[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":636},["ShallowReactive",2],{"i-kinnu:logo":3,"i-kinnu:origami-folding":8,"tile-history-ancient-civilization-minoa":12,"i-lucide:chevron-right":631,"i-lucide:menu":634},{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":7},0,27,false,"\u003Cg fill=\"none\">\u003Cpath d=\"M0.046875 1.05555C0.046875 1.03541 0.048197 1.01579 0.0507438 0.996728C0.0987149 0.438619 0.586845 0 1.18194 0H25.4398C26.451 0 26.9575 1.171 26.2424 1.85585L15.7301 11.9243L1.31574 0.903476C1.17475 0.79568 1.01137 0.761884 0.859586 0.784111L26.2936 25.1441C27.0086 25.829 26.5022 27 25.4909 27H1.18194C0.555061 27 0.046875 26.5133 0.046875 25.9129V1.05555Z\" fill=\"currentColor\"/>\u003C/g>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":9,"height":10,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":11},1000,236,"\u003Cg fill=\"none\">\u003Cpath fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\"\n    d=\"M193.68 38.2238C195.994 38.2238 197.87 40.0989 197.87 42.412V231.812C197.87 234.125 195.994 236 193.68 236H4.19013C1.87603 236 2.02305e-07 234.125 0 231.812V42.412C-2.02305e-07 40.0989 1.87603 38.2238 4.19013 38.2238H193.68ZM111.76 89.0072C111.685 87.9474 110.572 87.2905 109.608 87.7376L96.8872 93.641C95.7786 94.1554 95.702 95.7016 96.7545 96.3225L101.579 99.167C94.7045 109.365 90.5733 122.892 90.5732 137.642C90.5733 154.323 95.8569 169.439 104.416 179.945C105.301 181.032 106.9 181.196 107.987 180.311C109.075 179.426 109.238 177.828 108.353 176.741C100.621 167.25 95.6522 153.305 95.6521 137.642C95.6522 123.661 99.6138 111.051 105.963 101.754L110.456 104.403C111.508 105.024 112.826 104.21 112.74 102.991L111.76 89.0072ZM9.63194 136.286C9.14864 136.286 8.75684 136.678 8.75684 137.161C8.7569 137.644 9.14868 138.035 9.63194 138.035H17.2161C17.6993 138.035 18.0912 137.644 18.0912 137.161C18.0912 136.678 17.6994 136.286 17.2161 136.286H9.63194ZM22.6813 136.286C22.198 136.286 21.8062 136.678 21.8062 137.161C21.8063 137.644 22.1981 138.035 22.6813 138.035H30.2655C30.7487 138.035 31.1406 137.644 31.1406 137.161C31.1406 136.678 30.7488 136.286 30.2655 136.286H22.6813ZM35.7464 136.286C35.2631 136.286 34.8713 136.678 34.8713 137.161C34.8713 137.644 35.2631 138.035 35.7464 138.035H44.4973C44.9805 138.035 45.3724 137.644 45.3724 137.161C45.3724 136.678 44.9806 136.286 44.4973 136.286H35.7464ZM49.9977 136.286C49.5144 136.286 49.1226 136.678 49.1226 137.161C49.1226 137.644 49.5144 138.035 49.9977 138.035H57.5819C58.0651 138.035 58.4569 137.644 58.457 137.161C58.457 136.678 58.0651 136.286 57.5819 136.286H49.9977ZM63.0783 136.286C62.595 136.286 62.2032 136.678 62.2032 137.161C62.2033 137.644 62.5951 138.035 63.0783 138.035H70.6625C71.1457 138.035 71.5375 137.644 71.5376 137.161C71.5376 136.678 71.1457 136.286 70.6625 136.286H63.0783ZM76.1277 136.286C75.6444 136.286 75.2526 136.678 75.2526 137.161C75.2527 137.644 75.6445 138.035 76.1277 138.035H83.7119C84.1951 138.035 84.5869 137.644 84.587 137.161C84.587 136.678 84.1951 136.286 83.7119 136.286H76.1277ZM102.266 136.286C101.782 136.286 101.39 136.678 101.39 137.161C101.391 137.644 101.782 138.035 102.266 138.035H109.85C110.333 138.035 110.725 137.644 110.725 137.161C110.725 136.678 110.333 136.286 109.85 136.286H102.266ZM115.338 136.286C114.855 136.286 114.463 136.678 114.463 137.161C114.463 137.644 114.855 138.035 115.338 138.035H122.923C123.406 138.035 123.798 137.644 123.798 137.161C123.798 136.678 123.406 136.286 122.923 136.286H115.338ZM128.403 136.286C127.92 136.286 127.528 136.678 127.528 137.161C127.528 137.644 127.92 138.035 128.403 138.035H135.988C136.471 138.035 136.863 137.644 136.863 137.161C136.863 136.678 136.471 136.286 135.988 136.286H128.403ZM141.468 136.286C140.985 136.286 140.593 136.678 140.593 137.161C140.593 137.644 140.985 138.035 141.468 138.035H149.053C149.536 138.035 149.928 137.644 149.928 137.161C149.928 136.678 149.536 136.286 149.053 136.286H141.468ZM154.541 136.286C154.058 136.286 153.666 136.678 153.666 137.161C153.666 137.644 154.058 138.035 154.541 138.035H162.125C162.609 138.035 163 137.644 163.001 137.161C163.001 136.678 162.609 136.286 162.125 136.286H154.541ZM167.614 136.286C167.131 136.286 166.739 136.678 166.739 137.161C166.739 137.644 167.131 138.035 167.614 138.035H175.198C175.681 138.035 176.073 137.644 176.073 137.161C176.073 136.678 175.681 136.286 175.198 136.286H167.614ZM180.671 136.286C180.188 136.286 179.796 136.678 179.796 137.161C179.796 137.644 180.188 138.035 180.671 138.035H188.255C188.739 138.035 189.13 137.644 189.131 137.161C189.131 136.678 188.739 136.286 188.255 136.286H180.671Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\"\n    d=\"M444.85 38.2277C447.164 38.2277 449.04 40.1028 449.04 42.4159V132.928C449.04 135.241 447.164 137.116 444.85 137.116H255.36C253.046 137.116 251.17 135.241 251.17 132.928V42.4159C251.17 40.1028 253.046 38.2277 255.36 38.2277H444.85ZM361.96 125.388C361.618 125.046 361.064 125.046 360.722 125.388L354.534 131.572C354.192 131.914 354.192 132.468 354.534 132.81C354.876 133.151 355.43 133.151 355.772 132.81L361.96 126.624C362.301 126.283 362.301 125.73 361.96 125.388ZM371.047 116.311C370.705 115.969 370.15 115.969 369.809 116.311L364.446 121.671C364.104 122.012 364.104 122.567 364.446 122.908C364.788 123.249 365.342 123.25 365.684 122.908L371.047 117.548C371.388 117.207 371.388 116.652 371.047 116.311ZM380.124 107.246C379.782 106.904 379.227 106.904 378.885 107.246L373.523 112.606C373.181 112.948 373.181 113.502 373.523 113.844C373.864 114.185 374.419 114.185 374.761 113.844L380.124 108.483C380.465 108.142 380.465 107.587 380.124 107.246ZM385.736 65.8841C385.891 64.6727 384.622 63.7845 383.536 64.3434L371.069 70.7636C370.124 71.2504 369.96 72.5334 370.752 73.2424L381.2 82.5938C382.11 83.4081 383.561 82.8672 383.717 81.6557L384.393 76.3725C391.143 77.1933 398.567 80.7709 404.771 86.9711C411.124 93.3213 414.726 100.952 415.43 107.827C415.573 109.221 416.819 110.236 418.214 110.093C419.609 109.95 420.624 108.703 420.481 107.309C419.644 99.1317 415.435 90.4514 408.362 83.3817C401.466 76.489 393.038 72.3185 385.038 71.338L385.736 65.8841ZM389.2 98.1733C388.859 97.8319 388.304 97.8318 387.962 98.1733L382.6 103.534C382.258 103.875 382.258 104.429 382.6 104.771C382.941 105.112 383.496 105.112 383.838 104.771L389.2 99.4108C389.542 99.0693 389.542 98.5149 389.2 98.1733ZM398.262 89.1047C397.92 88.7633 397.365 88.7632 397.024 89.1047L391.661 94.4649C391.319 94.8065 391.319 95.3608 391.661 95.7024C392.002 96.0436 392.557 96.0438 392.899 95.7024L398.262 90.3421C398.603 90.0007 398.603 89.4463 398.262 89.1047ZM416.431 70.9616C416.089 70.6202 415.534 70.6201 415.193 70.9616L409.83 76.3218C409.488 76.6634 409.488 77.2177 409.83 77.5592C410.172 77.9005 410.726 77.9007 411.068 77.5592L416.431 72.199C416.772 