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was rediscovered in 2005 at a New Orleans auction, bought for just over $1,175","Restorer Dianne Modestini found evidence of Leonardo's hand through pentimenti during restoration","In 2017, Salvator Mundi sold for $4503 million, making it the most expensive painting ever sold",1,{"id":36,"data":37,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"9c23030f-5133-4674-856e-2ec54a1f9ae4",{"type":38,"intro":39},10,[40,41],"What discovery during restoration supported Salvator Mundi's attribution to Leonardo?","Why has the Salvator Mundi's authenticity been controversial post-auction?",[43,78,83,125,145],{"id":44,"data":45,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":48},"f4247251-73b2-49e5-90ab-ae374572ab07",{"type":34,"markdownContent":46,"audioMediaId":47},"The modern history of Leonardo da Vinci’s work is dominated by tales of forgery, theft, controversy, and conspiracy.\n\nThe most recent controversy is that of the 'Salvator Mundi” (meaning “savior of the world”): a painting by Leonardo Da Vinci of Jesus Christ in an anachronistic blue Renaissance dress. It is thought to have been painted between 1499 and 1510.\n\n![Graph](image://aa2a535f-659f-4e4c-9c58-c0ff5a8c2aa0 \"The Salvator Mundi. Image: Leonardo da Vinci, Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe painting has a particularly interesting provenance (meaning its ownership history). It is believed to have been commissioned around 1500, likely by King Louis XII of France and his consort, Anne of Brittany.\n\nHowever, the painting's journey didn’t end with the French monarchy. It was later owned by Charles I of England and was recorded in his Royal Collection in 1649.","0bf27995-c56d-4d53-aefb-78143516d610",[49,58],{"id":50,"data":51,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"6763775c-4b44-4636-ae43-801bb0f76d1b",{"type":52,"reviewType":53,"spacingBehaviour":34,"clozeQuestion":54,"clozeWords":56},11,4,[55],"The \"Salvator Mundi\" was commissioned around 1500, likely by King Louis XII of France and Anne of Brittany.",[57],"Louis XII",{"id":59,"data":60,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"70653859-4c39-4855-ac02-ccca16483933",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"collapsingSiblings":61,"multiChoiceQuestion":65,"multiChoiceCorrect":67,"multiChoiceIncorrect":69,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":73,"matchPairsPairs":75},[62,63,64],"d8dc77cb-005e-4c0f-9392-4a868e72e142","a8c48898-e5a7-4ecb-85d8-1b3632b8a5c5","0b920f9d-5a19-4fe3-b5fe-cb0f4545db32",[66],"Who is likely to have commissioned the 'Salvator Mundi' alongside King Louis XII?",[68],"Anne of Brittany",[70,71,72],"Cecilia Gallerani","Lisa Gherardini","Dianne Modestini",[74],"Match the pairs below:",[76],{"left":68,"right":77,"direction":19},"Likely commissioned the 'Salvator Mundi' with King Louis XII",{"id":79,"data":80,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24},"9587a1ec-00ef-47e2-bc45-791f05feaa13",{"type":34,"markdownContent":81,"audioMediaId":82},"Following Charles I's execution, the painting was sold and changed hands multiple times within England’s royal circles, before disappearing from records in the late 18th century.\n\nFor the following century, the painting was only known through copies. The 'Salvator Mundi' resurfaced in 1900 when it was bought by a British collector, but was heavily overpainted, which made it look like nothing more than a copy or product of his workshop.\n\nConsidering the collaborative nature of art production during the Renaissance, it was not unusual for assistants or students, trained in his techniques and style, to directly copy works.\n\nThe Salvator Mundi’s existence was then largely unknown until it was unearthed at a modest auction house in New Orleans in 2005, where it was purchased for just over $1,175 by a consortium of art dealers who believed that this seemingly low-quality work might be Leonardo’s long-missing original.\n\nThese believers in the painting's status as a true Da Vinci considered the overpainting a possible attempt to preserve or enhance the piece, which had obscured the original work by Da Vinci.","91f8e03f-5d36-4bd6-8a75-256ad84cd92b",{"id":84,"data":85,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":88},"ded9e940-e201-4624-82b8-5e379f628172",{"type":34,"markdownContent":86,"audioMediaId":87},"The 'Salvator Mundi' came into the hands of restorer Dianne Modestini in 2006 in poor condition. The panel on which it was painted had cracked, and the paint itself had suffered significant damage and later overpainting by other artists. Modestini's restoration process, which took several years, aimed to bring back the original beauty of the artwork and, in the process, clarify its attribution to Leonardo da Vinci.\n\nOne of the significant discoveries during the restoration process was related to the position of Christ's thumb. \n\nUsing infrared imaging, Modestini discovered that the thumb had been painted and then repainted in a slightly different position. Such pentimenti (changes made by the artist during the painting process) are considered to be evidence of an artist's thought process and are not typically seen in copies.