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BCE)",3,[37,159,317],{"id":38,"data":39,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":41,"introPage":48,"pages":55},"7bf384a0-0078-4e16-b3ba-461fe826d00c",{"type":25,"title":40},"Who were the Sumerians?",{"id":42,"data":43,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"5ba88819-37ca-4cad-82f6-9cfc7d98715e",{"type":35,"summary":44},[45,46,47],"The Sumerians built the first cities in Mesopotamia over 6000 years ago","They created advanced irrigation systems to grow wheat, barley, and dates","Major cities developed, full of bustling markets and skilled craftsmen",{"id":49,"data":50,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"f2d9bb5e-7637-48a3-85ac-1e0fd8461243",{"type":51,"intro":52},10,[53,54],"What key discoveries have archaeologists made about the Sumerians?","How did the geographical location of Sumer influence its development into a civilization?",[56,83,111],{"id":57,"data":58,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":61},"48a0e3f3-63d8-4063-a4d9-53148a8d7dde",{"type":24,"markdownContent":59,"audioMediaId":60},"For millions of years, human beings wandered the earth in small, nomadic tribes. They made simple tools, hunted animals, and foraged for fruit and berries.\n\nThen, about 12,000 years ago, people discovered agriculture. With agriculture came permanent settlements, often on the banks of fertile rivers or along the edges of the sea. Some of these settlements grew into cities, which went on to develop governments, armies, and writing systems.\n\nThe first example of a civilized city appeared in Mesopotamia. The Ancient Sumerians – the inhabitants of Mesopotamia – built urban centers with defensive walls, irrigated farms, and huge religious temples. In later years, similar cities appeared in other parts of the world, but the Sumerians were the first of their kind. Because of this, Mesopotamia is often referred to as the ‘Cradle of Civilization.’\n\n![Graph](image://51e2a3d7-ce53-48a6-bb8c-908efbf0b17e \"Ancient Sumerian sculptures. Image: Metropolitan Museum of ArtCC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0)Public Domain Dedication per information on webpage, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\")","c12c4d70-892f-4193-a43f-fc59467ad954",[62],{"id":63,"data":64,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"a32535c7-6e85-481e-ba8b-962e3b87ec7f",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":66,"multiChoiceQuestion":70,"multiChoiceCorrect":72,"multiChoiceIncorrect":74,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":78,"matchPairsPairs":80},11,[67,68,69],"60a6e444-bf25-4c20-922e-3679b42303ee","a62049f4-7ff0-4a1a-9baf-bf51d491a58f","64125ba7-fb5d-4619-bac0-5412d685f7ba",[71],"Where was the home of the Sumer civilization?",[73],"Mesopotamia",[75,76,77],"Norte Chico","Levant coast","Yellow River Valley",[79],"Match the pairs below:",[81],{"left":73,"right":82,"direction":35},"Home of Sumer civilization",{"id":84,"data":85,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":88},"5d3dc7f9-9626-4f99-b8fd-84fcf4185872",{"type":24,"markdownContent":86,"audioMediaId":87},"The Sumerians first constructed their cities more than 6000 years ago. Studying such an ancient society is fraught with challenges, but modern historians have risen to the task.\n\nOver the last few centuries, archaeologists have uncovered a wealth of Sumerian sites. Excavations at sites such as Uruk and Ur have revealed walls, temples and palaces. Archaeologists have also discovered sculptures depicting gods and goddesses, as well as jewelry made from precious materials like gold and lapis lazuli.\n\nBut the most important discoveries have come in the form of clay tablets: thousands of pieces with written inscriptions preserved in the hardened clay. When historians managed to decipher these inscriptions, towards the end of the 19th century, they unlocked a wealth of primary Sumerian sources, including legal codes, religious texts, and stories.\n\n![Graph](image://4ac2947e-c4c2-4e04-8584-a7e7eabe3e1d \"Sumerian tablet. Image: Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), CC BY 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")","ee0d0792-6ccf-4642-9b27-0f842fecee6b",[89,100],{"id":90,"data":91,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"f563f83d-eeda-4932-8c9f-786307b28a4b",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":92,"multiChoiceCorrect":94,"multiChoiceIncorrect":97,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":21,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[93],"Which of these sites have provided major discoveries about the