"59f5eb23-2063-4b62-b4ea-193ee47b530b",{"type":25,"title":398},"Who were the Aztecs?",{"id":400,"data":401,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"a5ab3c07-f013-4ab7-b11e-dae61a05f883",{"type":35,"summary":402},[403,404,405],"The Aztecs were a powerful Mesoamerican people who rose to prominence in the 14th century","The Aztecs settled at Lake Texcoco, where they founded the city of Tenochtitlán","Tenochtitlán became one of the most populous cities in the world, known for its grandeur and impressive architecture",{"id":407,"data":408,"type":52,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"990cc436-3df3-4325-97be-2bf827abeb04",{"type":52,"intro":409},[410,411],"How did a snake and an eagle help the Aztecs to find a home?","Why was Lake Texcoco such a perfect place for the Aztecs to build a city?",[413,430,443],{"id":414,"data":415,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":418},"291a1f90-d42d-4e78-8e8f-de69e5952c83",{"type":24,"markdownContent":416,"audioMediaId":417},"The Aztecs were a Mesoamerican people who rose to power in the 14th century, around the same time that the Ottoman Empire was rising in Anatolia.\n\n![Graph](image://3957bf2b-c270-4073-9fe5-1d096bbb3b03 \"An artist's impression of Aztec buildings. Image: Wolfgang Sauber, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nJust like the Ottomans, the Aztecs began as a small, nomadic tribe, before establishing an empire that stretched across much of Central America. This was before the first Europeans arrived on the continent – the Aztecs were the most powerful force in their part of the known world.\n\nReligion played an important role in Aztec society, and included human sacrifice, but this was only one aspect of Aztec culture. They were also skillful farmers, expressive poets, and the people who introduced chocolate, tomatoes, avocados and chillies to the world.","f4673c5d-cd76-42a9-a5c7-ea1f7f1219fd",[419],{"id":420,"data":421,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"bf6fa9d1-5a20-49a5-85f8-29bb06a383a6",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":422,"multiChoiceCorrect":424,"multiChoiceIncorrect":426,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[423],"In which century did the Aztecs first rise to power?",[425],"14th century",[427,428,429],"13th century","15th century","16th century",{"id":431,"data":432,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":435},"05650d21-338d-45ca-b3e9-01a4fd31a64e",{"type":24,"markdownContent":433,"audioMediaId":434},"\nThe Aztecs started life as a roaming tribe in northern Mexico. Supposedly, in 1323, this tribe saw a vision of an eagle sitting on a cactus, eating a snake. This vision told them where to build their future home.\n\n![Graph](image://df0d4840-2023-47eb-a98e-c05311aeb613 \"Aztec vision. Image: anonymous, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe Aztecs headed south, until they reached the marshy shores of Lake Texcoco. There, they saw an eagle perched atop a cactus with a snake in its beak – just as their vision predicted. This famous image is actually featured on the modern Mexican flag.\n\nThe Aztecs decided to settle at Lake Texcoco, where they founded the city of Tenochtitlán. The lake provided them with fertile soil for agriculture, and abundant fish stocks, while the surrounding swamps made it difficult for enemies to attack them. Over time, the city began to thrive.","d104a4fc-e937-471f-a933-129961668324",[436],{"id":437,"data":438,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"e47ab509-7b23-4dd9-8006-4e5fdcd819ea",{"type":66,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":439,"activeRecallAnswers":441},[440],"In 1323, what did the Aztecs supposedly see in a vision, then again on the shore of Lake Texcoco?",[442],"An eagle sitting on a cactus eating a snake",{"id":444,"data":445,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"reviews":448},"6d948678-4f13-4326-a37f-3c6064772391",{"type":24,"markdownContent":446,"audioMediaId":447},"The Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán grew into one of the most populous cities on the planet, with an estimated 350,000 inhabitants. In the rest of the world, only Paris, Venice and Constantinople would have rivaled it.\n\n![Graph](image://1a50f931-ed6a-460a-ac67-164fd5e02f09 \"The city of Tenochtitlán. Image: Mariana277, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe city was renowned for its grandeur, with impressive architecture such as temple-pyramids, and even a zoo within the walls of the emperor’s palace. This zoo had many exotic animals, including ocelots, bears and eagles.\n\nTenochtitlán was also home to many public works projects, such as aqueducts, bridges and canals. The streets were kept clean by an army of street cleaners who swept them daily. All in all, this glittering city must surely have been a sight to behold.","dc176656-dc94-4b88-b81b-5b186eb89e22",[449,468,480],{"id":450,"data":451,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"08172239-0df5-407c-a725-404b019f3bc1",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":452,"multiChoiceQuestion":456,"multiChoiceCorrect":458,"multiChoiceIncorrect":460,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":464,"matchPairsPairs":465},[453,454,455],"48e0cb9b-d586-4b03-9c54-f095afa488ac","61158cd0-f932-46cd-8a44-8c5e7bffd55a","ad026844-7427-4988-9b74-68ec0501dc0a",[457],"Which of these was the Aztec capital?",[459],"Tenochtitlán",[461,462,463],"Cusco","Timbuktu","Tabriz",[108],[466],{"left":467,"right":459,"direction":35},"Aztec capital",{"id":469,"data":470,"type":66,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"64c8fa41-b4db-4219-9e50-efedd067513f",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":471,"multiChoiceCorrect":473,"multiChoiceIncorrect":477,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":21,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[472],"Tenochtitlán was one of the most populous cities on the planet. At the time, it would only have been rivaled by which other cities?",[474,475,476],"Paris","Venice","Constantinople",[478,479],"London","Rome",{"id":481,"data":482,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"51a7e296-ae38-4ac8-b238-044035d7cffd",{"type":66,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":483,"activeRecallAnswers":485},[484],"What unusual attraction could be found within the walls of the emperor's palace in Tenochtitlán?",[486],"A zoo with many exotic animals, including ocelots, bears and eagles",{"id":488,"data":489,"type":25,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":491,"introPage":498,"pages":504},"6b2cdd16-b70d-4b98-b93c-41abd94ec0d9",{"type":25,"title":490},"Fighters and poets",{"id":492,"data":493,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"3f806067-00d0-4e7f-b7c0-29399f23e0d3",{"type":35,"summary":494},[495,496,497],"Aztec soldiers aimed to capture their enemies, to be used as sacrifices later","Aztecs farmers used floating fields, or 'chinampas', on the waters of Lake Texcoco","The Aztecs kept records on painted sheets of bark or deerhide, but usually performed poetry orally",{"id":499,"data":500,"type":52,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"90b7ba5b-65e5-4952-8d1a-1d484611bfb6",{"type":52,"intro":501},[502,503],"Instead of killing their enemies, what did the Aztecs do to them?","What important custom did the Aztecs refer to as 'flower song'?",[505,529,555,568],{"id":506,"data":507,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":510},"cf061015-5ec9-48d5-8c67-e80f6f13c4ce",{"type":24,"markdownContent":508,"audioMediaId":509},"The Aztecs began to build an empire in the early 15th century, taking control of many other city states in the region. Sometimes, they used diplomacy to form alliances, but at other times they used military force.\n\nThe city-states of Mesoamerica had an unusual way of fighting. Instead of killing enemy soldiers, the aim of the battle was usually to take them hostage.\n\nBecause of this, Aztec soldiers did not wear much armor. Instead, they would dress in animal skins. The Aztecs had elite units of jaguar warriors and eagle warriors, who dressed in the skins of these specific animals; these elite units were feared and respected, and captured higher numbers of enemy soldiers than anyone else.\n\n![Graph](image://994d2c26-2603-41f8-ab39-8af662ec39d4 \"Aztec warriors. Image: Public domain\")","1513f88c-838e-423c-a0f1-1e3798344b5a",[511,518],{"id":512,"data":513,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"242fd137-7535-4966-84a7-136e290f249b",{"type":66,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":514,"activeRecallAnswers":516},[515],"The Aztecs had elite units of warriors who dressed in the skins of which animals?",[517],"Jaguars and eagles",{"id":519,"data":520,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"bdc89da0-219e-4d25-ba03-0e247a72244e",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":521,"multiChoiceCorrect":523,"multiChoiceIncorrect":525,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[522],"Instead of killing enemy soldiers, Aztec warriors usually aimed to:",[524],"Take enemy soldiers hostage",[526,527,528],"Scare enemy soldiers away","Kill enemy civilians","Dismember enemy soldiers",{"id":530,"data":531,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":534},"521a8064-11d1-4ec1-b3f0-103527ad1310",{"type":24,"markdownContent":532,"audioMediaId":533},"The Aztecs took enemy soldiers captive because they wanted to sacrifice them later. This was an important function of military conflict: to collect enough sacrifices to appease the Aztec gods.\n\nThe most common type of sacrifice was heart-extraction. A priest would pull the heart from a person’s chest, then throw the body down the temple steps. Modern historians have found hundreds of skeletons at Aztec temples, which show how common this practice was.\n\nWhen Aztec cities were running low on sacrifices, they would sometimes engage in Flowery Wars. This was when two allied cities would hold a mock battle, which had no political or military purpose, but which allowed both sides to collect some new sacrifices from the enemy army.\n\n![Graph](image://31197da1-12b2-41fe-9b48-6b3e70d6d6b6 \"Aztec sacrifice. Image: Public domain\")","0f6e278b-da79-4dbe-9a06-03ce52bae9ae",[535,544],{"id":536,"data":537,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"a926c515-5115-4465-89b2-1fd57f5a9a6d",{"type":66,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":538,"binaryCorrect":540,"binaryIncorrect":542},[539],"What type of sacrifice was most commonly practiced by the Aztecs?",[541],"Heart-extraction",[543],"Blood-letting",{"id":545,"data":546,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"eb8b20eb-2186-4a1b-bf69-51b9ed79f312",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":547,"multiChoiceCorrect":549,"multiChoiceIncorrect":551,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[548],"The Aztecs would organize mock battles with their neighbors, which let both sides capture some sacrifices. What were these mock battles called?",[550],"Flowery Wars",[552,553,554],"Blood Wars","Jaguar Wars","Shadow Wars",{"id":556,"data":557,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":560},"7262d26f-1fe8-4001-af8a-af78dee37af3",{"type":24,"markdownContent":558,"audioMediaId":559},"The Aztecs were mainly vegetarian, with their diet consisting of local crops like maize, beans and squash. They farmed these crops on chinampas – small, floating fields that they built on the surface of Lake Texcoco.\n\nWhen they did eat meat products, it usually consisted of fish and shrimp from the lake, or sometimes insects and insect eggs. They did not have many domesticated livestock, because everything they needed was available in the local environment.\n\nThe wealthier members of Aztec society often took part in religious feasts. The highlights of these feasts would be cups of drinking chocolate, and teonanácatl – a type of hallucinatory mushroom. These mushrooms brought visions to the Aztecs, and were also often used by priests.","51e67164-4100-4b60-b4fa-472c7ed450d1",[561],{"id":562,"data":563,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"86a2dff4-0bc9-4947-8291-21c31c96c737",{"type":66,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":564,"clozeWords":566},[565],"The Aztecs were mostly vegetarian, but would sometimes eat fish, shrimp, or insects.",[567],"insects",{"id":569,"data":570,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"reviews":573},"58c62fb4-c04c-46e3-b463-cefbe847fdae",{"type":24,"markdownContent":571,"audioMediaId":572},"The Aztecs kept records of their history and religion on painted sheets of bark or deerhide. These manuscripts are often referred to as codices by modern historians.\n\nUnlike most European manuscripts at the same time, the Aztec codices were dominated by pictures as opposed to written words. Historians have long debated whether these pictures should count as a writing system, or if the stories they tell would be better classified as visual artwork.\n\n![Graph](image://1b3fa80c-8c93-4c76-a729-f33861772e3f \"Aztec codex. Image: Public domain\")\n\nThe Aztecs were also keen poets, but these works were performed orally, as opposed to being written down. Their poems often included words paired together to express a more specific concept. Their term for poetry was an example of this: they called it in xochitl in cuicatl, which roughly translates as 'flower song.'","cb95de10-6818-472e-977e-d7c277d9dd6c",[574,590,597],{"id":575,"data":576,"type":66,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"436a0b67-9e52-4438-960a-93f7c2c46f8d",{"type":66,"reviewType":226,"spacingBehaviour":24,"matchPairsQuestion":577,"matchPairsPairs":578},[108],[579,582,585,588],{"left":580,"right":581,"direction":35},"Chinampa","Floating farms on Lake Texcoco",{"left":583,"right":584,"direction":35},"Teonanácatl","Hallucinatory mushroom",{"left":586,"right":587,"direction":35},"Xochitl in cuicatl","Aztec poetry ('flower song')",{"left":589,"right":240,"direction":35},"Quetzalcoatl",{"id":591,"data":592,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"29ea6dd7-5f9b-44eb-9f60-b2519aab2ba0",{"type":66,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":593,"activeRecallAnswers":595},[594],"What term is used for the painted sheets of bark or deerhide kept by the Aztecs to record their history and religion?",[596],"Codices",{"id":598,"data":599,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"6667e2e3-5471-4c94-9dd8-c8975a301358",{"type":66,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":600,"clozeWords":602},[601],"Unlike most European manuscripts, the Aztec codices were dominated by pictures as opposed to written words.",[603],"pictures",{"id":605,"data":606,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":608,"introPage":616,"pages":622},"a7d8b9ec-05d7-4997-ad0b-786b2f3e71e5",{"type":25,"title":607},"Decline of the Aztecs",{"id":609,"data":610,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"333d0a88-f9c0-43e6-8849-51553f5901c0",{"type":35,"summary":611},[612,613,614,615],"A group of Spanish conquistadors led by Hernán Cortés arrived in the Aztec Empire in 1519","Emperor Moctezuma wanted to befriend them, but the Aztecs betrayed him and looted the city","The Spanish later returned with a larger army, including native allies, and destroyed Tenochtitlán","The Aztec legacy was wiped away by the Spaniards, who imposed their language and culture",{"id":617,"data":618,"type":52,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"4af05a30-717c-4c73-a198-f1fafd773acd",{"type":52,"intro":619},[620,621],"Which mysterious people arrived at the edge of the Aztec Empire in 1519?","How did the mighty Aztec Empire fall?",[623,649,684],{"id":624,"data":625,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":628},"d0ad4728-0957-4c2a-bad5-c384837df379",{"type":24,"markdownContent":626,"audioMediaId":627},"\nIn 1519, when the Aztecs were at the height of their power, a strange race of people arrived at the edge of the empire. These were Spanish conquistadors led by Hernán Cortés, who had sailed from Cuba with just 500 men and 11 ships.\n\n![Graph](image://0ffdc1d1-6d93-44bb-84d3-f2b3c60fa2e2 \"Hernán Cortés. Image: Public domain\")\n\nThis was the first time in history that Aztecs and Europeans had met. The Aztec Emperor – Moctezuma II – was initially suspicious, but decided to invite the Spaniards to visit Tenochtitlán. The Spanish toured the city and saw the many Aztec temples, markets and palaces, while Moctezuma gave them expensive gifts.\n\nIt is hard to know why Moctezuma was so welcoming. A common story states that he mistook the Spaniards for gods, but this was probably invented by the Spaniards as a way to flatter themselves. In reality, Moctezuma probably hoped that befriending the Spanish would bring diplomatic advantages.","342893fd-af59-4ac0-9cf7-4a267ac2ee29",[629,640],{"id":630,"data":631,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"589574d1-c1f3-4c7c-9690-8584fbf4cc7f",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":632,"multiChoiceCorrect":634,"multiChoiceIncorrect":636,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[633],"In 1519, when the Aztecs were at the height of their power, who arrived at the edge of the empire?",[635],"The Spanish, led by Hernán Cortés",[637,638,639],"The Spanish, led by Francisco Pizarro","The British, led by John Cabot","The British, led by Walter Raleigh",{"id":641,"data":642,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"4829feec-aa07-444d-ab35-cc4f70b5291c",{"type":66,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":643,"binaryCorrect":645,"binaryIncorrect":647},[644],"How many ships and men did Cortés bring with him when he arrived at the edge of the Aztec Empire?",[646],"500 men and 11 ships",[648],"1000 men and 5 ships",{"id":650,"data":651,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":654},"a1aee765-0e7f-4f6a-8115-c343111dcf71",{"type":24,"markdownContent":652,"audioMediaId":653},"\nMoctezuma’s decision to invite the Spaniards into Tenochtitlán was a mistake. The Spanish captured him, leading to his death in unknown circumstances, then fled the city with as much gold as they could carry. Hundreds of them were killed on the way out, but a few of them, including Hernán Cortés, made it out alive.\n\nThe Spaniards regrouped, and a year later, they returned to lay siege to Tenochtitlán. Their army now consisted of a thousand Spaniards armed with cannons and explosives, plus tens of thousands of local warriors who wanted to see the Aztecs fall.\n\n![Graph](image://2a7e6739-ca2e-40c9-8105-85afc726dea0 \"Siege of Tenochtitlán. Image: Public domain\")\n\nAs powerful as they were, the Aztecs could not cope with such a large and technologically sophisticated force. After 93 days, their defenses collapsed. The Spaniards surged into the city, destroying temples and burning districts, killing hundreds of thousands of Aztecs along the way. This marked the official end of the Aztec Empire.","cf42402c-5f46-4fd7-a97b-71bf1db487d0",[655,666],{"id":656,"data":657,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"c4effdcc-bfd2-4f21-b905-060ea6f6c514",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":658,"multiChoiceCorrect":660,"multiChoiceIncorrect":662,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[659],"Which Aztec emperor greeted the Spanish when they arrived at Tenochtitlán?",[661],"Moctezuma ",[663,664,665],"Axayacatl","Itzcoatl","Tizoc",{"id":667,"data":668,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"9197551e-0edb-49a8-b7f7-da02a6a74543",{"type":66,"reviewType":226,"spacingBehaviour":24,"matchPairsQuestion":669,"matchPairsPairs":671,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},[670],"Put these events in order (1 = earliest, 4 = latest)",[672,675,678,681],{"left":673,"right":674,"direction":35},"1","Emperor Moctezuma invited the Spanish into Tenochtitlán",{"left":676,"right":677,"direction":35},"2","The Spanish fled from Tenochtitlán with stolen gold",{"left":679,"right":680,"direction":35},"3","The Spanish allied with tens of thousands of locals",{"left":682,"right":683,"direction":35},"4","The Spanish burned Tenochtitlán to the ground",{"id":685,"data":686,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":689},"d7819dc8-53e1-4d08-972c-033c1c588299",{"type":24,"markdownContent":687,"audioMediaId":688},"The Aztecs left a lasting legacy, particularly in terms of food. Chocolate is one of the most popular foods in the modern world, while other Aztec staples like tomatoes and chillies are also vital components of many modern cuisines.\n\nUnfortunately, most of the Aztec legacy was wiped away by the Spaniards. As well as burning down the once-glorious capital of Tenochtitlán, they set about destroying Aztec codices, and stamping out all traces of Aztec religion.\n\nThey also imposed their own language and culture on the people of Mexico. In the modern day, this part of the world still speaks Spanish and practices Christianity. Looking at the country now, it is hard to believe that the Aztecs ruled there just a few hundred years in the past.","90275788-2c8d-44b0-b3eb-72428726c2d8",[690,697],{"id":691,"data":692,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"e4cccc75-7fa8-4780-96fc-ca37f8a3d636",{"type":66,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":693,"activeRecallAnswers":695},[694],"What happened to the majority of Aztec codices after the Siege of Tenochtitlán?",[696],"They were destroyed by the Spanish",{"id":698,"data":699,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"4445fbf1-696e-4ca4-b10c-4d4a0c569f93",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":700,"multiChoiceCorrect":702,"multiChoiceIncorrect":706,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":21,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[701],"Which of these modern foods were introduced to Europeans by the Aztecs?",[703,704,705],"Tomatoes","Chocolate","Chillies",[707],"Nutmeg",{"id":709,"data":710,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":713},"60610911-e9a6-4a52-93f1-4ea0a48f28df",{"type":27,"title":711,"tagline":712},"Incan Empire","The South American powerhouse of South America (1438 - 1533)",[714,828,917],{"id":715,"data":716,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":718,"introPage":726,"pages":732},"9cb7038c-cd3f-4102-8d32-c3609fc1a85d",{"type":25,"title":717},"Who were the Incas?",{"id":719,"data":720,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"c9c99046-054a-4287-abc4-140436a6db67",{"type":35,"summary":721},[722,723,724,725],"The Incas were a powerful civilization in the Andes Mountains of South America","They built impressive cities like Cuzco and Machu Picchu without mortar","They venerated llamas as sacred animals, and used them for food and clothing","They built an advanced system of roads and bridges that helped them control their empire",{"id":727,"data":728,"type":52,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"9d68c12d-e11f-43f0-bd34-6f1813b8d3fc",{"type":52,"intro":729},[730,731],"Who was the first ever Incan ruler, and what was special about his staff?","Which spitting animal did the Incas regard as sacred?",[733,748,773],{"id":734,"data":735,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":738},"349c2b03-c5b1-4554-aa1f-795d702df6e1",{"type":24,"markdownContent":736,"audioMediaId":737},"The Incas were a powerful civilization that flourished in the Andes Mountains of South America. They built impressive cities like Cusco and Machu Picchu, with monumental buildings constructed using large stones cut and fitted together without mortar.\n\n![Graph](image://8f24ce6c-e2f1-4aa8-90bf-b4df7d090e8f \"Machu Picchu today. Image: Diego Delso, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe Incas’ territory was rich in gold, silver and other precious metals, which they often used for religious purposes, like making intricate staffs for priests. They also venerated llamas as sacred animals, as well as using them for food and clothing.\n\nThe Incas were ruled by emperors known as the Sapa Inca, who held absolute power over their subjects. At the height of its power, this empire stretched all the way down the western coast of South America, from modern Ecuador to Chile.","cbbaf93a-919f-4302-9c94-7283d6ec6422",[739],{"id":740,"data":741,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"22ab760d-beeb-4bc1-9c2c-8b3d7b1c8325",{"type":66,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":742,"binaryCorrect":744,"binaryIncorrect":746},[743],"The Incas were ruled by emperors known as what?",[745],"The Sapa Inca",[747],"The Supo Inca",{"id":749,"data":750,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":753},"601626a9-ee02-4888-94e8-deb752819bfb",{"type":24,"markdownContent":751,"audioMediaId":752},"The Incas started off as a farming settlement in the Andes mountains of Peru. Their first ruler was Manco Capac, who was said to carry a golden staff. According to legend, he and his sisters built the city of Cusco after Manco Capac had stuck this staff in the ground.