\n\nThis discovery of a ‘pentimenti’ was taken as an indication that the 'Salvator Mundi' was not a mere imitation but an original work, where the artist was rethinking and adjusting as they went along. This would make the 'Salvator Mundi' one of fewer than 20 known paintings by Leonardo, positioning it as an incredibly rare piece.","d765a655-a8d3-461f-8779-9f110f7ecb34",[89,100,107,118],{"id":64,"data":90,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"collapsingSiblings":91,"multiChoiceQuestion":92,"multiChoiceCorrect":94,"multiChoiceIncorrect":95,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":96,"matchPairsPairs":97},[62,63,59],[93],"Who discovered pentimenti while restoring the 'Salvator Mundi'?",[72],[70,71,68],[74],[98],{"left":72,"right":99,"direction":19},"Restored the 'Salvator Mundi', discovered pentimenti",{"id":101,"data":102,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"e75bec4d-d3c0-4dac-8233-5c1e36e4bbd7",{"type":52,"reviewType":53,"spacingBehaviour":34,"clozeQuestion":103,"clozeWords":105},[104],"The \"Salvator Mundi\" was bought by a British collector in 1900 but was heavily overpainted.",[106],"overpainted",{"id":108,"data":109,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"e4955309-4129-4a28-97a0-4e8d5cabe1fc",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":110,"multiChoiceCorrect":112,"multiChoiceIncorrect":114,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[111],"What significant discovery was made during Dianne Modestini's restoration process of 'Salvator Mundi'?",[113],"The original thumb had been painted in a slightly different position",[115,116,117],"An original signature of another artist","The original had a different background landscape","The orb once contained detailed reflections, now faded",{"id":119,"data":120,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"6200d507-5f53-48f3-987a-10c75812373b",{"type":52,"reviewType":34,"spacingBehaviour":34,"activeRecallQuestion":121,"activeRecallAnswers":123},[122],"What term is used to refer to changes made by an artist during the painting process, and is considered to be evidence of an artist's thought process?",[124],"Pentimenti",{"id":126,"data":127,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":130},"1fd31876-f39f-4784-8200-55b2748c473d",{"type":34,"markdownContent":128,"audioMediaId":129},"The decision by the National Gallery to display the 'Salvator Mundi' as a genuine Leonardo in their 2011 exhibition gave the painting a stamp of authenticity.\n\nIn light of the fresh academic opinion that the painting was indeed a Leonardo da Vinci original, collectors were willing to pay an extraordinary sum of money for a work of such astonishing rarity and intriguing history. In 2017, the 'Salvator Mundi' was put up for auction at Christie's, one of the world's leading auction houses specializing in art.\n\nThe work was sold for a staggering $450.3 million to the Saudi Arabian prince Badr bin Abdullah, making it the most expensive painting ever sold.\n\n![Graph](image://c26bec09-5e47-4f58-98a3-73b3c8fa638c \"Saudi Arabian Prince Badr bin Abdullah. Image: Ministry of Culture, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons.\")","8bfe2172-829b-45aa-bfa2-0657dc467c5f",[131,138],{"id":132,"data":133,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"df575197-24d3-4539-9393-2ad69719a78e",{"type":52,"reviewType":34,"spacingBehaviour":34,"activeRecallQuestion":134,"activeRecallAnswers":136},[135],"What gave the 'Salvator Mundi' painting a controversial stamp of authenticity?",[137],"The decision by the National Gallery to display it as a genuine Leonardo in their 2011 exhibition",{"id":139,"data":140,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"0505e5d3-68df-4d21-97d1-ddc76e60af63",{"type":52,"reviewType":53,"spacingBehaviour":34,"clozeQuestion":141,"clozeWords":143},[142],"The \"Salvator Mundi\" was sold for a staggering $450.3 million in 2017 to Prince Badr bin Abdullah of Saudi Arabia.",[144],"450.3",{"id":146,"data":147,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":150},"9da6ed1a-d56d-4d22-b442-7a6e3e71a41b",{"type":34,"markdownContent":148,"audioMediaId":149},"The National Gallery’s exhibit of the Salvator Mundi made the institution a target for those who disagreed with the attribution. Some critics argued that while the painting might have been created in Leonardo's workshop, it could have been the work of one of his pupils rather than the master himself.\n\nOthers questioned whether Modestini’s extensive restoration had altered the painting too much, making it hard to discern Leonardo's original hand. Further adding to the controversy, after its record-breaking sale at the controversial Christie’s auction, the painting was supposed to be displayed at the Louvre Abu Dhabi. However, it hasn’t been seen publicly since.\n\n![Graph](image://57d1d851-0678-400b-b336-b6a0ba37cc88 \"Louvre Abu Dhabi. Image: https://www.voyageway.com/louvre-abu-dhabi, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons.\")\n\nTo add to this, the painting was sold by Russian billionaire Dmitry Rybolovlev, who had previously been involved in legal disputes over art fraud.\n\nThe controversy surrounding the sale emphasized the complexities and challenges of the art market, including issues of authenticity, provenance, and the influence of wealthy collectors.","e22887a5-8ae4-4ab9-896d-6992993b2d17",[151,158],{"id":152,"data":153,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"7b5e5094-c9c8-4a75-a2a2-c883723dd6aa",{"type":52,"reviewType":34,"spacingBehaviour":34,"activeRecallQuestion":154,"activeRecallAnswers":156},[155],"What happened to the Salvator Mundi painting after its record-breaking sale at the Christie’s auction?",[157],"It was supposed to be displayed at the Louvre Abu Dhabi but hasn’t been seen publicly since",{"id":159,"data":160,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"bb91c6a3-52aa-4b73-a221-27487d9362b9",{"type":52,"reviewType":34,"spacingBehaviour":34,"activeRecallQuestion":161,"activeRecallAnswers":163},[162],"What term is used to describe the practice of adding new layers of paint over an original piece of artwork?",[164],"Overpainting",{"id":166,"data":167,"type":24,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":169,"introPage":177,"pages":183},"4aa20e6e-c44a-450f-a4a0-cfac009706da",{"type":24,"title":168},"Leonardo's Stolen