Sumerians?",[95,96],"Uruk","Ur",[98,99],"Knossos","Saqqara",{"id":101,"data":102,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"2080990d-f8af-4f81-be9a-f42d47c05e1e",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":103,"multiChoiceCorrect":105,"multiChoiceIncorrect":107,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[104],"Sumerian texts have been preserved in what form?",[106],"Clay tablets",[108,109,110],"Papyrus scrolls","Stone tablets","Parchment manuscripts",{"id":112,"data":113,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":116},"6c64096b-ffcb-4726-8a51-fac1782962c9",{"type":24,"markdownContent":114,"audioMediaId":115},"Using the evidence available to them, historians have traced the origins of Sumer to about 4500 BCE. At this time, a community settled in the fertile crescent of Mesopotamia, where two great rivers – the Tigris and Euphrates – provided an abundance of water.\n\nThis allowed them to cultivate wheat, barley and dates, while developing clever irrigation techniques like distribution canals and water gates. The region's hot climate helped the crops to grow quickly, leading to an abundance of food.\n\nOver the next few centuries, the surplus of resources enabled them to build larger settlements, and led to the emergence of powerful cities like Uruk and Ur. Uruk became a center for religious worship, with a bustling market that attracted traders from all over the region. Its large population also supported a wide range of craftsmen who produced pottery, jewelry, weapons and tools.","a764ef71-fa80-4ed2-b2b2-0dec14002c50",[117,137,148],{"id":118,"data":119,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"b7165190-8985-4c7f-8237-51609af90691",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":120,"multiChoiceQuestion":124,"multiChoiceCorrect":126,"multiChoiceIncorrect":128,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":24,"orderQuestion":132,"orderItems":134},[121,122,123],"f39da340-95ba-4f2e-9b22-2ac55807bd3f","caaad3a4-787b-4d2a-9cac-26e2e14742fa","d616dc7a-d44a-40e2-9583-74be15cf1cb6",[125],"When do historians believe that the Sumer civilization first took form?",[127],"4500 BCE",[129,130,131],"3300 BCE","1600 BCE","1400 BCE",[133],"Put the approximate starts of these civilizations in order:",[135],{"label":136,"reveal":127,"sortOrder":4},"Sumerians",{"id":138,"data":139,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"dc9425ed-9533-4d54-8098-91acf503fea8",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":140,"multiChoiceCorrect":142,"multiChoiceIncorrect":144,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[141],"Which two rivers provided an abundance of water to the region of Mesopotamia, allowing the Sumerians to cultivate crops and develop irrigation techniques?",[143],"Tigris and Euphrates",[145,146,147],"Nile and Euphrates","Tigris and Jordan","Nile and Jordan",{"id":149,"data":150,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"120d7240-1d5e-4c6c-b7f1-d2a6b87497fc",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":151,"multiChoiceCorrect":153,"multiChoiceIncorrect":155,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[152],"What two Sumerian cities emerged as powerful centers with a bustling market and wide range of craftsmen?",[154],"Uruk and Ur",[156,157,158],"Uruk and Babylon","Ur and Babylon","Uruk and Nineveh",{"id":160,"data":161,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":163,"introPage":171,"pages":177},"9d0f8a52-4914-4d52-87c2-caa48fd5e9b2",{"type":25,"title":162},"Law and literature",{"id":164,"data":165,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"6c1224ad-7c9d-4d8a-a941-5753c5014105",{"type":35,"summary":166},[167,168,169,170],"Cuneiform (the world's first writing system) was used to write epic tales","The Epic of Gilgamesh is one of the oldest surviving works of literature","The Code of Ur-Nammu is the world's oldest known legal code, with almost 60 laws","The Stele of the Vultures records a battle between two Sumerian cities",{"id":172,"data":173,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"3b216f52-9b40-4e4a-93e8-57eb9803ecf1",{"type":51,"intro":174},[175,176],"What were some of the key reforms introduced by King Urukagina?","Why was the Stele of the Vultures such an important modern discovery?",[178,204,229,246,262],{"id":179,"data":180,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":183},"0c86b007-05e5-4ddf-86ae-b8fae75fd50d",{"type":24,"markdownContent":181,"audioMediaId":182},"A massive development in Sumerian history was the invention of the world's first writing system. This complex system of wedge-shaped symbols was inscribed into clay using a reed stylus. It is known, today, as cuneiform script; cuneiform literally means ‘wedge-shaped’.\n\nThe significance of cuneiform cannot be overstated. In the modern world, it is easy to take writing for granted, but cuneiform was the first of its kind. Never before had human words taken shape as physical marks.