[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":566},["ShallowReactive",2],{"i-kinnu:logo":3,"i-kinnu:origami-folding":8,"tile-history-business-a-modern-history-the-interwar-period":12,"i-lucide:chevron-right":561,"i-lucide:menu":564},{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":7},0,27,false,"\u003Cg fill=\"none\">\u003Cpath d=\"M0.046875 1.05555C0.046875 1.03541 0.048197 1.01579 0.0507438 0.996728C0.0987149 0.438619 0.586845 0 1.18194 0H25.4398C26.451 0 26.9575 1.171 26.2424 1.85585L15.7301 11.9243L1.31574 0.903476C1.17475 0.79568 1.01137 0.761884 0.859586 0.784111L26.2936 25.1441C27.0086 25.829 26.5022 27 25.4909 27H1.18194C0.555061 27 0.046875 26.5133 0.046875 25.9129V1.05555Z\" fill=\"currentColor\"/>\u003C/g>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":9,"height":10,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":11},1000,236,"\u003Cg fill=\"none\">\u003Cpath fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\"\n    d=\"M193.68 38.2238C195.994 38.2238 197.87 40.0989 197.87 42.412V231.812C197.87 234.125 195.994 236 193.68 236H4.19013C1.87603 236 2.02305e-07 234.125 0 231.812V42.412C-2.02305e-07 40.0989 1.87603 38.2238 4.19013 38.2238H193.68ZM111.76 89.0072C111.685 87.9474 110.572 87.2905 109.608 87.7376L96.8872 93.641C95.7786 94.1554 95.702 95.7016 96.7545 96.3225L101.579 99.167C94.7045 109.365 90.5733 122.892 90.5732 137.642C90.5733 154.323 95.8569 169.439 104.416 179.945C105.301 181.032 106.9 181.196 107.987 180.311C109.075 179.426 109.238 177.828 108.353 176.741C100.621 167.25 95.6522 153.305 95.6521 137.642C95.6522 123.661 99.6138 111.051 105.963 101.754L110.456 104.403C111.508 105.024 112.826 104.21 112.74 102.991L111.76 89.0072ZM9.63194 136.286C9.14864 136.286 8.75684 136.678 8.75684 137.161C8.7569 137.644 9.14868 138.035 9.63194 138.035H17.2161C17.6993 138.035 18.0912 137.644 18.0912 137.161C18.0912 136.678 17.6994 136.286 17.2161 136.286H9.63194ZM22.6813 136.286C22.198 136.286 21.8062 136.678 21.8062 137.161C21.8063 137.644 22.1981 138.035 22.6813 138.035H30.2655C30.7487 138.035 31.1406 137.644 31.1406 137.161C31.1406 136.678 30.7488 136.286 30.2655 136.286H22.6813ZM35.7464 136.286C35.2631 136.286 34.8713 136.678 34.8713 137.161C34.8713 137.644 35.2631 138.035 35.7464 138.035H44.4973C44.9805 138.035 45.3724 137.644 45.3724 137.161C45.3724 136.678 44.9806 136.286 44.4973 136.286H35.7464ZM49.9977 136.286C49.5144 136.286 49.1226 136.678 49.1226 137.161C49.1226 137.644 49.5144 138.035 49.9977 138.035H57.5819C58.0651 138.035 58.4569 137.644 58.457 137.161C58.457 136.678 58.0651 136.286 57.5819 136.286H49.9977ZM63.0783 136.286C62.595 136.286 62.2032 136.678 62.2032 137.161C62.2033 137.644 62.5951 138.035 63.0783 138.035H70.6625C71.1457 138.035 71.5375 137.644 71.5376 137.161C71.5376 136.678 71.1457 136.286 70.6625 136.286H63.0783ZM76.1277 136.286C75.6444 136.286 75.2526 136.678 75.2526 137.161C75.2527 137.644 75.6445 138.035 76.1277 138.035H83.7119C84.1951 138.035 84.5869 137.644 84.587 137.161C84.587 136.678 84.1951 136.286 83.7119 136.286H76.1277ZM102.266 136.286C101.782 136.286 101.39 136.678 101.39 137.161C101.391 137.644 101.782 138.035 102.266 138.035H109.85C110.333 138.035 110.725 137.644 110.725 137.161C110.725 136.678 110.333 136.286 109.85 136.286H102.266ZM115.338 136.286C114.855 136.286 114.463 136.678 114.463 137.161C114.463 137.644 114.855 138.035 115.338 138.035H122.923C123.406 138.035 123.798 137.644 123.798 137.161C123.798 136.678 123.406 136.286 122.923 136.286H115.338ZM128.403 136.286C127.92 136.286 127.528 136.678 127.528 137.161C127.528 137.644 127.92 138.035 128.403 138.035H135.988C136.471 138.035 136.863 137.644 136.863 137.161C136.863 136.678 136.471 136.286 135.988 136.286H128.403ZM141.468 136.286C140.985 136.286 140.593 136.678 140.593 137.161C140.593 137.644 140.985 138.035 141.468 138.035H149.053C149.536 138.035 149.928 137.644 149.928 137.161C149.928 136.678 149.536 136.286 149.053 136.286H141.468ZM154.541 136.286C154.058 136.286 153.666 136.678 153.666 137.161C153.666 137.644 154.058 138.035 154.541 138.035H162.125C162.609 138.035 163 137.644 163.001 137.161C163.001 136.678 162.609 136.286 162.125 136.286H154.541ZM167.614 136.286C167.131 136.286 166.739 136.678 166.739 137.161C166.739 137.644 167.131 138.035 167.614 138.035H175.198C175.681 138.035 176.073 137.644 176.073 137.161C176.073 136.678 175.681 136.286 175.198 136.286H167.614ZM180.671 136.286C180.188 136.286 179.796 136.678 179.796 137.161C179.796 137.644 180.188 138.035 180.671 138.035H188.255C188.739 138.035 189.13 137.644 189.131 137.161C189.131 136.678 188.739 136.286 188.255 136.286H180.671Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\"\n    d=\"M444.85 38.2277C447.164 38.2277 449.04 40.1028 449.04 42.4159V132.928C449.04 135.241 447.164 137.116 444.85 137.116H255.36C253.046 137.116 251.17 135.241 251.17 132.928V42.4159C251.17 40.1028 253.046 38.2277 255.36 38.2277H444.85ZM361.96 125.388C361.618 125.046 361.064 125.046 360.722 125.388L354.534 131.572C354.192 131.914 354.192 132.468 354.534 132.81C354.876 133.151 355.43 133.151 355.772 132.81L361.96 126.624C362.301 126.283 362.301 125.73 361.96 125.388ZM371.047 116.311C370.705 115.969 370.15 115.969 369.809 116.311L364.446 121.671C364.104 122.012 364.104 122.567 364.446 122.908C364.788 123.249 365.342 123.25 365.684 122.908L371.047 117.548C371.388 117.207 371.388 116.652 371.047 116.311ZM380.124 107.246C379.782 106.904 379.227 106.904 378.885 107.246L373.523 112.606C373.181 112.948 373.181 113.502 373.523 113.844C373.864 114.185 374.419 114.185 374.761 113.844L380.124 108.483C380.465 108.142 380.465 107.587 380.124 107.246ZM385.736 65.8841C385.891 64.6727 384.622 63.7845 383.536 64.3434L371.069 70.7636C370.124 71.2504 369.96 72.5334 370.752 73.2424L381.2 82.5938C382.11 83.4081 383.561 82.8672 383.717 81.6557L384.393 76.3725C391.143 77.1933 398.567 80.7709 404.771 86.9711C411.124 93.3213 414.726 100.952 415.43 107.827C415.573 109.221 416.819 110.236 418.214 110.093C419.609 109.95 420.624 108.703 420.481 107.309C419.644 99.1317 415.435 90.4514 408.362 83.3817C401.466 76.489 393.038 72.3185 385.038 71.338L385.736 65.8841ZM389.2 98.1733C388.859 97.8319 388.304 97.8318 387.962 98.1733L382.6 103.534C382.258 103.875 382.258 104.429 382.6 104.771C382.941 105.112 383.496 105.112 383.838 104.771L389.2 99.4108C389.542 99.0693 389.542 98.5149 389.2 98.1733ZM398.262 89.1047C397.92 88.7633 397.365 88.7632 397.024 89.1047L391.661 94.4649C391.319 94.8065 391.319 95.3608 391.661 95.7024C392.002 96.0436 392.557 96.0438 392.899 95.7024L398.262 90.3421C398.603 90.0007 398.603 89.4463 398.262 89.1047ZM416.431 70.9616C416.089 70.6202 415.534 70.6201 415.193 70.9616L409.83 76.3218C409.488 76.6634 409.488 77.2177 409.83 77.5592C410.172 77.9005 410.726 77.9007 411.068 77.5592L416.431 72.199C416.772 71.8575 416.772 71.3032 416.431 70.9616ZM425.508 61.891C425.166 61.5496 424.611 61.5495 424.27 