Masterpieces",{"id":170,"data":171,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"e2b031b3-657e-4b60-861c-ab596c73f743",{"type":19,"summary":172},[173,174,175,176],"The 'Mona Lisa' was stolen from the Louvre in 1911 by Vincenzo Peruggia","Peruggia hid in the museum overnight and took the painting under his clothes","The 'Madonna of the Yarnwinder' was stolen from Drumlanrig Castle in 2003","Leonardo's manuscripts were stolen from the Biblioteca Nacional de España in 1987",{"id":178,"data":179,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"ffc17ce2-5e15-490b-96a7-ae6767de57b3",{"type":38,"intro":180},[181,182],"What was Vincenzo Peruggia's motive for stealing the Mona Lisa?","How did the theft of the Mona Lisa impact global media coverage?",[184,201,214,219],{"id":185,"data":186,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":189},"4b4fa371-ab82-4fe6-aae4-47ba3a8af609",{"type":34,"markdownContent":187,"audioMediaId":188},"The theft of the 'Mona Lisa' in 1911 is one of the most infamous art thefts in history. It was stolen from the Louvre Museum in Paris on 21 August 1911 by an Italian museum worker and petty criminal named Vincenzo Peruggia.\n\n![Graph](image://1f4beb7f-952a-4200-b865-4a647c6a89fa \"Vincenzo Peruggia. Image: Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nPeruggia managed to remove the painting from the museum undetected by simply hiding inside the museum overnight, removing the painting from its display, and concealing it under his clothing!\n\nThe theft went unnoticed until the following day, whereupon it started to attract global attention. The painting's absence fueled intense speculation and intrigue, with the media covering the incident extensively.\n\nPeruggia's motivation for the theft was rooted in his firm belief that the painting should be returned to Italy, as he thought it had been wrongfully taken by France. This nationalistic sentiment reinforces the cultural significance of certain artworks and the strong emotions they can evoke.","2b5d48f4-cf4a-40b9-adc5-724d9b7f766b",[190],{"id":191,"data":192,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"20422239-7100-4c70-91b1-815150db2043",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":193,"multiChoiceCorrect":195,"multiChoiceIncorrect":197,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[194],"Who was the Italian museum worker that stole the \"Mona Lisa\" from the Louvre Museum in 1911?",[196],"Vincenzo Peruggia",[198,199,200],"Guillaume Apollinaire","Giorgio Vasari","Diane Modestini",{"id":202,"data":203,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":206},"a72cf93e-360b-4b43-be34-98a4015da215",{"type":34,"markdownContent":204,"audioMediaId":205},"At first, the audacious heist of the “Mona Lisa” was shrouded in mystery as the police struggled to identify any culprits or how they did it.\n\nSpeculations swirled around Modernist adversaries of traditional art, leading to the questioning of figures like Guillaume Apollinaire and Pablo Picasso, although of course, no evidence linked them to the crime!\n\nTwo years later, the perpetrator Vincenzo Peruggia was caught in November 1913. While using the alias Leonardo Vincenzo, he foolishly contacted an art dealer in Florence, offering to return the painting to Italy for a substantial reward. But his attempt to profit from the stolen masterpiece ultimately led to his downfall.\n\n![Graph](image://d079ef2b-4f77-4c1d-94d8-5749c98db82e \"Newspaper article about the return of the Mona Lisa to the Louvre Museum 1914. Image: \nPublic Domain via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe art dealer, who was suspicious of the authenticity of the painting, contacted the police. This led to the arrest of Peruggia and the eventual return of the painting to the Louvre.","5f248bb5-b712-4130-9c7b-e13a8366d7ed",[207],{"id":208,"data":209,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"a296e20e-2489-49c7-952e-8be3c8491ff3",{"type":52,"reviewType":34,"spacingBehaviour":34,"activeRecallQuestion":210,"activeRecallAnswers":212},[211],"How was Vincenzo Peruggia eventually caught?",[213],"He contacted an art dealer in Florence, offering to return the painting for a reward",{"id":215,"data":216,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24},"683f2f70-6349-4171-906c-3a1c2041af0a",{"type":34,"markdownContent":217,"audioMediaId":218},"The “Madonna of the Yarnwinder” is considered to be one of Leonardo’s finest paintings. It depicts the Virgin Mary seated in a landscape with the Christ child, the latter of whom is gazing at a “niddy-noddy” used to collect spun yarn.\n\n![Graph](image://2d2ff83d-80c1-485d-bcca-bb0a25fcb9fd \"Madonna of the Yarnwinder. Image: Leonardo da Vinci, Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nUp until being stolen, the painting was housed in Drumlanrig Castle in Scotland, the ancestral home of the Duke of Buccleuch.\n\nOn August 27, 2003, two thieves disguised as tourists overpowered the castle's security, seizing the painting and making a swift getaway. The artwork's shocking disappearance led to an international search effort. The painting's estimated value of £30 million and its significance fueled concerns over its potential black-market trade or destruction.\n\nAfter a remarkable four-year journey, the painting was recovered in 2007 from a lawyer's office in Glasgow. It transpired that the thieves had attempted to extort a ransom for its return!","9cf1d1d6-658d-4aed-9077-c8a8b9871c9b",{"id":220,"data":221,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":224},"9a05267d-c706-4358-9e2e-2d4cadf19932",{"type":34,"markdownContent":222,"audioMediaId":223},"The theft of priceless manuscripts from the Biblioteca Nacional de España in Madrid in 1987 left scholars and art enthusiasts in despair. These documents, containing Leonardo's scientific and artistic notes, were presumed to be lost.