\n\nThe Incas continued to grow in strength, and in the 15th century, they started to build an empire. Whenever they encountered another tribe, they tried to come to diplomatic agreements, but if the tribe refused, the Incas would use their military might instead.\n\n![Graph](image://4c41205c-583e-41ac-a7af-dab9809b71b6 \"Manco Capac. Image: Rodolfo pimentel, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nWhile the Incas’ territory was rich in gold and precious metals, they did not have access to iron or steel. Because of this, they used wooden weapons, like clubs and spears. Sometimes, they would also take advantage of the mountainous terrain, rolling rocks down slopes to crush enemy soldiers.","cc22a289-7c53-4dbc-a069-f4b44bcf52f8",[754,765],{"id":122,"data":755,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":756,"multiChoiceQuestion":757,"multiChoiceCorrect":759,"multiChoiceIncorrect":760,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":761,"matchPairsPairs":762},[119,123,124],[758],"Which of these figures founded the Incan Empire?",[130],[128,131,132],[108],[763],{"left":130,"right":764,"direction":35},"Incan empire",{"id":766,"data":767,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"4a291704-9afd-4858-9fe1-32ce7bf7f4f1",{"type":66,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":768,"binaryCorrect":770,"binaryIncorrect":771},[769],"According to legend, which city did Manco Capac and his sisters build?",[461],[772],"Lima",{"id":774,"data":775,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":778},"ea18f07e-911b-4c3c-ac97-c191c5ceedf0",{"type":24,"markdownContent":776,"audioMediaId":777},"As the Incas claimed more and more territory, they also made sure to build infrastructure which kept their empire interconnected.\n\nThey built roads through mountains and valleys, which meant that goods, messages and government officials could travel easily from place to place. They even constructed rope bridges over treacherous ravines and gorges. These bridges were extremely strong, and marvels of early modern engineering.\n\n![Graph](image://29f8127d-2c5c-4eba-bbd1-0f3c7dfd1cf7 \"Incan bridge. Image: Ondando, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThese roads and bridges were suitable for llamas, which were often used for transport, as well as chasqui runners: professional messengers who carried documents around the empire. All in all, it was an advanced system – especially for the time – which helped the Incas to maintain communication and control.\n\n![Graph](image://c48c7257-4def-403f-959d-151a5b9f81d6 \"Chasqui runner. Image: Public domain\")","1e38911e-b925-4cac-bb58-d735e08cbc42",[779,790,801,812,819],{"id":96,"data":780,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":781,"multiChoiceQuestion":782,"multiChoiceCorrect":784,"multiChoiceIncorrect":785,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":786,"matchPairsPairs":787},[93,97,98],[783],"Which of these was the original home of the Incas?",[104],[102,105,106],[108],[788],{"left":789,"right":104,"direction":35},"Original home of the Incas",{"id":453,"data":791,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":792,"multiChoiceQuestion":793,"multiChoiceCorrect":795,"multiChoiceIncorrect":796,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":797,"matchPairsPairs":798},[450,454,455],[794],"Which of these was the Incan capital?",[461],[459,462,463],[108],[799],{"left":800,"right":461,"direction":35},"Incan capital",{"id":802,"data":803,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"b4fcd437-81ee-4a60-901c-7b94daeff34c",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":804,"multiChoiceCorrect":806,"multiChoiceIncorrect":809,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":21,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[805],"Which of these materials was abundant in Incan territories?",[807,808],"Gold","Silver",[810,811],"Iron","Steel",{"id":813,"data":814,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"cf93d570-d959-423b-976b-352304e607ad",{"type":66,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":815,"clozeWords":817},[816],"The Incas built roads through mountains and valleys, and rope bridges over ravines.",[818],"rope bridges",{"id":820,"data":821,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"35a3f14c-9368-4d3a-b0cf-cd22e17b116a",{"type":66,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":822,"binaryCorrect":824,"binaryIncorrect":826},[823],"What was the name of the professional messengers employed throughout the Inca empire?",[825],"Chasqui runners",[827],"Quipu runners",{"id":829,"data":830,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":832,"introPage":839,"pages":845},"05250a08-885e-4d55-b1c2-e1024fc8ae03",{"type":25,"title":831},"Knots and gold",{"id":833,"data":834,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"b86bae86-6c30-485a-b83c-a8eab13447e9",{"type":35,"summary":835},[836,837,838],"The Incas used a system of quipu knots for communication and record-keeping","Llamas played a significant role in Inca religion and stories","Gold was considered sacred by the Incas, and represented the sun's regenerative powers",{"id":840,"data":841,"type":52,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"29358a7e-953b-4d80-873c-d9c1dadc14cb",{"type":52,"intro":842},[843,844],"What was unique about the Incan writing system?","What precious metal did the Incas call sweat of the sun?",[846,863,886],{"id":847,"data":848,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":851},"28058f5d-34f3-450d-b82a-4865cda7a2c9",{"type":24,"markdownContent":849,"audioMediaId":850},"\nThe Incas did have a writing system, but it was unlike anything else in the world. They communicated using quipu knots: strings of knotted cords, usually made from cotton or animal fibres.\n\nThe knots were tied in different ways to represent different numerical values. This allowed the Incas to keep track of their taxes and census data with great accuracy. These records were often carried around the empire by the chasqui messengers.\n\nHistorians believe that quipus were used for more than just numerical records; they think the Incas also used them to store words and literary content such as stories or poems. Unfortunately, though, any stories told by quipu knots are yet to be decoded.\n\n![Graph](image://0f5b90dd-38d6-424d-92f1-31ade6905eac \"Quipu knots. Image: Claus Ableiter nur hochgeladen aus enWiki, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/>, via Wikimedia Commons\")","9c5741cc-d218-41ed-9b76-d1cb438854f0",[852],{"id":853,"data":854,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"6dae7598-6702-4520-bcf9-b1fee5714982",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":855,"multiChoiceCorrect":857,"multiChoiceIncorrect":859,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[856],"How did the Incas keep track of their taxes and census data?",[858],"Quipu knots",[860,861,862],"Deer-hide codices","Clay tablets","Oral reports",{"id":864,"data":865,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":868},"3749797d-fabc-48c2-9a6d-cfec8b3cd4fd",{"type":24,"markdownContent":866,"audioMediaId":867},"The Incas believed in a pantheon of gods, with the sun god Inti being the most important. They built temples to honor him, such as the Sun Temple in Cusco, which had walls completely covered by sheets of gold.\n\nLlamas were also important animals in Inca religion, and played a role in many of their oldest stories. For example, in one story, the llamas warned people to move to higher ground. Afterwards, a flood swept through the valley, washing away all the people who did not listen.\n\nThe Incas often sacrificed llamas and alpacas, but they only practiced human sacrifice on rare occasions, like an emperor’s funeral. The sacrifices were usually children, probably because adults were no longer innocent and pure.","db2b15be-46e5-40be-b98c-3ca1f0836798",[869,876],{"id":870,"data":871,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"5ab865c5-069c-4562-816f-071e34ea7132",{"type":66,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":872,"activeRecallAnswers":874},[873],"Who was the Incan god of the sun?",[875],"Inti",{"id":877,"data":878,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"da4b641b-f655-417f-a3cc-eb6280599c94",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":879,"multiChoiceCorrect":881,"multiChoiceIncorrect":883,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[880],"The Incas occasionally sacrificed children. But what did they sacrifice more often?",[882],"Both of these",[277,884,885],"Alpacas","Neither of these",{"id":887,"data":888,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":891},"aee1fd76-5b79-4ddf-8532-6b1c4b2b90a2",{"type":24,"markdownContent":889,"audioMediaId":890},"The Incas had access to vast supplies of gold and silver, but they did not view these precious metals in terms of pure material value. Instead, they had religious importance.\n\nThe Incas believed gold was the sweat of the sun, and represented the sun's regenerative powers. Temples were often adorned with gold, while priests wore golden jewelry and carried golden staffs.\n\nThe neighboring Muisca people had access to even more gold than the Incas. Supposedly, the Muisca chief would cover his body in gold dust, then jump into a lake as part of a religious ritual. Stories like these may have inspired the myth of El Dorado – a city of gold which was said to exist somewhere deep in South America.","31240b42-2eeb-4ed6-b85f-0267b0a617e3",[892,899,906],{"id":893,"data":894,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"d1910090-e861-4306-96c8-c0365f9ee053",{"type":66,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":895,"clozeWords":897},[896],"According to Incan religion, gold was the sweat of the sun.",[898],"sweat",{"id":900,"data":901,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"dd879a0d-5b78-47ae-947b-71205b5e261f",{"type":66,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":902,"activeRecallAnswers":904},[903],"Which neighboring civilization had even more gold than the Incas?",[905],"Muisca people",{"id":907,"data":908,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"43b57647-6bd2-4eda-81f1-736011fbf900",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":909,"multiChoiceCorrect":911,"multiChoiceIncorrect":913,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[910],"What mythical city may have been inspired by the gold-rich Muisca?",[912],"El Dorado",[914,915,916],"Atlantis","Shangri-La","Xanadu",{"id":918,"data":919,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":921,"introPage":929,"pages":935},"706f32a1-e15f-4104-9e3f-b6a5a068cef5",{"type":25,"title":920},"Decline of the Incas",{"id":922,"data":923,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"23f5e25f-7a09-4547-90e4-4d5a435fa8b0",{"type":35,"summary":924},[925,926,927,928],"Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro captured Emperor Atahualpa in 1532","The Inca Empire collapsed after that, due to weak leadership and European diseases","Incas were enslaved, and their culture suppressed, as they fell under Spanish rule","Machu Picchu survived the Spanish conquest and is now an important archaeological site",{"id":930,"data":931,"type":52,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"d515da90-58db-453c-8969-97c733308aa9",{"type":52,"intro":932},[933,934],"How did a small group of Spaniards manage to capture the Incan emperor?","How did the Incan Empire finally fall?",[936,958,988],{"id":937,"data":938,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":941},"7b17fd2b-7a9e-4b20-bb17-d92f47d8d9a6",{"type":24,"markdownContent":939,"audioMediaId":940},"In 1532, Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro arrived at the edge of the Inca Empire with a small force of men. He caught the Incas during a period of instability; a recent succession crisis had only just been resolved, with Atahualpa becoming Sapa Inca.\n\n![Graph](image://e39d2831-9a65-4fb1-a4c5-2a5e39f80ad2 \"Atuahalpa. Image: Public domain\")\n\nAtahualpa decided to meet with the Spanish. They assembled in the town of Cajamarca, and a Spanish priest was sent forward to speak with Atahualpa. The priest offered the Sapa Inca a Bible – the Spanish thought, if they could convert Atahualpa to Christianity, there would be no need for fighting.\n\nBut Atahualpa had never seen a book before. He put it next to his ear and waited for it to talk to him. When it did not, he threw the Bible to the ground, exasperated. The Spanish were insulted, and launched an attack, killing 2000 Incas and taking Atahualpa hostage.","9abb022d-513b-493c-babc-19e5e296e5f2",[942,949],{"id":943,"data":944,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"c56cf9d0-d3b0-451f-b330-67fd184e00f0",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":945,"multiChoiceCorrect":947,"multiChoiceIncorrect":948,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[946],"In 1532, who arrived at the edge of the Incan empire?",[637],[635,638,639],{"id":950,"data":951,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"ea37f98f-c882-4140-8817-9d541d1f5fdf",{"type":66,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":952,"binaryCorrect":954,"binaryIncorrect":956},[953],"When the Spanish arrived in the Incan empire, who had recently become Sapa Inca?",[955],"Atahualpa",[957],"Moctezuma",{"id":959,"data":960,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":963},"6230fb40-236a-4892-8474-553636c575f5",{"type":24,"markdownContent":961,"audioMediaId":962},"After taking Atahualpa hostage, the Spanish demanded a room full of gold in return for the emperor’s life. The Incas scrambled to do as the Spanish had asked, but when the gold was assembled, the Spanish killed Atahualpa anyway.\n\nWithout their Sapa Inca, the empire’s collapse was swift and devastating. Several new emperors came to power, but they were weak and easily defeated. To make things worse, many Incas were killed by European diseases such as smallpox, which they had no natural immunity against. In some places, more than 90% of the local people were killed by European disease.\n\nThose who survived faced a new way of life under Spanish rule, with their culture and religion suppressed and replaced with Catholicism. Thousands of Incas were enslaved by the Spaniards, and forced to work in mines.","fbda7270-220f-4d1d-9d7e-094a25586293",[964,977],{"id":965,"data":966,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"f8149aaa-4a62-45e3-8436-53370de9cf8c",{"type":66,"reviewType":226,"spacingBehaviour":24,"matchPairsQuestion":967,"matchPairsPairs":968,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},[670],[969,971,973,975],{"left":673,"right":970,"direction":35},"The Spanish meet the Incas at Cajamarca",{"left":676,"right":972,"direction":35},"The Spanish take Atahualpa hostage",{"left":679,"right":974,"direction":35},"The Spanish demand a whole room full of gold",{"left":682,"right":976,"direction":35},"The Spanish kill Atahualpa",{"id":978,"data":979,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"36ad0cd3-5aeb-4ff7-8adb-190260951910",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":980,"multiChoiceCorrect":982,"multiChoiceIncorrect":984,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[981],"In some places, more than 90% of Incan people were killed by what?",[983],"European diseases",[985,986,987],"Rival tribes","Spanish invaders","Catholic priests",{"id":989,"data":990,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":993},"8471e4e4-852f-491b-b74f-c5c7f93f2972",{"type":24,"markdownContent":991,"audioMediaId":992},"\nCertain aspects of the Incan Empire survived the Spanish onslaught. For example, in parts of modern Peru, millions of people still speak Quechua – a group of languages once spoken in the Incan Empire. In addition to this, some of their customs have survived, such as a traditional weaving technique using llama wool and natural dyes.\n\n![Graph](image://7a20a785-9ba6-4733-a88d-d137c09319be \"Quechua speaking children. Image: Thayne Tuason, CC BY 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nApart from this, most of the Incan legacy was eliminated by their Spanish conquerors. They destroyed temples, burned quipu knots, and stamped out any Incan religious practices.\n\nOne place which the Spanish did not manage to destroy was Machu Picchu: a mountain settlement so remote that the Spanish did not know it existed. It was rediscovered in the 1900s, and is a rich archaeological site. Its inhabitants probably died of smallpox, but their legacy lives on in the ruins and artifacts that historians can study today.","80a5ede1-b2af-4a00-bad0-befb0137ba2e",[994,1004,1011,1021],{"id":269,"data":995,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":996,"multiChoiceQuestion":997,"multiChoiceCorrect":999,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1000,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1001,"matchPairsPairs":1002},[266,270,271],[998],"Which of these would you most associate with the Incan Empire?",[277],[275,278,279],[108],[1003],{"left":711,"right":277,"direction":35},{"id":1005,"data":1006,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"36ac7777-2a58-473c-a975-b272fe056a0d",{"type":66,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1007,"clozeWords":1009},[1008],"In modern Peru, millions of people still speak Quechua – a group of languages once spoken by the Incas.",[1010],"Quechua",{"id":1012,"data":1013,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"b95412e3-4772-4a05-be4a-4f30688ac7d2",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1014,"multiChoiceCorrect":1016,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1018,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1015],"Which Incan city was so remote that the Spanish never discovered it?",[1017],"Machu Picchu",[461,1019,1020],"Ingapirca","Chan Chan",{"id":1022,"data":1023,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"a251d1a6-bd5a-465d-88b9-807eb87ce872",{"type":66,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1024,"activeRecallAnswers":1026},[1025],"How did the inhabitants of Machu Picchu probably die?",[1027],"Smallpox",{"id":1029,"data":1030,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":36,"orbs":1033},"372ee52a-9815-4f08-b1e9-b30bfdf4c3e9",{"type":27,"title":1031,"tagline":1032},"Songhai Empire ","Africa's largest empire (1464 - 1591)",[1034,1120,1249],{"id":1035,"data":1036,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1038,"introPage":1045,"pages":1051},"22e7d95f-a390-4924-bb09-9ccbf441b90b",{"type":25,"title":1037},"Who were the Songhai?",{"id":1039,"data":1040,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"d6a5d533-4469-47a1-b461-1de685d19028",{"type":35,"summary":1041},[1042,1043,1044],"The Songhai Empire was the largest empire in African history","The Songhai people, originally known as the Gao, settled along the Niger River","The Songhai became a key trading hub, and were also known for their wealth and scholarship",{"id":1046,"data":1047,"type":52,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"0fc50dce-5679-487e-8d2a-5b8ec97f9ca5",{"type":52,"intro":1048},[1049,1050],"How did the Songhai go from tiny tribe to Africa's largest empire?","How did the Songhai use trade to build their wealth?",[1052,1076],{"id":1053,"data":1054,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1057},"c09746ae-4a81-42de-811e-593942cc3fe4",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1055,"audioMediaId":1056},"The Songhai Empire was a powerful trading state in West Africa, and the largest empire that the African continent has ever seen. Their vast territory included the modern nations of Nigeria, Senegal and Mali.\n\n![Graph](image://13b3a729-4517-4bbc-88ea-11eeb08a427b \"Songhai Empire. Image: Roke~commonswiki, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nIn the 1500s, an Arabic diplomat named Leo Africanus wrote a report of the Songhai Empire. He said that 'the inhabitants are very rich' and that 'the royal court is magnificent and very well organized.'\n\nThe Songhai were also keen scholars, with a famous university at Timbuktu, where students studied Islamic law, medicine and astronomy. In the end, the empire’s period of power barely lasted a century, but it was a century of wealth and glory.","6c1c9b4f-164a-498d-aa82-f97f3b8416e9",[1058,1065],{"id":1059,"data":1060,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"55426566-3590-4fca-8fb8-bb3f18235ed1",{"type":66,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1061,"clozeWords":1063},[1062],"The Songhai Empire was a powerful trading state in West Africa.",[1064],"West",{"id":1066,"data":1067,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"efd8e904-8738-4d34-a47d-47eaea647003",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1068,"multiChoiceCorrect":1070,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1072,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1069],"Who wrote a report of the Songhai Empire in the 1500s, describing the people as “very rich” and the royal court as “magnificent and very well organized”?",[1071],"Leo Africanus",[1073,1074,1075],"Ibn Battuta","Leo Khaldun","Ibn Sina",{"id":1077,"data":1078,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1081},"16529308-61eb-4415-9e2b-e604e2c4ce20",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1079,"audioMediaId":1080},"Like many civilizations, the Songhai people started life as a nomadic tribe who settled on the banks of a fertile river: the Niger River. These people learned to farm, herd animals, and harvest resources from the water.\n\nBy the 10th century, the Songhai people had started to trade with other cultures, and became an important hub for commercial routes across the Sahara desert. At that time, they called themselves the Gao. Other civilizations, like the Ghana Empire, were rich in gold, and the Gao benefited as this wealth flowed through their towns.\n\nNo Gao sources survive today, but other cultures did mention them. Ibn al-Faqih, a Persian historian writing at the time, said that the Songhai had 'markets and trading houses \\[...\\] to which there is continuous traffic from all parts.'","0abcd808-7eb1-4d92-9975-7a902546cff6",[1082,1093,1104,1113],{"id":97,"data":1083,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1084,"multiChoiceQuestion":1085,"multiChoiceCorrect":1087,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1088,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1089,"matchPairsPairs":1090},[93,96,98],[1086],"Which of these was the original home of the Songhai?",[105],[102,104,106],[108],[1091],{"left":1092,"right":105,"direction":35},"Original home of the Songhai",{"id":1094,"data":1095,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"ceaac236-155b-4dc2-99f6-dc70b1928e6b",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1096,"multiChoiceCorrect":1098,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1100,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1097],"By the 10th century, the Songhai people had become an important hub for commercial routes across which desert?",[1099],"Sahara",[1101,1102,1103],"Namib","Kalahari","Nubian",{"id":1105,"data":1106,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"9f0cdcab-7211-4780-81a5-9ee49c62f13b",{"type":66,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1107,"binaryCorrect":1109,"binaryIncorrect":1111},[1108],"What were the Songhai people calling themselves in the 10th century?",[1110],"Gao",[1112],"Mali",{"id":1114,"data":1115,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"c543eec7-f3ea-4776-aaa8-237a56a9abaa",{"type":66,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1116,"activeRecallAnswers":1118},[1117],"Do any Gao sources still survive today?",[1119],"No – but other cultures mention them",{"id":1121,"data":1122,"type":25,"version":36,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1124,"introPage":1132,"pages":1138},"0647fb32-4485-40a4-b497-a105eadbd2fc",{"type":25,"title":1123},"Songhai independence",{"id":1125,"data":1126,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"b52c1e27-9083-42f7-a574-15d00957f7d1",{"type":35,"summary":1127},[1128,1129,1130,1131],"The Songhai were taken over by the Mali Empire in the 14th century","Sonni Ali the Great led the Songhai people to independence in the 15th century","The new Songhai Empire began to play a major role in trans-Saharan trade","Timbuktu became an important hub for Islamic scholarship and learning",{"id":1133,"data":1134,"type":52,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"de0c44fc-5161-4fd4-bad0-a741bded123c",{"type":52,"intro":1135},[1136,1137],"Which Songhai leader styled himself as a powerful magician?","How did the Songhai respond to Portuguese influence in Africa?",[1139,1174,1198,1211],{"id":1140,"data":1141,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1144},"dd30568c-71c9-4c16-8019-d1d7f86ca091",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1142,"audioMediaId":1143},"In the 14th century, the wealthy Gao began to attract the attention of rival powers. The Mali Empire was the dominant force in West Africa at that time, and its rulers decided to take control of the Gao kingdom.