61.891L418.907 67.2512C418.565 67.5928 418.565 68.1471 418.907 68.4887C419.249 68.8299 419.803 68.8301 420.145 68.4887L425.508 63.1284C425.849 62.787 425.849 62.2326 425.508 61.891ZM434.569 52.8146C434.227 52.4731 433.673 52.4731 433.331 52.8146L427.968 58.1748C427.626 58.5163 427.627 59.0706 427.968 59.4122C428.31 59.7534 428.864 59.7537 429.206 59.4122L434.569 54.052C434.91 53.7105 434.91 53.1562 434.569 52.8146ZM443.638 43.7479C443.296 43.4065 442.742 43.4064 442.4 43.7479L437.037 49.1081C436.695 49.4496 436.696 50.004 437.037 50.3455C437.379 50.6868 437.933 50.687 438.275 50.3455L443.638 44.9853C443.98 44.6438 443.979 44.0895 443.638 43.7479Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\"\n    d=\"M684.066 38.2277C687.798 38.2281 689.667 42.7391 687.027 45.3773L596.473 135.889C595.687 136.675 594.621 137.116 593.51 137.116H506.335C504.021 137.116 502.145 135.241 502.145 132.928V42.4159C502.145 40.1028 504.021 38.2277 506.335 38.2277H684.066ZM514.603 124.566C514.261 124.224 513.707 124.224 513.365 124.566L507.178 130.751C506.836 131.093 506.836 131.646 507.178 131.988C507.519 132.329 508.073 132.329 508.415 131.988L514.603 125.803C514.945 125.462 514.945 124.908 514.603 124.566ZM523.689 115.491C523.348 115.15 522.794 115.15 522.452 115.491L517.09 120.852C516.748 121.193 516.748 121.747 517.09 122.088C517.431 122.43 517.985 122.43 518.327 122.088L523.689 116.728C524.031 116.386 524.031 115.833 523.689 115.491ZM532.102 65.8295C530.707 65.6872 529.46 66.7017 529.318 68.0957C529.175 69.4896 530.189 70.7355 531.584 70.8787C538.463 71.5825 546.096 75.1826 552.45 81.5329C558.723 87.8037 562.312 95.3226 563.079 102.13L557.738 102.392C556.518 102.452 555.865 103.855 556.607 104.827L565.115 115.969C565.76 116.814 567.051 116.751 567.611 115.847L574.992 103.928C575.635 102.889 574.848 101.555 573.628 101.615L568.161 101.882C568.161 101.878 568.162 101.874 568.161 101.871C567.324 93.6931 563.114 85.0124 556.041 77.9425C548.968 70.873 540.283 66.6668 532.102 65.8295ZM532.766 106.421C532.425 106.079 531.871 106.079 531.529 106.421L526.166 111.781C525.825 112.123 525.825 112.676 526.166 113.018C526.508 113.359 527.062 113.359 527.403 113.018L532.766 107.657C533.108 107.316 533.108 106.762 532.766 106.421ZM541.843 97.3445C541.501 97.003 540.948 97.003 540.606 97.3445L535.243 102.705C534.901 103.046 534.902 103.6 535.243 103.941C535.585 104.283 536.139 104.283 536.48 103.941L541.843 98.5809C542.185 98.2393 542.185 97.686 541.843 97.3445ZM550.92 88.2778C550.578 87.9363 550.025 87.9363 549.683 88.2778L544.32 93.638C543.978 93.9796 543.978 94.5329 544.32 94.8745C544.662 95.2161 545.215 95.2161 545.557 94.8745L550.92 89.5142C551.262 89.1727 551.262 88.6193 550.92 88.2778ZM569.066 70.1405C568.724 69.799 568.17 69.7991 567.829 70.1405L562.466 75.5008C562.124 75.8423 562.124 76.3956 562.466 76.7372C562.808 77.0788 563.361 77.0788 563.703 76.7372L569.066 71.377C569.407 71.0354 569.407 70.4821 569.066 70.1405ZM578.143 61.0699C577.801 60.7284 577.247 60.7285 576.906 61.0699L571.543 66.4302C571.201 66.7717 571.201 67.3251 571.543 67.6666C571.885 68.0082 572.438 68.0082 572.78 67.6666L578.143 62.3064C578.484 61.9648 578.484 61.4115 578.143 61.0699ZM587.219 51.9896C586.878 51.6481 586.324 51.6481 585.982 51.9896L580.62 57.3498C580.278 57.6914 580.278 58.2447 580.62 58.5863C580.961 58.9279 581.515 58.9279 581.857 58.5863L587.219 53.2261C587.561 52.8845 587.561 52.3312 587.219 51.9896ZM596.288 42.9249C595.947 42.5833 595.392 42.5833 595.05 42.9249L589.689 48.2851C589.347 48.6267 589.347 49.18 589.689 49.5216C590.03 49.863 590.584 49.8631 590.926 49.5216L596.288 44.1613C596.63 43.8198 596.63 43.2664 596.288 42.9249Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\"\n    d=\"M850.814 38.2277C854.547 38.2281 856.416 42.739 853.777 45.3773L763.223 135.889C762.437 136.674 761.371 137.116 760.26 137.116H673.176C669.443 137.116 667.574 132.605 670.213 129.966L760.768 39.4544C761.554 38.6692 762.62 38.2277 763.731 38.2277H850.814ZM761.338 121.8C760.855 121.8 760.463 122.191 760.463 122.674V131.13H762.213V122.674C762.213 122.191 761.821 121.8 761.338 121.8ZM761.338 108.971C760.855 108.971 760.463 109.363 760.463 109.846V118.301H762.213V109.846C762.213 109.363 761.821 108.971 761.338 108.971ZM761.338 96.1402C760.855 96.1406 760.463 96.5321 760.463 97.0149V105.47H762.213V97.0149C762.213 96.532 761.821 96.1404 761.338 96.1402ZM782.263 71.887C781.043 71.951 780.395 73.3571 781.139 74.3257L784.474 78.6631C779.115 82.951 771.242 85.7443 762.35 85.7444C753.366 85.7442 745.421 82.8944 740.059 78.5305C738.972 77.6461 737.373 77.8099 736.488 78.8961C735.602 79.983 735.766 81.582 736.853 82.467C743.231 87.6574 752.348 90.8207 762.35 90.8209C772.209 90.8208 781.205 87.746 787.568 82.6884L790.833 86.9341C791.577 87.9025 793.103 87.6391 793.479 86.4767L797.791 73.138C798.118 72.127 797.33 71.1017 796.268 71.1566L782.263 71.887ZM761.338 70.4847C760.855 70.4851 760.463 70.8767 760.463 71.3594V79.8147H762.213V71.3594C762.213 70.8766 761.821 70.485 761.338 70.4847ZM761.338 57.656C760.855 57.6564 760.463 58.048 760.463 58.5307V66.986H762.213V58.5307C762.213 58.0479 761.821 57.6563 761.338 57.656ZM761.338 44.8293C760.855 44.8297 760.463 45.2212 760.463 45.704V54.1592H762.213V45.704C762.213 45.2211 761.821 44.8295 761.338 44.8293Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath\n    d=\"M995.759 38.2277C999.53 38.228 1001.42 42.5171 998.752 45.0253L959.55 81.9005L905.796 41.5363C905.271 41.1418 904.662 41.0182 904.096 41.0994L997.485 130.319C1000.15 132.828 998.262 137.116 994.491 137.116H905.298C902.96 137.116 901.065 135.333 901.065 133.134V42.0941C901.065 42.0204 901.07 41.9483 901.079 41.8786C901.258 39.8345 903.079 38.2277 905.298 38.2277H995.759Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath\n    d=\"M505.873 0C506.657 4.57042e-05 507.307 0.195499 507.823 0.587023C508.338 0.969046 508.596 1.53802 508.596 2.29251C508.596 2.76034 508.467 3.19015 508.209 3.58162C507.951 3.96344 507.497 4.26401 506.848 4.48361V4.54114C507.65 4.67487 508.205 4.96191 508.51 5.4012C508.816 5.83087 508.969 6.31772 508.969 6.86193C508.969 7.74056 508.672 8.41851 508.08 8.89604C507.497 9.38304 506.733 9.62731 505.787 9.62738C504.861 9.62738 504.158 9.42172 503.68 9.0111C503.212 8.60054 502.935 8.08005 502.849 7.44993L503.881 7.10571L503.924 7.24028C504.035 7.54934 504.211 7.82925 504.454 8.07986C504.731 8.36635 505.166 8.50986 505.758 8.50989C506.465 8.50989 506.943 8.32772 507.191 7.9648C507.449 7.6019 507.579 7.20078 507.579 6.7615C507.579 6.2173 507.378 5.80683 506.977 5.52992C506.585 5.25295 505.93 5.10026 505.013 5.07161V4.15402C505.901 4.12537 506.489 3.92484 506.776 3.55237C507.062 3.18009 507.206 2.82242 507.206 2.47876C507.206 1.62801 506.752 1.17539 505.845 1.12237L505.658 1.11749C505.467 1.11752 505.242 1.14605 504.985 1.2033C504.736 1.25105 504.511 1.3274 504.31 1.43245L504.081 2.56457L503.05 2.44951L503.322 