71.8575 416.772 71.3032 416.431 70.9616ZM425.508 61.891C425.166 61.5496 424.611 61.5495 424.27 61.891L418.907 67.2512C418.565 67.5928 418.565 68.1471 418.907 68.4887C419.249 68.8299 419.803 68.8301 420.145 68.4887L425.508 63.1284C425.849 62.787 425.849 62.2326 425.508 61.891ZM434.569 52.8146C434.227 52.4731 433.673 52.4731 433.331 52.8146L427.968 58.1748C427.626 58.5163 427.627 59.0706 427.968 59.4122C428.31 59.7534 428.864 59.7537 429.206 59.4122L434.569 54.052C434.91 53.7105 434.91 53.1562 434.569 52.8146ZM443.638 43.7479C443.296 43.4065 442.742 43.4064 442.4 43.7479L437.037 49.1081C436.695 49.4496 436.696 50.004 437.037 50.3455C437.379 50.6868 437.933 50.687 438.275 50.3455L443.638 44.9853C443.98 44.6438 443.979 44.0895 443.638 43.7479Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\"\n    d=\"M684.066 38.2277C687.798 38.2281 689.667 42.7391 687.027 45.3773L596.473 135.889C595.687 136.675 594.621 137.116 593.51 137.116H506.335C504.021 137.116 502.145 135.241 502.145 132.928V42.4159C502.145 40.1028 504.021 38.2277 506.335 38.2277H684.066ZM514.603 124.566C514.261 124.224 513.707 124.224 513.365 124.566L507.178 130.751C506.836 131.093 506.836 131.646 507.178 131.988C507.519 132.329 508.073 132.329 508.415 131.988L514.603 125.803C514.945 125.462 514.945 124.908 514.603 124.566ZM523.689 115.491C523.348 115.15 522.794 115.15 522.452 115.491L517.09 120.852C516.748 121.193 516.748 121.747 517.09 122.088C517.431 122.43 517.985 122.43 518.327 122.088L523.689 116.728C524.031 116.386 524.031 115.833 523.689 115.491ZM532.102 65.8295C530.707 65.6872 529.46 66.7017 529.318 68.0957C529.175 69.4896 530.189 70.7355 531.584 70.8787C538.463 71.5825 546.096 75.1826 552.45 81.5329C558.723 87.8037 562.312 95.3226 563.079 102.13L557.738 102.392C556.518 102.452 555.865 103.855 556.607 104.827L565.115 115.969C565.76 116.814 567.051 116.751 567.611 115.847L574.992 103.928C575.635 102.889 574.848 101.555 573.628 101.615L568.161 101.882C568.161 101.878 568.162 101.874 568.161 101.871C567.324 93.6931 563.114 85.0124 556.041 77.9425C548.968 70.873 540.283 66.6668 532.102 65.8295ZM532.766 106.421C532.425 106.079 531.871 106.079 531.529 106.421L526.166 111.781C525.825 112.123 525.825 112.676 526.166 113.018C526.508 113.359 527.062 113.359 527.403 113.018L532.766 107.657C533.108 107.316 533.108 106.762 532.766 106.421ZM541.843 97.3445C541.501 97.003 540.948 97.003 540.606 97.3445L535.243 102.705C534.901 103.046 534.902 103.6 535.243 103.941C535.585 104.283 536.139 104.283 536.48 103.941L541.843 98.5809C542.185 98.2393 542.185 97.686 541.843 97.3445ZM550.92 88.2778C550.578 87.9363 550.025 87.9363 549.683 88.2778L544.32 93.638C543.978 93.9796 543.978 94.5329 544.32 94.8745C544.662 95.2161 545.215 95.2161 545.557 94.8745L550.92 89.5142C551.262 89.1727 551.262 88.6193 550.92 88.2778ZM569.066 70.1405C568.724 69.799 568.17 69.7991 567.829 70.1405L562.466 75.5008C562.124 75.8423 562.124 76.3956 562.466 76.7372C562.808 77.0788 563.361 77.0788 563.703 76.7372L569.066 71.377C569.407 71.0354 569.407 70.4821 569.066 70.1405ZM578.143 61.0699C577.801 60.7284 577.247 60.7285 576.906 61.0699L571.543 66.4302C571.201 66.7717 571.201 67.3251 571.543 67.6666C571.885 68.0082 572.438 68.0082 572.78 67.6666L578.143 62.3064C578.484 61.9648 578.484 61.4115 578.143 61.0699ZM587.219 51.9896C586.878 51.6481 586.324 51.6481 585.982 51.9896L580.62 57.3498C580.278 57.6914 580.278 58.2447 580.62 58.5863C580.961 58.9279 581.515 58.9279 581.857 58.5863L587.219 53.2261C587.561 52.8845 587.561 52.3312 587.219 51.9896ZM596.288 42.9249C595.947 42.5833 595.392 42.5833 595.05 42.9249L589.689 48.2851C589.347 48.6267 589.347 49.18 589.689 49.5216C590.03 49.863 590.584 49.8631 590.926 49.5216L596.288 44.1613C596.63 43.8198 596.63 43.2664 596.288 42.9249Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\"\n    d=\"M850.814 38.2277C854.547 38.2281 856.416 42.739 853.777 45.3773L763.223 135.889C762.437 136.674 761.371 137.116 760.26 137.116H673.176C669.443 137.116 667.574 132.605 670.213 129.966L760.768 39.4544C761.554 38.6692 762.62 38.2277 763.731 38.2277H850.814ZM761.338 121.8C760.855 121.8 760.463 122.191 760.463 122.674V131.13H762.213V122.674C762.213 122.191 761.821 121.8 761.338 121.8ZM761.338 108.971C760.855 108.971 760.463 109.363 760.463 109.846V118.301H762.213V109.846C762.213 109.363 761.821 108.971 761.338 108.971ZM761.338 96.1402C760.855 96.1406 760.463 96.5321 760.463 97.0149V105.47H762.213V97.0149C762.213 96.532 761.821 96.1404 761.338 96.1402ZM782.263 71.887C781.043 71.951 780.395 73.3571 781.139 74.3257L784.474 78.6631C779.115 82.951 771.242 85.7443 762.35 85.7444C753.366 85.7442 745.421 82.8944 740.059 78.5305C738.972 77.6461 737.373 77.8099 736.488 78.8961C735.602 79.983 735.766 81.582 736.853 82.467C743.231 87.6574 752.348 90.8207 762.35 90.8209C772.209 90.8208 781.205 87.746 787.568 82.6884L790.833 86.9341C791.577 87.9025 793.103 87.6391 793.479 86.4767L797.791 73.138C798.118 72.127 797.33 71.1017 796.268 71.1566L782.263 71.887ZM761.338 70.4847C760.855 70.4851 760.463 70.8767 760.463 71.3594V79.8147H762.213V71.3594C762.213 70.8766 761.821 70.485 761.338 70.4847ZM761.338 57.656C760.855 57.6564 760.463 58.048 760.463 58.5307V66.986H762.213V58.5307C762.213 58.0479 761.821 57.6563 761.338 57.656ZM761.338 44.8293C760.855 44.8297 760.463 45.2212 760.463 45.704V54.1592H762.213V45.704C762.213 45.2211 761.821 44.8295 761.338 44.8293Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath\n    d=\"M995.759 38.2277C999.53 38.228 1001.42 42.5171 998.752 45.0253L959.55 81.9005L905.796 41.5363C905.271 41.1418 904.662 41.0182 904.096 41.0994L997.485 130.319C1000.15 132.828 998.262 137.116 994.491 137.116H905.298C902.96 137.116 901.065 135.333 901.065 133.134V42.0941C901.065 42.0204 901.07 41.9483 901.079 41.8786C901.258 39.8345 903.079 38.2277 905.298 38.2277H995.759Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath\n    d=\"M505.873 0C506.657 4.57042e-05 507.307 0.195499 507.823 0.587023C508.338 0.969046 508.596 1.53802 508.596 2.29251C508.596 2.76034 508.467 3.19015 508.209 3.58162C507.951 3.96344 507.497 4.26401 506.848 4.48361V4.54114C507.65 4.67487 508.205 4.96191 508.51 5.4012C508.816 5.83087 508.969 6.31772 508.969 6.86193C508.969 7.74056 508.672 8.41851 508.08 8.89604C507.497 9.38304 506.733 9.62731 505.787 9.62738C504.861 9.62738 504.158 9.42172 503.68 9.0111C503.212 8.60054 502.935 8.08005 502.849 7.44993L503.881 7.10571L503.924 7.24028C504.035 7.54934 504.211 7.82925 504.454 8.07986C504.731 8.36635 505.166 8.50986 505.758 8.50989C506.465 8.50989 506.943 8.32772 507.191 7.9648C507.449 7.6019 507.579 7.20078 507.579 6.7615C507.579 6.2173 507.378 5.80683 506.977 5.52992C506.585 5.25295 505.93 5.10026 505.013 5.07161V4.15402C505.901 4.12537 506.489 3.92484 506.776 3.55237C507.062 3.18009 507.206 