\n\nUnder Mali rule, the Gao remained wealthy, and an important hub for trans-Saharan trade, but they now had to pay taxes to their Mali rulers. The main currency in the region was cowrie shells, or alternatively, they paid their taxes in gold.\n\nAt this time, both cultures practiced Islam, which made the relationship slightly easier to bear, but it was still a difficult period for the Songhai people and their Gao kingdom.\n\n![Graph](image://b87fce48-988d-4cf6-9b9d-a5a398700cd8 \"A depiction of a Mali ruler. Image: Public domain\")","894836e1-4be2-4ac1-b4f0-419dab3d4346",[1145,1156,1167],{"id":270,"data":1146,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1147,"multiChoiceQuestion":1148,"multiChoiceCorrect":1150,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1151,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1152,"matchPairsPairs":1153},[266,269,271],[1149],"Which of these would you most associate with the Songhai Empire?",[278],[275,277,279],[108],[1154],{"left":1155,"right":278,"direction":35},"Songhai Empire",{"id":1157,"data":1158,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"e943c94d-d385-4533-ba96-356859b68c13",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1159,"multiChoiceCorrect":1161,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1163,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1160],"In the 14th century, which rival empire took control of the wealthy Gao kingdom?",[1162],"The Mali Empire",[1164,1165,1166],"The Songhai Empire","The Ghana Empire","The Kanem-Bornu Empire",{"id":1168,"data":1169,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"65cbfe99-2453-4168-b80a-63d988000af1",{"type":66,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1170,"activeRecallAnswers":1172},[1171],"Under Mali rule, the Gao remained wealthy, but had to do what?",[1173],"Pay taxes to their new rulers",{"id":1175,"data":1176,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1179},"f5a854b1-bb5b-400e-b56e-305d742e1519",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1177,"audioMediaId":1178},"In the 1400s – after two-hundred years of successful rule – the Mali Empire began to fade. They were weakened by a series of civil wars and attacks from neighboring states and tribes, like the nomadic Tuareg of the south Saharan desert.\n\nThe Songhai people were causing problems too, as they launched raids on Mali towns and cities, and generally proved to be a thorn in the side of the Mali Empire. The fading Mali struggled to retain control of the Songhai, and were eventually forced to admit defeat.\n\nThe newly independent Songhai state had a powerful man at its helm: Sonni Ali the Great. He decided that the Songhai deserved more than independence; they deserved to build a powerful empire of their own.","a06e498c-d5a6-4d04-8672-c4b61c1e1ac3",[1180,1190],{"id":123,"data":1181,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1182,"multiChoiceQuestion":1183,"multiChoiceCorrect":1185,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1186,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1187,"matchPairsPairs":1188},[119,122,124],[1184],"Who decided that the newly independent Songhai state should start building an empire of their own?",[131],[128,130,132],[108],[1189],{"left":131,"right":1155,"direction":35},{"id":1191,"data":1192,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"760b1284-a99a-4ed7-91e9-c37b9d0291bf",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1193,"multiChoiceCorrect":1195,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1196,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1194],"In which century did the Mali Empire collapse, leaving the Songhai to become independent again?",[428],[425,429,1197],"17th century",{"id":1199,"data":1200,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"reviews":1203},"5560443a-328a-489c-a747-10196a6f15c5",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1201,"audioMediaId":1202},"King Sonni Ali was a powerful and charismatic ruler. While he was officially a Muslim, he cultivated an image as a powerful magician with links to traditional African spirits.\n\nFrom 1468 to 1492, he led a Songhai army on more than thirty conquests, winning every one of them. His magical reputation struck fear into his enemies, and he often acted with ruthless violence, executing anyone who tried to defy him.\n\nBut he also had a gentler side, inviting defeated soldiers to join his army, and making trade agreements with local chiefs and kings. By the end of his rule, the Songhai Empire had claimed most of the land once held by the Mali Empire, effectively replacing the former superpower as the primary force in West Africa.","a381ec50-554c-4af8-bb02-f3124ba967af",[1204],{"id":1205,"data":1206,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"876a69d5-8cb5-40c7-a416-786d23b31d50",{"type":66,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1207,"activeRecallAnswers":1209},[1208],"King Sonni Ali cultivated an image of himself as what?",[1210],"A powerful magician with links to traditional African spirits",{"id":1212,"data":1213,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":36,"reviews":1216},"6cfebe5f-23a2-46ee-8cc0-0898b40604b8",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1214,"audioMediaId":1215},"At the height of its power, the Songhai Empire continued to play a major role in trans-Saharan trade. However, they struggled to match the former wealth of the Ghana Empire or the Mali Empire, because the most important gold fields in West Africa had been claimed by a foreign force.\n\nThat foreign force was the Portuguese – they had established a colony on the African coast in 1415, and proved difficult to budge. Nevertheless, the Songhai continued to trade other goods, such as salt and slaves, with North African merchants.\n\nThey also invested in science and learning, with Sankoré Madrasa – a university in the wealthy Songhai city of Timbuktu – becoming a major hub for Islamic scholarship. At its peak, in the early 1500s, Timbuktu was one of the richest and most well-respected cities in the world.\n\n![Graph](image://2bd14e95-1acc-400d-8b84-1a00ea5f79d4 \"Sankoré Madrasa today. Image: Public domain\")","57a9df3d-f2bd-464e-a178-892d77c55951",[1217,1228,1238],{"id":454,"data":1218,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1219,"multiChoiceQuestion":1220,"multiChoiceCorrect":1222,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1223,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1224,"matchPairsPairs":1225},[450,453,455],[1221],"Which of these became a wealthy Songhai city?",[462],[459,461,463],[108],[1226],{"left":1227,"right":462,"direction":35},"Songhai city",{"id":363,"data":1229,"type":66,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1230,"multiChoiceQuestion":1231,"multiChoiceCorrect":1233,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1234,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1235,"matchPairsPairs":1236},[358,361,362],[1232],"Which of these would you associate with the Songhai Empire?",[371],[367,369,370],[108],[1237],{"left":1155,"right":371,"direction":35},{"id":1239,"data":1240,"type":66,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"36c96557-825b-4850-9bf9-3a71fc25c5c2",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1241,"multiChoiceCorrect":1243,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1245,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1242],"By the 15th century, which foreign force had claimed some of the gold fields in West Africa, making life more difficult for the Songhai?",[1244],"The Portuguese",[1246,1247,1248],"The Spanish","The British","The Dutch",{"id":1250,"data":1251,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1253,"introPage":1260,"pages":1266},"fdfb83aa-62e3-43cf-a38d-62346e441f07",{"type":25,"title":1252},"Decline of the Songhai",{"id":1254,"data":1255,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"c9456797-3edb-43ef-a261-a0fa2d14bfa6",{"type":35,"summary":1256},[1257,1258,1259],"At the Battle of Tondibi (1591), Moroccans defeated the Songhai thanks to superior firepower","After the collapse of the Songhai Empire, European powers began exploiting West Africa ","Timbuktu, once the jewel of Africa, is now a crumbling and dusty city",{"id":1261,"data":1262,"type":52,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"dae1e097-8af2-4fe1-bea1-c21b16f0e3e5",{"type":52,"intro":1263},[1264,1265],"Which pivotal battle led to the final downfall of the Songhai?","Are there any elements of Songhai culture that still survive today?",[1267,1291],{"id":1268,"data":1269,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1272},"11d86c38-f908-4463-b85c-c0fd0695a9bb",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1270,"audioMediaId":1271},"The Battle of Tondibi in 1591 was a decisive moment for the Songhai Empire. The battle started when the Saadi Moroccans – a rival empire on the other side of the Saharan desert – attacked the Songhai with a force of approximately 4000 men.\n\nThe Songhai heavily outnumbered the Moroccans, but the Moroccans had superior firepower: guns and cannons like the ones being used elsewhere in the world, including the powerful Ottoman Empire. The Moroccans won, and took control of the Songhai’s land and riches.\n\nThe Moroccans soon realized that controlling such a large empire was no easy task; it stretched from modern day Senegal all the way to Nigeria, and included many different cultures and languages. They eventually abandoned the territory, but the Songhai Empire did not rise again. Instead, the region splintered into dozens of smaller kingdoms, none of which came close to Songhai’s former power.","eeded2aa-1089-44a7-a6b6-6e6944f683de",[1273,1284],{"id":1274,"data":1275,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"8d736413-9ac0-4739-b6cf-e488161fd842",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1276,"multiChoiceCorrect":1278,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1280,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1277],"Which decisive battle, against the Saadi Moroccans, marked the end of the Songhai Empire?",[1279],"The Battle of Tondibi",[1281,1282,1283],"The Battle of Timbuktu","The Battle of Gao","The Battle of Jenne",{"id":1285,"data":1286,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"638714d5-b8c7-423c-9c10-4b1f3254c919",{"type":66,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1287,"activeRecallAnswers":1289},[1288],"How did the Saadi Moroccans defeat the Songhai, despite being heavily outnumbered?",[1290],"The Moroccans had gunpowder weapons",{"id":1292,"data":1293,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1296},"78e89f29-5cb1-484f-93ca-cefe85097d17",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1294,"audioMediaId":1295},"Some aspects of Songhai culture are still alive today; griot storytellers sing songs which originated in the Songhai period, and traditional Songhai architecture can still be seen in cities like Timbuktu.\n\nBut these cities stand in stark contrast to their former glory. Timbuktu – the former jewel of West Africa, full of trade and learning – is now made up of crumbling houses and dusty streets. This decline can be blamed on a number of factors, including climate change and political instability, but the most prominent cause is European influence.\n\n![Graph](image://2be0523d-989e-48f3-a64b-ca50e1986755 \"Modern Timbuktu. Image: upyernoz from Haverford, USA, CC BY 2.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nIn the centuries following the collapse of the Songhai Empire, and Morocco’s decision to withdraw, European powers took advantage. They took control of the Songhai’s former trade routes, mined the region’s natural resources, and exploited West Africa for slaves. It is a period of history from which the region is yet to recover.","6a92de4f-2055-4003-ae5b-acc176a350bd",[1297,1316,1325],{"id":1298,"data":1299,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"27249425-5bf6-4ca5-bd1f-39ef3d32486b",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1300,"multiChoiceQuestion":1304,"multiChoiceCorrect":1306,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1308,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":24,"orderQuestion":1312,"orderItems":1313},[1301,1302,1303],"f2b34741-26f9-421b-8b72-6dc4dd2fe5e5","5bc9e4c6-3315-4ada-b5b3-9542a17dbca5","893bb87b-56bc-454e-9e72-4235065404eb",[1305],"When did the Songhai Empire officially come to an end?",[1307],"1591",[1309,1310,1311],"1603","1644","1997",[152],[1314],{"label":1315,"reveal":1307,"sortOrder":4},"End of Songhai Empire",{"id":1317,"data":1318,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"05e0c65c-ca54-49ec-b0c2-8734398261f8",{"type":66,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1319,"binaryCorrect":1321,"binaryIncorrect":1323},[1320],"Did the Moroccans replace the Songhai Empire with an empire of their own?",[1322],"No – they let it splinter into smaller kingdoms",[1324],"Yes – they established the Saadi Empire",{"id":1326,"data":1327,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"466e8cc6-e877-4462-8e20-3c12dc101a93",{"type":66,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1328,"clozeWords":1330},[1329],"In the modern day, griot storytellers still sing songs which originated in the Songhai period.",[1331],"griot",{"id":1333,"data":1334,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":1337},"63f91a35-8bdf-479a-9a43-420c6625f5a6",{"type":27,"title":1335,"tagline":1336},"Spanish Empire ","Where the sun never sets (1492 - 1976)",[1338,1441,1542],{"id":1339,"data":1340,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1342,"introPage":1349,"pages":1355},"24fa4833-e5ee-43fe-b619-51bce0f7fd2e",{"type":25,"title":1341},"Who were the Spanish?",{"id":1343,"data":1344,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"e31b1876-371a-478f-86df-0ba480d1bb10",{"type":35,"summary":1345},[1346,1347,1348],"In the 1400s, Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon united Spain through marriage","One of the first things they did, as a combined force, was drive the Muslims out of Granada","They also sponsored Columbus, who sailed west from Spain and discovered the Americas",{"id":1350,"data":1351,"type":52,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"747c06c7-e2dc-47d7-9938-af623f8caf74",{"type":52,"intro":1352},[1353,1354],"What sparked the union of Castile and Aragon into a single entity?","How did Christopher Columbus impact the rise of Spain?",[1356,1369,1394],{"id":1357,"data":1358,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1361},"15e877e4-f3e9-4063-a8f6-df9a48c2d3b2",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1359,"audioMediaId":1360},"When the Spanish Empire rose to prominence at the end of the 15th century, they ushered in an age of exploration and colonization. They took control of much of the Americas, conquering native civilizations such as the Aztecs and Incas, and clashing with other European powers along the way.\n\nAt the height of their power, the Spanish also ruled over parts of Africa and Asia. Some people called it ‘the empire on which the sun never sets’, because the Spanish territory covered so many time zones that it was always daytime somewhere.\n\nDomestically, the Spanish were fierce Catholics, with little tolerance for other religious beliefs. They took the same approach in their colonies too, stamping out the native religions and instituting Catholicism in their place. They are part of the reason why Christianity is so widespread in the world today.\n\n![Graph](image://d9f3424d-d5ca-4140-9789-41ed07fb9a4d \"Modern Spanish flag. Image: Øyvind Holmstad, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")","28aea1fb-b05a-4a4d-a267-37bbc5116f34",[1362],{"id":1363,"data":1364,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"43851e3c-1f79-497b-a293-3129655ed277",{"type":66,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1365,"activeRecallAnswers":1367},[1366],"What was the Spanish Empire's nickname? ",[1368],"The empire on which the sun never sets’",{"id":1370,"data":1371,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1374},"00245060-a5ec-4d46-9533-3e60bb8fb354",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1372,"audioMediaId":1373},"\nIn modern times, Spain is a unified country, but it was not always that way. During the 1400s, the territory was divided into several kingdoms: Castile, Aragon, Navarre and Granada.\n\nThis changed when Isabella of Castile, and Ferdinand of Aragon, got married in 1469. This relationship was not based on love – it was politically motivated, with both monarchs hoping that their two kingdoms would be stronger together than apart.\n\n![Graph](image://e744af76-fd83-4542-865c-33e9767d6555 \"Isabella and Ferdinand. Image: Public domain\")\n\nOne of the first things they did, as a combined force, was invade Granada, to the south of Castile. This region had been an Islamic stronghold for hundreds of years. Now, the Catholic forces of Castile and Aragon chased the Muslims away, and claimed the region as their own.","c9afbc9e-f165-43df-bdf9-f47a7530f293",[1375,1388],{"id":1376,"data":1377,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"e504f74d-b975-42ba-8ec4-f7687de45ac9",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1378,"multiChoiceCorrect":1380,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1385,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":21,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1379],"Before Spain was unified under Isabella and Ferdinand, what four kingdoms did the region consist of?",[1381,1382,1383,1384],"Castile","Aragon","Navarre","Granada",[1386,1387],"Catalonia","Andalusia",{"id":1389,"data":1390,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"ec5ffa4a-673f-417a-8492-ea9126eaf70c",{"type":66,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1391,"clozeWords":1393},[1392],"Not long after their marriage in 1469, Isabella and Ferdinand drove the Muslim population from Granada.",[1384],{"id":1395,"data":1396,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1399},"0fb5d6a7-66e6-4923-a3ae-13a70b01c7bb",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1397,"audioMediaId":1398},"In 1492 – the same year that Isabella and Ferdinand laid claim to Granada – they also turned their gaze towards the wider world.\n\nThey decided to sponsor an Italian explorer by the name of Christopher Columbus. They gave him three ships – the Santa María, the Pinta, and the Niña – as well as supplies for a long distance voyage.\n\nHe sailed westward from Spain, across the Atlantic Ocean, in the hope of finding an easy trade route to Asia. Instead, he stumbled upon the Americas. This chance discovery changed the course of global history, by opening up a brand new continent for the Spanish to conquer and explore.","d82aa2af-d8d3-4d3a-9be9-195b654cc0b1",[1400,1411,1422,1434],{"id":124,"data":1401,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1402,"multiChoiceQuestion":1403,"multiChoiceCorrect":1405,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1406,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1407,"matchPairsPairs":1408},[119,122,123],[1404],"Which of these would you associate with the formation of the Spanish Empire?",[132],[128,130,131],[108],[1409],{"left":132,"right":1410,"direction":35},"Spanish Empire",{"id":140,"data":1412,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1413,"multiChoiceQuestion":1414,"multiChoiceCorrect":1416,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1417,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":24,"orderQuestion":1418,"orderItems":1419},[137,141,142],[1415],"In what year did the Spanish Empire send Christopher Columbus sailing westward?",[148],[146,149,150],[152],[1420],{"label":1421,"reveal":148,"sortOrder":24},"Start of Spanish Empire",{"id":1423,"data":1424,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"3b1fd715-aea6-496a-a23d-9b32e9fe0a40",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1425,"multiChoiceCorrect":1427,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1431,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":21,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1426],"What were the names of the three ships that Christopher Columbus was given for his journey westward?",[1428,1429,1430],"Santa María","Pinta","Niña",[1432,1433,1383],"Santa Cruz","Piña",{"id":1435,"data":1436,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"81f26167-c245-4df5-b6c0-d7a275bfe39d",{"type":66,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1437,"activeRecallAnswers":1439},[1438],"Columbus was searching for an easy trade route from Spain to Asia. What did he stumble across instead?",[1440],"The Americas",{"id":1442,"data":1443,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1445,"introPage":1452,"pages":1458},"0e6685a6-393c-4b4c-ae18-20fb03498367",{"type":25,"title":1444},"Conversion and colonization",{"id":1446,"data":1447,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"86b04c26-fc93-4714-a2fc-e1e3ee93a067",{"type":35,"summary":1448},[1449,1450,1451],"Pope Alexander VI declared that the Spanish monarchy had a divine right to claim the Americas","The Spanish Empire conquered the Aztecs and Incas, gaining control over vast areas and resources","Meanwhile, the Spanish Inquisition forced non-Catholics in Spain to convert to Catholicism",{"id":1453,"data":1454,"type":52,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"e5fad0df-1ac7-4787-8cf2-5e813e334653",{"type":52,"intro":1455},[1456,1457],"What was the role of the pope in the Spanish colonization of the Americas?","How did the Spanish Inquisition impact people in Spain?",[1459,1476,1502],{"id":1460,"data":1461,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1464},"48744a54-e98c-4cfd-8987-0238d77f3c11",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1462,"audioMediaId":1463},"When Pope Alexander VI heard news of the Americas – and the fact it was discovered by a Catholic expedition – he quickly declared that the Spanish monarchy had the divine right to claim the continent as their own.\n\n![Graph](image://e97d6c29-b8ed-4f97-84a3-5f3b06a6d837 \"Pope Alexander VI. Image: Public domain\")\n\nThis declaration was made in the form of a papal bull – an official decree from the head of the Catholic church. A condition of this bull was that the Spanish monarchy would convert America’s indigenous populations to Catholicism.\n\nThe next few decades saw a rush of activity, as Spanish explorers and priests set sail for the New World, acting upon their divine authority to claim these lands, and to convert anyone they found along the way.","7153e3e8-4d37-48a8-8aad-7f5a878ad3e0",[1465],{"id":1466,"data":1467,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"6475ecaa-3103-4761-ba23-33d7be0790c1",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1468,"multiChoiceCorrect":1470,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1472,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1469],"When the Pope heard news of the Americas, he gave the Spanish the divine right to claim the continent. But on what condition?",[1471],"They had to convert the natives to Catholicism",[1473,1474,1475],"They had to share their profits with the Vatican","They had to name the land after the Pope","Actually, there was no condition",{"id":1477,"data":1478,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1481},"e7989872-1a07-4f7d-80bd-9f87a599f412",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1479,"audioMediaId":1480},"Barely fifty years after discovering the Americas, the Spanish Empire had conquered two of the largest civilizations in the world: the Aztecs in Mesoamerica, and the Incas in South America.\n\nThis gave them control over vast amounts of land and resources. They found a staggering amount of precious metals, including gold and silver, not to mention a number of exotic plant species which fetched massive prices in Europe: chilies, tobacco, and cocoa beans.