0.687461C503.666 0.49653 504.068 0.33454 504.526 0.200875C504.985 0.0671945 505.434 0 505.873 0Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath\n    d=\"M905.727 2.30616L904.638 2.4066L904.466 1.26083H901.428V3.72497C901.533 3.71544 901.643 3.71034 901.757 3.71034H902.086C902.755 3.71034 903.386 3.78668 903.979 3.93949C904.58 4.09229 905.068 4.38363 905.44 4.8132C905.822 5.23335 906.014 5.84949 906.014 6.66106C906.014 7.64468 905.722 8.38068 905.14 8.86776C904.557 9.36434 903.783 9.6127 902.818 9.61275C901.91 9.61275 901.213 9.40711 900.725 8.99648C900.248 8.59544 899.96 8.08007 899.865 7.44993L900.911 7.10571C901.007 7.49723 901.203 7.8271 901.499 8.09449C901.795 8.37131 902.211 8.50985 902.746 8.50989C903.395 8.50989 903.869 8.33787 904.165 7.99405C904.461 7.65981 904.609 7.22507 904.609 6.69031C904.609 5.87861 904.337 5.3625 903.792 5.14279C903.248 4.91361 902.612 4.79958 901.886 4.79955C901.695 4.79955 901.489 4.80365 901.27 4.8132C901.059 4.82275 900.854 4.83701 900.653 4.85611L900.224 4.44071V0.143343H905.569L905.727 2.30616Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\"\n    d=\"M765.49 6.04576H766.966L766.837 7.14862H765.49V9.48404H764.185V7.14862H759.857L759.713 6.04576L762.909 0.143343H765.49V6.04576ZM760.96 6.04576H764.185V1.26083H763.541L760.96 6.04576Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath d=\"M4.80573 6.47481H6.41154V7.60693H1.81068V6.47481H3.50235V1.27546H1.81068V0.143343H4.80573V6.47481Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath\n    d=\"M254.359 0C255.353 0 256.055 0.239186 256.466 0.716715C256.877 1.18447 257.083 1.68072 257.083 2.20573C257.083 2.85516 256.849 3.44346 256.38 3.96875C255.912 4.49397 255.348 4.96638 254.689 5.38657C254.039 5.79717 253.437 6.15968 252.883 6.47481H256.423L256.538 5.42948L257.599 5.51529L257.426 7.60693H251.407L251.292 6.58987C252.582 5.73032 253.638 4.98523 254.46 4.35489C255.281 3.71509 255.693 3.05632 255.693 2.37832C255.693 1.53787 255.166 1.11749 254.115 1.12237L254.115 1.11749C253.924 1.11754 253.695 1.14604 253.427 1.2033C253.16 1.25104 252.916 1.32238 252.697 1.41783L252.467 2.47876L251.45 2.3637L251.707 0.60165C252.118 0.401088 252.563 0.253475 253.041 0.15797C253.519 0.0529708 253.958 1.99446e-05 254.359 0Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\u003C/g>",{"tile":13,"orbsWithOnlyMarkdownPages":242},{"id":14,"data":15,"type":16,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"orbs":21},"13ddaf17-1365-48b8-af7c-b0ffee4ea376",{"type":16,"title":17,"tagline":18},9,"The Interwar Period","From boom to bust - the Roaring Twenties and the Great Depression. ",3,1,[22,113,197],{"id":23,"data":24,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":27},"c5153c0e-db4c-4a95-a673-e8184163e5f7",{"type":25,"title":26},2,"The Roaring Twenties and Economic Shifts",[28,45,75,96],{"id":29,"data":30,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":34},"f6b4ec31-80eb-436b-86f4-8f05c6765b83",{"type":20,"title":31,"markdownContent":32,"audioMediaId":33},"The Roaring Twenties","The Roaring Twenties was a period of unprecedented economic growth and consumer culture in the United States and other Western countries. The end of WWI brought about a sense of optimism and prosperity, as industries shifted from wartime production to consumer goods.\n\n ![Graph](image://fb8c927d-7c5e-4a81-b0e2-e43b76d32f67 \"A Ford Model T driving through Times Square\")\n\nThe introduction of mass production techniques, such as the assembly line, led to a significant increase in productivity and a decrease in the cost of goods. In turn, fueling a consumer boom and the growth of advertising. People for the first time began purchasing automobiles, radios, and other household appliances.\n\nOne of the most iconic symbols of the Roaring Twenties was the automobile, which became a symbol of freedom and status. The Ford Model T, the first affordable car for the masses, and by the end of the 1920s, there were over 23 million registered vehicles in The US.\n\nThe growth of the automobile industry also spurred the development of related industries, such as oil, rubber, and steel.\n","b8110d07-47bb-48d7-a1a0-cf38a35836cd",[35],{"id":36,"data":37,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"3e1fa8cb-d6b5-43f8-b3d8-8c4a5e522c1f",{"type":38,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":20,"activeRecallQuestion":39,"activeRecallAnswers":44},11,[40,41,42,43],"What term describes the period of unprecedented economic growth and consumer culture in the United States in the early 20th century?","What is the name of the era in the early 20th century when the United States experienced significant economic growth and a boom in consumer culture?","Which term refers to the time of extraordinary economic expansion and consumerism in the United States?","What phrase is commonly used to describe the period of rapid economic development and increased consumer spending in the United States in the early 20th century?",[31],{"id":46,"data":47,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":51},"69c7391b-a056-45d4-aa5c-9b651b1984af",{"type":20,"title":48,"markdownContent":49,"audioMediaId":50},"The Stock Market Crash of 1929","The Stock Market Crash of 1929 marked the end of the Roaring Twenties and the beginning of the Great Depression. The crash was the result of a combination of factors, including rampant speculation, excessive use of margin loans, and an overvalued stock market. \n\nThe Dow Jones Industrial Average reached its peak on September 3, 1929, and then began a steady decline, culminating in the infamous Black Tuesday on October 29, when the market lost 12% of its value in a single day.\n\n ![Graph](image://8af0dc0f-4f82-4066-acbf-0838f6da402d \"Black Tuesday, 1929\")\n\nThe consequences of the crash were severe and far-reaching. Banks failed, businesses went bankrupt, and millions of people lost their jobs. The Great Depression lasted for a decade and had a profound impact on the global economy. \n\nInternational trade plummeted, as countries imposed protectionist measures to shield their domestic industries. The economic turmoil also contributed to the rise of extremist political movements in Europe, ultimately leading to WWII.