2.82242 507.206 2.47876C507.206 1.62801 506.752 1.17539 505.845 1.12237L505.658 1.11749C505.467 1.11752 505.242 1.14605 504.985 1.2033C504.736 1.25105 504.511 1.3274 504.31 1.43245L504.081 2.56457L503.05 2.44951L503.322 0.687461C503.666 0.49653 504.068 0.33454 504.526 0.200875C504.985 0.0671945 505.434 0 505.873 0Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath\n    d=\"M905.727 2.30616L904.638 2.4066L904.466 1.26083H901.428V3.72497C901.533 3.71544 901.643 3.71034 901.757 3.71034H902.086C902.755 3.71034 903.386 3.78668 903.979 3.93949C904.58 4.09229 905.068 4.38363 905.44 4.8132C905.822 5.23335 906.014 5.84949 906.014 6.66106C906.014 7.64468 905.722 8.38068 905.14 8.86776C904.557 9.36434 903.783 9.6127 902.818 9.61275C901.91 9.61275 901.213 9.40711 900.725 8.99648C900.248 8.59544 899.96 8.08007 899.865 7.44993L900.911 7.10571C901.007 7.49723 901.203 7.8271 901.499 8.09449C901.795 8.37131 902.211 8.50985 902.746 8.50989C903.395 8.50989 903.869 8.33787 904.165 7.99405C904.461 7.65981 904.609 7.22507 904.609 6.69031C904.609 5.87861 904.337 5.3625 903.792 5.14279C903.248 4.91361 902.612 4.79958 901.886 4.79955C901.695 4.79955 901.489 4.80365 901.27 4.8132C901.059 4.82275 900.854 4.83701 900.653 4.85611L900.224 4.44071V0.143343H905.569L905.727 2.30616Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\"\n    d=\"M765.49 6.04576H766.966L766.837 7.14862H765.49V9.48404H764.185V7.14862H759.857L759.713 6.04576L762.909 0.143343H765.49V6.04576ZM760.96 6.04576H764.185V1.26083H763.541L760.96 6.04576Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath d=\"M4.80573 6.47481H6.41154V7.60693H1.81068V6.47481H3.50235V1.27546H1.81068V0.143343H4.80573V6.47481Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath\n    d=\"M254.359 0C255.353 0 256.055 0.239186 256.466 0.716715C256.877 1.18447 257.083 1.68072 257.083 2.20573C257.083 2.85516 256.849 3.44346 256.38 3.96875C255.912 4.49397 255.348 4.96638 254.689 5.38657C254.039 5.79717 253.437 6.15968 252.883 6.47481H256.423L256.538 5.42948L257.599 5.51529L257.426 7.60693H251.407L251.292 6.58987C252.582 5.73032 253.638 4.98523 254.46 4.35489C255.281 3.71509 255.693 3.05632 255.693 2.37832C255.693 1.53787 255.166 1.11749 254.115 1.12237L254.115 1.11749C253.924 1.11754 253.695 1.14604 253.427 1.2033C253.16 1.25104 252.916 1.32238 252.697 1.41783L252.467 2.47876L251.45 2.3637L251.707 0.60165C252.118 0.401088 252.563 0.253475 253.041 0.15797C253.519 0.0529708 253.958 1.99446e-05 254.359 0Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\u003C/g>",{"tile":13,"orbsWithOnlyMarkdownPages":341},{"id":14,"data":15,"type":16,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"orbs":21},"f89af4bc-0b6e-4b19-94f5-5ae19445e23f",{"type":16,"title":17,"tagline":18},9,"Minoa ","The bull leapers of Crete (3500 BCE - 1100 BCE)",3,4,[22,147,274],{"id":23,"data":24,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":27,"introPage":35,"pages":42},"7e61aac9-05a8-49e8-9f4e-36d6290c8c63",{"type":25,"title":26},2,"Who were the Minoans?",{"id":28,"data":29,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"68585312-76f9-4774-b23d-e391c81f30b2",{"type":19,"summary":30},[31,32,33],"The Minoans built cities on Crete from around 3500 BCE to 1100 BCE","They created impressive palaces full of intricate, artistic frescoes","They worshiped a number of female deities and practiced bull-leaping rituals",1,{"id":36,"data":37,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"4f0decfe-9f68-4b7f-a76c-18eced66a30f",{"type":38,"intro":39},10,[40,41],"What were the key features of Minoan architecture and how did they reflect their culture?","How did the Minoans' mastery of the Bronze Age contribute to their economic and social development?",[43,59,83],{"id":44,"data":45,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":48},"98a9aba9-5672-4785-8612-3d8ca25950cb",{"type":34,"markdownContent":46,"audioMediaId":47},"The Minoans built cities on the island of Crete from around 3500 BCE to 1100 BCE. They are mainly remembered for their impressive architecture, such as the Palace of Knossos and its intricate, expressive frescoes. The Minoans also developed a form of writing known as Linear A, although it remains undeciphered to this day.\n\nTheir culture was highly sophisticated; they had a strong trading network across the Mediterranean Sea and built impressive ships for long-distance travel. They mainly worshiped female deities, practiced bull-leaping rituals at religious festivals, and enjoyed music performed on flutes.\n\nThe legacy of Minoa lives on in modern Europe: they were Europe's first great civilization and laid down many of the foundations upon which modern Europe is based.\n\n![Graph](image://39eb1cb8-ba0c-448f-ac22-4fbab6842e36 \"Part of a Minoan palace. Image: Bernard Gagnon, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")","357af8f7-1467-4afc-917f-2c6e7b21da71",[49],{"id":50,"data":51,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"66bb504b-c315-454d-87b4-7e4061770968",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":34,"binaryQuestion":53,"binaryCorrect":55,"binaryIncorrect":57},11,[54],"What island was the Minoan civilization located on?",[56],"Crete",[58],"Cyprus",{"id":60,"data":61,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":64},"2328b4d0-02cd-471e-921d-2fd6261bc4c5",{"type":34,"markdownContent":62,"audioMediaId":63},"The Minoans were accomplished metalworkers, and were early pioneers of the Bronze Age. This enabled them to create tools and weapons that allowed them to dominate their environment.\n\nUrban centers began to form, where commerce and craftsmanship thrived. These cities exploited the ocean for resources, as well as the fertile Messara Plain. Ships set forth across the Mediterranean, trading extensively with other cultures, including the contemporary Ancient Egyptians.\n\nThey imported gold and silver, and began to craft intricate bracelets and necklaces, as well as finely decorated weapons. They also encouraged visual arts, especially painted frescoes.\n\n![Graph](image://4a163124-d919-42d0-bada-8ea2c7d308d5 \"Minoan fresco. Image: Przemek Pietrak, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")","c1c8e4e5-2e16-41e0-9aa5-c9cdf7543818",[65,72],{"id":66,"data":67,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"a1521de3-cbb0-4ae6-a11f-a83eab56e06b",{"type":52,"reviewType":34,"spacingBehaviour":34,"activeRecallQuestion":68,"activeRecallAnswers":70},[69],"What enabled the Minoans to create tools and weapons that allowed them to dominate their environment?",[71],"Accomplished metalworking",{"id":73,"data":74,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"7baeca16-1cc4-4835-94c0-5fa7109a3d50",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":75,"multiChoiceCorrect":77,"multiChoiceIncorrect":79,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[76],"With which culture did Minoan ships trade extensively?",[78],"Ancient Egyptians",[80,81,82],"Ancient Sumerians","Ancient Romans","Ancient Persians",{"id":84,"data":85,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":88},"c2034fcc-9080-4d7d-b569-43e15d24f559",{"type":34,"markdownContent":86,"audioMediaId":87},"Despite the success of the Minoan civilization, it was completely unknown to modern historians until the end of the 19th century, when Minos Kalokairinos, a Cretan archaeologist, performed some excavations. This work was built upon by British archaeologist Arthur Evans, who was astonished by the things he found.