\n\n![Graph](image://fad8834a-afd0-49f0-ab78-7021dde2ba95 \"The Biblioteca Nacional de España in Madrid. Image: Jean-Pierre Dalbéra, CC BY 2.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nDecades later, in 2008, a manuscript from the collection caught the attention of a renowned art dealer, who suspected its dubious origins. This led to a complex investigation that ultimately unraveled a network of art smugglers and black-market dealers. The manuscript's recovery became a turning point, and it provided a vital lead to locating other missing Leonardo documents.\n\nThe manuscripts' reappearance highlighted the challenges of tracing stolen art across the global market and demonstrated the importance of international collaboration and stringent provenance verification.","64c438a9-a128-4cb1-865a-fa29f9241adf",[225],{"id":226,"data":227,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"fc5736a5-fbe5-42f2-b89e-f89c02926d10",{"type":52,"reviewType":34,"spacingBehaviour":34,"activeRecallQuestion":228,"activeRecallAnswers":230},[229],"What term refers to the process of verifying the origin or source of an artwork, as was crucial in the recovery of stolen da Vinici manuscripts from the Biblioteca Nacional de España?",[231],"Provenance verification",{"id":233,"data":234,"type":24,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":236,"introPage":244,"pages":250},"14845212-538e-453b-b54a-eecfbcff4769",{"type":24,"title":235},"Leonardo in Modern Culture",{"id":237,"data":238,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"f16ce7bf-e9aa-4b12-8e09-83c024948392",{"type":19,"summary":239},[240,241,242,243],"The Da Vinci Code by Dan Brown sparked global interest in Leonardo da Vinci","The novel claims Mary Magdalene is in The Last Supper, not John the Apostle","Dan Brown's characters use Leonardo's mirror writing as secret codes","The book suggests Leonardo was a Grand Master of a secret society",{"id":245,"data":246,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"da706543-1700-44da-9117-8540ae4c5d8a",{"type":38,"intro":247},[248,249],"What secret society is Leonardo linked to in The Da Vinci Code?","How does The Da Vinci Code reinterpret The Last Supper?",[251,268,285],{"id":252,"data":253,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":256},"3db73c42-29c1-426d-8972-eab89ae31975",{"type":34,"markdownContent":254,"audioMediaId":255},"Leonardo's life and works have been the subject of numerous films, books, and musical compositions. Perhaps most notable among them is *The Da Vinci Code*, a bestselling 2003 novel by Dan Brown.\n\n![Graph](image://1b8979fd-8d6a-4a80-81c4-fc5b1f71d18e \"Dan Brown. Image: Photographer Philip Scalia, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe novel's blend of historical fact, fiction, and promotion of conspiracy theories entranced readers worldwide, leading to a surge in interest in Leonardo and his works.\n\nDan Brown's novel 'The Da Vinci Code' delves deeply into a fictional conspiracy theory centered around Leonardo da Vinci's works, the Catholic Church, and the Holy Grail.","9a46ddf4-3690-40e6-b902-759bf2ac5383",[257],{"id":258,"data":259,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"78b3b08c-f157-4b96-a1fe-031679ff0e32",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":260,"multiChoiceCorrect":262,"multiChoiceIncorrect":264,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[261],"What is the central theme of Dan Brown's novel 'The Da Vinci Code'?",[263],"A conspiracy about da Vinci's works, the Catholic Church, and the Holy Grail",[265,266,267],"A scandalous love story between da Vinci and the real Mona Lisa","A conspiracy that Raphael painted da Vinci's works","A conspiracy about the Medici family and the Holy Grail",{"id":269,"data":270,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":273},"4fd5fe0c-bb8e-428a-bb3b-63870a45f42e",{"type":34,"markdownContent":271,"audioMediaId":272},"A pivotal claim in the novel is its interpretation of Leonardo's iconic painting 'The Last Supper.' Brown posits that the figure seated to the right of Jesus isn't John the Apostle as traditionally interpreted but instead is Mary Magdalene.\n\nThis perspective is used to suggest a hidden relationship between Jesus and Mary Magdalene, implying that Mary might represent the Holy Grail, acting as the 'vessel' for Jesus's bloodline. Furthermore, the noticeable absence of the Holy Grail in the painting is highlighted to support this theory.\n\nAnother aspect drawn from Leonardo's life in Dan Brown’s novel is Da Vinci’s use of mirror writing and anagrams. Brown's characters often see these as coded messages, further fueling the conspiracy at the heart of the novel's plot.","85104a81-2461-41f6-b3de-9e9f864fceae",[274],{"id":275,"data":276,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"ebd322bc-a153-4a57-ba9a-25248418d3aa",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":277,"multiChoiceCorrect":279,"multiChoiceIncorrect":281,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[278],"Who does Dan Brown's story suggest is the figure seated to the right of Jesus in Leonardo's painting 'The Last Supper'?",[280],"Mary Magdalene",[282,283,284],"John the Apostle","Judas Iscariot","Peter the Apostle",{"id":286,"data":287,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":290},"970b5e05-a311-4540-988f-a990e12c3a6d",{"type":34,"markdownContent":288,"audioMediaId":289},"Speculation regarding Leonardo's personal beliefs is also presented, with the book suggesting that Leonardo may have held views that diverged significantly from the official doctrines of the Church.