\n\nCuneiform was incredibly versatile and was used to record everything from business transactions and legal documents to literature such as *The Epic of Gilgamesh*, perhaps the oldest surviving work of literature in the world.\n\n![Graph](image://b8fcc6ed-65b9-47a3-bfb7-ebc24f72f114 \"Tablet V of the Epic of Gilgamesh. Image: Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe story tells of a Mesopotamian king who fought monsters, forged friendships, and strove for immortality. Without cuneiform, this story would only have existed orally, and would never have been read by people of the modern day.","ae13604f-75cf-446e-a6b7-e8f90a0b06fc",[184,193],{"id":185,"data":186,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"a1175446-ca5d-4468-bd7f-0b3ddec968b9",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":187,"binaryCorrect":189,"binaryIncorrect":191},[188],"What is the literal meaning of the term cuneiform?",[190],"Wedge-shaped",[192],"Round-shaped",{"id":194,"data":195,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"cb33a5d1-cab1-4c16-aca7-9dddf9d9bae5",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":196,"multiChoiceCorrect":198,"multiChoiceIncorrect":200,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[197],"What is the name of the oldest surviving work of literature in the world, which was written in cuneiform?",[199],"The Epic of Gilgamesh",[201,202,203],"The Book of the Dead","The Rigveda","The Code of Hammurabi",{"id":205,"data":206,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":209},"658333e4-f3da-4b0c-aeec-b99f014f7756",{"type":24,"markdownContent":207,"audioMediaId":208},"King Urukagina was a pivotal figure in the history of Sumer. When he came to power in approximately 2400 BCE, he introduced a number of reforms that would shape their culture for centuries.\n\nFor example, he abolished polyandry – the practice of one woman marrying multiple men. There were no equivalent laws banning men from marrying multiple women, which has led some historians to view this reform as the first written example of gender oppression.\n\nHaving said that, he also introduced laws which protected widows from being taken advantage of by their husbands’ families. This ensured that they received an inheritance when their husband passed away. As one tablet read: 'The widow and the orphan were no longer at the mercy of the powerful man.'","ee6352f0-f64e-452c-a2d8-86f8fb459320",[210],{"id":211,"data":212,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"be5ed1f9-b0b0-40cb-b987-45dcb4897948",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":213,"multiChoiceQuestion":217,"multiChoiceCorrect":219,"multiChoiceIncorrect":221,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":225,"matchPairsPairs":226},[214,215,216],"39a2fea1-2d09-4c5c-8422-e7bb0cb056c4","d7b6b8de-b5f2-4299-9594-cd581fea6eba","b90cbf03-a2cf-416a-9d01-99105b3f9b89",[218],"Who abolished polyandry in Sumer?",[220],"Urukagina",[222,223,224],"Ur-Nammu","Djoser","Augustus",[79],[227],{"left":220,"right":228,"direction":35},"Abolished polyandry in Sumer",{"id":230,"data":231,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":234},"07da5a54-117d-447b-8602-090839a555bf",{"type":24,"markdownContent":232,"audioMediaId":233},"Hundreds of years after the reforms of King Urukagina, the Sumerians developed the world’s oldest known legal code, with punishments for crimes such as murder, adultery, and sorcery. The Code of Ur-Nammu was created by King Ur-Nammu, and dates back to around 2100 BCE.\n\n![Graph](image://0ec28b6b-847b-46ee-bb22-cba5689e973d \"The Code of Ur-Nammu. Image: Istanbul Archaeology Museums, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nAccording to the code, if someone committed murder they would be put to death themselves. If someone was accused of sorcery, they would undergo an ordeal by water. If someone cut off another person’s foot, they would be fined 10 pieces of silver. There were almost 60 laws in total, but only 30 are known today.\n\nLaw and order are often regarded as an essential part of any civilized society. The Sumerians of Ancient Mesopotamia were the first people in recorded history to put such a system into practice.","14765bf7-4f6f-4ca0-b1bd-1320e61c9272",[235],{"id":214,"data":236,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":237,"multiChoiceQuestion":238,"multiChoiceCorrect":240,"multiChoiceIncorrect":241,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":242,"matchPairsPairs":243},[211,215,216],[239],"Who developed the world's first legal code?",[222],[220,223,224],[79],[244],{"left":222,"right":245,"direction":35},"Developed the world's first legal code",{"id":247,"data":248,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":251},"0c8a5ad9-6101-4271-b67f-0f069a664c74",{"type":24,"markdownContent":249,"audioMediaId":250},"The Sumerians were also a culture of creativity, producing works of art that still captivate us today. The Lyres of Ur, discovered in modern-day Iraq, are the oldest stringed instruments ever found. Intricately carved from wood, and decorated with gold and lapis lazuli, they remain some of the most beautiful instruments ever created.