\n\nEvans' work has been continued by modern scholars who have studied the remains of Minoan cities such as Phaistos and Gortyn, uncovering more evidence about their economy, religion and social structure. A writing system has also been discovered: two scripts referred to as Linear A and Linear B.\n\nThe civilization became known as Minoa, named after King Minos of Crete – the legendary king in Greek mythology whose son was the fearsome Minotaur.","487d07d2-c9f5-4358-85e9-c1a13e371a66",[89,109,128],{"id":90,"data":91,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"360286e3-84df-4baf-b458-5f3f02c14ce4",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"collapsingSiblings":92,"multiChoiceQuestion":96,"multiChoiceCorrect":98,"multiChoiceIncorrect":100,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":104,"matchPairsPairs":106},[93,94,95],"3de364ad-9b94-4761-b6f4-97594ea442a9","0fcfb8eb-e81b-4af3-a9a0-1ed1d5c14224","14023cf7-3f63-48c5-8369-d04fdf38bc9c",[97],"Which of these discovered the first ruins of the Minoans?",[99],"Minos Kalokairinos",[101,102,103],"Charles Masson","Chinese pharmacists","Mexican farmer",[105],"Match the pairs below:",[107],{"left":99,"right":108,"direction":19},"Discovered the first ruins of the Minoans ",{"id":110,"data":111,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"f4a4bb58-a964-4f3e-b76d-5ac20682ade5",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"collapsingSiblings":112,"multiChoiceQuestion":116,"multiChoiceCorrect":118,"multiChoiceIncorrect":120,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":124,"matchPairsPairs":125},[113,114,115],"b740027d-f621-4030-b1d5-c6dc76a549ba","90ceea57-ad83-42dc-9e7b-abdab95b46d8","dbab8967-b77e-427a-9fc4-c7acd94f22fb",[117],"What is Linear A?",[119],"Minoan writing system",[121,122,123],"Sumerian writing system","Egyptian writing system","Shang writing system",[105],[126],{"left":127,"right":119,"direction":19},"Linear A",{"id":129,"data":130,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"f92702f0-b09e-4286-982c-ee11814aae5f",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"collapsingSiblings":131,"multiChoiceQuestion":135,"multiChoiceCorrect":137,"multiChoiceIncorrect":139,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":143,"matchPairsPairs":144},[132,133,134],"fadb7e16-6899-4282-b86f-69e481ecc952","c84d2e73-6495-46ab-8427-3c1174d831a1","df0e21ab-a6c1-458d-93d7-34b193f1377a",[136],"Who was the legendary king in Greek mythology whose son was the fearsome Minotaur?",[138],"Minos",[140,141,142],"Hatshepsut","Hiram I","Di Xin",[105],[145],{"left":138,"right":146,"direction":19},"King in Greek mythology",{"id":148,"data":149,"type":25,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":151,"introPage":158,"pages":164},"d059665e-6ce8-4573-a7dd-299c96a43620",{"type":25,"title":150},"Palaces and bulls",{"id":152,"data":153,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"d505967f-503d-4c14-a222-d9b7b8ca8b08",{"type":19,"summary":154},[155,156,157],"The Minoans built grand palaces in cities like Knossos, which had courtyards, workshops, and shrines","The Minoan palaces were destroyed around 1700 BCE, possibly by earthquakes or invaders","The Minoans rebuilt with stronger palaces, and spread their influence across the Mediterranean",{"id":159,"data":160,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"2a95ae31-e93c-4bb0-9e02-cd7096157476",{"type":38,"intro":161},[162,163],"What evidence suggests that Minoan palaces were destroyed by foreign invaders?","What role did bull-leaping play in Minoan culture?",[165,199,217,232,245],{"id":166,"data":167,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":170},"f6642f5e-0e7d-4319-900a-27b8fadad26f",{"type":34,"markdownContent":168,"audioMediaId":169},"The Minoans erected extravagant palaces in their major cities. Five have been discovered so far, with the largest at the city of Knossos. The palace at Knossos is thought to have been built not long after 2000 BCE; it had an impressive courtyard for hosting events, as well as several storeys of passages and chambers: workshops, shrines, bedrooms.\n\nThese palaces served as residences for royalty, while also functioning as centers of government and religious worship. Many palaces featured elaborate frescoes depicting scenes from everyday life on Crete. These pictures provide us invaluable insight into the lives of the people who lived there.\n\nThe construction of these grandiose buildings demonstrates the structure of Minoan society. Great wealth and power must have been centralized in the hands of a ruling class, as is often the case in highly advanced societies.","bdfa19fd-17d5-4d23-9ccc-57a969c5db8e",[171,190],{"id":172,"data":173,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"253d5e26-d7f3-4253-b003-938e65ec3e4f",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"collapsingSiblings":174,"multiChoiceQuestion":178,"multiChoiceCorrect":180,"multiChoiceIncorrect":182,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":186,"matchPairsPairs":187},[175,176,177],"b50d5d43-79e2-43ae-b249-dce0f270cc62","a60119f0-c377-431d-8fcf-8467656523bf","174f26a7-5990-41b6-9a29-778d4d353c34",[179],"Which of these was a Minoan city, and home of their largest palace?",[181],"Knossos",[183,184,185],"Mohenjo-daro","Carthage","La Venta",[105],[188],{"left":181,"right":189,"direction":19},"Minoan city",{"id":191,"data":192,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"40d8a3a5-e8be-43be-8584-7b5e8873b66a",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":34,"binaryQuestion":193,"binaryCorrect":195,"binaryIncorrect":197},[194],"How many palaces have been discovered (so far) from the Minoan civilization?",[196],"Five",[198],"Four",{"id":200,"data":201,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":204},"63d5e764-fddc-49a2-88bd-f576210b35df",{"type":34,"markdownContent":202,"audioMediaId":203},"The history of Minoa included major hurdles. At some point before 1700 BCE, the Minoan palaces were completely destroyed, but historians have struggled to work out how this happened.