\n\nThey initially enslaved the native people, until several priests spoke out against this, and the Spanish crown made native slavery illegal in 1542. Meanwhile, the Spanish converted as many people as they could, wiping away their native religions, and introducing Catholicism instead.","abf0dc8e-8abe-46ed-873d-44e7767fbd4c",[1482,1493],{"id":1483,"data":1484,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"9bebb7c7-2a38-4536-a225-a608de6dcb3f",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1485,"multiChoiceCorrect":1487,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1491,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":21,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1486],"In what ways did the Spanish initially profit from the Americas?",[1488,1489,1490],"They enslaved the natives","They exported gold and silver","The exported cocoa and tobacco",[1492],"They discovered gunpowder from the natives",{"id":1494,"data":1495,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"ed3d28a4-e699-4cc0-9b26-b47b0e428599",{"type":66,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1496,"binaryCorrect":1498,"binaryIncorrect":1500},[1497],"Under pressure from a number of Catholic priests, when did the Spanish crown make it illegal to enslave any native people in the Americas?",[1499],"1542",[1501],"1512",{"id":1503,"data":1504,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1507},"c3c578b0-01e0-4308-932b-4322bee9c541",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1505,"audioMediaId":1506},"While the Spanish crown worked hard to spread Catholicism through their growing empire, they also took a similar approach domestically.\n\nThe Spanish Inquisition was a tribunal that sought out any non-Catholics living on the Iberian Peninsula, such as Jews or Muslims, and forced them to convert or be expelled from Spain. The Inquisition also had the power to execute those who refused conversion; it is estimated that over 2000 people were executed during this period.\n\nThis brutal process led to a more homogenous Spanish culture, but it also had some major drawbacks. Many Jewish people, for example, held positions at court. When they were forced to leave these positions, the Spanish government lost some important minds.","df0e55bb-0a7e-4834-999e-ba2be7fa6bc5",[1508,1515,1526,1533],{"id":1509,"data":1510,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"e4530253-c948-465d-a4c0-0f084906871a",{"type":66,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1511,"activeRecallAnswers":1513},[1512],"What was the name of the tribunal that sought and converted any non-Catholics living in Spain?",[1514],"Spanish Inquisition",{"id":1516,"data":1517,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"79862941-a103-4dcf-ac46-cbc50a05d48d",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1518,"multiChoiceCorrect":1520,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1522,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1519],"Approximately how many people were executed by the Spanish Inquisition after they refused to convert to Catholicism?",[1521],"Over 2000",[1523,1524,1525],"Over 500","Over 1000","Over 1500",{"id":1527,"data":1528,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"94925277-0f83-4055-8985-7b69ca7a640e",{"type":66,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1529,"activeRecallAnswers":1531},[1530],"Despite outlawing slavery, what did the Spanish continue to do to the native peoples in the Americas?",[1532],"Forcibly convert them to Catholicism",{"id":1534,"data":1535,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"b8e0eee3-b8b6-48f4-8ec3-6bf59a6d93fc",{"type":66,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1536,"binaryCorrect":1538,"binaryIncorrect":1540},[1537],"What is a papal bull?",[1539],"An official decree from the Pope",[1541],"An official ceremony for the Pope",{"id":1543,"data":1544,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1546,"introPage":1553,"pages":1559},"88b81f0e-1fd6-49d1-bf81-97fd4f936350",{"type":25,"title":1545},"Decline of the Spanish",{"id":1547,"data":1548,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"0eb6b53b-7cb6-439b-a440-20996f82aa97",{"type":35,"summary":1549},[1550,1551,1552],"Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Spain in 1808, which destabilized the empire","The Spanish American wars of independence saw many Spanish territories break free","The Spanish language and Catholicism are still major legacies of Spanish influence in the Americas",{"id":1554,"data":1555,"type":52,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"185a09c9-b53d-4f0f-9599-0af9667bdc62",{"type":52,"intro":1556},[1557,1558],"What sparked a chain reaction of independence movements in 19th century Latin America?","What kind of legacy did the Spanish Empire leave behind?",[1560,1586,1599],{"id":1561,"data":1562,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1565},"fcb0d628-62ea-4f15-abf9-620e8cd3b3c4",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1563,"audioMediaId":1564},"After several centuries of power and wealth, the Spanish Empire began to decline when Europe transitioned from the early modern period into the modern era.\n\nThe Spanish Empire was invaded by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1808. His modern army was extremely well trained, and the Spanish troops were completely out-fought. Napoleon ousted Ferdinand VII – a direct descendant of Isabella and Ferdinand – and installed his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, on the throne.\n\n![Graph](image://16f56f1b-7f2a-456d-8697-ed06144a1095 \"Napoleon Bonaparte. Image: Public domain\")\n\nOver the next few years, a bloody war was fought between the French and Spanish rebels. The Spanish managed to regain control, but the entire ordeal left their country in a state of chaos and economic decline. Their time as the world’s most powerful nation was drawing to a close.","671948b9-6370-4c93-88da-0c5963b8a858",[1566,1575],{"id":1567,"data":1568,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"7ddeb6e3-67a2-4788-844b-688b495634ec",{"type":66,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1569,"binaryCorrect":1571,"binaryIncorrect":1573},[1570],"In 1808, who invaded Spain with his modern, well-trained army?",[1572],"Napoleon Bonaparte",[1574],"Joseph Bonaparte",{"id":1576,"data":1577,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"95008eb0-88ba-465f-a84e-8853330e266e",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1578,"multiChoiceCorrect":1580,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1582,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1579],"After invading Spain, Napoleon installed Joseph Bonaparte on the throne. How was he related to Napoleon?",[1581],"Brother",[1583,1584,1585],"Son","Father","Cousin",{"id":1587,"data":1588,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1591},"75865555-80a6-4a9b-bbad-0d129c79fed2",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1589,"audioMediaId":1590},"\nWhile the Spanish were distracted by their war with the French, their colonies took advantage. A series of short and violent battles took place, which are known collectively as the Spanish American wars of independence.\n\nThe weakened Spain was unable to repress these revolts, and the early 1800s saw a chain reaction throughout Latin America, as more and more countries threw off their oppressors. This marked an end to centuries of Spanish rule over South America and Central America.\n\nBut these independent states remained similar to Spain in terms of language, religion and culture. Indigenous civilizations like the Aztecs and the Incas had been gone for hundreds of years, and it was far too late to bring these cultures back.","a933199c-027d-4f1e-98cb-ab5e79e8d830",[1592],{"id":1593,"data":1594,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"59820b8c-a602-4aed-98aa-a1b70b7f62eb",{"type":66,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1595,"activeRecallAnswers":1597},[1596],"While Spanish rebels tried to reclaim the throne from Joseph Bonaparte, what did the Spanish colonies do in the Americas?",[1598],"They started the Spanish American wars of independence",{"id":1600,"data":1601,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1604},"23c808c1-4e19-49ed-849a-b54a1ea807b2",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1602,"audioMediaId":1603},"The Spanish Empire left a major mark on the Western Hemisphere, wiping away other civilizations and leaving its own legacy in their place.\n\nThe most obvious examples are the prevalence of Spanish language in Latin America today. In fact, it is estimated that almost 500 million people around the world speak Spanish as their first language, making it one of the world’s most widely spoken languages. Similarly, well over 50% of Latin Americans are Catholic.\n\nThe Spanish legacy can also be seen in architecture across Latin America; many cities have preserved colonial buildings from the 16th century, including baroque and neoclassical churches. These monuments serve as physical reminders of Spain's long-lasting impact on the region – an impact which came at the expense of those who lived in the Americas before.","f50e80c9-2c57-4699-911a-eb0ef7e91301",[1605,1614,1623],{"id":1606,"data":1607,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"aac34301-7207-4fae-99b0-5bfb6b80ca4b",{"type":66,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1608,"binaryCorrect":1610,"binaryIncorrect":1612},[1609],"What was the final result of the Spanish war with the French?",[1611],"Spanish rebels overthrew Joseph Bonaparte, and reinstated a Spanish king ",[1613],"Joseph Bonaparte defeated the rebels, and executed the Spanish king",{"id":1615,"data":1616,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"8208ac8c-70ba-416f-bca1-3cd07a34ea83",{"type":66,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1617,"binaryCorrect":1619,"binaryIncorrect":1621},[1618],"What was the final result of the Spanish American wars of independence?",[1620],"The Spanish colonies freed themselves from Spanish control",[1622],"The Spanish colonies were brought back under Spanish control",{"id":1624,"data":1625,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"1108941b-2032-435d-9632-209c404d0b55",{"type":66,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1626,"clozeWords":1628},[1627],"In the modern day, almost 500 million people around the world still speak Spanish as their first language.",[1629],"500 million",{"id":1631,"data":1632,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":1635},"f6d41b09-61cb-42a0-bc28-f7dcd72b8cc4",{"type":27,"title":1633,"tagline":1634},"British Empire ","The largest empire ever (1583 - 1997)",[1636,1763,1896],{"id":1637,"data":1638,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1640,"introPage":1647,"pages":1653},"99d52d64-4c00-4415-8b16-24e15371c23c",{"type":25,"title":1639},"Who were the British?",{"id":1641,"data":1642,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"f165f79e-cf32-4cd4-a60d-c2a83295db9a",{"type":35,"summary":1643},[1644,1645,1646],"In the 1400s, John Cabot's expeditions to the Americas were unsuccessful","In the 1500s, Queen Elizabeth encouraged privateers to start raiding Spanish ships","In 1588, the English navy defeated the Spanish Armada, leading to the decision to build a British Empire",{"id":1648,"data":1649,"type":52,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"89dffce7-6288-40d7-84b5-b899cdec800a",{"type":52,"intro":1650},[1651,1652],"Why did Queen Elizabeth I decide to start building a British Empire?","How did the British manage to defeat an Invincible Armada?",[1654,1668,1688,1710],{"id":1655,"data":1656,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1659},"c8cc2ba3-2275-4dc1-bf9e-0a050c2218fa",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1657,"audioMediaId":1658},"The British Empire established their first overseas colony, on the coast of North America, in 1607. They were a late starter compared to the Spanish, who had already established colonies in the Americas by 1492.\n\nBut in the next few centuries, Britain caught up with their European neighbors, and eventually went on to surpass them. At their height, they were the largest empire in history, with colonies all around the world.\n\nIn 1897, Queen Victoria celebrated her Diamond Jubilee. At that moment in time, her subjects included more than a quarter of the world’s population. The British Empire touched millions of people, but not always for the better.\n\n![Graph](image://fec54edf-18ea-4934-b8f6-16b252f37c61 \"Queen Victoria. Image: Public domain\")","4d6b14c9-6d50-4d2c-bb1d-0a94a96bdead",[1660],{"id":1661,"data":1662,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"0b78395a-30b9-4749-afbb-b3779a07d73a",{"type":66,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1663,"binaryCorrect":1665,"binaryIncorrect":1667},[1664],"When did the British Empire establish their first overseas colony?",[1666],"1607",[148],{"id":1669,"data":1670,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1673},"8f9ae34b-a90c-4ad6-9390-db76c9eef551",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1671,"audioMediaId":1672},"In the late 1400s, King Henry VII of England wanted to emulate the Spanish, and put together an expedition to the newly discovered Americas.\n\nThis expedition, led by John Cabot, landed in Newfoundland in 1497. But the place seemed relatively barren, and they didn't encounter any native people. They decided to head back to England without setting up a colony.\n\n![Graph](image://577f824a-d528-4492-b909-bdc3ab5230e6 \"King Henry VII. Image: Public domain\")\n\nCabot made the same voyage again a year later, but never returned to England; it is unknown what exactly happened to him, but his ship probably sank. After that, Henry VII gave up on the idea of building an empire, and focused on domestic affairs instead.","0a47e9cd-02f7-46a6-a9d5-af4a77534248",[1674],{"id":1675,"data":1676,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"6dce9d0c-691d-4884-8473-a7801e9c4781",{"type":66,"reviewType":15,"spacingBehaviour":24,"orderAxisType":226,"orderQuestion":1677,"orderItems":1679},[1678],"In the 1490s, Britain wanted to explore the Americas. Put these events in order:",[1680,1682,1684,1686],{"label":1681,"sortOrder":4},"Britain sends John Cabot to Newfoundland",{"label":1683,"sortOrder":24},"John Cabot reports that Newfoundland is barren",{"label":1685,"sortOrder":25},"John Cabot is lost on his second voyage",{"label":1687,"sortOrder":35},"Britain suspends plans to explore the Americas",{"id":1689,"data":1690,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1693},"7cdd1c3f-7660-410a-9201-4dacdf34e92f",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1691,"audioMediaId":1692},"In 1558 – more than half a century after the failed voyages of John Cabot – Queen Elizabeth ascended to the English throne.\n\nTo gain an edge over her Spanish rivals, who were more rich and powerful than ever, Elizabeth encouraged privateers like John Hawkins and Francis Drake to start raiding Spanish ships. These raids often proved unsuccessful due to the strength of the Spanish navy, but there were some notable successes.\n\nIn 1573, Drake led a daring attack near the Spanish colony of Nombre de Dios in Panama, where he seized a large amount of silver and gold from Spanish ships. There was so much treasure that his crew could not carry it all, and had to bury some of it on the beach. In England, he was seen as a hero; in Spain, he was seen as a pirate.","25be2b1b-6931-463a-8215-7a236564f9b7",[1694,1703],{"id":1695,"data":1696,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"f934fb26-3cc3-4804-bbcd-87a5e6fe5412",{"type":66,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1697,"binaryCorrect":1699,"binaryIncorrect":1701},[1698],"In which year did Queen Elizabeth I ascend to the English throne?",[1700],"1558",[1702],"1498",{"id":1704,"data":1705,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"a38bab71-e8c0-43f3-851e-abaf01b4002f",{"type":66,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1706,"clozeWords":1708},[1707],"Queen Elizabeth I asked privateers like Francis Drake to raid Spanish ships in the Americas.",[1709],"Drake",{"id":1711,"data":1712,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1715},"5aa8060f-1c6a-4cb9-9716-a2fca548c37b",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1713,"audioMediaId":1714},"In 1588, tensions between Spain and England reached a boiling point when King Philip II of Spain sent the Spanish Armada to invade England.\n\nThe English navy was vastly outnumbered, and a Spanish victory seemed inevitable. In fact, the Spanish Armada was also called the ‘Invincible Armada’ on account of its staggering strength.\n\n![Graph](image://95c8cb26-5d06-4d01-bce4-c3301a914e0c \"The Spanish Armada. Image: Public domain\")\n\nBut the English navy had nimbler ships, and the enigmatic tactics of Francis Drake. After several months of fighting, the English navy emerged victorious. This turned out to be a major turning point in history. The English gained confidence from their unexpected victory, and Elizabeth I decided it was time to start a British Empire.","563df619-445a-4aae-8dc8-8398fd525e3a",[1716,1735,1745,1756],{"id":1717,"data":1718,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"3d263db7-a4d2-4d9f-a65e-cf874bc8c8ea",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1719,"multiChoiceQuestion":1723,"multiChoiceCorrect":1725,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1727,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1731,"matchPairsPairs":1732},[1720,1721,1722],"b28d24c7-c1aa-494d-8bd4-ef561ab790db","b088e55b-cd17-412c-82a7-984cd669271e","e040d378-4de2-4734-ac48-a69e5699cbbd",[1724],"Which of these figures do you associate with the start of the British Empire?",[1726],"Queen Elizabeth",[1728,1729,1730],"Shah Ismail","Babur","Prince Dorgon",[108],[1733],{"left":1726,"right":1734,"direction":35},"British Empire",{"id":251,"data":1736,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1737,"multiChoiceQuestion":1738,"multiChoiceCorrect":1740,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1741,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1742,"matchPairsPairs":1743},[248,252,253],[1739],"Who ruled the British Empire at the height of its power – a quarter of the world's population?",[259],[257,260,261],[108],[1744],{"left":259,"right":1734,"direction":35},{"id":1746,"data":1747,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"1c5549e2-1e1f-47f9-a51c-d189aee3d047",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1748,"multiChoiceCorrect":1750,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1752,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1749],"With tensions high between Britain and Spain, who sent the Spanish Armada to attack Britain in 1588?",[1751],"King Philip II",[1753,1754,1755],"King Charles V","King Philip I","King Ferdinand II",{"id":1757,"data":1758,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"81f74a75-c14b-4ef6-af4d-d498dc9ae1ed",{"type":66,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1759,"activeRecallAnswers":1761},[1760],"After an unexpected victory over the Spanish Armada, what did Queen Elizabeth I decide?",[1762],"It was time to start building a British Empire",{"id":1764,"data":1765,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1767,"introPage":1775,"pages":1781},"be33c24d-b04a-4f2a-9be8-e81a167d8aac",{"type":25,"title":1766},"Global empire",{"id":1768,"data":1769,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"5d59d166-3641-42ba-8df4-97b84d94f6c1",{"type":35,"summary":1770},[1771,1772,1773,1774],"The British Empire began with the establishment of Jamestown in Virginia in 1607","The transatlantic slave trade was a key part of the early British Empire, with slaves being transported from Africa to the Americas","After the American War of Independence, Britain turned away from America, and colonized places like India and Australia instead","Britain's imperial century, from 1815 to 1914, saw the addition of about 400 million people to the empire",{"id":1776,"data":1777,"type":52,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"444fe7ba-f10e-4c19-9d5d-e193b4d038cb",{"type":52,"intro":1778},[1779,1780],"Which part of the world did Britain choose as a place to start building their empire?","Why did Britain's colonies in North America start pushing for independence?",[1782,1817,1840,1859],{"id":1783,"data":1784,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1787},"9ca45f37-babc-4603-a3b8-09b5cc4091b2",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1785,"audioMediaId":1786},"\nWhen Queen Elizabeth decided to build a British Empire, the Spanish still monopolized Central and South America, so the English decided to target North America instead. They established their first ever permanent colony in 1607, when Jamestown was founded in Virginia.\n\nThis settlement marked the beginning of a long period of British colonialism along the American coast, which would eventually span from Canada all the way to Georgia. Their territory in North America became known as the Thirteen Colonies. The English also established colonies in the West Indies, which became lucrative sources of sugar and other valuable crops like tobacco and cotton.\n\nThese colonial outposts also served an important cultural purpose by providing a place where people could practice their religion freely; this was especially true for those who had fled religious intolerance in England itself, such as the puritan Pilgrims who settled in America in 1620.\n\n![Graph](image://6c0ac215-25b7-414e-b609-39219eff99cb \"The Pilgrims. Image: Public domain\")","a8c570ec-8128-4c8a-8079-f28c9c4e95b2",[1788,1799,1810],{"id":1789,"data":1790,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"dfd28cc9-bc0d-4d7b-a820-a8de25f1e987",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1791,"multiChoiceCorrect":1793,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1795,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1792],"When Queen Elizabeth decided to build an empire, the Spanish monopolized Central and South America. Which region did she target instead?",[1794],"North America",[1796,1797,1798],"Africa","East Asia","Australia",{"id":1800,"data":1801,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"fe6c3e22-f7e1-4314-ab1c-5e2d3c42c6d7",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1802,"multiChoiceCorrect":1804,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1806,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1803],"What was the name of the territory established by the English in North America?",[1805],"The Thirteen Colonies",[1807,1808,1809],"The Eleven Colonies","Virginia","Jamestown",{"id":1811,"data":1812,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"fb2beb85-47fc-48e8-93fd-890e8cdae81d",{"type":66,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1813,"activeRecallAnswers":1815},[1814],"What were the Puritans fleeing from when they travelled from England to America in 1620?",[1816],"Religious intolerance",{"id":1818,"data":1819,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1822},"aab5148c-76c3-4e69-bc0b-0a9c0912df1b",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1820,"audioMediaId":1821},"The early days of the British Empire were defined by one of the darkest aspects of the early modern period: the transatlantic slave trade. The English were not the only Europeans to engage in the slave trade, but they were one of the most prolific.\n\nThe plantations in the West Indies and America needed manpower, so British ships began transporting slaves from Africa. This was part of a larger system known as triangular trade, which saw manufactured goods such as guns and textiles being shipped from Europe to Africa; slaves then taken from Africa to the Americas; and finally raw materials like sugar or coffee transported from the Americas to Europe.\n\n![Graph](image://9c895bb8-f669-4db4-9ae0-2477658dc1e4 \"Triangular trade. Image: SimonP at en.wikipedia, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThis lucrative business made Britain incredibly wealthy, but it had devastating consequences for those who were enslaved. More than a million people died on board overcrowded ships, while the ones who made it to the American plantations suffered unimaginable cruelty at the hands of slave owners.","b58f0343-9822-40d5-b215-7ae0153617ea",[1823],{"id":1824,"data":1825,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"25493bae-1b84-44a4-80ba-373b00d2cf22",{"type":66,"reviewType":226,"spacingBehaviour":24,"matchPairsQuestion":1826,"matchPairsPairs":1828,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},[1827],"The British Empire engaged in triangular trade. What was traded from where to where?",[1829,1832,1835,1838],{"left":1830,"right":1831,"direction":35},"Europe to Africa","Guns and textiles",{"left":1833,"right":1834,"direction":35},"Africa to Americas","Slaves",{"left":1836,"right":1837,"direction":35},"Americas to Europe","Sugar and coffee",{"left":1839,"right":240,"direction":35},"Africa to Europe",{"id":1841,"data":1842,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1845},"a302f654-0d7b-489b-92bb-844bf5879dea",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1843,"audioMediaId":1844},"In the late 1700s, the British Empire suffered a major hurdle. Their Thirteen Colonies in North America were unhappy about paying British taxes, and wanted to become an independent state.