\n\nAdditionally, 'The Da Vinci Code' adds a layer of intrigue by hinting that Leonardo was a Grand Master of the Priory of Sion, a purported secret society that protected truths about the Holy Grail. This claim, it's worth noting, isn't backed by credible historical evidence.\n\nIn reflecting on Leonardo's legacy through the lens of 'The Da Vinci Code,' several points stand out. The novel taps into the enduring sense of mystery that surrounds Leonardo's life and works.\n\nBy weaving him into the tale, Brown reaffirms Leonardo's reputation as a multifaceted genius, not just as a painter but also as a scientist, inventor, and, in the world of the novel, a possible custodian of hidden knowledge.","09ee1c99-8e13-4668-ae54-41bf92f30d29",[291],{"id":292,"data":293,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"8506c395-fc65-4b4d-8405-1f09c37d860d",{"type":52,"reviewType":34,"spacingBehaviour":34,"activeRecallQuestion":294,"activeRecallAnswers":296},[295],"In Dan Brown's novel, \"The Da Vinci Code,\" what title does it suggest Leonardo da Vinci held in a purported secret society?",[297],"Grand Master of the Priory of Sion",[299,467,604],{"id":22,"data":23,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":26,"introPage":35,"pages":300},[301,343,375,402,432],{"id":44,"data":45,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":48,"parsed":302},{"data":303,"body":306,"toc":341},{"title":304,"description":305},"","The modern history of Leonardo da Vinci’s work is dominated by tales of forgery, theft, controversy, and conspiracy.",{"type":307,"children":308},"root",[309,316,321,331,336],{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":312,"children":313},"element","p",{},[314],{"type":315,"value":305},"text",{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":317,"children":318},{},[319],{"type":315,"value":320},"The most recent controversy is that of the 'Salvator Mundi” (meaning “savior of the world”): a painting by Leonardo Da Vinci of Jesus Christ in an anachronistic blue Renaissance dress. It is thought to have been painted between 1499 and 1510.",{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":322,"children":323},{},[324],{"type":310,"tag":325,"props":326,"children":330},"img",{"alt":327,"src":328,"title":329},"Graph","image://aa2a535f-659f-4e4c-9c58-c0ff5a8c2aa0","The Salvator Mundi. Image: Leonardo da Vinci, Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":332,"children":333},{},[334],{"type":315,"value":335},"The painting has a particularly interesting provenance (meaning its ownership history). It is believed to have been commissioned around 1500, likely by King Louis XII of France and his consort, Anne of Brittany.",{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":337,"children":338},{},[339],{"type":315,"value":340},"However, the painting's journey didn’t end with the French monarchy. It was later owned by Charles I of England and was recorded in his Royal Collection in 1649.",{"title":304,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":342},[],{"id":79,"data":80,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"parsed":344},{"data":345,"body":347,"toc":373},{"title":304,"description":346},"Following Charles I's execution, the painting was sold and changed hands multiple times within England’s royal circles, before disappearing from records in the late 18th century.",{"type":307,"children":348},[349,353,358,363,368],{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":350,"children":351},{},[352],{"type":315,"value":346},{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":354,"children":355},{},[356],{"type":315,"value":357},"For the following century, the painting was only known through copies. The 'Salvator Mundi' resurfaced in 1900 when it was bought by a British collector, but was heavily overpainted, which made it look like nothing more than a copy or product of his workshop.",{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":359,"children":360},{},[361],{"type":315,"value":362},"Considering the collaborative nature of art production during the Renaissance, it was not unusual for assistants or students, trained in his techniques and style, to directly copy works.",{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":364,"children":365},{},[366],{"type":315,"value":367},"The Salvator Mundi’s existence was then largely unknown until it was unearthed at a modest auction house in New Orleans in 2005, where it was purchased for just over $1,175 by a consortium of art dealers who believed that this seemingly low-quality work might be Leonardo’s long-missing original.",{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":369,"children":370},{},[371],{"type":315,"value":372},"These believers in the painting's status as a true Da Vinci considered the overpainting a possible attempt to preserve or enhance the piece, which had obscured the original work by Da Vinci.",{"title":304,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":374},[],{"id":84,"data":85,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":88,"parsed":376},{"data":377,"body":379,"toc":400},{"title":304,"description":378},"The 'Salvator Mundi' came into the hands of restorer Dianne Modestini in 2006 in poor condition. The panel on which it was painted had cracked, and the paint itself had suffered significant damage and later overpainting by other artists. Modestini's restoration process, which took several years, aimed to bring back the original beauty of the artwork and, in the process, clarify its attribution to Leonardo da Vinci.",{"type":307,"children":380},[381,385,390,395],{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":382,"children":383},{},[384],{"type":315,"value":378},{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":386,"children":387},{},[388],{"type":315,"value":389},"One of the significant discoveries during the restoration process was related to the position of Christ's