\n\nAt Knossos and Phaistos, evidence suggests that an earthquake may have caused their destruction, but at other palaces, there is evidence of violent destruction – charred beams and broken pottery – suggesting that these sites were the victims of foreign invaders.\n\nWhatever the cause, these events had a devastating impact on Minoan civilization. As well as destroying many of its most important buildings, it also disrupted trade networks and weakened the Minoans’ political power. The civilization managed to recover, but this was a major bump in the road.","29f1444f-e8a0-4ee0-9b9d-09f5d40094f8",[205],{"id":206,"data":207,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"147a2f38-58fe-416e-b342-9bd115c63252",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":208,"multiChoiceCorrect":210,"multiChoiceIncorrect":213,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":216,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[209],"At some point before 1700 BCE, the Minoan palaces were completely destroyed. What two factors may have caused this?",[211,212],"An earthquake","A foreign invasion",[214,215],"A volcanic eruption","An internal coup",true,{"id":218,"data":219,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":222},"0dca7ce1-e2dc-4a97-8cd8-397183c49016",{"type":34,"markdownContent":220,"audioMediaId":221},"It took the Minoans a few decades to recover from the collapse of their palaces, but as soon as their society restabilized, they rebuilt the palaces in a stronger, more resilient form.\n\nThey also began to spread outwards from Crete, building a sea empire in the Mediterranean. Minoan pottery has been found in Egypt, Syria, Turkey and mainland Greece. The people of Greece were particularly influenced by Minoan culture. They built palaces of their own in places like Pylos and Tiryns, and also adopted the Linear B writing system.\n\n![Graph](image://dbaa4f59-3720-42f3-83cd-c7c3fb3948cb \"Linear B. Image: User Antonsusi from the German Wikipedia, CC BY 3.0 DE \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/de/deed.en>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nCultural exchange also took place in the opposite direction, with Egyptian artwork influencing the style of Cretan frescoes. Linear A and B may also have been influenced by Egyptian hieroglyphs, but this theory is unconfirmed.","37962d5f-6009-47e1-9412-0295cedd31a1",[223],{"id":224,"data":225,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":19},"81d83c62-dcd7-47d4-9f8f-dab0c68a09d1",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":34,"binaryQuestion":226,"binaryCorrect":228,"binaryIncorrect":230},[227],"What type of Cretan artwork may have been influenced by the Ancient Egyptians?",[229],"Frescoes",[231],"Statues",{"id":233,"data":234,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":237},"d832d370-441c-4dd4-b787-2fe79e27524a",{"type":34,"markdownContent":235,"audioMediaId":236},"Minoan art was inspired by exchanges with other cultures, but it was uniquely expressive compared to other civilizations at the time. They painted in vivid, violent colors, and might have used these colors to differentiate between genders: the men in their paintings were often red-brown, while the women were snow white.\n\n![Graph](image://e8b82b89-65ab-45d0-b7e3-fc30e6b7cc0a \"The Prince of the Lilies. Image: Photo prise par Harrieta171, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nAs well as humans, Minoan paintings would often depict animals and landscapes. They were found on pieces of pottery, as well as large frescoes on the walls of palaces. Each painting provides a glimpse into Minoan culture, and the way they viewed the world.\n\nFor example, the famous *Prince of the Lilies* shows a figure adorned with an extravagant headdress. This figure was probably a priest or king. It has reddish skin, which means the figure was probably male.","e3aa3bf7-4f46-4992-8239-09b863c4ad87",[238],{"id":239,"data":240,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"1d381f07-5211-45f7-baba-1f42d622707c",{"type":52,"reviewType":34,"spacingBehaviour":34,"activeRecallQuestion":241,"activeRecallAnswers":243},[242],"What colors might have been used to differentiate between genders in Minoan paintings?",[244],"Men were red-brown and women were snow white",{"id":246,"data":247,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":250},"f46e987e-b7fe-4a17-8860-9e95dc86393c",{"type":34,"markdownContent":248,"audioMediaId":249},"A common image in Minoan frescoes is bull-leaping: acrobatic humans – both male and female – leaping over the horns of a charging bull and then vaulting onto its back.\n\n![Graph](image://10a67f76-ca28-4fbc-ab13-c4214badd4bb \"Bull-leaping fresco. Image: Heraklion Archaeological Museum, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThis was probably some kind of ritual or ceremony, with links to Minoan religion. As a culture, they seem to have venerated bulls, which they may have associated with strength or fertility. The reverence shown towards these animals is further evidenced by archaeological finds such as bronze figurines depicting bulls’ heads or horns.\n\nThere is a chance that bull-leaping rituals never took place. Painting a fresco of an event is not the same as performing that event in person. But most historians believe that bull-leaping was an important part of Minoan culture, and may have been performed in the large courtyards at the heart of royal palaces.","de2c4d62-b3a3-40f3-9141-690897d9fb04",[251,258,265],{"id":252,"data":253,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"75a3fc79-e897-44b5-815b-6b1470de7059",{"type":52,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":34,"clozeQuestion":254,"clozeWords":256},[255],"The Minoans seem to have venerated bulls, which they may have associated with strength or fertility. ",[257],"bulls",{"id":259,"data":260,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":19},"eedab980-6800-4654-98da-aba6dd3ff413",{"type":52,"reviewType":34,"spacingBehaviour":34,"activeRecallQuestion":261,"activeRecallAnswers":263},[262],"Which famous Minoan fresco shows a figure adorned with an extravagant headdress?",[264],"Prince of the Lillies",{"id":266,"data":267,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"13ea22d7-8b1e-48e1-9c45-5e84acf1618b",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":34,"binaryQuestion":268,"binaryCorrect":270,"binaryIncorrect":272},[269],"What is the name of the iconic activity depicted in many Minoan frescoes?",[271],"Bull-leaping",[273],"Bull-riding",{"id":275,"data":276,"type":25,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":278,"introPage":285,"pages":291},"9ca0c8ef-33dd-4a5d-a95d-e846fcb675c6",{"type":25,"title":277},"Decline