\n","10bc74de-cd2b-4e0b-9895-756b19f3a7d3",[52,61],{"id":53,"data":54,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"364f68d1-9124-4db6-a304-6b5faf9690fa",{"type":38,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":20,"activeRecallQuestion":55,"activeRecallAnswers":60},[56,57,58,59],"What event marked the end of the Roaring Twenties and the beginning of the Great Depression?","Which occurrence signaled the conclusion of the Roaring Twenties and initiated the Great Depression?","What incident brought the Roaring Twenties to a close and started the Great Depression?","What major event transitioned the world from the Roaring Twenties to the Great Depression?",[48],{"id":62,"data":63,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"843602a1-eee3-4aae-84a5-c769cea91a4a",{"type":38,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":20,"multiChoiceQuestion":64,"multiChoiceCorrect":69,"multiChoiceIncorrect":71},[65,66,67,68],"What was the significant event on October 29, 1929?","What major event occurred in the stock market on October 29, 1929?","Which important day in the history of the stock market took place on October 29, 1929?","What is the name of the notable stock market event that happened on October 29, 1929?",[70],"Black Tuesday",[72,73,74],"Black Monday","Black Friday","Black Wednesday",{"id":76,"data":77,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":81},"36718997-f3ea-4227-8d83-cd60e5e33a17",{"type":20,"title":78,"markdownContent":79,"audioMediaId":80},"The New Deal","In response to the Great Depression, President Franklin D. Roosevelt introduced a series of economic policies known as the New Deal. These policies aimed to provide relief for the unemployed, stimulate economic recovery, and reform the financial system to prevent future crises. \n\nThe New Deal included a wide range of programs, such as the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), which provided jobs for young men in environmental conservation projects, and the Social Security Act, which established a system of unemployment insurance and old-age pensions.\n\n ![Graph](image://9bccfb0d-166a-4f37-bd30-b70fbb89bb4c \"Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Social Security Act into law\")\n\nThe New Deal also led to the creation of several regulatory agencies, such as the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to regulate the stock market and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to insure bank deposits. While the New Deal did not end the Great Depression, it did provide much-needed relief for millions of Americans and laid the foundation for the modern welfare state.\n","5118bb8c-48c8-42a2-afa1-2e3adcec963a",[82],{"id":83,"data":84,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"cd08b067-4007-4ee2-bf78-11a5451f42ce",{"type":38,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":20,"multiChoiceQuestion":85,"multiChoiceCorrect":90,"multiChoiceIncorrect":92},[86,87,88,89],"Which agency was created to regulate the stock market?","Which organization was established by the New Deal to oversee the stock market?","What regulatory body was formed during the New Deal to manage the stock market?","During the New Deal, which institution was set up to supervise the stock market?",[91],"Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)",[93,94,95],"Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)","Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)","Social Security Administration",{"id":97,"data":98,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":102},"4848abb0-6a04-4905-aec3-9be5350b7350",{"type":20,"title":99,"markdownContent":100,"audioMediaId":101},"The Rise of the Automobile Industry","The automobile industry underwent significant growth in the early 20th century, with companies such as Ford and General Motors leading the charge. Ford's use of the assembly line and General Motors' acquisition of smaller manufacturers contributed to the mass production of cars and the introduction of a variety of models to suit different consumer preferences.\n\n ![Graph](image://12f7f4d6-cdf1-4537-ad69-4199bd2a1a84 \"Ford's assembly line in action\")\n\nThis growth in the automobile industry had far-reaching effects, spurring the development of related industries such as oil, rubber, and steel. It also played a significant role in shaping the urban landscape as cities expanded to accommodate the growing number of cars on the road.\n\nWith the development of highways and the suburbanization of America, cars became an essential part of everyday life, driving further demand for automobiles and fueling the growth of the industry.\n","5d6477e6-addf-4c84-a1c3-e132b8c60586",[103],{"id":104,"data":105,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"1422a6c0-50f1-4d9f-a8d1-7721a866b3f9",{"type":38,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":20,"activeRecallQuestion":106,"activeRecallAnswers":111},[107,108,109,110],"Which two companies led the growth of the automobile industry in the early 20th century?","In the early 20th century, which two companies were at the forefront of the automobile industry's expansion?","Which two major companies contributed to the rapid growth of the car industry during the early 1900s?","Name the two leading companies that played a significant role in the development of the automobile industry in the early 20th century",[112],"Ford and General Motors",{"id":114,"data":115,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":117},"6c3efb73-7076-47c6-b7c7-3b54199d2886",{"type":25,"title":116},"The Great Depression and Its Aftermath",[118,137,158,179],{"id":119,"data":120,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":124},"89bd511a-ebeb-47f3-8829-3e81bbf4df79",{"type":20,"title":121,"markdownContent":122,"audioMediaId":123},"The Aviation Industry","The interwar period saw the development of commercial aviation, with airlines like Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) leading the way. Founded in 1927, Pan Am initially focused on mail and cargo services between the United States and Latin America, but soon expanded to passenger flights. The introduction of larger, more efficient aircraft, such as the Boeing 314 Clipper, enabled airlines to offer long-distance flights, connecting cities across the globe.\n\n ![Graph](image://7a7e0b19-3369-4663-b6b4-c500da9f1a96 \"A Pan Am plane takes flight\")\n\nThe growth of commercial aviation also led to the development of airports and air traffic control systems, as well as the establishment of regulatory bodies, such as the International Air Transport Association (IATA). The aviation industry would continue to expand and innovate throughout the 20th century, becoming an essential mode of transportation for both business and leisure travel.\n\n","0c130884-0c82-4bcd-9512-78162de93043",[125],{"id":126,"data":127,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"9260e1d6-7a4a-4969-ade9-e538d4beba51",{"type":38,"reviewType":128,"spacingBehaviour":20,"clozeQuestion":129,"clozeWords":134},4,[130,131,132,133],"Pan Am was founded in 1927 and initially focused on mail and cargo services, later expanding to passenger flights.","In 1927, Pan Am was established, initially concentrating on mail and cargo services before expanding to passenger flights","Pan Am, founded in 1927, began with mail and cargo services and later broadened to include passenger flights","Starting in 1927, Pan Am initially provided mail and cargo services, eventually growing to offer passenger flights",[135,136],"Pan Am","1927",{"id":138,"data":139,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":143},"37c7f557-fdd0-48bd-8dd8-0837c49241be",{"type":20,"title":140,"markdownContent":141,"audioMediaId":142},"The Radio and Entertainment Industry","The rise of radio broadcasting during the interwar period transformed the entertainment industry and the way people consumed news and information.