\n\n![Graph](image://90620deb-0007-4f82-b413-f6b82ff91282 \"Lyre of Ur. Image: Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nSumerian architecture was equally impressive. Their ziggurat temples towered over cities like Uruk and Eridu, providing places for worship as well as centers of government. These structures were built using mud bricks and measured more than 50 meters in height.\n\nSumerian literature was also rich. As well as *The Epic of Gilgamesh*, other notable works include *The Instructions of Shuruppak* – a collection of moral advice given by a father to his son – and *The Descent Of Inanna* – an epic tale about a goddess’ journey to the underworld.","4891a86b-ca69-477e-aa32-b903d1e2658f",[252],{"id":253,"data":254,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"a9e62a7c-337c-4072-9383-023c3fb42fb6",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":255,"multiChoiceCorrect":257,"multiChoiceIncorrect":259,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[256],"What is the title of the Sumerian work that is a collection of moral advice given by a father to his son?",[258],"The Instructions of Shuruppak",[199,260,261],"The Guide of Inanna","The Catechism of Ishtar",{"id":263,"data":264,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":267},"ff06e238-42a1-47ca-8e73-f620e5c8a3bb",{"type":24,"markdownContent":265,"audioMediaId":266},"The Sumerians were no strangers to warfare, and their cities often clashed over resources or land. One of these conflicts is recorded in the fragments of a stone monument called the Stele of the Vultures.\n\nThe Stele was erected to commemorate the victory of King Eannatum of Lagash over King Ush of Umma – the leaders of two rival Sumerian cities. Carvings show soldiers following a leader into battle, trampling their enemies underfoot. There are vultures in the sky above the soldiers, which explains how the monument got its name.\n\n![Graph](image://304b7c2b-21bd-49b2-ae15-72d99e20bc10 \"Stele of the Vultures. Image: Background: Kikuyu3Elements: Eric Gaba (User:Sting)Composite: पाटलिपुत्र (talk) 10:52, 30 April 2020 (UTC), CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe Stele suggests that the Sumerians used organized battle formations, with phalanxes of heavily armored soldiers. Archaeological evidence also suggests that the Sumerians engaged in siege tactics when confronted by a city’s high, mud-brick walls. These techniques were advanced for the time.","65503530-775c-43a3-b6ae-e1da344209a1",[268,287,306],{"id":269,"data":270,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"dc0cbfbf-e775-4f58-9d47-df30170dce86",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":271,"multiChoiceQuestion":275,"multiChoiceCorrect":277,"multiChoiceIncorrect":279,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":283,"matchPairsPairs":284},[272,273,274],"a80c72a2-65a6-4b29-b377-f9f3cfdddee7","58e01209-a028-4b8d-9649-9b60bee73db6","0958908d-fd29-494b-8c38-c586c5fadebc",[276],"Which of these is a surviving Sumer artifact?",[278],"Lyres of Ur",[280,281,282],"Quipu knots","Pashupati seal","Basalt heads",[79],[285],{"left":278,"right":286,"direction":35},"Sumer artifact",{"id":288,"data":289,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"ac80d03b-b48e-489d-b757-90b4de1533da",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":290,"multiChoiceQuestion":294,"multiChoiceCorrect":296,"multiChoiceIncorrect":298,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":302,"matchPairsPairs":303},[291,292,293],"1db65403-90d6-4971-9c04-42d5969d23b9","1d0c67a2-02d4-4145-b62d-b952bac387e5","c9fda18b-1a87-43a6-bad5-3e2ca4e806d7",[295],"Which of these is a surviving Sumerian structure?",[297],"Ziggurat at Uruk",[299,300,301],"Pyramid at Saqqara","Pirámide Mayor","Pyramid at La Venta",[79],[304],{"left":297,"right":305,"direction":35},"Sumerian structure",{"id":307,"data":308,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"cacb7183-a383-4740-8b21-60bca040685e",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":309,"multiChoiceCorrect":311,"multiChoiceIncorrect":313,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[310],"What is the name of the ancient monument that records a conflict between Sumerian cities?",[312],"The Stele of the Vultures",[314,315,316],"The Stele of the Lions","The Stele of the