thumb.",{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":391,"children":392},{},[393],{"type":315,"value":394},"Using infrared imaging, Modestini discovered that the thumb had been painted and then repainted in a slightly different position. Such pentimenti (changes made by the artist during the painting process) are considered to be evidence of an artist's thought process and are not typically seen in copies.",{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":396,"children":397},{},[398],{"type":315,"value":399},"This discovery of a ‘pentimenti’ was taken as an indication that the 'Salvator Mundi' was not a mere imitation but an original work, where the artist was rethinking and adjusting as they went along. This would make the 'Salvator Mundi' one of fewer than 20 known paintings by Leonardo, positioning it as an incredibly rare piece.",{"title":304,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":401},[],{"id":126,"data":127,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":130,"parsed":403},{"data":404,"body":406,"toc":430},{"title":304,"description":405},"The decision by the National Gallery to display the 'Salvator Mundi' as a genuine Leonardo in their 2011 exhibition gave the painting a stamp of authenticity.",{"type":307,"children":407},[408,412,417,422],{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":409,"children":410},{},[411],{"type":315,"value":405},{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":413,"children":414},{},[415],{"type":315,"value":416},"In light of the fresh academic opinion that the painting was indeed a Leonardo da Vinci original, collectors were willing to pay an extraordinary sum of money for a work of such astonishing rarity and intriguing history. In 2017, the 'Salvator Mundi' was put up for auction at Christie's, one of the world's leading auction houses specializing in art.",{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":418,"children":419},{},[420],{"type":315,"value":421},"The work was sold for a staggering $450.3 million to the Saudi Arabian prince Badr bin Abdullah, making it the most expensive painting ever sold.",{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":423,"children":424},{},[425],{"type":310,"tag":325,"props":426,"children":429},{"alt":327,"src":427,"title":428},"image://c26bec09-5e47-4f58-98a3-73b3c8fa638c","Saudi Arabian Prince Badr bin Abdullah. Image: Ministry of Culture, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons.",[],{"title":304,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":431},[],{"id":146,"data":147,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":150,"parsed":433},{"data":434,"body":436,"toc":465},{"title":304,"description":435},"The National Gallery’s exhibit of the Salvator Mundi made the institution a target for those who disagreed with the attribution. Some critics argued that while the painting might have been created in Leonardo's workshop, it could have been the work of one of his pupils rather than the master himself.",{"type":307,"children":437},[438,442,447,455,460],{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":439,"children":440},{},[441],{"type":315,"value":435},{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":443,"children":444},{},[445],{"type":315,"value":446},"Others questioned whether Modestini’s extensive restoration had altered the painting too much, making it hard to discern Leonardo's original hand. Further adding to the controversy, after its record-breaking sale at the controversial Christie’s auction, the painting was supposed to be displayed at the Louvre Abu Dhabi. However, it hasn’t been seen publicly since.",{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":448,"children":449},{},[450],{"type":310,"tag":325,"props":451,"children":454},{"alt":327,"src":452,"title":453},"image://57d1d851-0678-400b-b336-b6a0ba37cc88","Louvre Abu Dhabi. Image: https://www.voyageway.com/louvre-abu-dhabi, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons.",[],{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":456,"children":457},{},[458],{"type":315,"value":459},"To add to this, the painting was sold by Russian billionaire Dmitry Rybolovlev, who had previously been involved in legal disputes over art fraud.",{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":461,"children":462},{},[463],{"type":315,"value":464},"The controversy surrounding the sale emphasized the complexities and challenges of the art market, including issues of authenticity, provenance, and the influence of wealthy collectors.",{"title":304,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":466},[],{"id":166,"data":167,"type":24,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":169,"introPage":177,"pages":468},[469,504,539,574],{"id":185,"data":186,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":189,"parsed":470},{"data":471,"body":473,"toc":502},{"title":304,"description":472},"The theft of the 'Mona Lisa' in 1911 is one of the most infamous art thefts in history. It was stolen from the Louvre Museum in Paris on 21 August 1911 by an Italian museum worker and petty criminal named Vincenzo Peruggia.",{"type":307,"children":474},[475,479,487,492,497],{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":476,"children":477},{},[478],{"type":315,"value":472},{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":480,"children":481},{},[482],{"type":310,"tag":325,"props":483,"children":486},{"alt":327,"src":484,"title":485},"image://1f4beb7f-952a-4200-b865-4a647c6a89fa","Vincenzo Peruggia. Image: Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":488,"children":489},{},[490],{"type":315,"value":491},"Peruggia managed to remove the painting from the museum undetected by simply hiding inside the museum overnight, removing the painting from its display, and