\n\nRadio stations began to emerge in the early 1920s, offering a mix of music, news, and serialized dramas. By the end of the decade, there were over 600 radio stations in the United States, reaching millions of listeners. The popularity of radio also led to the growth of the advertising industry, as companies sought to reach consumers through this new medium.\n\n ![Graph](image://8409330a-f23e-4fff-a4e6-b7a266b0619a \"The iconic scene of Orson Welles' 'War of the Worlds' radio broadcast\")\n\nThe interwar period also saw the rise of Hollywood and the golden age of cinema. The introduction of sound in films, such as in the 1927 movie \"The Jazz Singer,\" revolutionized the movie-going experience and attracted even larger audiences. Hollywood became synonymous with glamour and success, producing iconic stars like Charlie Chaplin, Greta Garbo, and Clark Gable.\n","a78bf127-fc6d-41da-a023-d59ac1b50591",[144],{"id":145,"data":146,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"51a33e0f-caef-4935-96b2-ef51332b188d",{"type":38,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":20,"multiChoiceQuestion":147,"multiChoiceCorrect":152,"multiChoiceIncorrect":154},[148,149,150,151],"When did radio stations begin to emerge?","In which period did radio stations start to appear?","During what time period did the emergence of radio stations occur?","When was the beginning of the rise of radio stations?",[153],"Early 1920s",[155,156,157],"Late 1800s","Early 1900s","Late 1930s",{"id":159,"data":160,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":164},"e93dc378-d45b-44e6-88cc-7a897a3874f8",{"type":20,"title":161,"markdownContent":162,"audioMediaId":163},"The Emergence of Consumer Credit","The growth of consumer culture during the early 20th century led to the emergence of consumer credit, as businesses sought to facilitate consumer spending. Installment plans, which allowed customers to purchase goods on credit and pay for them over time, became increasingly popular for items like automobiles, furniture, and appliances. These plans enabled more people to afford expensive items, further fueling the consumer boom.\n\n ![Graph](image://20f31b64-4fa1-4b5f-aafd-16c4c3fe17c5 \"A family is purchasing a refrigerator on an installment plan\")\n\n\nThe introduction of credit cards, such as the Diners Club card in 1950, further revolutionized consumer credit by allowing customers to make purchases without cash and pay their balance at a later date. The widespread adoption of credit cards would have a lasting impact on consumer spending habits and the global economy.\n\n","2cc03ec2-e076-40f9-82dc-1472ec1950f6",[165],{"id":166,"data":167,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"f90cce17-ecf6-4bf0-ba35-d6861c318c7f",{"type":38,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":20,"multiChoiceQuestion":168,"multiChoiceCorrect":173,"multiChoiceIncorrect":175},[169,170,171,172],"Which credit card was introduced in 1950 that revolutionized consumer credit?","What was the name of the credit card launched in 1950 that had a significant impact on consumer credit?","Which groundbreaking credit card made its debut in 1950, changing the way consumers used credit?","In 1950, which credit card was introduced and played a major role in transforming consumer credit?",[174],"Diners Club card",[176,177,178],"Visa card","Mastercard","American Express card",{"id":180,"data":181,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":185},"343a20b3-7e54-42fe-98ea-fd26a4d4413f",{"type":20,"title":182,"markdownContent":183,"audioMediaId":184},"The Growth of Retail","The interwar period saw the expansion of department stores and chain stores, such as Woolworth's, which offered a wide range of goods under one roof. These stores capitalized on the growing consumer culture by providing a convenient and enjoyable shopping experience.\n\nDepartment stores, like Macy's and Selfridges, became iconic symbols of the era, offering not only products but also services like restaurants, beauty salons, and even art galleries.\n\n ![Graph](image://8e263a58-6dc3-4b7d-aa92-ac15d42e5bce \"Selfridges in the 1920s\")\n\nChain stores, like Woolworth's, revolutionized retail by offering standardized products at low prices, made possible by their large-scale purchasing power and efficient distribution networks. The growth of retail during this period laid the foundation for the modern shopping experience and the rise of global retail giants in the latter half of the 20th century.\n","d94eedf5-7187-43fa-84d9-c7f5929ffabb",[186],{"id":187,"data":188,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"d3a3490f-8840-4e60-85ad-34ff7fe7bb95",{"type":38,"reviewType":128,"spacingBehaviour":20,"clozeQuestion":189,"clozeWords":194},[190,191,192,193],"During the interwar period, department stores like Macy's and chain stores like Woolworth's revolutionized retail.","In the interwar era, chain stores such as Woolworth's and department stores like Macy's transformed retail","Chain stores like Woolworth's and department stores such as Macy's revolutionized retail during the interwar period","The interwar period witnessed a retail revolution led by department stores like Macy's and chain stores like Woolworth's",[195,196],"interwar","chain",{"id":198,"data":199,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":201},"93404262-d062-426b-977f-0651f8865132",{"type":25,"title":200},"The Rise of New Industries",[202,223],{"id":203,"data":204,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":208},"022c018b-48c9-46f5-82df-d974e70ef788",{"type":20,"title":205,"markdownContent":206,"audioMediaId":207},"The Influence of Keynesian Economics","The impact of John Maynard Keynes' theories on government intervention in the economy was profound during the interwar period and beyond.\n\nKeynes argued that governments should play an active role in managing the economy, particularly during times of recession or depression. His ideas, outlined in his 1936 book \"The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money,\" challenged the prevailing belief in laissez-faire economics and advocated for government spending to stimulate demand and reduce unemployment.\n\n ![Graph](image://69ec9e0d-022d-47a0-a0e9-fbcb3b7367b7 \"John Maynard Keynes addressed a crowd of economists\")\n\nKeynesian economics greatly influenced the economic policies of the New Deal in the United States and the post-World War II reconstruction efforts in Europe. The adoption of Keynesian principles by governments around the world helped to shape the economic landscape of the 20th century and remains a significant school of thought in modern economic policy.