of the Minoans",{"id":279,"data":280,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"9e70104c-3e11-4fbe-ab0c-0b31533c8c82",{"type":19,"summary":281},[282,283,284],"The eruption of Thera was one of the most powerful in history, and may have caused Minoan crop failure","Other cultures invaded Crete during the Minoans' weakened state, taking control of their resources","The Minoans still left a lasting legacy, inspiring Greek art, architecture, and mythology",{"id":286,"data":287,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"1a3f4e2f-4a5b-4954-887f-67b7c4b06fbb",{"type":38,"intro":288},[289,290],"What internal and external factors led to the decline of Minoa?","How did the legacy of Minoa influence future civilizations?",[292,317],{"id":293,"data":294,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":297},"d215143f-8428-4093-8a18-8be169a1ab4b",{"type":34,"markdownContent":295,"audioMediaId":296},"The Minoan civilization eventually declined due to a combination of natural disasters and foreign invasions – events which echoed the destruction of their palaces hundreds of years earlier.\n\nOne theory suggests that the eruption of Thera, an island volcano not far from Crete, was the major cause of their decline. The eruption is believed to have been one of the most powerful in human history, with its ash cloud seen as far away as Egypt.\n\nThis would have had devastating consequences for Minoan society, causing crop failure and famine. Other cultures may have taken advantage of this situation and invaded Crete, taking control of their resources and trading network. This idea provides a plausible explanation for the collapse of Minoan civilization, but as with many theories about the ancient world, it is difficult to prove for certain.","84135fa0-8f57-4635-9f20-3030927b41b3",[298],{"id":299,"data":300,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"cfb713f7-c082-4d0c-ad0f-d17c26b1e6f1",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"collapsingSiblings":301,"multiChoiceQuestion":305,"multiChoiceCorrect":307,"multiChoiceIncorrect":309,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":313,"matchPairsPairs":314},[302,303,304],"17f352ba-cfee-4082-b6e1-9a8c7acd2ed9","84074645-af06-42ea-abc9-c0c7c5f7f95b","b03fd550-7103-43a2-bde3-c1c4ffd7a6c7",[306],"Which of these was a potential cause of Minoan decline?",[308],"Eruption of Thera",[310,311,312],"Megadrought","Outbreak of tuberculosis","Change to Coatzacoalcos River",[105],[315],{"left":308,"right":316,"direction":19},"Potential cause of Minoan decline",{"id":318,"data":319,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":322},"4a76d9bc-c98c-49e6-8d9a-887c4f60ced1",{"type":34,"markdownContent":320,"audioMediaId":321},"Whatever happened to them, the Minoans left a lasting legacy on the world. Their unique art and culture inspired many European civilizations, including the later Ancient Greeks.\n\nThe Greeks painted similar frescoes, and even included bull-leaping scenes reminiscent of the ones in Minoan art. They also built Minoan-inspired palaces, and learned from their metalworking techniques. In addition, they told stories inspired by the Minoans, such as the story of the Minotaur, which took place on the island of Crete.\n\n![Graph](image://27325854-f92d-45f7-b2bf-dc80ae1d7eaf \"A Greek fresco. Image: George E. Koronaios, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nIn the future, historians hope to decipher the Minoans’ Linear A script, which has perplexed people for more than a century. This would open up a new window into this ancient culture, and help us to better understand it.","9b38e4eb-d7d5-4e32-9162-695069508961",[323,333],{"id":324,"data":325,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":19},"0c9b750e-598d-4a0d-962d-65a53841186e",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":34,"binaryQuestion":326,"binaryCorrect":328,"binaryIncorrect":330,"multiChoiceIncorrect":332},[327],"Which of these ancient societies did the Minoans inspire?",[329],"Ancient Greece",[331],"Ancient Sumer",[331],{"id":334,"data":335,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"f36459db-6de4-40a5-974f-68a81dc9bd3b",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":34,"binaryQuestion":336,"binaryCorrect":338,"binaryIncorrect":339},[337],"Which of these two Minoan scripts do historians still need to decipher?",[127],[340],"Linear B",[342,433,577],{"id":23,"data":24,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":27,"introPage":35,"pages":343},[344,381,411],{"id":44,"data":45,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":48,"parsed":345},{"data":346,"body":349,"toc":379},{"title":347,"description":348},"","The Minoans built cities on the island of Crete from around 3500 BCE to 1100 BCE. They are mainly remembered for their impressive architecture, such as the Palace of Knossos and its intricate, expressive frescoes. The Minoans also developed a form of writing known as Linear A, although it remains undeciphered to this day.",{"type":350,"children":351},"root",[352,359,364,369],{"type":353,"tag":354,"props":355,"children":356},"element","p",{},[357],{"type":358,"value":348},"text",{"type":353,"tag":354,"props":360,"children":361},{},[362],{"type":358,"value":363},"Their culture was highly sophisticated; they had a strong trading network across the Mediterranean Sea and built impressive ships for long-distance travel. They mainly worshiped female deities, practiced bull-leaping rituals at religious festivals, and enjoyed music performed on flutes.",{"type":353,"tag":354,"props":365,"children":366},{},[367],{"type":358,"value":368},"The legacy of Minoa lives on in modern Europe: they were Europe's first great civilization and laid down many of the foundations upon which modern Europe is based.",{"type":353,"tag":354,"props":370,"children":371},{},[372],{"type":353,"tag":373,"props":374,"children":378},"img",{"alt":375,"src":376,"title":377},"Graph","image://39eb1cb8-ba0c-448f-ac22-4fbab6842e36","Part of a Minoan palace. Image: Bernard Gagnon, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"title":347,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":380},[],{"id":60,"data":61,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":64,"parsed":382},{"data":383,"body":385,"toc":409},{"title":347,"description":384},"The Minoans were accomplished metalworkers, and were early pioneers of the Bronze Age. This enabled them to create tools and weapons that allowed them to dominate their environment.",{"type":350,"children":386},[387,391,396,401],{"type":353,"tag":354,"props":388,"children":389},{},[390],{"type":358,"value":384},{"type":353,"tag":354,"props":392,"children":393},{},[394],{"type":358,"value":395},"Urban