Eagles","The Stele of the Wolves",{"id":318,"data":319,"type":25,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":321,"introPage":328,"pages":334},"51d27baa-d1a0-4507-88ba-acf11dc763f6",{"type":25,"title":320},"Decline of Sumer",{"id":322,"data":323,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"dd60bf0b-e87f-4828-89a6-283737c4bea4",{"type":35,"summary":324},[325,326,327],"Sumer started to decline due to internal warfare and external invasions","Sumer had officially fallen by 1900 BCE, but its culture lived on in later civilizations","The Assyrians, Akkadians, and Babylonians all adopted Sumerian customs",{"id":329,"data":330,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"c798ee8e-e46d-4ba2-8d0f-f48c3201af4d",{"type":51,"intro":331},[332,333],"What internal and external factors led to the decline of Sumer?","How did the legacy of Sumer influence future civilizations?",[335,360],{"id":336,"data":337,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":340},"8882483b-b187-4209-935b-45a17b815633",{"type":24,"markdownContent":338,"audioMediaId":339},"The Sumerian civilization eventually declined due to a combination of internal and external factors. Internally, the city-states were weakened by warfare between factions, while externally they faced invasions from neighboring peoples who wanted a piece of Sumerian prosperity.\n\nSumer faded away completely by about 1900 BCE, but this did not mark the end of civilization in Mesopotamia. The Assyrians, the Akkadians, and the Babylonians all rose and fell in the centuries that followed.\n\nThese civilizations adopted many aspects of Sumerian society, including their distinctive cuneiform script. In other words, the society of the Ancient Sumerians never fully disappeared; instead, it was absorbed into the cultures of those who followed.","6c77cae2-f9ad-4c61-95b2-c1c822b13825",[341],{"id":342,"data":343,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"3138d31d-0410-4c1b-85ae-ed9a1a0d303c",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":344,"multiChoiceQuestion":348,"multiChoiceCorrect":350,"multiChoiceIncorrect":352,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":356,"matchPairsPairs":357},[345,346,347],"3462b75d-f217-42a3-b358-414da87f94a4","ebfd468e-b5c7-423d-aad7-d86c17df3f25","9804cb05-b285-48b5-be62-d818a0676093",[349],"Who adopted aspects of Sumerian society, including cuneiform script?",[351],"Assyrians",[353,354,355],"Incas","Zhou","Mycenaeans",[79],[358],{"left":351,"right":359,"direction":35},"Adopted aspects of Sumerian society",{"id":361,"data":362,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"reviews":365},"01d383f7-41af-41dc-bcf5-38d9482c0959",{"type":24,"markdownContent":363,"audioMediaId":364},"The legacy of Sumer is still evident in many aspects of modern life. The concept of centralized cities, with written documents and organized laws, is a defining feature of the world today.\n\n![Graph](image://0b712185-8775-4865-8c5e-dd9633dbed6e \"Cuneiform script. Image: Bjørn Christian Tørrissen, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nIn later years, many of these qualities developed elsewhere, independent of Sumerian influence. But credit should perhaps be given to firsts, and Sumer was the first at so many things: the first civilization, the first writing system, and the first code of law.\n\nOverall, Sumer marked a turning point in human history. Everything before it was pre-civilization, and everything beyond it was post-civilization. The days of hunter-gatherers were drawing to a close – the era of cities had begun.","4e5697ef-142b-4446-8013-598d59ec0fcf",[366,385],{"id":367,"data":368,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"b740027d-f621-4030-b1d5-c6dc76a549ba",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":369,"multiChoiceQuestion":373,"multiChoiceCorrect":375,"multiChoiceIncorrect":377,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":381,"matchPairsPairs":382},[370,371,372],"90ceea57-ad83-42dc-9e7b-abdab95b46d8","f4a4bb58-a964-4f3e-b76d-5ac20682ade5","dbab8967-b77e-427a-9fc4-c7acd94f22fb",[374],"What is cuneiform?",[376],"Sumerian writing system",[378,379,380],"Egyptian writing system","Minoan writing system","Shang writing system",[79],[383],{"left":384,"right":376,"direction":35},"Cuneiform",{"id":386,"data":387,"type":65,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"6b53a41e-2e2f-42fa-a217-d87bef5bdc83",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":388,"binaryCorrect":390,"binaryIncorrect":392},[389],"Which defining feature of the world today can be traced back to the legacy of Sumer?",[391],"Centralized cities with organized laws",[393],"The worship of a single god",{"id":395,"data":396,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"orbs":399},"e5b024fe-a5ab-49bc-8f37-0d036107b665",{"type":27,"title":397,"tagline":398},"Ancient