\n","6889ee96-b8a4-42f3-834e-c6518914d597",[209],{"id":210,"data":211,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"16df102a-0da9-4c3a-b48a-56cf3987b47d",{"type":38,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":20,"multiChoiceQuestion":212,"multiChoiceCorrect":217,"multiChoiceIncorrect":219},[213,214,215,216],"What did Keynes argue governments should do?","What did Keynes believe governments should do with regard to the economy?","According to Keynes, how should governments be involved in economic management?","In Keynes' view, what responsibility should governments have in handling the economy?",[218],"Play an active role in managing the economy",[220,221,222],"Promote laissez-faire economics","Stay out of economic affairs","Focus solely on taxation",{"id":224,"data":225,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":229},"a8cbd71e-0fba-4417-8d21-961180581cda",{"type":20,"title":226,"markdownContent":227,"audioMediaId":228},"The End of the Gold Standard","The interwar period saw the abandonment of the gold standard, a monetary system in which the value of a country's currency was directly linked to a fixed amount of gold.\n\nThe gold standard had been the dominant global monetary system since the late 19th century, but the economic turmoil of the Great Depression exposed its limitations. Countries that remained on the gold standard experienced deflation and high unemployment, as they were unable to devalue their currencies to stimulate demand and boost exports.\n\n ![Graph](image://3b35f778-c5e2-425c-91b1-b28e917cd4b2 \"The United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Gold Reserve Act.\")\n\nIn response to these challenges, countries began to abandon the gold standard in favor of fiat currency, which is not backed by a physical commodity but rather by the trust and confidence in the issuing government.\n\nThe United States officially abandoned the gold standard in 1933, followed by other major economies, such as France in 1936. The United Kingdom abandoned theirs in 1931. The move towards fiat currency allowed governments greater flexibility in managing their economies and marked a significant shift in global monetary policy.","642026e7-182d-4961-88a5-841c435689c8",[230],{"id":231,"data":232,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"df4dd781-a1e5-44c8-86ad-5f5529cead2a",{"type":38,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":20,"binaryQuestion":233,"binaryCorrect":238,"binaryIncorrect":240},[234,235,236,237],"What type of currency replaced the gold standard?","What kind of currency was adopted after the gold standard was abandoned?","Which form of currency was introduced when countries moved away from the gold standard?","When the gold standard was discontinued, what currency system took its place?",[239],"Fiat currency",[241],"Commodity-backed currency",[243,382,494],{"id":23,"data":24,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":244},[245,287,322,352],{"id":29,"data":30,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":34,"parsed":246},{"data":247,"body":250,"toc":285},{"title":248,"description":249},"","The Roaring Twenties was a period of unprecedented economic growth and consumer culture in the United States and other Western countries. The end of WWI brought about a sense of optimism and prosperity, as industries shifted from wartime production to consumer goods.",{"type":251,"children":252},"root",[253,260,270,275,280],{"type":254,"tag":255,"props":256,"children":257},"element","p",{},[258],{"type":259,"value":249},"text",{"type":254,"tag":255,"props":261,"children":262},{},[263],{"type":254,"tag":264,"props":265,"children":269},"img",{"alt":266,"src":267,"title":268},"Graph","image://fb8c927d-7c5e-4a81-b0e2-e43b76d32f67","A Ford Model T driving through Times Square",[],{"type":254,"tag":255,"props":271,"children":272},{},[273],{"type":259,"value":274},"The introduction of mass production techniques, such as the assembly line, led to a significant increase in productivity and a decrease in the cost of goods. In turn, fueling a consumer boom and the growth of advertising. People for the first time began purchasing automobiles, radios, and other household appliances.",{"type":254,"tag":255,"props":276,"children":277},{},[278],{"type":259,"value":279},"One of the most iconic symbols of the Roaring Twenties was the automobile, which became a symbol of freedom and status. The Ford Model T, the first affordable car for the masses, and by the end of the 1920s, there were over 23 million registered vehicles in The US.",{"type":254,"tag":255,"props":281,"children":282},{},[283],{"type":259,"value":284},"The growth of the automobile industry also spurred the development of related industries, such as oil, rubber, and steel.",{"title":248,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":286},[],{"id":46,"data":47,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":51,"parsed":288},{"data":289,"body":291,"toc":320},{"title":248,"description":290},"The Stock Market Crash of 1929 marked the end of the Roaring Twenties and the beginning of the Great Depression. The crash was the result of a combination of factors, including rampant speculation, excessive use of margin loans, and an overvalued stock market.",{"type":251,"children":292},[293,297,302,310,315],{"type":254,"tag":255,"props":294,"children":295},{},[296],{"type":259,"value":290},{"type":254,"tag":255,"props":298,"children":299},{},[300],{"type":259,"value":301},"The Dow Jones Industrial Average reached its peak on September 3, 1929, and then began a steady decline, culminating in the infamous Black Tuesday on October 29, when the market lost 12% of its value in a single day.",{"type":254,"tag":255,"props":303,"children":304},{},[305],{"type":254,"tag":264,"props":306,"children":309},{"alt":266,"src":307,"title":308},"image://8af0dc0f-4f82-4066-acbf-0838f6da402d","Black Tuesday, 1929",[],{"type":254,"tag":255,"props":311,"children":312},{},[313],{"type":259,"value":314},"The consequences of the crash were severe and far-reaching. Banks failed, businesses went bankrupt, and millions of people lost their jobs. The Great Depression lasted for a decade and had a profound impact on the global economy.",{"type":254,"tag":255,"props":316,"children":317},{},[318],{"type":259,"value":319},"International trade plummeted, as countries imposed protectionist measures to shield their domestic industries. The economic turmoil also contributed to the rise of extremist political movements in Europe, ultimately leading to WWII.",{"title":248,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":321},[],{"id":76,"data":77,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":81,"parsed":323},{"data":324,"body":326,"toc":350},{"title":248,"description":325},"In