\n\nThe American War of Independence broke out, and lasted for almost a decade. The colonies emerged victorious in 1776, and established the United States of America. In the process, Britain lost its most valuable asset.\n\nBut that did not mean that Britain's imperial ambitions were over. They continued to expand their empire elsewhere, taking control of places like Australia. The first settlement in Australia was a penal colony, established in 1788. And in the 1800s, free settlers began to move to Australia too.","2b0443ba-a47c-4cc1-9d00-72e5b7cbe422",[1846,1853],{"id":1847,"data":1848,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"11c47768-d005-4a86-8004-5ca87e41d932",{"type":66,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1849,"activeRecallAnswers":1851},[1850],"In the late 1700s, the Thirteen Colonies were unhappy about paying British taxes. What happened next?",[1852],"The American War of Independence",{"id":1854,"data":1855,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"083a22bf-dacf-4439-80da-dfcb83ebb26e",{"type":66,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1856,"clozeWords":1858},[1857],"After losing the Thirteen Colonies to the American War of Independence, Britain turned its attention to places like Australia.",[1798],{"id":1860,"data":1861,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1864},"0210dfd7-68ff-4fda-94e9-af7c23b960e0",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1862,"audioMediaId":1863},"The period of 1815 to 1914 is sometimes referred to as Britain’s imperial century. During this time, about 400 million people were added to the British Empire, making up for the loss of the American colonies in the 1700s.\n\nSpain had faded as an imperial power, and in 1815, the British had defeated Napoleon’s France at the Battle of Waterloo. This left them without any serious international rivals: Britain now ruled the world’s oceans, and no one had the power to stop them.\n\nSome of Britain's most significant acquisitions during the imperial century were South Africa, in 1815, and India, in 1858. Slavery had officially been abolished by now, but Britain still took advantage of many local populations, exploiting these colonies for the good of the British nation.","79782994-5b6d-4365-bfd5-d06703cea9bc",[1865,1876],{"id":1866,"data":1867,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"0ee8b05d-fba4-412e-95be-ffd3c9f45ed9",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1868,"multiChoiceCorrect":1870,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1872,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1869],"What period is sometimes referred to as Britain’s imperial century?",[1871],"1815 to 1914",[1873,1874,1875],"1714 to 1815","1861 to 1961","1761 to 1861",{"id":1877,"data":1878,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"c0b9cbc8-027d-40d6-aa0c-e29cec6d031d",{"type":66,"reviewType":15,"spacingBehaviour":24,"orderAxisType":24,"orderQuestion":1879,"orderItems":1881},[1880],"Put these events in order:",[1882,1885,1888,1891,1893],{"label":1883,"reveal":1884,"sortOrder":4},"Thirteen Colonies become independent","1776",{"label":1886,"reveal":1887,"sortOrder":24},"First British colony in Australia","1788",{"label":1889,"reveal":1890,"sortOrder":25},"Britain defeat Napoleon at Waterloo","1815",{"label":1892,"reveal":1890,"sortOrder":35},"Britain take over South Africa",{"label":1894,"reveal":1895,"sortOrder":36},"Britain take over India","1858",{"id":1897,"data":1898,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1900,"introPage":1907,"pages":1913},"7457a376-d3ba-41a4-86cc-0b389637c1db",{"type":25,"title":1899},"Decline of the British",{"id":1901,"data":1902,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"779a2698-e747-4a9f-98fe-463ce610431c",{"type":35,"summary":1903},[1904,1905,1906],"Britain's empire declined after the two World Wars, partly because of the financial strain that was placed on them","India gained independence from British rule in 1947","Though the empire is gone, the Commonwealth includes 56 countries which still have political ties to Britain",{"id":1908,"data":1909,"type":52,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"1c242409-f0a2-4bbc-9a99-951c031102c0",{"type":52,"intro":1910},[1911,1912],"What led to the decline of the British Empire in the 20th century?","How does the legacy of the British Empire still influence the world today?",[1914,1938],{"id":1915,"data":1916,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1919},"de5677cb-f600-45a8-ad3c-c45cb8ddd2d1",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1917,"audioMediaId":1918},"Britain maintained their colossal empire well into the modern period. The first cracks began to show in the 20th century, when the two World Wars had a devastating effect on Britain’s finances.\n\nWith crippling debts, it was hard for Britain to maintain its empire. As well as this, people were beginning to question whether it was ethical to have an empire in the first place. During World War II, Britain had resisted the encroaching expansion of the German state; did their colonies not deserve independence from imposed British power too?\n\nIn 1947, India was granted independence after decades of British rule. In the coming years, other colonies became independent too. Officially, the final British colony was Hong Kong, with Britain cutting ties in 1997.\n\n![Graph](image://b96bb186-c3dc-4763-a34a-2b962eef3042 \"The British Empire in the early 1900s. Image: Ibu007, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")","0e6c3cd1-3735-4c84-b616-b8bb82e05bd8",[1920,1931],{"id":1303,"data":1921,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1922,"multiChoiceQuestion":1923,"multiChoiceCorrect":1925,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1926,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":24,"orderQuestion":1927,"orderItems":1928},[1301,1302,1298],[1924],"In which year did Britain release its final colony, bringing an official end to the empire?",[1311],[1309,1310,1307],[152],[1929],{"label":1930,"reveal":1311,"sortOrder":35},"End of British Empire",{"id":1932,"data":1933,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"2ed0f7a1-2ac8-43cd-9e86-07d5bd18fff8",{"type":66,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1934,"activeRecallAnswers":1936},[1935],"After which major conflict did Britain decide to start releasing some of its colonies?",[1937],"World War Two",{"id":1939,"data":1940,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1943},"05793ae3-75da-4601-99a4-868f13bb23dd",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1941,"audioMediaId":1942},"The influence of the British Empire can still be felt in the world today. English has become a global language due to Britain’s imperial expansion; it is now spoken by over one billion people worldwide as either their first or second language.\n\nThe Commonwealth is a collection of 56 countries which still hold political ties to Britain. Technically speaking, these countries are still part of the British monarchy, even if they are politically independent. These countries include Canada, Australia and South Africa.\n\n![Graph](image://fca233bc-93dc-4b36-8079-0e900035ba09 \"The Commonwealth. Image: Bastin8, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nMeanwhile, the scars of the transatlantic slave trade can still be felt around the world. Many African nations have never recovered economically from this period of exploitation, while racial inequality still remains prevalent all over the world. In recent years, Britain has officially apologized for its past, but for many people, an apology is not enough.","7ecc7b25-0a5a-4c30-bccf-667a1d783916",[1944,1953,1960],{"id":1945,"data":1946,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"28fbef10-8ccc-4570-b236-9ee08b8e43fa",{"type":66,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1947,"binaryCorrect":1949,"binaryIncorrect":1951},[1948],"How many countries are a part of the Commonwealth?",[1950],"56",[1952],"24",{"id":1954,"data":1955,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"35952cee-1883-4967-b9e8-0f8a4d71e67d",{"type":66,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1956,"clozeWords":1958},[1957],"In the modern day, almost 1 billion people around the world still speak English as their first language.",[1959],"1 billion",{"id":1961,"data":1962,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"734d8e1d-aa7e-456a-94ae-8a06d91af64c",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1963,"multiChoiceCorrect":1965,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1967,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1964],"What was the final colony that Britain cut ties with in 1997?",[1966],"Hong Kong",[1968,1969,1798],"India","West Indies",{"id":1971,"data":1972,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":1975},"0f6ad10f-d60a-4a65-9f3d-6d14545111af",{"type":27,"title":1973,"tagline":1974},"Safavid Empire ","The rise of warrior monks (1501 - 1736)",[1976,2089,2222],{"id":1977,"data":1978,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1980,"introPage":1988,"pages":1994},"051cf38b-90ad-411d-9343-b3d89fb7009d",{"type":25,"title":1979},"Who were the Safavids?",{"id":1981,"data":1982,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"2218e6b5-b450-4b83-bf1d-6b63d2922d89",{"type":35,"summary":1983},[1984,1985,1986,1987],"The Safavid Empire started life as a small, spiritual movement in Iran","In the 1400s, the Safavids united with the Qizilbash tribes to form a powerful force","Shah Ismail led the Safavids to conquer Tabriz, and establish himself as Shah of Iran","Ismail styled himself as a messiah, whose spiritual protection would protect warriors on the battlefield",{"id":1989,"data":1990,"type":52,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"7785f66a-4d05-43f2-be65-5c4a73f8f451",{"type":52,"intro":1991},[1992,1993],"How did the Safavids go from a peaceful brotherhood to a powerful gunpowder empire?","Which Safavid ruler claimed to be a messiah?",[1995,2010,2027],{"id":1996,"data":1997,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2000},"9adefb64-1d9f-4368-b7c6-11c3b4a8a0bd",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1998,"audioMediaId":1999},"The Safavid Empire started life as a quiet, spiritual movement, but eventually became a powerful gunpowder empire, centered around the modern region of Iran.\n\n![Graph](image://b27cad34-d63c-42ce-9c90-7c1ee4449367 \"The Safavid Empire. Image: Public domain\")\n\nIn the early decades of Safavid power, they were known for their fanatical followers, brutal warfare, and violent executions of anyone who refused to convert to their Shi’a Islam faith. They shared a border with the powerful Ottomans, and clashed on a number of occasions.\n\nBut in later years, the Safavids stabilized into a culture defined by magnificent architecture, beautiful carpets, and devout, well-educated people. The modern country of Iran owes its existence to the Safavids. They established a state whose legacy endures today.","07d34242-e528-4e4c-b2c4-008bf2f91d76",[2001],{"id":2002,"data":2003,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"7fb1a67b-8480-49a3-825f-0ee58940079f",{"type":66,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2004,"binaryCorrect":2006,"binaryIncorrect":2008},[2005],"The Safavid Empire was centered around the region now known as what?",[2007],"Iran",[2009],"Iraq",{"id":2011,"data":2012,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2015},"0bf63089-6637-4715-8dfe-1294e89a4db7",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2013,"audioMediaId":2014},"The Safavids were originally a small, peaceful brotherhood, which devoted itself to monk-like spiritualism. They were based in the region now known as Iran, near the coast of the Caspian Sea.\n\nThis changed in the 1400s, when the movement got involved with the Qizilbash. These militant tribes lived in the modern countries of Azerbaijan and Turkey. The tribes had never seen eye to eye before, but found themselves uniting behind the religious messages of the Safavids.\n\n![Graph](image://36cbbbb7-a72d-4f9c-a441-933f1b8dd5f0 \"Shah Ismail. Image: Siamak², CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nIn 1501, Shah Ismail came to power at the head of the Safavid movement. He was a warrior priest, who claimed to be the mahdi – a messianic figure who was prophesized to rid the world of evil, and spread the Islam faith.","94a388e9-efd3-47c1-bd7d-c43623d90242",[2016],{"id":1720,"data":2017,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":2018,"multiChoiceQuestion":2019,"multiChoiceCorrect":2021,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2022,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2023,"matchPairsPairs":2024},[1717,1721,1722],[2020],"Which warrior priest officially founded the Safavid Empire?",[1728],[1726,1729,1730],[108],[2025],{"left":1728,"right":2026,"direction":35},"Safavid Empire",{"id":2028,"data":2029,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2032},"781de6be-a4f7-41a2-a7bb-6129ea616808",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2030,"audioMediaId":2031},"Shah Ismail used his messianic aura to lead the Qizilbash tribes on a religious conquest. His warriors were renowned for their ferocity and loyalty, and would enter the battlefield without armor, believing that Ismail's spiritual powers would protect them from harm.\n\nThis faith was rewarded when they took control of Tabriz in 1501 – a major local city. Ismail declared it a new Safavid capital, and named himself Shah of Iran.\n\n![Graph](image://2a2ef474-d786-490e-9495-064e5609084a \"Shah Ismail crowned as Shah. Image: ninara from Tehran, Iran, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nIt was around this time that he also began writing his divan – a collection of divinely-inspired poetry. This work continued to build on his image as a messianic mahdi: 'Adam has put on new clothes. God is come.'","5bd97dea-5703-4424-9ba0-d0785b5b3b4c",[2033,2044,2055,2066,2082],{"id":141,"data":2034,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":2035,"multiChoiceQuestion":2036,"multiChoiceCorrect":2038,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2039,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":24,"orderQuestion":2040,"orderItems":2041},[137,140,142],[2037],"In which year was the Safavid Empire first established?",[149],[146,148,150],[152],[2042],{"label":2043,"reveal":149,"sortOrder":25},"Start of Safavid Empire",{"id":98,"data":2045,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":2046,"multiChoiceQuestion":2047,"multiChoiceCorrect":2049,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2050,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2051,"matchPairsPairs":2052},[93,96,97],[2048],"Which of these was the original home of the Safavids?",[106],[102,104,105],[108],[2053],{"left":2054,"right":106,"direction":35},"Original home of the Safavids",{"id":455,"data":2056,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":2057,"multiChoiceQuestion":2058,"multiChoiceCorrect":2060,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2061,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2062,"matchPairsPairs":2063},[450,453,454],[2059],"Which of these was the first Safavid capital, captured by Shah Ismail and the Qizilbash in 1501?",[463],[459,461,462],[108],[2064],{"left":2065,"right":463,"direction":35},"Safavid city",{"id":2067,"data":2068,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"d1da550e-ecf6-417b-8229-98003cce56a9",{"type":66,"reviewType":226,"spacingBehaviour":24,"matchPairsQuestion":2069,"matchPairsPairs":2070,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},[108],[2071,2074,2077,2080],{"left":2072,"right":2073,"direction":35},"Divan","Divine poetry written by Ismael",{"left":2075,"right":2076,"direction":35},"Mahdi","Messianic title taken on by Ismael",{"left":2078,"right":2079,"direction":35},"Qizilbash","Militant tribes who united behind Ismael",{"left":2081,"right":240,"direction":35},"Sufi",{"id":2083,"data":2084,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"94e6f09e-97d1-4c47-b914-86cde6a8f80a",{"type":66,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":2085,"clozeWords":2087},[2086],"A line from Shah Ismael's Divan: 'Adam has put on new clothes. God is come.'",[2088],"Adam",{"id":2090,"data":2091,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":2093,"introPage":2101,"pages":2107},"0768f698-0b52-4b65-8397-65e12f53e739",{"type":25,"title":2092},"Guns and carpets",{"id":2094,"data":2095,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"cae373cb-3fb1-46be-8a0d-aafb8801234c",{"type":35,"summary":2096},[2097,2098,2099,2100],"The Safavids forced people to convert to Shi'ism, or otherwise face execution","The Safavids were defeated by the Ottomans at Chaldiran, as the Ottomans had gunpowder weaponry","After Ismael's death, his son Tahmasp worked hard to turn the Safavids into a gunpowder empire","They started expanding again, while building grand structures, and also monopolizing the silk trade",{"id":2102,"data":2103,"type":52,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"a54a5c23-0099-4682-9802-2378b427545e",{"type":52,"intro":2104},[2105,2106],"How did the Safavid Empire change and evolve after the death of Shah Ismael?","Why did the Safavids become famous for producing carpets?",[2108,2134,2158,2179],{"id":2109,"data":2110,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2113},"952c163c-2a5e-40f4-af74-f30e517d1321",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2111,"audioMediaId":2112},"The Safavids followed a branch of Islam known as Shi’ism, which differed from the Sunni branch of Islam practiced by the nearby Ottoman Empire.\n\nFollowing the conquest of Tabriz, the Safavids claimed a number of other local cities. On each occasion, they brutally forced the local population to convert to their version of the faith.\n\nIf people refused to convert, they would usually be executed. In 1503, 5000 people were killed in the city of Isfahan. Later that year, 4000 people were killed at Fars. Meanwhile, the Shah’s Qizilbash warriors remained as devoted as ever; each victory enhanced their leader’s messianic reputation.","e5d41101-7082-42df-a36d-405c17ca5776",[2114,2125],{"id":2115,"data":2116,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"d97a717f-9778-4549-b2ed-6b17365dc838",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2117,"multiChoiceCorrect":2119,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2121,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2118],"Which branch of Islam was practiced by the Safavids and the Ottomans respectively?",[2120],"Safavids practiced Shi’a Islam, Ottomans practiced Sunni Islam",[2122,2123,2124],"Ottomans practiced Shi’a Islam, Safavids practiced Sunni Islam","They both practiced Shi'a Islam","They both practiced Sunni Islam",{"id":2126,"data":2127,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"e05e7121-635b-47db-b9f3-adca2e877d97",{"type":66,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2128,"binaryCorrect":2130,"binaryIncorrect":2132},[2129],"When the Safavids claimed new cities, what did they do to people who refused to convert to Shi'a Islam?",[2131],"They executed them",[2133],"They expelled them",{"id":2135,"data":2136,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2139},"f983b425-f320-4d00-ab03-84a50f3e7fef",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2137,"audioMediaId":2138},"By 1514, the religious fervor of Shah Ismail and the Qizilbash had brought them to the edge of the Ottoman Empire. The two forces clashed at the Battle of Chaldiran – but it did not go well for the Safavids.\n\n![Graph](image://5e40d038-6ddd-43cc-b601-02c1835d2fad \"The Battle of Chaldiran. Image: Public domain\")\n\nThe Qizilbash warriors were no match for the powerful Ottoman army, which was equipped with advanced gunpowder weaponry – this was more than fifty years after they had used these weapons to siege Constantinople. The Safavids were forced into a chaotic retreat. Shah Ismail himself was injured, and almost captured, in the process.\n\nHis aura of messianic invincibility had been shattered by the Ottomans’ modern weapons. After the Battle of Chaldiran, Ismail lost confidence, and reportedly became a recluse. He may have even turned to alcohol; he died ten years later, at the early age of 36.","c4d8b431-5cf8-4dc0-9520-e46d938b3237",[2140,2149],{"id":2141,"data":2142,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"8c542d3b-a921-4948-bd8d-4bdcafdf8d1a",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2143,"multiChoiceCorrect":2145,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2147,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2144],"At the Battle of Chaldiran, who shattered Ismael's aura of invincibility with the help of some gunpowder weapons?",[2146],"The Ottomans",[2148,1247,1246],"The Mughals",{"id":2150,"data":2151,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"de39262d-3a03-4235-a46e-c03bba835351",{"type":66,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2152,"binaryCorrect":2154,"binaryIncorrect":2156},[2153],"After the Battle of Chaldiran, Shah Ismail became a recluse. He died ten years later, at what age?",[2155],"36",[2157],"46",{"id":2159,"data":2160,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2163},"43a0066e-b969-4fc0-b407-e9848d9bf53c",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2161,"audioMediaId":2162},"After the death of Shah Ismail, the Safavid state was rocked by a decade of civil war, before his son, Tahmasp, managed to assert his authority.\n\n![Graph](image://a0b5e0d7-9703-45ca-863d-f98d2dcf85b5 \"Shah Tahmasp. Image: Public domain\")\n\nHe worked on adopting gunpowder weaponry, to make sure that his army would not be defeated as easily as his father had been at the Battle of Chaldiran.\n\nIn the 1550s, the Safavids were attacked by the Ottomans, and Tahmasp’s army fared much better this time, managing to hold them at bay. Modern historians now refer to the Safavids as a ‘gunpowder empire’, just like the Ottomans, because they embraced the technology so effectively.\n\nTahmasp’s successors continued what he started, gradually strengthening the Safavid state. Another important figure was Shah Abbas, who ascended to the throne in 1588, and rapidly expanded Safavid territory. He even managed to claim some territory from the Ottomans.","a88e5653-eb77-4d98-a6db-ae822d0c7d8d",[2164,2173],{"id":2165,"data":2166,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"45da8b4d-17a0-47d7-9483-0fdf05fd60b8",{"type":66,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2167,"binaryCorrect":2169,"binaryIncorrect":2171},[2168],"Following the death of Shah Ismail, who asserted his authority after a decade of civil war?",[2170],"Tahmasp",[2172],"Abbas",{"id":2174,"data":2175,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"ed2e2b77-5cf5-44bd-8e09-8ace744c7e69",{"type":66,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":2176,"activeRecallAnswers":2178},[2177],"What important technology did Tahmasp adopt, which helped him fend off some Ottoman attacks?",[275],{"id":2180,"data":2181,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2184},"0b4ee40e-eff8-461e-a102-6573a0aac115",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2182,"audioMediaId":2183},"Shah Abbas – and the Safavids in general – were not only concerned with warfare. He also oversaw the construction of grand palaces, mosques, gardens and bazaars that can still be seen in Iran today.\n\nThe city of Isfahan received the most attention, after becoming a new Safavid capital. The city was renowned for its magnificent architecture, especially Naqsh-e Jahan Square, and the stunning blue mosaic walls of Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque.\n\n![Graph](image://d8ea821a-153e-43ad-871e-7dfb9cb8b5c8 \"Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque. Image: Ninara from Helsinki, Finland, CC BY 2.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nAbbas was also economically astute. He built a number of carpet factories, and began to monopolize the trade of silk to Europe, bringing significant wealth to the Safavid state.