centers began to form, where commerce and craftsmanship thrived. These cities exploited the ocean for resources, as well as the fertile Messara Plain. Ships set forth across the Mediterranean, trading extensively with other cultures, including the contemporary Ancient Egyptians.",{"type":353,"tag":354,"props":397,"children":398},{},[399],{"type":358,"value":400},"They imported gold and silver, and began to craft intricate bracelets and necklaces, as well as finely decorated weapons. They also encouraged visual arts, especially painted frescoes.",{"type":353,"tag":354,"props":402,"children":403},{},[404],{"type":353,"tag":373,"props":405,"children":408},{"alt":375,"src":406,"title":407},"image://4a163124-d919-42d0-bada-8ea2c7d308d5","Minoan fresco. Image: Przemek Pietrak, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"title":347,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":410},[],{"id":84,"data":85,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":88,"parsed":412},{"data":413,"body":415,"toc":431},{"title":347,"description":414},"Despite the success of the Minoan civilization, it was completely unknown to modern historians until the end of the 19th century, when Minos Kalokairinos, a Cretan archaeologist, performed some excavations. This work was built upon by British archaeologist Arthur Evans, who was astonished by the things he found.",{"type":350,"children":416},[417,421,426],{"type":353,"tag":354,"props":418,"children":419},{},[420],{"type":358,"value":414},{"type":353,"tag":354,"props":422,"children":423},{},[424],{"type":358,"value":425},"Evans' work has been continued by modern scholars who have studied the remains of Minoan cities such as Phaistos and Gortyn, uncovering more evidence about their economy, religion and social structure. A writing system has also been discovered: two scripts referred to as Linear A and Linear B.",{"type":353,"tag":354,"props":427,"children":428},{},[429],{"type":358,"value":430},"The civilization became known as Minoa, named after King Minos of Crete – the legendary king in Greek mythology whose son was the fearsome Minotaur.",{"title":347,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":432},[],{"id":148,"data":149,"type":25,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":151,"introPage":158,"pages":434},[435,457,479,509,547],{"id":166,"data":167,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":170,"parsed":436},{"data":437,"body":439,"toc":455},{"title":347,"description":438},"The Minoans erected extravagant palaces in their major cities. Five have been discovered so far, with the largest at the city of Knossos. The palace at Knossos is thought to have been built not long after 2000 BCE; it had an impressive courtyard for hosting events, as well as several storeys of passages and chambers: workshops, shrines, bedrooms.",{"type":350,"children":440},[441,445,450],{"type":353,"tag":354,"props":442,"children":443},{},[444],{"type":358,"value":438},{"type":353,"tag":354,"props":446,"children":447},{},[448],{"type":358,"value":449},"These palaces served as residences for royalty, while also functioning as centers of government and religious worship. Many palaces featured elaborate frescoes depicting scenes from everyday life on Crete. These pictures provide us invaluable insight into the lives of the people who lived there.",{"type":353,"tag":354,"props":451,"children":452},{},[453],{"type":358,"value":454},"The construction of these grandiose buildings demonstrates the structure of Minoan society. Great wealth and power must have been centralized in the hands of a ruling class, as is often the case in highly advanced societies.",{"title":347,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":456},[],{"id":200,"data":201,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":204,"parsed":458},{"data":459,"body":461,"toc":477},{"title":347,"description":460},"The history of Minoa included major hurdles. At some point before 1700 BCE, the Minoan palaces were completely destroyed, but historians have struggled to work out how this happened.",{"type":350,"children":462},[463,467,472],{"type":353,"tag":354,"props":464,"children":465},{},[466],{"type":358,"value":460},{"type":353,"tag":354,"props":468,"children":469},{},[470],{"type":358,"value":471},"At Knossos and Phaistos, evidence suggests that an earthquake may have caused their destruction, but at other palaces, there is evidence of violent destruction – charred beams and broken pottery – suggesting that these sites were the victims of foreign invaders.",{"type":353,"tag":354,"props":473,"children":474},{},[475],{"type":358,"value":476},"Whatever the cause, these events had a devastating impact on Minoan civilization. As well as destroying many of its most important buildings, it also disrupted trade networks and weakened the Minoans’ political power. The civilization managed to recover, but this was a major bump in the road.",{"title":347,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":478},[],{"id":218,"data":219,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":222,"parsed":480},{"data":481,"body":483,"toc":507},{"title":347,"description":482},"It took the Minoans a few decades to recover from the collapse of their palaces, but as soon as their society restabilized, they rebuilt the palaces in a stronger, more resilient form.",{"type":350,"children":484},[485,489,494,502],{"type":353,"tag":354,"props":486,"children":487},{},[488],{"type":358,"value":482},{"type":353,"tag":354,"props":490,"children":491},{},[492],{"type":358,"value":493},"They also began to spread outwards from Crete, building a sea empire in the Mediterranean. Minoan pottery has been found in Egypt, Syria, Turkey and mainland Greece. The people of Greece were particularly influenced by Minoan culture. They built palaces of their own in places like Pylos and Tiryns, and also adopted the Linear B writing system.",{"type":353,"tag":354,"props":495,"children":496},{},[497],{"type":353,"tag":373,"props":498,"children":501},{"alt":375,"src":499,"title":500},"image://dbaa4f59-3720-42f3-83cd-c7c3fb3948cb","Linear B. Image: User Antonsusi from the German Wikipedia, CC BY 3.0 DE \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/de/deed.en>, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":353,"tag":354,"props":503,"children":504},{},[505],{"type":358,"value":506},"Cultural exchange also took place in the opposite direction, with Egyptian artwork influencing the style of Cretan frescoes. Linear A and B may also have been influenced by Egyptian hieroglyphs, but this theory is unconfirmed.",{"title":347,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":508},[],{"id":233,"data":234,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":237,"parsed":510},{"data":511,"body":513,"toc":545},{"title":347,"description":512},"Minoan