Egypt","History's greatest builders (4300 BCE - 30 BCE)",[400,484,631],{"id":401,"data":402,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":404,"introPage":411,"pages":417},"54f7da7c-6b25-4091-8354-84cc62c21bfc",{"type":25,"title":403},"Who were the Ancient Egyptians?",{"id":405,"data":406,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"592a17e3-a7e6-48d3-b4d9-c2d8c5879711",{"type":35,"summary":407},[408,409,410],"The Nile's fertile soil and wildlife made it perfect for early settlers","The Great Pyramid of Giza is the only surviving ancient wonder of the world","The Rosetta Stone helped scholars decrypt Egyptian hieroglyphs",{"id":412,"data":413,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"a0df03c1-b860-4e49-a33a-bec1fe498ad3",{"type":51,"intro":414},[415,416],"What made the Nile an ideal location for the Ancient Egyptians to settle?","How did the discovery of the Rosetta Stone unlock the secrets of Ancient Egypt's history?",[418,435,449],{"id":419,"data":420,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":423},"858cd282-1af5-40d0-b606-b3d6172a31dc",{"type":24,"markdownContent":421,"audioMediaId":422},"While the Sumerians flourished in Mesopotamia, another civilization rose on the banks of the Nile. The Ancient Egyptians became a hugely influential civilization, which is still renowned for its majestic pyramids and iconic pharaohs.\n\nThe Great Pyramid of Giza is the only surviving ancient wonder of the world. It was built around 2570 BCE, and stands at an impressive 146 meters, with its sides closely aligned to the four cardinal directions. The ancient Egyptians also developed a complex religion centered on gods such as Horus, Anubis and Sobek. They believed in life after death and mummified their dead to preserve them for all eternity.\n\n![Graph](image://5384dc6b-2e15-4296-b997-1cebbab0f89a \"Great Pyramid of Giza. Image: Nina at the Norwegian bokmål language Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nOverall, the Ancient Egyptians left behind an incredible legacy. Of history’s various civilizations, the Egyptians are one of the most recognizable, and they are also one of the most widely celebrated by people in the world today.","38e5acac-cd65-4189-b843-2fa932463914",[424],{"id":425,"data":426,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"39e1e37d-377d-4790-9af8-89ec4bd232e2",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":427,"multiChoiceCorrect":429,"multiChoiceIncorrect":431,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[428],"When was the Great Pyramid of Giza built?",[430],"2570 BCE",[432,433,434],"4370 BCE","3070 BCE","2057 BCE",{"id":436,"data":437,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":440},"4364d863-dda3-4289-a0e4-e44ad110d253",{"type":24,"markdownContent":438,"audioMediaId":439},"The origins of Egypt can be traced to settlers who built a home on the banks of the Nile. The river’s predictable flooding, fertile soil and abundant wildlife provided an ideal environment for human settlement – much like the Tigris and Euphrates in nearby Mesopotamia.\n\nNot long after the Sumerians erected their first cities, the Egyptians did the same. They went on to form complex societies with distinct social hierarchies, which eventually led to the emergence of powerful pharaohs.\n\nThe Egyptians were also able to take advantage of their geographical position between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. They established trade routes that connected them to parts of Africa, Asia and Europe, and exchanged goods with Ancient Sumerian cities as far back as 3500 BCE.","a2ab2d7a-b4f4-4e8c-be4a-6d878915ef5e",[441],{"id":442,"data":443,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"bca82bce-c772-4671-ae23-f2d997ab08d5",{"type":65,"reviewType":444,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":445,"clozeWords":447},4,[446],"The Egyptians established trade routes that connected them to parts of Africa, Asia and Europe.",[448],"Europe",{"id":450,"data":451,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":454},"1d36037a-ac04-4678-92f4-abbe59fec67f",{"type":24,"markdownContent":452,"audioMediaId":453},"Archaeologists have studied Ancient Egypt for centuries. Important sites like the Valley of the Kings – a royal burial ground full of ancient tombs – have been explored by tourists since the time of the Roman Empire.\n\n![Graph](image://9636281c-9992-4a2f-9939-ecac8582bb7f \"Valley of the Kings. Image: Peter J. Bubenik, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nMany of these ancient archaeological sites are adorned with written inscriptions. This script is called Egyptian hieroglyphs, and is almost as old as Sumerian cuneiform. For hundreds of years, historians did not know how to decipher this written language. But this changed in the early 1800s, after the discovery of the Rosetta Stone.