concealing it under his clothing!",{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":493,"children":494},{},[495],{"type":315,"value":496},"The theft went unnoticed until the following day, whereupon it started to attract global attention. The painting's absence fueled intense speculation and intrigue, with the media covering the incident extensively.",{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":498,"children":499},{},[500],{"type":315,"value":501},"Peruggia's motivation for the theft was rooted in his firm belief that the painting should be returned to Italy, as he thought it had been wrongfully taken by France. This nationalistic sentiment reinforces the cultural significance of certain artworks and the strong emotions they can evoke.",{"title":304,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":503},[],{"id":202,"data":203,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":206,"parsed":505},{"data":506,"body":508,"toc":537},{"title":304,"description":507},"At first, the audacious heist of the “Mona Lisa” was shrouded in mystery as the police struggled to identify any culprits or how they did it.",{"type":307,"children":509},[510,514,519,524,532],{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":511,"children":512},{},[513],{"type":315,"value":507},{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":515,"children":516},{},[517],{"type":315,"value":518},"Speculations swirled around Modernist adversaries of traditional art, leading to the questioning of figures like Guillaume Apollinaire and Pablo Picasso, although of course, no evidence linked them to the crime!",{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":520,"children":521},{},[522],{"type":315,"value":523},"Two years later, the perpetrator Vincenzo Peruggia was caught in November 1913. While using the alias Leonardo Vincenzo, he foolishly contacted an art dealer in Florence, offering to return the painting to Italy for a substantial reward. But his attempt to profit from the stolen masterpiece ultimately led to his downfall.",{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":525,"children":526},{},[527],{"type":310,"tag":325,"props":528,"children":531},{"alt":327,"src":529,"title":530},"image://d079ef2b-4f77-4c1d-94d8-5749c98db82e","Newspaper article about the return of the Mona Lisa to the Louvre Museum 1914. Image: \nPublic Domain via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":533,"children":534},{},[535],{"type":315,"value":536},"The art dealer, who was suspicious of the authenticity of the painting, contacted the police. This led to the arrest of Peruggia and the eventual return of the painting to the Louvre.",{"title":304,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":538},[],{"id":215,"data":216,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"parsed":540},{"data":541,"body":543,"toc":572},{"title":304,"description":542},"The “Madonna of the Yarnwinder” is considered to be one of Leonardo’s finest paintings. It depicts the Virgin Mary seated in a landscape with the Christ child, the latter of whom is gazing at a “niddy-noddy” used to collect spun yarn.",{"type":307,"children":544},[545,549,557,562,567],{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":546,"children":547},{},[548],{"type":315,"value":542},{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":550,"children":551},{},[552],{"type":310,"tag":325,"props":553,"children":556},{"alt":327,"src":554,"title":555},"image://2d2ff83d-80c1-485d-bcca-bb0a25fcb9fd","Madonna of the Yarnwinder. Image: Leonardo da Vinci, Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":558,"children":559},{},[560],{"type":315,"value":561},"Up until being stolen, the painting was housed in Drumlanrig Castle in Scotland, the ancestral home of the Duke of Buccleuch.",{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":563,"children":564},{},[565],{"type":315,"value":566},"On August 27, 2003, two thieves disguised as tourists overpowered the castle's security, seizing the painting and making a swift getaway. The artwork's shocking disappearance led to an international search effort. The painting's estimated value of £30 million and its significance fueled concerns over its potential black-market trade or destruction.",{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":568,"children":569},{},[570],{"type":315,"value":571},"After a remarkable four-year journey, the painting was recovered in 2007 from a lawyer's office in Glasgow. It transpired that the thieves had attempted to extort a ransom for its return!",{"title":304,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":573},[],{"id":220,"data":221,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":224,"parsed":575},{"data":576,"body":578,"toc":602},{"title":304,"description":577},"The theft of priceless manuscripts from the Biblioteca Nacional de España in Madrid in 1987 left scholars and art enthusiasts in despair. These documents, containing Leonardo's scientific and artistic notes, were presumed to be lost.",{"type":307,"children":579},[580,584,592,597],{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":581,"children":582},{},[583],{"type":315,"value":577},{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":585,"children":586},{},[587],{"type":310,"tag":325,"props":588,"children":591},{"alt":327,"src":589,"title":590},"image://fad8834a-afd0-49f0-ab78-7021dde2ba95","The Biblioteca Nacional de España in Madrid. Image: Jean-Pierre Dalbéra, CC BY 2.