art was inspired by exchanges with other cultures, but it was uniquely expressive compared to other civilizations at the time. They painted in vivid, violent colors, and might have used these colors to differentiate between genders: the men in their paintings were often red-brown, while the women were snow white.",{"type":350,"children":514},[515,519,527,532],{"type":353,"tag":354,"props":516,"children":517},{},[518],{"type":358,"value":512},{"type":353,"tag":354,"props":520,"children":521},{},[522],{"type":353,"tag":373,"props":523,"children":526},{"alt":375,"src":524,"title":525},"image://e8b82b89-65ab-45d0-b7e3-fc30e6b7cc0a","The Prince of the Lilies. Image: Photo prise par Harrieta171, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":353,"tag":354,"props":528,"children":529},{},[530],{"type":358,"value":531},"As well as humans, Minoan paintings would often depict animals and landscapes. They were found on pieces of pottery, as well as large frescoes on the walls of palaces. Each painting provides a glimpse into Minoan culture, and the way they viewed the world.",{"type":353,"tag":354,"props":533,"children":534},{},[535,537,543],{"type":358,"value":536},"For example, the famous ",{"type":353,"tag":538,"props":539,"children":540},"em",{},[541],{"type":358,"value":542},"Prince of the Lilies",{"type":358,"value":544}," shows a figure adorned with an extravagant headdress. This figure was probably a priest or king. It has reddish skin, which means the figure was probably male.",{"title":347,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":546},[],{"id":246,"data":247,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":250,"parsed":548},{"data":549,"body":551,"toc":575},{"title":347,"description":550},"A common image in Minoan frescoes is bull-leaping: acrobatic humans – both male and female – leaping over the horns of a charging bull and then vaulting onto its back.",{"type":350,"children":552},[553,557,565,570],{"type":353,"tag":354,"props":554,"children":555},{},[556],{"type":358,"value":550},{"type":353,"tag":354,"props":558,"children":559},{},[560],{"type":353,"tag":373,"props":561,"children":564},{"alt":375,"src":562,"title":563},"image://10a67f76-ca28-4fbc-ab13-c4214badd4bb","Bull-leaping fresco. Image: Heraklion Archaeological Museum, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":353,"tag":354,"props":566,"children":567},{},[568],{"type":358,"value":569},"This was probably some kind of ritual or ceremony, with links to Minoan religion. As a culture, they seem to have venerated bulls, which they may have associated with strength or fertility. The reverence shown towards these animals is further evidenced by archaeological finds such as bronze figurines depicting bulls’ heads or horns.",{"type":353,"tag":354,"props":571,"children":572},{},[573],{"type":358,"value":574},"There is a chance that bull-leaping rituals never took place. Painting a fresco of an event is not the same as performing that event in person. But most historians believe that bull-leaping was an important part of Minoan culture, and may have been performed in the large courtyards at the heart of royal palaces.",{"title":347,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":576},[],{"id":275,"data":276,"type":25,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":278,"introPage":285,"pages":578},[579,601],{"id":293,"data":294,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":297,"parsed":580},{"data":581,"body":583,"toc":599},{"title":347,"description":582},"The Minoan civilization eventually declined due to a combination of natural disasters and foreign invasions – events which echoed the destruction of their palaces hundreds of years earlier.",{"type":350,"children":584},[585,589,594],{"type":353,"tag":354,"props":586,"children":587},{},[588],{"type":358,"value":582},{"type":353,"tag":354,"props":590,"children":591},{},[592],{"type":358,"value":593},"One theory suggests that the eruption of Thera, an island volcano not far from Crete, was the major cause of their decline. The eruption is believed to have been one of the most powerful in human history, with its ash cloud seen as far away as Egypt.",{"type":353,"tag":354,"props":595,"children":596},{},[597],{"type":358,"value":598},"This would have had devastating consequences for Minoan society, causing crop failure and famine. Other cultures may have taken advantage of this situation and invaded Crete, taking control of their resources and trading network. This idea provides a plausible explanation for the collapse of Minoan civilization, but as with many theories about the ancient world, it is difficult to prove for certain.",{"title":347,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":600},[],{"id":318,"data":319,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":322,"parsed":602},{"data":603,"body":605,"toc":629},{"title":347,"description":604},"Whatever happened to them, the Minoans left a lasting legacy on the world. Their unique art and culture inspired many European civilizations, including the later Ancient Greeks.",{"type":350,"children":606},[607,611,616,624],{"type":353,"tag":354,"props":608,"children":609},{},[610],{"type":358,"value":604},{"type":353,"tag":354,"props":612,"children":613},{},[614],{"type":358,"value":615},"The Greeks painted similar frescoes, and even included bull-leaping scenes reminiscent of the ones in Minoan art. They also built Minoan-inspired palaces, and learned from their metalworking techniques. In addition, they told stories inspired by the Minoans, such as the story of the Minotaur, which took place on the island of Crete.",{"type":353,"tag":354,"props":617,"children":618},{},[619],{"type":353,"tag":373,"props":620,"children":623},{"alt":375,"src":621,"title":622},"image://27325854-f92d-45f7-b2bf-dc80ae1d7eaf","A Greek fresco. Image: George E. Koronaios, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":353,"tag":354,"props":625,"children":626},{},[627],{"type":358,"value":628},"In the future, historians hope to decipher the Minoans’ Linear A script, which has perplexed people for more than a century. This would open up a new window into this ancient culture, and help us to better understand it.",{"title":347,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":630},[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":632,"height":632,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":633},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":632,"height":632,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":635},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M4 5h16M4 12h16M4 19h16\"/>",1778179223012]