\n\n![Graph](image://65f0cfd3-0b47-4124-9254-bb44a1b8b4d9 \"The Rosetta Stone. Image: Hans Hillewaert, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThis stone featured three versions of a decree written in 196 BCE: one in Ancient Greek and two in Egyptian scripts: demotic and hieroglyphic. By comparing the Egyptian to the Greek, scholars were able to decrypt the language once and for all, and unlock the details of this civilization’s rich and varied history.","88820fd2-d3e4-45c3-aa53-8a602f56aa84",[455,466,473],{"id":370,"data":456,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":457,"multiChoiceQuestion":458,"multiChoiceCorrect":460,"multiChoiceIncorrect":461,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":462,"matchPairsPairs":463},[367,371,372],[459],"What are hieroglyphs?",[378],[376,379,380],[79],[464],{"left":465,"right":378,"direction":35},"Hieroglyphs",{"id":467,"data":468,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"c09d2864-a156-4a97-81d3-90b2c3914dc8",{"type":65,"reviewType":444,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":469,"clozeWords":471},[470],"The Rosetta Stone was important for deciphering Egyptian and hieroglyphic written language.",[472],"Rosetta Stone",{"id":474,"data":475,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"8743928b-409b-4b87-bb29-73f4bc026ba1",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":476,"multiChoiceCorrect":478,"multiChoiceIncorrect":480,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[477],"What is the name of the royal burial ground in Ancient Egypt, which has been explored by tourists since the time of the Roman Empire?",[479],"Valley of the Kings",[481,482,483],"Valley of the Pharaohs","Valley of the Queens","Valley of the Nobles",{"id":485,"data":486,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":488,"introPage":495,"pages":501},"7666928d-7f96-4776-9c69-5640b5556c42",{"type":25,"title":487},"Pyramids and pharaohs",{"id":489,"data":490,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"cb0e7bc5-cd69-4f9c-970a-13f670de3601",{"type":35,"summary":491},[492,493,494],"The first pyramid was built by King Djoser at Saqqara","Egyptians used hieroglyphs to record stories and histories","The Egyptians had almost 2000 different gods",{"id":496,"data":497,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"4d5a2c67-5201-4e7a-9f40-9dda9218710e",{"type":51,"intro":498},[499,500],"What was the significance of The Book of the Dead in Ancient Egyptian society?","How did the status and rights of women in Ancient Egypt differ from other ancient societies?",[502,540,556,580,605],{"id":503,"data":504,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":507},"f1acf39f-f6de-4021-a60b-98922ece82e4",{"type":24,"markdownContent":505,"audioMediaId":506},"When people think about Ancient Egypt, they often think about the Old Kingdom period, which started in approximately 2649 BCE. This was when the first pyramids were built, many of which can still be seen today.\n\nThe first ever pyramid was commissioned by King Djoser, and overseen by Imhotep, an architect-astrologer. It was built at a place called Saqqara, and consisted of six colossal steps. When Djoser died, he was buried in a tomb at the center.\n\n![Graph](image://23f50a9c-befc-47eb-88e9-50fc1ba350f1 \"King Djoser. Image: Jon Bodsworth, Copyrighted free use, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe success of this project led to further developments in architecture; soon, pyramids were being constructed throughout Egypt as part of grand funerary complexes dedicated to deceased rulers. The Great Pyramid of Giza was erected 100 years after Saqqara, and still stands as a symbol of Ancient Egypt’s former grandeur.","d6948fa9-ffe1-4743-b6ca-12dab0814a63",[508,519,531],{"id":215,"data":509,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":510,"multiChoiceQuestion":511,"multiChoiceCorrect":513,"multiChoiceIncorrect":514,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":515,"matchPairsPairs":516},[211,214,216],[512],"Who commissioned the construction of the pyramid at Saqqara?",[223],[220,222,224],[79],[517],{"left":223,"right":518,"direction":35},"Commissioned Egypt's first pyramid",{"id":291,"data":520,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":521,"multiChoiceQuestion":522,"multiChoiceCorrect":524,"multiChoiceIncorrect":525,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":526,"matchPairsPairs":527},[288,292,293],[523],"Which of these is a surviving Egyptian structure?",[299],[297,300,301],[79],[528],{"left":529,"right":530,"direction":35},"Pyramid at Saqqara ","Egyptian