\n\nBy now, they had distanced themselves from the wild band of Qizilbash warriors which had driven their initial ascent. They became known as a well-dressed and well-educated people instead.","1506354c-eee3-479b-98ad-2d85bef7e08b",[2185,2195,2204,2215],{"id":252,"data":2186,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":2187,"multiChoiceQuestion":2188,"multiChoiceCorrect":2190,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2191,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2192,"matchPairsPairs":2193},[248,251,253],[2189],"Who ruled over the Safavid Empire at the height of its power?",[260],[257,259,261],[108],[2194],{"left":260,"right":2026,"direction":35},{"id":2196,"data":2197,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"702f113d-f9f8-4cc6-acd1-ad44e0d38192",{"type":66,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2198,"binaryCorrect":2200,"binaryIncorrect":2202},[2199],"Under Shah Abbas, which city became a new Safavid capital, renowned for its magnificent architecture?",[2201],"Isfahan",[2203],"Tehran",{"id":2205,"data":2206,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"8e289556-ac57-4a96-a21e-6f20b5b59a9c",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2207,"multiChoiceCorrect":2209,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2211,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2208],"What is the Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque most famous for?",[2210],"Blue mosaic walls",[2212,2213,2214],"Green mosaic walls","Red minarets","Yellow minarets",{"id":2216,"data":2217,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"dfc14f38-6dc9-47a7-a3c0-1cf3fc12d100",{"type":66,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":2218,"clozeWords":2220},[2219],"Shah Abbas built a number of carpet factories, and began to monopolize the trade of silk to Europe.",[2221],"carpet",{"id":2223,"data":2224,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":2226,"introPage":2233,"pages":2239},"92cda9ff-d683-45b7-b4d2-59af5dd624a0",{"type":25,"title":2225},"Decline of the Safavids",{"id":2227,"data":2228,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"ccc03e36-b5e8-4bb1-9c98-313a6e379d87",{"type":35,"summary":2229},[2230,2231,2232],"The decline of the Safavids began in the late 17th century, mainly due to weak leaders like Shah Husayn","Isfahan fell to Afghan invaders in 1722, leading to the official downfall of the Safavid Dynasty in 1736","The Safavids still left a lasting legacy in modern Iran, shaping its identity as a Shi'a Muslim nation",{"id":2234,"data":2235,"type":52,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"f7c2eac1-22c9-44ef-8bc4-63755478e4bf",{"type":52,"intro":2236},[2237,2238],"What led to the collapse of the Safavid Empire?","How do the Safavids continue to influence the identity of modern Iran?",[2240,2264],{"id":2241,"data":2242,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2245},"d675d93a-330f-4c1f-9f27-b8fdf8e4ab68",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2243,"audioMediaId":2244},"The Safavid Empire began to decline in the late 17th century, mainly due to a series of weak leaders, who failed to live up to the standards set by Shah Ismail, Tahmasp and Abbas. Shah Husayn was a prime example. He neglected his duties, preferring instead to indulge in wine and women.\n\n![Graph](image://6a4571d8-7fe9-4359-a400-a9f19a6ce72a \"Shah Husayn. Image: Aamir niaz, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nWithout a central figure to hold it together, the Safavid Empire started to fall apart. In 1722, the city of Isfahan fell to an invading Afghan force. Many of these Afghans, including their leader, had Qizilbash origins, and shared the military prowess of their predecessors.\n\nThe Safavids clung on for a short while longer, but in 1736, the Safavid Dynasty – a line which stretched back more than two-hundred years to Shah Ismail – was officially dethroned, and replaced by an Afghan king.","2f5ac6c0-0cb7-42c8-89b8-2d50c9d46287",[2246,2255],{"id":2247,"data":2248,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"9b1ac36b-b3b2-4723-88c7-a752ec75b4e0",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2249,"multiChoiceCorrect":2251,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2253,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2250],"In the late 17th century, the Safavids declined due to a series of weak leaders. Which of these was one of them?",[2252],"Shah Husayn",[1728,2254,260],"Shah Tahmasp",{"id":2256,"data":2257,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"080168b1-53fc-4f20-bdb6-2da8f412c376",{"type":66,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2258,"binaryCorrect":2260,"binaryIncorrect":2262},[2259],"In which year did the city of Isfahan fall to an invading Afghan force?",[2261],"1722",[2263],"1736",{"id":2265,"data":2266,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2269},"3b6a20f4-242e-47c4-bbfa-6a20b478d6c9",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2267,"audioMediaId":2268},"The legacy of the Safavids can still be felt in modern Iran, as they set a precedent for the nation’s future identity as a bastion of Shi'ism and Islamic culture.\n\nMore than 99% of modern Iranians are Muslim, and 90% are Shi’a Muslim – the branch of the faith first brought to the region by the Safavids. This is in contrast to places like Turkey, whose population is 80% Sunni Muslim, following on from the Sunni leadership of the Ottomans.\n\nThe concept of Iran, as a unified nation, can also be traced to the Safavids. What was once a collection of disparate tribes was brought together as a single culture with a shared territory. The borders established by the Safavid Empire roughly align with the borders of the modern country.","23c83209-17ae-4923-96af-fedb657b0461",[2270,2288,2299],{"id":2271,"data":2272,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"87b76131-0d5f-454f-901b-830c5db92b17",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":2273,"multiChoiceQuestion":2277,"multiChoiceCorrect":2279,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2280,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":24,"orderQuestion":2284,"orderItems":2285},[2274,2275,2276],"3424da53-f4c4-4d77-a4d2-2b7d50bcf943","4fd6831f-02df-4d45-a32d-715ecaadfa0f","011492c5-4fea-4310-b3bb-ca83fbccef3a",[2278],"In which year did the Safavid Dynasty officially come to an end?",[2263],[2281,2282,2283],"1857","1868","1912",[152],[2286],{"label":2287,"reveal":2263,"sortOrder":4},"End of the Safavid Empire",{"id":2289,"data":2290,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"b49251b1-47e6-4789-87d5-6cca81fe8e91",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2291,"multiChoiceCorrect":2293,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2295,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2292],"Which of these is true of the Afghan leader who took over from the Safavid Empire?",[2294],"He had Qizilbash blood",[2296,2297,2298],"He was descended from Shah Ismail","He had Ottoman blood","He was the step-son of Shah Husayn",{"id":2300,"data":2301,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"49a47b6a-1084-46ff-8549-e0fcccd713c4",{"type":66,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2302,"binaryCorrect":2304,"binaryIncorrect":2306},[2303],"What percentage of modern Iranians are still followers of Shi’a Muslim?",[2305],"90%",[2307],"10%",{"id":2309,"data":2310,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"orbs":2313},"be058ff8-0395-42f1-ad91-5e3490461cf6",{"type":27,"title":2311,"tagline":2312},"Mughal Empire ","The South Asian powerhouse (1526 - 1857)",[2314,2395,2528],{"id":2315,"data":2316,"type":25,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":2318,"introPage":2325,"pages":2331},"29c59be8-7f3f-4c1b-b9be-810cbe9bf765",{"type":25,"title":2317},"Who were the Mughals?",{"id":2319,"data":2320,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"49b95064-4a74-43c0-b35a-68a796a02977",{"type":35,"summary":2321},[2322,2323,2324],"The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur, a descendant of Genghis Khan and Timur","In 1526, Babur defeated a local Sultan at the Battle of Panipat, and took control of the Punjab","The Mughals were a gunpowder empire, using modern weapons in warfare",{"id":2326,"data":2327,"type":52,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"681a8228-4399-4233-8fae-bdf3f4b44a61",{"type":52,"intro":2328},[2329,2330],"Which famous conquerors was the founder of the Mughals descended from?","Which victory in India proved decisive in the rise of the Mughal Empire?",[2332,2347],{"id":2333,"data":2334,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2337},"398d3851-4c8a-4bfc-9211-cdf6ce722d11",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2335,"audioMediaId":2336},"Before the start of the early modern period, Central Asia was dominated by two of the most powerful emperors in history: Timur and Genghis Khan.\n\n![Graph](image://726f1284-3824-450f-b1d2-b11bfbf4bdd9 \"Genghis Khan. Image: Public domain\")\n\nAnd in the early modern period, one of their ancestors continued their legacy by founding the Mughal Empire. This civilization roughly aligned with modern India and Pakistan, and was one of the largest empires in the world.\n\nThe Mughals were famous for their brutal warfare, skillful diplomacy, and open-minded religious tolerance. They were also excellent architects, constructing iconic buildings like the Taj Mahal. In the modern day, this site draws 8 million visitors every year, and is one of the Seven Wonders of the World.","8f142e50-46cd-480c-a294-0f8cd07775ab",[2338],{"id":2339,"data":2340,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"a770bee6-3d32-49bd-9d32-9c0e53a8cbcb",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2341,"multiChoiceCorrect":2343,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2345,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":21,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2342],"The territory of the Mughal civilization roughly aligned with which two modern countries?",[1968,2344],"Pakistan",[2346,2007],"China",{"id":2348,"data":2349,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"reviews":2352},"c03ca0e5-1996-48a7-8300-59e5331b2498",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2350,"audioMediaId":2351},"The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur, a descendant of both Genghis Khan and Timur. Central Asia was already ruled by his relatives, so he decided to seek a different path by launching a conquest of India.\n\n![Graph](image://73cdf5a8-8dd2-4092-a215-fcdb40b07c0b \"Babur. Image: Davide Mauro, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nTimur had also controlled part of India, and Babur decided to target the same region: the Punjabi area in the north. In 1526, he defeated the local Sultan at the Battle of Panipat, and took control of the Punjab.\n\nBabur wrote afterwards that 'by the grace of the Almighty God, this difficult task was made easy to me and that mighty army,' but his victory was also helped by modern weapons. Along with the Ottomans and the Safavids, the Mughals were a gunpowder empire.","400ef235-b392-40e7-9bda-c812be1802c5",[2353,2364,2375,2384],{"id":1721,"data":2354,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":2355,"multiChoiceQuestion":2356,"multiChoiceCorrect":2358,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2359,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2360,"matchPairsPairs":2361},[1717,1720,1722],[2357],"Who established the Mughal Empire?",[1729],[1726,1728,1730],[108],[2362],{"left":1729,"right":2363,"direction":35},"Mughal Empire",{"id":142,"data":2365,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":2366,"multiChoiceQuestion":2367,"multiChoiceCorrect":2369,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2370,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":24,"orderQuestion":2371,"orderItems":2372},[137,140,141],[2368],"In which year was the Mughal Empire established?",[150],[146,148,149],[152],[2373],{"label":2374,"reveal":150,"sortOrder":35},"Start of Mughal Empire",{"id":2376,"data":2377,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"1d49a69b-db6a-42d3-a399-779573370651",{"type":66,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2378,"binaryCorrect":2380,"binaryIncorrect":2382},[2379],"According to Babur, how did he manage to take control of the Punjab, and establish the Mughal Empire?",[2381],"It was thanks to the support of Almighty God",[2383],"It was thanks to his army's gunpowder weapons",{"id":2385,"data":2386,"type":66,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"06b7b582-8445-4de3-9eed-6eb0447838d1",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2387,"multiChoiceCorrect":2389,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2392,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":21},[2388],"Which of these emperors was Babur directly descended from?",[2390,2391],"Genghis Khan","Timur",[2393,2394],"Charlemagne","Justinian",{"id":2396,"data":2397,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":2398,"introPage":2406,"pages":2412},"ef66ff2c-9126-4127-8c48-c266b562db41",{"type":25,"title":177},{"id":2399,"data":2400,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"9a216967-9333-4a8b-b184-ce921a5ac024",{"type":35,"summary":2401},[2402,2403,2404,2405],"Akbar the Great expanded the Mughal Empire through a combination of diplomacy and military force","Akbar promoted religious tolerance, and tried to establish his own unified religion called Din-i-Ilahi","Later, Shah Jahan patronized art and architecture, and constructed the Taj Mahal","Mughal cuisine combined Central Asian and Indian flavors, and led to the invention of many curries",{"id":2407,"data":2408,"type":52,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"a38c7e85-dde4-494b-ad79-c5f4c373f819",{"type":52,"intro":2409},[2410,2411],"What strategies did Akbar the Great use to unify his diverse empire?","Which Mughal Shah constructed the Taj Mahal?",[2413,2433,2456,2487],{"id":2414,"data":2415,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2418},"a9834b99-24d6-4b3f-a654-e9fd40063daa",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2416,"audioMediaId":2417},"Up until his death in 1530, Babur continued to expand Mughal territory down into India. He laid the foundations for the Mughal Empire – but he is not remembered as its greatest leader.\n\nThat title goes to Akbar the Great, grandson of Babur and third Mughal emperor. He is credited with expanding the empire to its greatest extent: an area of land even larger than modern India, with a population of 100 million people.\n\n![Graph](image://71969930-403f-4711-8dd9-6f7df78ea275 \"Akbar the Great. Image: Public domain\")\n\nAlongside many examples of military force, Akbar was also a masterful diplomat, who used marriage alliances and strategic treaties to gain control of India's subcontinent. He also used these skills to build relationships with foreign superpowers.\n\nThese diplomatic successes meant that Akbar could focus on internal matters rather than having to constantly fight wars. This ushered in a period of stability and prosperity.","733e28df-b558-4e41-9cf4-6742dc004c21",[2419,2426],{"id":2420,"data":2421,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"b48b04f4-01a9-477f-bfdc-e87ccf8da375",{"type":66,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":2422,"clozeWords":2424},[2423],"Up until his death in 1530, Babur expanded Mughal territory down into India.",[2425],"1530",{"id":2427,"data":2428,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"4ba45e69-58c9-47da-b45c-1bc5fc5ab12b",{"type":66,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":2429,"activeRecallAnswers":2431},[2430],"Babur's grandson expanded the Mughal Empire to its greatest extent. What was his name?",[2432],"Akbar the Great",{"id":2434,"data":2435,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2438},"5648e6a0-eb21-4193-9996-1fc27e95c527",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2436,"audioMediaId":2437},"During his time at the head of the Mughal Empire, Akbar the Great established a centralized court, with a tolerant approach to different religions and cultures. He wanted his empire to be peaceful and unified, with everyone made to feel welcome.\n\nFor example, he abolished a traditional jizya tax on non-Muslims, giving them more religious freedom. He also welcomed Sunni refugees who had fled from the violent religious persecution of the neighboring Safavid Empire.\n\nAkbar also experimented with a new religion called Din-i-Ilahi, which combined aspects from all the existing religions into one. He hoped that Din-i-Ilahi would allow all of his subjects to merge their beliefs into a single practice, and become even more unified than before. This religion never became popular, but it demonstrated Akbar’s commitment to religious unity.","53f8e1e7-13ca-46b6-9415-0eef8df18647",[2439],{"id":2440,"data":2441,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"30654674-4c97-4869-9b44-8ed099a243ee",{"type":66,"reviewType":226,"spacingBehaviour":24,"matchPairsQuestion":2442,"matchPairsPairs":2444,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},[2443],"Akbar encouraged religious expression. Match his policies below:",[2445,2448,2451,2454],{"left":2446,"right":2447,"direction":35},"Jizya","Traditional tax on non-Muslims, which he abolished",{"left":2449,"right":2450,"direction":35},"Sunni","Refugees from the Safavids, which he welcomed",{"left":2452,"right":2453,"direction":35},"Din-i-Ilahi","New unified religion, which he established",{"left":2455,"right":240,"direction":35},"Shi'a",{"id":2457,"data":2458,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2461},"4dea9048-b03c-4cdb-a170-a4514d4fcf3e",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2459,"audioMediaId":2460},"The Mughal Empire also enjoyed a cultural golden age during the reign of Akbar's grandson, Shah Jahan. He was a great patron of art and encouraged painting and architecture, which both flourished under his rule.\n\nShah Jahan is most famous for commissioning the iconic Taj Mahal in 1631. It was built out of love for his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal, who died giving birth to their fourteenth child. It is considered one of the most beautiful buildings ever created, and still stands as a symbol of India’s rich cultural heritage.\n\n![Graph](image://575736c9-5703-43d5-80eb-11203aac5439 \"The Taj Mahal. Image: King of Hearts, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nDuring Shah Jahan’s reign, many miniature paintings were also produced by Mughal artists. These miniatures often adorned the pages of important books, and captured significant historical events, or the beauty of the natural world.","4caae2f7-449b-40fd-ae4e-5847637cd324",[2462,2472],{"id":253,"data":2463,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":2464,"multiChoiceQuestion":2465,"multiChoiceCorrect":2467,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2468,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2469,"matchPairsPairs":2470},[248,251,252],[2466],"Who ruled over the Mughal Empire during its cultural golden age?",[261],[257,259,260],[108],[2471],{"left":261,"right":2363,"direction":35},{"id":2473,"data":2474,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"84f002f7-6f0a-4b6d-85ab-9ad6b6795f68",{"type":66,"reviewType":226,"spacingBehaviour":24,"matchPairsQuestion":2475,"matchPairsPairs":2477,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},[2476],"How were each of these Mughal emperors related?",[2478,2480,2483,2485],{"left":1729,"right":2479,"direction":35},"Great great grandfather of Jahan",{"left":2481,"right":2482,"direction":35},"Akbar","Grandson of Babur",{"left":261,"right":2484,"direction":35},"Grandson of Akbar",{"left":240,"right":2486,"direction":35},"Great great grandson of Akbar",{"id":2488,"data":2489,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2492},"daad33ac-e110-40ca-bb73-88a3ef837a35",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2490,"audioMediaId":2491},"The Mughal Empire had a rich cuisine, and many of their dishes remain popular today. Curries were especially common, including kormas, biryanis and chicken tikkas.\n\nThese dishes were often a combination of Central Asian recipes, brought over when the Mughals migrated from the region, and local Indian delicacies. They were aromatic and spicy, and the most popular dishes were recorded in official recipe books complete with painted illustrations.\n\nWhen modern people think of curries, they often think of chili peppers, but this plant is not native to India. It was introduced to India by European traders shortly before the Mughals arrived in the region. Chilis were discovered by Europeans when they met the Aztecs in Mesoamerica.","62d616a6-77d5-4832-99de-67001a8ef240",[2493,2503,2510,2519],{"id":361,"data":2494,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":2495,"multiChoiceQuestion":2496,"multiChoiceCorrect":2498,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2499,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2500,"matchPairsPairs":2501},[358,362,363],[2497],"Which of these would you associate with the Mughal Empire?",[369],[367,370,371],[108],[2502],{"left":2363,"right":369,"direction":35},{"id":2504,"data":2505,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"216ae324-82df-4de8-ac15-e86cf17d207b",{"type":66,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":2506,"clozeWords":2508},[2507],"During Shah Jahan’s reign, many miniature paintings were produced by Mughal artists.",[2509],"miniature",{"id":2511,"data":2512,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"5f3f002b-477a-4dd3-9ec7-623fbaaa5fe6",{"type":66,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2513,"binaryCorrect":2515,"binaryIncorrect":2517},[2514],"The Mughals were renowned for their spicy curries. But where did they get their chili peppers from?",[2516],"They were introduced by Europeans, who learned of them from the Aztecs",[2518],"They were native to India, and grown across the Punjab",{"id":2520,"data":2521,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"d649e9f5-a138-4365-9940-d59fb485202f",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2522,"multiChoiceCorrect":2524,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2525,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2523],"When Akbar was in power, what approach did he use to expand the Mughal Empire?",[882],[2526,2527,885],"Military force","Diplomatic alliances",{"id":2529,"data":2530,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":2532,"introPage":2540,"pages":2546},"f337614b-e070-47fb-bb74-a53aaf28607d",{"type":25,"title":2531},"Decline of the Mughals",{"id":2533,"data":2534,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"2ce0c6f8-95c9-4aa1-8c39-d9bd863e869a",{"type":35,"summary":2535},[2536,2537,2538,2539],"The Mughal Empire declined due to weak rulers and external factors like European colonialism","The British Empire took advantage of the Mughal decline by establishing colonies in India","The Mughal culture left a lasting mark on modern India and Pakistan through cuisine and architecture","Famous Mughal sites like the Taj Mahal and Red Fort in Delhi are iconic symbols of this legacy",{"id":2541,"data":2542,"type":52,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"4240d86e-479b-443d-ab08-2f7b70d3cd4b",{"type":52,"intro":2543},[2544,2545],"What factors led to the decline of the Mughal Empire?","How did the British Empire capitalize on the gradual weakening of the Mughals?",[2547,2564],{"id":2548,"data":2549,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2552},"6539e53f-8360-4040-aca4-b1c62b583b0f",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2550,"audioMediaId":2551},"The Mughal Empire began to decline in the early 18th century, a couple of generations after the golden age of Shah Jahan.\n\nHistorians have long debated the reasons for Mughal decline. Some argue that it was due to weak rulers, while others point to external factors like European colonialism. India’s outer provinces may also have played a role. Some of them resented the central court, and started to push for autonomy.\n\nWhatever the causes, the British Empire took advantage. They started to establish colonies in India, eating away at the edges of the Mughal Empire. In 1857, they crushed one final Mughal rebellion, and officially took control of India in 1858.