response to the Great Depression, President Franklin D. Roosevelt introduced a series of economic policies known as the New Deal. These policies aimed to provide relief for the unemployed, stimulate economic recovery, and reform the financial system to prevent future crises.",{"type":251,"children":327},[328,332,337,345],{"type":254,"tag":255,"props":329,"children":330},{},[331],{"type":259,"value":325},{"type":254,"tag":255,"props":333,"children":334},{},[335],{"type":259,"value":336},"The New Deal included a wide range of programs, such as the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), which provided jobs for young men in environmental conservation projects, and the Social Security Act, which established a system of unemployment insurance and old-age pensions.",{"type":254,"tag":255,"props":338,"children":339},{},[340],{"type":254,"tag":264,"props":341,"children":344},{"alt":266,"src":342,"title":343},"image://9bccfb0d-166a-4f37-bd30-b70fbb89bb4c","Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Social Security Act into law",[],{"type":254,"tag":255,"props":346,"children":347},{},[348],{"type":259,"value":349},"The New Deal also led to the creation of several regulatory agencies, such as the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to regulate the stock market and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to insure bank deposits. While the New Deal did not end the Great Depression, it did provide much-needed relief for millions of Americans and laid the foundation for the modern welfare state.",{"title":248,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":351},[],{"id":97,"data":98,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":102,"parsed":353},{"data":354,"body":356,"toc":380},{"title":248,"description":355},"The automobile industry underwent significant growth in the early 20th century, with companies such as Ford and General Motors leading the charge. Ford's use of the assembly line and General Motors' acquisition of smaller manufacturers contributed to the mass production of cars and the introduction of a variety of models to suit different consumer preferences.",{"type":251,"children":357},[358,362,370,375],{"type":254,"tag":255,"props":359,"children":360},{},[361],{"type":259,"value":355},{"type":254,"tag":255,"props":363,"children":364},{},[365],{"type":254,"tag":264,"props":366,"children":369},{"alt":266,"src":367,"title":368},"image://12f7f4d6-cdf1-4537-ad69-4199bd2a1a84","Ford's assembly line in action",[],{"type":254,"tag":255,"props":371,"children":372},{},[373],{"type":259,"value":374},"This growth in the automobile industry had far-reaching effects, spurring the development of related industries such as oil, rubber, and steel. It also played a significant role in shaping the urban landscape as cities expanded to accommodate the growing number of cars on the road.",{"type":254,"tag":255,"props":376,"children":377},{},[378],{"type":259,"value":379},"With the development of highways and the suburbanization of America, cars became an essential part of everyday life, driving further demand for automobiles and fueling the growth of the industry.",{"title":248,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":381},[],{"id":114,"data":115,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":383},[384,409,439,464],{"id":119,"data":120,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":124,"parsed":385},{"data":386,"body":388,"toc":407},{"title":248,"description":387},"The interwar period saw the development of commercial aviation, with airlines like Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) leading the way. Founded in 1927, Pan Am initially focused on mail and cargo services between the United States and Latin America, but soon expanded to passenger flights. The introduction of larger, more efficient aircraft, such as the Boeing 314 Clipper, enabled airlines to offer long-distance flights, connecting cities across the globe.",{"type":251,"children":389},[390,394,402],{"type":254,"tag":255,"props":391,"children":392},{},[393],{"type":259,"value":387},{"type":254,"tag":255,"props":395,"children":396},{},[397],{"type":254,"tag":264,"props":398,"children":401},{"alt":266,"src":399,"title":400},"image://7a7e0b19-3369-4663-b6b4-c500da9f1a96","A Pan Am plane takes flight",[],{"type":254,"tag":255,"props":403,"children":404},{},[405],{"type":259,"value":406},"The growth of commercial aviation also led to the development of airports and air traffic control systems, as well as the establishment of regulatory bodies, such as the International Air Transport Association (IATA). The aviation industry would continue to expand and innovate throughout the 20th century, becoming an essential mode of transportation for both business and leisure travel.",{"title":248,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":408},[],{"id":138,"data":139,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":143,"parsed":410},{"data":411,"body":413,"toc":437},{"title":248,"description":412},"The rise of radio broadcasting during the interwar period transformed the entertainment industry and the way people consumed news and information.",{"type":251,"children":414},[415,419,424,432],{"type":254,"tag":255,"props":416,"children":417},{},[418],{"type":259,"value":412},{"type":254,"tag":255,"props":420,"children":421},{},[422],{"type":259,"value":423},"Radio stations began to emerge in the early 1920s, offering a mix of music, news, and serialized dramas. By the end of the decade, there were over 600 radio stations in the United States, reaching millions of listeners. The popularity of radio also led to the growth of the advertising industry, as companies sought to reach consumers through this new medium.",{"type":254,"tag":255,"props":425,"children":426},{},[427],{"type":254,"tag":264,"props":428,"children":431},{"alt":266,"src":429,"title":430},"image://8409330a-f23e-4fff-a4e6-b7a266b0619a","The iconic scene of Orson Welles' 'War of the Worlds' radio broadcast",[],{"type":254,"tag":255,"props":433,"children":434},{},[435],{"type":259,"value":436},"The interwar period also saw the rise of Hollywood and the golden age of cinema. The introduction of sound in films, such as in the 1927 movie \"The Jazz Singer,\" revolutionized the movie-going experience and attracted even larger audiences. Hollywood became synonymous with glamour and success, producing iconic stars like Charlie Chaplin, Greta Garbo, and Clark Gable.",{"title":248,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":438},[],{"id":159,"data":160,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":164,"parsed":440},{"data":441,"body":443,"toc":462},{"title":248,"description":442},"The growth of consumer culture during the early 20th