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":593,"children":594},{},[595],{"type":315,"value":596},"Decades later, in 2008, a manuscript from the collection caught the attention of a renowned art dealer, who suspected its dubious origins. This led to a complex investigation that ultimately unraveled a network of art smugglers and black-market dealers. The manuscript's recovery became a turning point, and it provided a vital lead to locating other missing Leonardo documents.",{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":598,"children":599},{},[600],{"type":315,"value":601},"The manuscripts' reappearance highlighted the challenges of tracing stolen art across the global market and demonstrated the importance of international collaboration and stringent provenance verification.",{"title":304,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":603},[],{"id":233,"data":234,"type":24,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":236,"introPage":244,"pages":605},[606,645,667],{"id":252,"data":253,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":256,"parsed":607},{"data":608,"body":610,"toc":643},{"title":304,"description":609},"Leonardo's life and works have been the subject of numerous films, books, and musical compositions. Perhaps most notable among them is The Da Vinci Code, a bestselling 2003 novel by Dan Brown.",{"type":307,"children":611},[612,625,633,638],{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":613,"children":614},{},[615,617,623],{"type":315,"value":616},"Leonardo's life and works have been the subject of numerous films, books, and musical compositions. Perhaps most notable among them is ",{"type":310,"tag":618,"props":619,"children":620},"em",{},[621],{"type":315,"value":622},"The Da Vinci Code",{"type":315,"value":624},", a bestselling 2003 novel by Dan Brown.",{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":626,"children":627},{},[628],{"type":310,"tag":325,"props":629,"children":632},{"alt":327,"src":630,"title":631},"image://1b8979fd-8d6a-4a80-81c4-fc5b1f71d18e","Dan Brown. Image: Photographer Philip Scalia, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/>, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":634,"children":635},{},[636],{"type":315,"value":637},"The novel's blend of historical fact, fiction, and promotion of conspiracy theories entranced readers worldwide, leading to a surge in interest in Leonardo and his works.",{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":639,"children":640},{},[641],{"type":315,"value":642},"Dan Brown's novel 'The Da Vinci Code' delves deeply into a fictional conspiracy theory centered around Leonardo da Vinci's works, the Catholic Church, and the Holy Grail.",{"title":304,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":644},[],{"id":269,"data":270,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":273,"parsed":646},{"data":647,"body":649,"toc":665},{"title":304,"description":648},"A pivotal claim in the novel is its interpretation of Leonardo's iconic painting 'The Last Supper.' Brown posits that the figure seated to the right of Jesus isn't John the Apostle as traditionally interpreted but instead is Mary Magdalene.",{"type":307,"children":650},[651,655,660],{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":652,"children":653},{},[654],{"type":315,"value":648},{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":656,"children":657},{},[658],{"type":315,"value":659},"This perspective is used to suggest a hidden relationship between Jesus and Mary Magdalene, implying that Mary might represent the Holy Grail, acting as the 'vessel' for Jesus's bloodline. Furthermore, the noticeable absence of the Holy Grail in the painting is highlighted to support this theory.",{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":661,"children":662},{},[663],{"type":315,"value":664},"Another aspect drawn from Leonardo's life in Dan Brown’s novel is Da Vinci’s use of mirror writing and anagrams. Brown's characters often see these as coded messages, further fueling the conspiracy at the heart of the novel's plot.",{"title":304,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":666},[],{"id":286,"data":287,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":290,"parsed":668},{"data":669,"body":671,"toc":692},{"title":304,"description":670},"Speculation regarding Leonardo's personal beliefs is also presented, with the book suggesting that Leonardo may have held views that diverged significantly from the official doctrines of the Church.",{"type":307,"children":672},[673,677,682,687],{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":674,"children":675},{},[676],{"type":315,"value":670},{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":678,"children":679},{},[680],{"type":315,"value":681},"Additionally, 'The Da Vinci Code' adds a layer of intrigue by hinting that Leonardo was a Grand Master of the Priory of Sion, a purported secret society that protected truths about the Holy Grail. This claim, it's worth noting, isn't backed by credible historical evidence.",{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":683,"children":684},{},[685],{"type":315,"value":686},"In reflecting on Leonardo's legacy through the lens of 'The Da Vinci Code,' several points stand out. The novel taps into the enduring sense of mystery that surrounds Leonardo's life and works.",{"type":310,"tag":311,"props":688,"children":689},{},[690],{"type":315,"value":691},"By weaving him into the tale, Brown reaffirms Leonardo's reputation as a multifaceted genius, not just as a painter but also as a scientist, inventor, and, in the world of the novel, a possible custodian of hidden knowledge.",{"title":304,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":693},[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":695,"height":695,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":696},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":695,"height":695,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":698},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M4 5h16M4 12h16M4 19h16\"/>",1778224767748]