\n\nThis marked the end of the Mughal Empire, and the beginning of the British Raj. Raj is a Hindi word which means ‘rule’, or ‘kingdom’.","72df812e-d4a2-4a88-ad4d-ddd855a08ac5",[2553],{"id":2274,"data":2554,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":2555,"multiChoiceQuestion":2556,"multiChoiceCorrect":2558,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2559,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":24,"orderQuestion":2560,"orderItems":2561},[2271,2275,2276],[2557],"In what year did a failed rebellion against the British mark the end of the Mughal Empire?",[2281],[2263,2282,2283],[152],[2562],{"label":2563,"reveal":2281,"sortOrder":24},"End of the Mughal Empire",{"id":2565,"data":2566,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2569},"5a6d23d3-d09a-4f29-b4c4-246e4c4df1a4",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2567,"audioMediaId":2568},"Despite the collapse of the Mughal Empire, they left a lasting mark on the culture of modern India and Pakistan – perhaps more of a mark than the British Raj which followed Mughal rule.\n\nFor example, the cuisine of both countries is heavily influenced by Mughal cooking, with dishes such as biryani, kebabs and korma still being popular staples. Many of these dishes are also popular in Britain, after Mughal culture influenced the tastes of India’s new rulers.\n\nMughal architecture, like the Taj Mahal, is also a clear mark of their legacy. Other famous sites include the Red Fort in Delhi, which was also commissioned by Shah Jahan. These icons of India would never have existed were it not for the Mughal Empire.\n\n![Graph](image://cd0d3ccf-e3de-4ac8-ae3f-db3781cc4b93 \"Red Fort in Delhi. Image: A.Savin, FAL, via Wikimedia Commons\")","56aad533-a704-4341-bd27-323f3aa2e165",[2570,2583,2590],{"id":2571,"data":2572,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"8e8c3d01-a061-4e70-b03f-dee6cea57222",{"type":66,"reviewType":15,"spacingBehaviour":24,"orderAxisType":226,"orderQuestion":2573,"orderItems":2574},[1880],[2575,2577,2579,2581],{"label":2576,"sortOrder":4},"Akbar builds empire larger than modern India",{"label":2578,"sortOrder":24},"Shah Jahan oversees a golden age",{"label":2580,"sortOrder":25},"Mughal Empire starts to gradually weaken",{"label":2582,"sortOrder":35},"British take control and establish Raj",{"id":2584,"data":2585,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"93142dc4-adc9-4ef3-873b-47dd8d45b197",{"type":66,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":2586,"activeRecallAnswers":2588},[2587],"The Mughal Empire was replaced by the British Raj. What is the meaning of 'Raj'?",[2589],"It is a Hindi word for 'rule'",{"id":2591,"data":2592,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"4d151813-9990-4707-a29d-a299607bd7f4",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2593,"multiChoiceCorrect":2595,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2597,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2594],"In addition to the Taj Mahal, which of these is another famous building constructed by the Mughal Empire?",[2596],"Red Fort in Delhi",[2598,2599,2600],"Blue Fort in Delhi","Red Fort in Punjab","Blue Fort in Punjab",{"id":2602,"data":2603,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"orbs":2606},"d0cde4ab-83b8-4f1d-a739-84d4892bc8f3",{"type":27,"title":2604,"tagline":2605},"Tokugawa Japan","Closed off from the world (1603 - 1867)",[2607,2683,2823],{"id":2608,"data":2609,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":2611,"introPage":2618,"pages":2624},"9ed8ce55-a5ec-4a00-8b44-732220b704de",{"type":25,"title":2610},"Who were the Japanese?",{"id":2612,"data":2613,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"ec756537-0f95-4dbf-8478-13e5e979a9f6",{"type":35,"summary":2614},[2615,2616,2617],"Tokugawa Ieyasu united Japan in 1603, and declared himself shogun of the country","Japan officially closed its borders in 1633, and started focusing on internal growth","Japan developed a unique culture during this period, including Kabuki theater and Haiku poetry",{"id":2619,"data":2620,"type":52,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"57f72fa0-fed0-44c7-91b6-36b090c53bd6",{"type":52,"intro":2621},[2622,2623],"Which Japanese leader united Japan, and brought an end to the warring states period?","Why did Japan decide to close its borders during the Tokugawa period?",[2625,2630],{"id":2626,"data":2627,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25},"3d33b268-0ff9-463a-9ae4-938a8c214059",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2628,"audioMediaId":2629},"For most parts of the world, the early modern period was a time of exploration, colonization, and cultural exchange. But in early modern Japan, the exact opposite took place.\n\nIn 1633, the country closed its borders to the outside world, and focused on internal growth. They still interacted, here and there, with foreign traders, but for the most part foreigners were forbidden from entering Japan.\n\nFor the next two hundred years, Japan developed its own rich and unique culture, including Kabuki theater, woodblock prints, and Haiku poetry. This period was known as Tokugawa Japan, and it was a rare example of a country existing in a state of isolation.","d9d0b929-3ca6-4572-a2d3-0153d4a74f91",{"id":2631,"data":2632,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2635},"f4816323-9a56-47a7-9cd4-95e791a891d5",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2633,"audioMediaId":2634},"Before the Tokugawa period, 16th century Japan was rocked by civil war. Officially, an emperor was in charge of the country, but he was marginalized and largely ignored. This is often known as the ‘warring states period’.\n\nThen in 1603, a powerful warlord named Tokugawa Ieyasu managed to unite the states. He declared himself shogun – a kind of military dictator – who took control of the country as a whole.\n\n![Graph](image://9a16b4b5-1090-4779-84cd-e0027a6e046b \"Tokugawa Ieyasu. Image: Public domain\")\n\nThe emperor still existed, but the role was now purely ceremonial. Tokugawa Ieyasu had complete control. He and his descendants would rule Japan for more than two hundred years, which is why the period is referred to as Tokugawa Japan.","82f686e0-5c36-4fbc-b76c-f76ff3a5def5",[2636,2647,2654,2665,2672],{"id":1301,"data":2637,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":2638,"multiChoiceQuestion":2639,"multiChoiceCorrect":2641,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2642,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":24,"orderQuestion":2643,"orderItems":2644},[1302,1298,1303],[2640],"When did Tokugawa Ieyasu declare himself shogun, and commence the Tokugawa period?",[1309],[1310,1307,1311],[152],[2645],{"label":2646,"reveal":1309,"sortOrder":24},"Start of Tokugawa Japan",{"id":2648,"data":2649,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"64bc1916-bdf7-45af-95ee-5a109e629f4e",{"type":66,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":2650,"activeRecallAnswers":2652},[2651],"16th century Japan was rocked by civil war. What is this period known as?",[2653],"Warring states period",{"id":2655,"data":2656,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"627ac147-e06a-4681-9e04-32861be452ab",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2657,"multiChoiceCorrect":2659,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2661,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2658],"Which powerful warlord managed to unite Japan, and bring an end to the warring states period?",[2660],"Tokugawa Ieyasu",[2662,2663,2664],"Oda Nobunaga","Toyotomi Hideyoshi","Minamoto no Yoritomo",{"id":2666,"data":2667,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"22ce7690-1e49-4e11-9092-9b4a7faaf761",{"type":66,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":2668,"clozeWords":2670},[2669],"Tokugawa Ieyasu declared himself shogun – a kind of military dictator.",[2671],"shogun",{"id":2673,"data":2674,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"2d3135c8-c49c-4ca6-b324-79d8f5a9eb39",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2675,"multiChoiceCorrect":2677,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2679,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2676],"Did Tokugawa Japan have an Emperor?",[2678],"Yes – but the role was purely ceremonial",[2680,2681,2682],"Yes – the shogun was subordinate to him","No – he was replaced by the shogun","No – Japan has never had emperors",{"id":2684,"data":2685,"type":25,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":2687,"introPage":2695,"pages":2701},"c27b949a-3654-4dc2-81ec-cb26c9f7aba7",{"type":25,"title":2686},"Closed country",{"id":2688,"data":2689,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"ed5571bb-0022-4426-ad06-806685a8c3e6",{"type":35,"summary":2690},[2691,2692,2693,2694],"Despite Japan's closed borders, Dutch traders were still allowed to visit Japan through the tiny island of Dejima","Japanese scientists studied European medical books that were traded to them by the Dutch","This period was a golden age for Japanese art, with famous works like Hokusai’s '36 Views Of Mount Fuji'","Japan maintained traditional beliefs, like Neo-Confucianism, during the closed country period",{"id":2696,"data":2697,"type":52,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"7e235a26-8a6c-4e8d-b000-e56af61a2268",{"type":52,"intro":2698},[2699,2700],"What was 'Dutch learning', and how did it affect the social hierarchies of Tokugawa Japan?","How does the philosophy of Neo-Confucianism contrast with Christianity?",[2702,2717,2741,2765],{"id":2703,"data":2704,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"reviews":2707},"7a71b59b-35d6-4692-b13a-faa4e27777e1",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2705,"audioMediaId":2706},"In the 1630s, Tokugawa Ieyasu’s grandson, Tokugawa Iemitsu, took the decision to close Japan’s borders to foreign trade and travel. This policy was known as ‘sakoku’, which translates as ‘closed country’.\n\nThis decision was made because Iemitsu was concerned about the growing influence of European powers. He did not want his country to be Christianized by missionaries, or colonized by the Spanish, as was already happening in other parts of the world.\n\nHe did not close the borders completely. Dutch traders were still allowed to visit the tiny island of Dejima in Nagasaki harbor. This allowed important books, like Western medical journals, to enter the country. Japan wanted to be independent, but not to fall behind.","f882021e-1c53-4d38-8f56-0c160fc68671",[2708],{"id":2709,"data":2710,"type":66,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"32be5c0b-534a-4cb9-8635-779cef2d0465",{"type":66,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2711,"binaryCorrect":2713,"binaryIncorrect":2715},[2712],"In the 1630s, which shogun decided to close Japan's borders to the outside world?",[2714],"Tokugawa Iemitsu (Ieyasu's grandson)",[2716],"Tokugawa Ieyasu (Iemitsu's grandfather)",{"id":2718,"data":2719,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2722},"c45c8c88-5966-4614-8da0-a293ff6d69c6",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2720,"audioMediaId":2721},"Japanese scientists thoroughly studied the European medical books which were allowed to enter the country through Dejima. This was known as ‘rangaku’, or Dutch learning.\n\n![Graph](image://753683ac-a282-4dda-b8ae-fd139aac44ab \"Rangaku. Image: Public domain\")\n\nThey also performed their own experiments to corroborate the things they read. For example, when Japanese scientists dissected the bodies of deceased criminals, they were impressed to find that the body matched the Dutch books.\n\nAs their science advanced, some Japanese people started questioning the social hierarchies that had been part of Japan for centuries: nobles and samurai at the top, and merchants and criminals at the bottom. Dissections showed that everyone was the same on the inside, which meant these hierarchies were surely artificial.","008dc102-a7d9-4a3b-bce2-112c8bbedf9f",[2723,2730],{"id":2724,"data":2725,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"a6b56ee2-3a8d-49c7-872f-4968cac91207",{"type":66,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":2726,"activeRecallAnswers":2728},[2727],"Despite closing its borders to the outside world, what did Japan still allow to enter the country via the tiny island of Dejima?",[2729],"European medical books",{"id":2731,"data":2732,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"ad12ce86-51c4-4908-b252-b0e6e1834807",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2733,"multiChoiceCorrect":2735,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2737,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2734],"How did Japanese scientists corroborate what they read in European medical books?",[2736],"They performed dissections, mainly on deceased criminals",[2738,2739,2740],"They performed dissections, mainly on deceased children","They compared them to the writings of Japanese ancients","They trusted these books, so did not need to corroborate",{"id":2742,"data":2743,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2746},"214e41d4-68cb-4e1d-a55d-c979653b86df",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2744,"audioMediaId":2745},"The Tokugawa period also saw many great artistic achievements, as the country developed unique artforms without the influence of foreign nations.\n\nFor example, traditional Japanese woodblock prints were able to flourish. Some of the most famous works from this era were Katsushika Hokusai’s *36 Views Of Mount Fuji*. This iconic set of works captured the beauty and majesty of Japan's highest mountain, with each print depicting it from a different angle or season.\n\n![Graph](image://9d80c39c-5e18-4739-a48f-c9f98dbbe1d8 \"One of Hokusai's views of Mount Fuji. Image: Public domain\")\n\nOther artists took a more subversive approach. He-Gassen (‘Fart Battle’) paintings became especially popular; they showed nobles and samurai producing unflattering farts, which undermined the people at the top of the traditional social pyramid.\n\n![Graph](image://401100fc-b273-4c47-a3ff-6967455171a7 \"He-Gassen. Image: Public domain\")","45a643ef-5eb8-49e9-8bf6-cfe17c54a55c",[2747,2754],{"id":2748,"data":2749,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"2510b77e-1238-41b0-8cc9-5aa3dc8d35a0",{"type":66,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":2750,"activeRecallAnswers":2752},[2751],"Which subversive art form took off during the Tokugawa period?",[2753],"He-Gassen ('Fart Battle') paintings",{"id":2755,"data":2756,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"71185255-f4cf-4881-aafc-1cfeaedd91c1",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2757,"multiChoiceCorrect":2759,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2761,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2758],"Who did He-Gassen paintings undermine, by showing them breaking wind?",[2760],"Nobles and samurai",[2762,2763,2764],"European traders","The emperor","The shogun",{"id":2766,"data":2767,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2770},"81dca5a1-1906-4558-8728-ee2d65ce42e8",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2768,"audioMediaId":2769},"While most of the world in the early modern period was influenced by Christianity or Islam, Japan remained largely untouched by these religions, and instead continued its own traditional spiritual beliefs.\n\nNeo-Confucianism was a dominant philosophy during this time. It valued harmony with nature, and respect for living things; it was at odds with religions like Christianity that placed humans above the natural world.\n\nMany people in Japan also believed in kami spirits – small deities which existed as part of the rocks, the animals, the trees. The landscape was littered with torii gates, which were said to mark the border between the human world and the spirit world.\n\n![Graph](image://5ce6ec8b-5fab-47c5-a937-ec4c8013ae1a \"Torii gates. Image Balon Greyjoy, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\")","5639d422-f45c-4780-bb77-3a7a198a9a53",[2771,2781,2790,2799,2806],{"id":271,"data":2772,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":2773,"multiChoiceQuestion":2774,"multiChoiceCorrect":2776,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2777,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2778,"matchPairsPairs":2779},[266,269,270],[2775],"Which of these would you most associate with Tokugawa Japan?",[279],[275,277,278],[108],[2780],{"left":2604,"right":279,"direction":35},{"id":2782,"data":2783,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"b2c8293f-1ebc-4252-9e8e-c860f913fa34",{"type":66,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2784,"binaryCorrect":2786,"binaryIncorrect":2788},[2785],"What was the dominant philosophy in Japan during the early modern period?",[2787],"Neo-Confucianism",[2789],"Zen Buddhism",{"id":2791,"data":2792,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"bd35204b-966d-4936-bcad-b56e7772d172",{"type":66,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2793,"binaryCorrect":2795,"binaryIncorrect":2797},[2794],"In what way was Japanese Neo-Confucianism different to Christianity?",[2796],"It valued harmony with nature, not dominion of man",[2798],"It valued dominion of man, not harmony with nature",{"id":2800,"data":2801,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"9c62dc1d-a2d7-48f4-aa79-439205d74a9a",{"type":66,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":2802,"clozeWords":2804},[2803],"In Tokugawa Japan, people believed that kami spirits inhabited the natural world.",[2805],"kami",{"id":2807,"data":2808,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"bc7f8d55-2454-4a24-84fa-75598932134b",{"type":66,"reviewType":226,"spacingBehaviour":24,"matchPairsQuestion":2809,"matchPairsPairs":2810,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},[108],[2811,2814,2817,2820],{"left":2812,"right":2813,"direction":35},"Sakoku","Japanese word for 'closed country'",{"left":2815,"right":2816,"direction":35},"Dejima","Tiny island for Dutch traders",{"left":2818,"right":2819,"direction":35},"Rangaku","Japanese word for 'Dutch learning'",{"left":2821,"right":2822,"direction":35},"Torii","Gate that marks border with spirit world",{"id":2824,"data":2825,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":2827,"introPage":2834,"pages":2840},"66b8e47f-c594-4015-95cf-dfeed9716bb1",{"type":25,"title":2826},"Decline of Tokugawa Japan",{"id":2828,"data":2829,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"228c0ca7-ab30-4fa5-9fc4-81d48b815d41",{"type":35,"summary":2830},[2831,2832,2833],"Tokugawa Japan opened its borders to the world in 1853, after America came knocking with gunboats","The Tokugawa shogunate was overthrown in 1868, leading to a period of rapid modernization","Modern Japan is a blend of Western influence, and traditional Tokugawa culture",{"id":2835,"data":2836,"type":52,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"e5b6b871-b2ed-41ab-9c68-bfaa1c92c05b",{"type":52,"intro":2837},[2838,2839],"What finally sparked Japan's decision to re-open its borders to the world?","How did the re-opening of Japan's borders impact its traditional culture?",[2841,2865,2891,2908],{"id":2842,"data":2843,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2846},"71cff00d-4225-405a-842d-2aa602cd7c21",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2844,"audioMediaId":2845},"The ‘closed country’ period of Tokugawa Japan came to a sudden end in 1853, when America sent a fleet of warships and demanded that the country open its borders to foreign trade.\n\nThe Japanese were reluctant, but they eventually agreed after the Americans began to fire their cannons at Japan’s coastal towns. This is sometimes known as ‘gunboat diplomacy’, and it is one of many examples, throughout the early modern period, when gunpowder proved decisive.\n\n![Graph](image://1debb0d2-38f6-4013-8515-9213ad670ab6 \"American ship. Image: Public domain\")\n\nThe Japanese signed a Treaty of Amity and Commerce, which officially opened their borders to the world. This also marked an important moment in American history. Not long before, they had just been a collection of British colonies, but now they were stamping their authority on world affairs.","f0f4d0d1-3da9-4ef2-a2ab-2d7140285d6a",[2847,2858],{"id":2848,"data":2849,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"a51b77f3-28b5-423d-be8d-88b11765a974",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2850,"multiChoiceCorrect":2852,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2854,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2851],"In 1853, which country arrived with a fleet of gunboats, and forced Tokugawa Japan to open its borders to the world?",[2853],"United States",[2855,2856,2857],"Britain","Spain","Netherlands",{"id":2859,"data":2860,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"962b843b-9dad-4f92-a79e-22041bfa4127",{"type":66,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":2861,"activeRecallAnswers":2863},[2862],"What treaty officially opened Japan's borders to the world?",[2864],"Treaty of Amity and Commerce",{"id":2866,"data":2867,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2870},"6c2cdd9f-7302-4d4c-805a-c04be72603c4",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2868,"audioMediaId":2869},"In the wake of opening their borders to the world, Japan underwent a major political upheaval. The Tokugawa shogunate was overthrown, and replaced by a government who wanted to rapidly modernize the country.\n\nIn 1868, a new government charter proudly declared that 'knowledge shall be sought throughout the world so as to broaden and strengthen the foundations of imperial rule.' They now actively invited foreign influence, after two centuries trying to avoid it.\n\nIt was not long before people in Japan were wearing Western-style clothing, such as top hats and frocks, instead of traditional robes and kimonos. Tokugawa building styles were also replaced by Western architecture, while steam-powered ships and gunpowder rifles were used to modernize the Japanese army.","bffb7004-7be7-4a38-94cd-18c34076bb12",[2871,2882],{"id":2275,"data":2872,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":2873,"multiChoiceQuestion":2874,"multiChoiceCorrect":2876,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2877,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":24,"orderQuestion":2878,"orderItems":2879},[2271,2274,2276],[2875],"In what year was Tokugawa regime overthrown?",[2282],[2263,2281,2283],[152],[2880],{"label":2881,"reveal":2282,"sortOrder":25},"End of Tokugawa Japan",{"id":2883,"data":2884,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"83d4432d-ceb4-4e47-902f-91170598b846",{"type":66,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2885,"binaryCorrect":2887,"binaryIncorrect":2889},[2886],"Not long after opening its borders, the Tokugawa regime was overthrown and replaced by a new government. What did they declare?",[2888],"Japan would seek knowledge throughout the world",[2890],"Japan would close its borders again",{"id":2892,"data":2893,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2896},"ccaeb479-f048-4b52-a110-dc128f845b2a",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2894,"audioMediaId":2895},"Many people embraced the modernization of Japan, but some people mourned the Tokugawa traditions which had been replaced by Western ideals.\n\nThis feeling of loss is reflected in two famous works from the 1900s: Junichiro Tanizaki’s essay *In Praise Of Shadows*, and Soetsu Yanagi’s book *The Beauty Of Everyday Things*.\n\nBoth works lamented the passing away of old traditions. Tanizaki argued that electric lighting had robbed Japan of the soft, beautiful shadows once cast by candles and sunlight. Yanagi, meanwhile, celebrated the beauty of everyday objects like handmade pottery, which could not be matched by mass-produced items from abroad.","7e9e26e9-475f-4b6e-81ed-f8b77815db79",[2897],{"id":2898,"data":2899,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"26c37e9d-4ef5-4165-bda5-171879485b9a",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2900,"multiChoiceCorrect":2902,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2904,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2901],"In the essay 'In Praise Of Shadows', what did Tanizaki argue had robbed Japan of its natural beauty?",[2903],"Electrical lighting",[2905,2906,2907],"Industrial pollution","Gunpowder weapons","Mass production",{"id":2909,"data":2910,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2913},"dd465864-7fea-43e6-a75e-572173875760",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2911,"audioMediaId":2912},"When Tokugawa Japan opened its borders to the world, Western influence quickly eroded its culture and way of life. In the decades since, this trend has only continued.\n\nModern Japan is highly Westernized, with a culture influenced by American society, music and television. Even their language has been influenced by the West, with many English words and commercial slogans entering the Japanese vernacular.