century led to the emergence of consumer credit, as businesses sought to facilitate consumer spending. Installment plans, which allowed customers to purchase goods on credit and pay for them over time, became increasingly popular for items like automobiles, furniture, and appliances. These plans enabled more people to afford expensive items, further fueling the consumer boom.",{"type":251,"children":444},[445,449,457],{"type":254,"tag":255,"props":446,"children":447},{},[448],{"type":259,"value":442},{"type":254,"tag":255,"props":450,"children":451},{},[452],{"type":254,"tag":264,"props":453,"children":456},{"alt":266,"src":454,"title":455},"image://20f31b64-4fa1-4b5f-aafd-16c4c3fe17c5","A family is purchasing a refrigerator on an installment plan",[],{"type":254,"tag":255,"props":458,"children":459},{},[460],{"type":259,"value":461},"The introduction of credit cards, such as the Diners Club card in 1950, further revolutionized consumer credit by allowing customers to make purchases without cash and pay their balance at a later date. The widespread adoption of credit cards would have a lasting impact on consumer spending habits and the global economy.",{"title":248,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":463},[],{"id":180,"data":181,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":185,"parsed":465},{"data":466,"body":468,"toc":492},{"title":248,"description":467},"The interwar period saw the expansion of department stores and chain stores, such as Woolworth's, which offered a wide range of goods under one roof. These stores capitalized on the growing consumer culture by providing a convenient and enjoyable shopping experience.",{"type":251,"children":469},[470,474,479,487],{"type":254,"tag":255,"props":471,"children":472},{},[473],{"type":259,"value":467},{"type":254,"tag":255,"props":475,"children":476},{},[477],{"type":259,"value":478},"Department stores, like Macy's and Selfridges, became iconic symbols of the era, offering not only products but also services like restaurants, beauty salons, and even art galleries.",{"type":254,"tag":255,"props":480,"children":481},{},[482],{"type":254,"tag":264,"props":483,"children":486},{"alt":266,"src":484,"title":485},"image://8e263a58-6dc3-4b7d-aa92-ac15d42e5bce","Selfridges in the 1920s",[],{"type":254,"tag":255,"props":488,"children":489},{},[490],{"type":259,"value":491},"Chain stores, like Woolworth's, revolutionized retail by offering standardized products at low prices, made possible by their large-scale purchasing power and efficient distribution networks. The growth of retail during this period laid the foundation for the modern shopping experience and the rise of global retail giants in the latter half of the 20th century.",{"title":248,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":493},[],{"id":198,"data":199,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":495},[496,526],{"id":203,"data":204,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":208,"parsed":497},{"data":498,"body":500,"toc":524},{"title":248,"description":499},"The impact of John Maynard Keynes' theories on government intervention in the economy was profound during the interwar period and beyond.",{"type":251,"children":501},[502,506,511,519],{"type":254,"tag":255,"props":503,"children":504},{},[505],{"type":259,"value":499},{"type":254,"tag":255,"props":507,"children":508},{},[509],{"type":259,"value":510},"Keynes argued that governments should play an active role in managing the economy, particularly during times of recession or depression. His ideas, outlined in his 1936 book \"The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money,\" challenged the prevailing belief in laissez-faire economics and advocated for government spending to stimulate demand and reduce unemployment.",{"type":254,"tag":255,"props":512,"children":513},{},[514],{"type":254,"tag":264,"props":515,"children":518},{"alt":266,"src":516,"title":517},"image://69ec9e0d-022d-47a0-a0e9-fbcb3b7367b7","John Maynard Keynes addressed a crowd of economists",[],{"type":254,"tag":255,"props":520,"children":521},{},[522],{"type":259,"value":523},"Keynesian economics greatly influenced the economic policies of the New Deal in the United States and the post-World War II reconstruction efforts in Europe. The adoption of Keynesian principles by governments around the world helped to shape the economic landscape of the 20th century and remains a significant school of thought in modern economic policy.",{"title":248,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":525},[],{"id":224,"data":225,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":229,"parsed":527},{"data":528,"body":530,"toc":559},{"title":248,"description":529},"The interwar period saw the abandonment of the gold standard, a monetary system in which the value of a country's currency was directly linked to a fixed amount of gold.",{"type":251,"children":531},[532,536,541,549,554],{"type":254,"tag":255,"props":533,"children":534},{},[535],{"type":259,"value":529},{"type":254,"tag":255,"props":537,"children":538},{},[539],{"type":259,"value":540},"The gold standard had been the dominant global monetary system since the late 19th century, but the economic turmoil of the Great Depression exposed its limitations. Countries that remained on the gold standard experienced deflation and high unemployment, as they were unable to devalue their currencies to stimulate demand and boost exports.",{"type":254,"tag":255,"props":542,"children":543},{},[544],{"type":254,"tag":264,"props":545,"children":548},{"alt":266,"src":546,"title":547},"image://3b35f778-c5e2-425c-91b1-b28e917cd4b2","The United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Gold Reserve Act.",[],{"type":254,"tag":255,"props":550,"children":551},{},[552],{"type":259,"value":553},"In response to these challenges, countries began to abandon the gold standard in favor of fiat currency, which is not backed by a physical commodity but rather by the trust and confidence in the issuing government.",{"type":254,"tag":255,"props":555,"children":556},{},[557],{"type":259,"value":558},"The United States officially abandoned the gold standard in 1933, followed by other major economies, such as France in 1936. The United Kingdom abandoned theirs in 1931. The move towards fiat currency allowed governments greater flexibility in managing their economies and marked a significant shift in global monetary policy.",{"title":248,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":560},[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":562,"height":562,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":563},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":562,"height":562,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":565},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M4 5h16M4 12h16M4 19h16\"/>",1778224759996]