\n\nBut at the same time, many traditional elements from Tokugawa Japan have managed to survive this process. Traditional artforms, like woodblock prints and haiku poetry, are still celebrated throughout the country. Overall, the modern nation of Japan has struck a balance between Western modernity and Tokugawa-inspired tradition.","fc7bcb7e-caa3-4d67-a6e6-9b1e3555d1ac",[2914,2930,2941],{"id":2915,"data":2916,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"3fa9d82d-2509-4cb6-b255-9b45d3a3a248",{"type":66,"reviewType":226,"spacingBehaviour":24,"matchPairsQuestion":2917,"matchPairsPairs":2918,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},[108],[2919,2922,2925,2928],{"left":2920,"right":2921,"direction":35},"Katsushika Hokusai","Painted '36 Views Of Mount Fuji'",{"left":2923,"right":2924,"direction":35},"Junichiro Tanizaki","Wrote 'In Praise of Shadows'",{"left":2926,"right":2927,"direction":35},"Soetsu Yanagi","Wrote 'The Beauty Of Everyday Things'",{"left":2929,"right":240,"direction":35},"Tosa Mitsuoki",{"id":2931,"data":2932,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"70ea5b46-0c73-4a9b-9c19-31fcbdf705a9",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2933,"multiChoiceCorrect":2935,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2939,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":21,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2934],"After opening its borders, how did Japan change?",[2936,2937,2938],"People adopted Western-style clothing","People adopted Western-style architecture","The army adopted steam ships and rifles",[2940],"Christianity became the country's main religion",{"id":2942,"data":2943,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"7db60fbc-a5c1-4250-ba69-806d88206787",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2944,"multiChoiceCorrect":2946,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2948,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2945],"How might you describe the culture of Japan today?",[2947],"Hybrid of Western modernity and Tokugawa tradition",[2949,2950,240],"Predominantly Western modernity","Predominantly Tokugawa tradition",{"id":2952,"data":2953,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":2956},"bab66ba3-805e-47b8-8ded-488a5d66b0c6",{"type":27,"title":2954,"tagline":2955},"Qing Empire","The last of the Chinese dynasties (1644 - 1912)",[2957,3058,3174],{"id":2958,"data":2959,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":2961,"introPage":2969,"pages":2975},"a47990da-706b-4e56-8a15-4ce59b9f31c9",{"type":25,"title":2960},"Who were the Qing?",{"id":2962,"data":2963,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"244c0c3f-642e-4cec-a13f-6e43371e612a",{"type":35,"summary":2964},[2965,2966,2967,2968],"The Manchu people were ethnically distinct from the Han people of China","They started life as a stable farming community to the north of Chinese borders","In 1644, they were invited into China to help overthrow a group of rebels who had toppled the previous dynasty","After defeating these rebels, the Manchu established their own dynasty, with Prince Dorgon coming to power",{"id":2970,"data":2971,"type":52,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"eb9bc1c7-8a67-4903-be04-19c313339315",{"type":52,"intro":2972},[2973,2974],"Who were the Manchu, and why were they seen as 'non Chinese'?","How did the Manchu breach the Great Wall of China, and take control of Beijing?",[2976,2993,3019],{"id":2977,"data":2978,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2981},"fdc8debd-cbb5-4a04-9cb7-589ac35baffa",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2979,"audioMediaId":2980},"The Qing Dynasty was founded by the Manchu people, a foreign tribe who took control of China in 1644. They ruled the country for more than two-hundred years, building the largest empire in Chinese history.\n\nEven though the Manchu were outsiders to Chinese culture and politics, they did not try to wipe away the nation’s traditional culture. Instead, they embraced it, consciously transforming themselves into culturally Chinese rulers.\n\nMany people in China remained suspicious of the Qing, and never quite accepted them as true Chinese. Despite that fact, the Qing were still one of the most successful dynasties in Chinese history.","1cc0575b-da29-480f-b287-5622b773a939",[2982],{"id":1302,"data":2983,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":2984,"multiChoiceQuestion":2985,"multiChoiceCorrect":2987,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2988,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":24,"orderQuestion":2989,"orderItems":2990},[1301,1298,1303],[2986],"In which year did the Manchu people establish the Qing Empire?",[1310],[1309,1307,1311],[152],[2991],{"label":2992,"reveal":1310,"sortOrder":25},"Start of Qing Empire",{"id":2994,"data":2995,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2998},"62cf5c9d-1930-4a93-bf1f-edf81a292f0e",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2996,"audioMediaId":2997},"Before taking control of China, the Manchu people had been living in relative isolation for centuries – a stable farming community to the north of Chinese borders. They were particularly good at pig farming, and wore pig-leather coats.\n\nThe Manchu people were ethnically distinct from the Han people of China, who had been ruled by Han dynasties for hundreds of years. At the beginning of the early modern period, China was ruled by the Ming Dynasty, who were considered extremely traditional.\n\nIn the early 1600s, the Manchu people began to attack the borders of Ming China, but they were kept away by the Great Wall of China, which had been specifically built many centuries earlier to stop invasions from foreign tribes.\n\n![Graph](image://a6eba9ae-6908-4ab8-881a-da19a962815a \"Great Wall of China. Image: Nicolas Perrault III, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\")","afcd9fcd-b85f-4dd7-b32d-ecc7b1c12ef5",[2999,3012],{"id":3000,"data":3001,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"de89ff9b-49cf-4ca7-bb4f-bf3fbab8e4ad",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":3002,"multiChoiceCorrect":3004,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3008,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":21,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[3003],"Which of these statements are true of the Manchu people?",[3005,3006,3007],"They wore pig-leather coats","They lived to the north of China","They were ethnically distinct from the Han Chinese",[3009,3010,3011],"They wore sheep-skin coats","They lived to the east of China","They were ethnically similar to the Han Chinese",{"id":3013,"data":3014,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"f2ab8d78-bfb8-41cd-a8c9-03ec95df106c",{"type":66,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":3015,"clozeWords":3017},[3016],"In the early 1600s, the Manchu people began to attack the borders of China, but they were kept away by the Great Wall of China.",[3018],"Great Wall",{"id":3020,"data":3021,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":3024},"301f2132-58aa-449e-8c1e-9ba60bdd9183",{"type":24,"markdownContent":3022,"audioMediaId":3023},"\nIn 1644, the Ming Dynasty was toppled, not by the Manchu, but by a group of Chinese rebels. When they ousted the emperor, their leader, Li Zicheng, proclaimed himself emperor of a new Shun Dynasty.\n\nBut this dynasty was short-lived. In the aftermath of the Shun rebellion, a powerful general from the Ming Dynasty turned to the Manchu people for help. He agreed to open the gates of the Great Wall for them, as long as they helped him to rid China of the rebels.\n\nThe Manchu easily defeated the rebel forces, and took control of Beijing. Their leader, Prince Dorgon, rose to power in 1644. This marked the start of another new dynasty: the Qing.\n\n![Graph](image://632d9a63-4f03-4d35-92d8-a2f814c50f04 \"Prince Dorgon. Image: Public domain\")","6b5d6eea-47e3-42c5-a3dd-2cd796d1b39c",[3025,3035,3044,3051],{"id":1722,"data":3026,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":3027,"multiChoiceQuestion":3028,"multiChoiceCorrect":3030,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3031,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":3032,"matchPairsPairs":3033},[1717,1720,1721],[3029],"Which of these figures led the Manchu into power, and established the Qing Dynasty?",[1730],[1726,1728,1729],[108],[3034],{"left":1730,"right":2954,"direction":35},{"id":3036,"data":3037,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"d4cb4a01-b0d5-41c4-91bb-d6b144dd5c9f",{"type":66,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":3038,"binaryCorrect":3040,"binaryIncorrect":3042},[3039],"In 1644, who overthrew China's ruling Ming Dynasty, under the leadership of Li Zicheng?",[3041],"Chinese rebels",[3043],"Manchu people",{"id":3045,"data":3046,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"7baf6f7c-402e-4a79-8991-b787e2b83e10",{"type":66,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":3047,"activeRecallAnswers":3049},[3048],"What was the name of the new dynasty established by Chinese rebels after overthrowing the Ming?",[3050],"Shun Dynasty",{"id":3052,"data":3053,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"bc8e86a2-95cd-48f1-a8f3-0585038ce272",{"type":66,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":3054,"binaryCorrect":3056,"binaryIncorrect":3057},[3055],"In 1644, who overthrew China's new Shun Dynasty, after the gates of the Great Wall were opened for them by a disgruntled Chinese general?",[3043],[3041],{"id":3059,"data":3060,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":3062,"introPage":3070,"pages":3076},"2207a4f4-6e99-4ccb-9bc2-4bd581c59907",{"type":25,"title":3061},"Manchu empire",{"id":3063,"data":3064,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"1401fdfa-4755-4389-8d89-23e3268c4bbf",{"type":35,"summary":3065},[3066,3067,3068,3069],"The Qing Dynasty imposed the Haircut Edict to symbolize Han submission to Manchu rule","Meanwhile, the Sacred Edict promoted Confucian values like close knit families and respect for elders","The Qing expanded China's provinces to 18, including parts of Manchuria, Mongolia, Tibet, and Taiwan","The Qing commissioned a 12-year project to map the entire empire with modern tools and surveyors",{"id":3071,"data":3072,"type":52,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"5b35a644-d924-462d-b5da-28df4607c204",{"type":52,"intro":3073},[3074,3075],"Why did the Qing Dynasty force everyone in China to get a haircut?","Which Qing institution became known as the Great Wall of Chinese Culture?",[3077,3101,3128],{"id":3078,"data":3079,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":3082},"7d343dd8-0577-47e6-b639-751ea924d86c",{"type":24,"markdownContent":3080,"audioMediaId":3081},"When they came to power, the Qing were viewed with fear and distrust – an alien culture who had infiltrated China. In an effort to force obedience, the Qing imposed some changes.\n\nFor example, the Haircut Edict required all men to cut their hair in a traditional Manchu queue. This was meant to symbolize Han submission to Manchu rule, but some people committed suicide before obeying; Confucianism was popular in China, and said that people should never cut their hair.\n\n![Graph](image://04ae75ec-b245-4b94-b61a-6fb01bbbea22 \"Manchu queue (on left). Image: Fresco Sam-Sin, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe Qing also banned certain books and theater productions with politically subversive themes. Rebellious groups, like the Heaven and Earth Society, were persecuted. All of this was meant to solidify Qing control.","aa757ccc-235c-4012-adf2-ade15111304c",[3083,3094],{"id":3084,"data":3085,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"e1d15033-47c5-4d76-9d05-55fbbb400e28",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":3086,"multiChoiceCorrect":3088,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3090,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[3087],"One of the Qing Dynasty's first policies was the Haircut Edict, which made which type of hair style compulsory?",[3089],"Manchu queue",[3091,3092,3093],"Han queue","Manchu tails","Han tails",{"id":3095,"data":3096,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"44bd8b7f-6dfa-4294-a636-b3f6e2ae722c",{"type":66,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":3097,"activeRecallAnswers":3099},[3098],"Why did some Han people commit suicide instead of obeying the Haircut Edict?",[3100],"Confucianism said that no one should cut their hair",{"id":3102,"data":3103,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":3106},"f960c6ce-6d9a-4cb6-8625-1921d43dd9dd",{"type":24,"markdownContent":3104,"audioMediaId":3105},"Apart from some of their more extreme measures, like the Haircut Edict, the Qing Dynasty was generally loyal to traditional Chinese culture. Their system of government was mostly the same as their Ming predecessors, and they promoted similar moral values.\n\nThe Sacred Edict was issued by the Qing in 1670 to promote Confucian values, which included close knit families and respect for elders. This edict was widely circulated throughout China, and over time, some people began to respect their foreign leaders.\n\nIn 1773, the Qing commissioned the Siku Quanshu – a library containing thousands of traditional Chinese books. This library was so comprehensive that it is sometimes referred to as the Great Wall of Chinese Culture.","aa808f68-1055-428d-8339-15058512e8ff",[3107,3117],{"id":362,"data":3108,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":3109,"multiChoiceQuestion":3110,"multiChoiceCorrect":3112,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3113,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":3114,"matchPairsPairs":3115},[358,361,363],[3111],"Which of these would you associate with the Qing Empire?",[370],[367,369,371],[108],[3116],{"left":2954,"right":370,"direction":35},{"id":3118,"data":3119,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"50650156-3e87-46a8-bcf9-01c7f41585af",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":3120,"multiChoiceCorrect":3122,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3124,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[3121],"Which Qing edict promoted Confucian values, including close knit families and respect for elders?",[3123],"Sacred Edict",[3125,3126,3127],"Haircut Edict","Family Edict","Golden Edict",{"id":3129,"data":3130,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":3133},"fd9bd0bc-3110-4f8a-968f-4b47bd72c3af",{"type":24,"markdownContent":3131,"audioMediaId":3132},"The Qing Dynasty had imperial ambitions, and oversaw a period of significant expansion. Under the Ming, China had only consisted of 13 provinces; under the Qing, this number expanded to 18, as parts of Manchuria, Mongolia, Tibet and Taiwan came under their command.\n\nThis expansion was achieved through clever warfare, but also diplomacy. The Manchu knew what it was like to live outside the borders of China, and were able to forge relationships with cultures in a similar position. They welcomed these people into Chinese society, and did not punish them for cultural differences.\n\nThe Qing also commissioned a 12 year project to systematically map the entire empire using modern tools and professional surveyors. This process was unlike anything they had seen before, and came to symbolize their meticulous control over this vast, diverse empire.","08eaa5a9-c821-476d-bb4e-8cbf3f185f88",[3134,3143,3150,3157,3167],{"id":3135,"data":3136,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"84d2285a-bf6f-46c5-8ae6-61629b5b0a4c",{"type":66,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":3137,"binaryCorrect":3139,"binaryIncorrect":3141},[3138],"How many provinces did China consist of under the Ming Dynasty?",[3140],"13",[3142],"18",{"id":3144,"data":3145,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"41a01c08-4456-4146-a10a-549590bee406",{"type":66,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":3146,"binaryCorrect":3148,"binaryIncorrect":3149},[3147],"How many provinces did China consist of under the Qing Dynasty?",[3142],[3140],{"id":3151,"data":3152,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"b65b0c6e-3106-4e63-ac08-94dda8f64070",{"type":66,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":3153,"activeRecallAnswers":3155},[3154],"Why did the Qing find it easy to build diplomatic relationships with the people in China's neighboring territories?",[3156],"They used to live in China's neighboring territories themselves",{"id":3158,"data":3159,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"d193f1c5-467b-4c10-9de5-5789a7f3ff9b",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":3160,"multiChoiceCorrect":3162,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3164,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[3161],"The Qing commissioned a 12 year project to do what?",[3163],"Map the entire empire",[3165,3166,240],"Dam the Tarim river","Build a capital in Beijing",{"id":3168,"data":3169,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"93178e01-58d6-40f1-a53a-3978468e4cf5",{"type":66,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":3170,"activeRecallAnswers":3172},[3171],"What was the Siku Quanshu library also known as?",[3173],"The Great Wall of Chinese Culture",{"id":3175,"data":3176,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":3178,"introPage":3186,"pages":3192},"450430b8-9a0f-4d52-b036-9991048df48d",{"type":25,"title":3177},"Decline of the Qing",{"id":3179,"data":3180,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"1f13aeb0-934d-4cc2-9c45-4d6278d5b512",{"type":35,"summary":3181},[3182,3183,3184,3185],"In the 19th century, the Qing were destabilized by a war with Britain, who were illegally importing opium into China","After this war, the weakened Qing lost territory to various foreign powers like Britain, Russia, and Japan","A rebellion in 1911 led to the abdication of the last Qing emperor, ending over 2000 years of imperial rule in China","The collapse of the Qing led to the establishment of a presidential republic in China, who suppressed many traditional Chinese customs",{"id":3187,"data":3188,"type":52,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"cfe8fb86-4f87-4d3c-a903-9bb3641f94e3",{"type":52,"intro":3189},[3190,3191],"How did opium spark a war between the Qing Empire and the British Empire?","How did the fall of the Qing lead to a completely new era in China?",[3193,3213,3235],{"id":3194,"data":3195,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":3198},"c4e388b7-1e25-482b-a44b-3823f2d56d29",{"type":24,"markdownContent":3196,"audioMediaId":3197},"Like so many empires in the early modern period, the decline of the Qing was intimately linked to the arrival of foreign powers.\n\nIn the 19th century, the British Empire was illegally importing opium into Chinese ports. The British were getting rich from this, and the Qing leaders were unhappy. The opium had led to widespread addiction, and social problems all over China.\n\nThe Qing tried to force the British away, but the British refused to leave. War broke out, but Britain used superior military technology to defeat the Qing forces.\n\n![Graph](image://441ce21f-a707-487e-8478-14d8a66ecae9 \"Battle between China and Britain. Image: Public domain\")\n\nChina was forced to sign an unfavorable peace deal, giving up Hong Kong to British rule. This was a turning point in Chinese history, as they realized how vulnerable they were to European forces.","9d4493b6-b6d4-43d8-bc8d-93421c87b48e",[3199],{"id":3200,"data":3201,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"d090d4ae-be9b-4b3b-81ac-3170caac0143",{"type":66,"reviewType":15,"spacingBehaviour":24,"orderAxisType":226,"orderQuestion":3202,"orderItems":3204},[3203],"Put these 19th century events in order:",[3205,3207,3209,3211],{"label":3206,"sortOrder":4},"Britain illegally imports opium into China",{"label":3208,"sortOrder":24},"China tries to expel the British",{"label":3210,"sortOrder":25},"Britain defeat China with superior military",{"label":3212,"sortOrder":35},"China are forced to give Hong Kong to Britain",{"id":3214,"data":3215,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":3218},"1b7cad57-5b07-430c-a740-22da9e777f80",{"type":24,"markdownContent":3216,"audioMediaId":3217},"After their war with Britain, foreign powers continued to chip away at the borders of Qing China. Russia seized territory in the north, Japan took control of Taiwan, and Germany and Britain also claimed pieces of land.\n\nIn 1911, a rebellion took place. The rebels were sympathetic to Western ideologies, and wanted to overthrow the Qing. In 1912, the emperor was forced to abdicate, bringing the long Qing Dynasty to an end.\n\nThe fall of the Qing ended more than 2000 years of imperial rule in China – over that time, thirteen dynasties had risen and fallen, with the Qing turning out to be the last.\n\nNow, the country became a presidential republic. The new government quickly reformed things, taking inspiration from foreign democratic nations.","64ab6221-06be-43a5-9a5b-7d12ee6e4ade",[3219,3228],{"id":3220,"data":3221,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"4f5d86eb-60bb-445d-bfb0-dbf2798a9beb",{"type":66,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":3222,"binaryCorrect":3224,"binaryIncorrect":3226},[3223],"After Britain defeated China in the Opium Wars, how did countries like Russia, Japan and Germany respond?",[3225],"They started claiming pieces of Chinese territory",[3227],"They started sending support to China",{"id":3229,"data":3230,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"192e32b0-3686-4e12-a21d-c73955d4cb4c",{"type":66,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":3231,"activeRecallAnswers":3233},[3232],"At the start of the 20th century, who forced the Qing to give up control of China?",[3234],"Chinese rebels with Western sympathies",{"id":3236,"data":3237,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":3240},"3150e71f-7b41-4391-8720-68d975c4d0a0",{"type":24,"markdownContent":3238,"audioMediaId":3239},"When they first came to power, the Manchu Qing were a foreign force, but they stayed loyal to traditional Chinese customs. They promoted Confucian ideologies, and protected traditional Chinese books.\n\nThe same cannot be said of the Chinese Republic, or the communist regime which followed. In modern China, many traditional Chinese customs are completely forbidden, and the legacy of the Qing suppressed.\n\nThe collapse of the Qing is similar to the stories of other early modern empires, from the Aztecs and the Incas, to the Mughals and the Japanese. In all of these cases, a once-great empire was destabilized by foreign forces, before finding itself completely reshaped in the style of a Western state.","659b823e-1b62-4384-8ddd-537f55045c9e",[3241,3252,3262],{"id":2276,"data":3242,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":3243,"multiChoiceQuestion":3244,"multiChoiceCorrect":3246,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3247,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":24,"orderQuestion":3248,"orderItems":3249},[2271,2274,2275],[3245],"In what year did the Qing Dynasty officially come to an end?",[2283],[2263,2281,2282],[152],[3250],{"label":3251,"reveal":2283,"sortOrder":35},"End of the Qing Empire",{"id":3253,"data":3254,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"b125d9da-bc2b-4e73-8e4f-274b0c893e2f",{"type":66,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":3255,"multiChoiceCorrect":3257,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3259,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[3256],"For 2000 years, China was ruled by emperors. But after the collapse of the Qing, what was this system replaced by?",[3258],"Presidential republic",[3260,3261,240],"Theocratic republic","Communist dictatorship",{"id":3263,"data":3264,"type":66,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"a2c4f4b2-3559-4895-bf97-5f86b6ab3963",{"type":66,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":3265,"binaryCorrect":3267,"binaryIncorrect":3269},[3266],"What was the relationship between the Chinese Republic that replaced the Qing, and traditional Chinese culture?",[3268],"The new republic promoted Western culture instead",[3270],"The new republic remained loyal to Chinese culture",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":3272,"height":3272,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":3273},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":3272,"height":3272,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":3275},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M12.586 2.586A2 2 0 0 0 11.172 2H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v7.172a2 2 0 0 0 .586 1.414l8.704 8.704a2.426 2.426 0 0 0 3.42 0l6.58-6.58a2.426 2.426 0 0 0 0-3.42z\"/>\u003Ccircle cx=\"7.5\" cy=\"7.5\" r=\".5\" fill=\"currentColor\"/>\u003C/g>",1778228386097]