structure",{"id":532,"data":533,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"e5efcb59-a50a-42f6-b463-345a932f2282",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":534,"binaryCorrect":536,"binaryIncorrect":538},[535],"Saqqara predated the pyramids of Giza by 100 years'. True or false?",[537],"True - Saqqara was Egypt's first ever pyramid",[539],"False - Giza was Egypt's first ever pyramid",{"id":541,"data":542,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":545},"cddf9248-9053-4d8d-9500-bd8579a27b61",{"type":24,"markdownContent":543,"audioMediaId":544},"While the Egyptians were building pyramids, they were also using hieroglyphs to record stories and histories. These were often written on papyrus scrolls, inscribed on the walls of temples and tombs, or carved into monuments such as the Rosetta Stone.\n\nDespite their sophisticated writing system, literacy was not widespread among the general population – only those with access to education could learn how to read and write. This is a recurring theme in ancient societies: written language was rarely used by anyone apart from elites.\n\nDespite that, even illiterate Egyptians saw the value of written documents. Egyptian citizens would often buy copies of *The Book of the Dead*, and make sure the book would be placed in their grave when they died. They did not know how to read the book, but they knew it included powerful spells that might help them to reach the afterlife.","a3b3ebdf-a5c2-40ef-9de3-81b863ec5699",[546],{"id":547,"data":548,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"b41eb782-8c33-40ff-ab69-1f7a73d3e1e0",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":549,"multiChoiceCorrect":551,"multiChoiceIncorrect":552,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[550],"What book did illiterate Egyptians often buy and make sure was placed in their grave when they died?",[201],[553,554,555],"The Book of Life","The Book of Spells","The Book of Wisdom",{"id":557,"data":558,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":561},"5ea90b49-dde8-4f04-af41-c81b50a054b6",{"type":24,"markdownContent":559,"audioMediaId":560},"The Ancient Egyptians were polytheistic, and believed in a number of different gods who were each in charge of different aspects of life. These gods were depicted with human bodies and animal heads; each animal symbolized that god’s specific role.\n\nHorus was the god of the sky, and had the head of a falcon. Anubis was the god of death, and had the head of a jackal. Sobek was the god of the Nile, and had the head of a crocodile. In total, the Egyptians are believed to have had almost 2000 different gods.\n\n![Graph](image://fe051e7b-c719-4bc3-a20d-1650c26fb5a9 \"Sobek. Image: Jeff Dahl, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe Egyptians built temples to honor these gods. The most famous temple is Karnak, which features an impressive array of statues depicting various gods from the Egyptian pantheon. Many surviving temples are now UNESCO World Heritage Sites, attracting thousands of visitors every year, who come to marvel at their grandeur and learn more about this ancient civilization’s beliefs.","a564ef58-69f0-404e-9e34-6f4e05a3b73a",[562,571],{"id":563,"data":564,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"0a07867a-202e-4426-a8f3-5b52f6c6625e",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":565,"binaryCorrect":567,"binaryIncorrect":569},[566],"Which Egyptian god was the god of the Nile, with a crocodile's head?",[568],"Sobek",[570],"Osiris",{"id":572,"data":573,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"87f99ed6-a9af-4bf5-b999-dadf812f2717",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":574,"binaryCorrect":576,"binaryIncorrect":578},[575],"What animal head did the god of death, Anubis, have?",[577],"Jackal",[579],"Falcon",{"id":581,"data":582,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":585},"28f16829-36ed-4b18-b25e-8554a938779b",{"type":24,"markdownContent":583,"audioMediaId":584},"The Ancient Egyptians viewed men and women as essentially equal, and in the eyes of the law, women had the exact same rights as men. Women could own property, divorce their husbands, and even become Pharaohs. Hatshepsut ruled Egypt for two decades and is regarded as one of the most successful female rulers in history.\n\n![Graph](image://32c5edbc-7c25-461f-b79f-5ceb1b47504c \"Hatshepsut. Image: public domain\")\n\nBut not everyone was equal in Egyptian society. The civilization kept thousands of slaves, who were usually brought in from foreign lands to work in fields or help with construction projects.\n\nThe status of these slaves is subject to debate. Some historians believe they were given wages and had the option to leave their jobs if they chose to. Others say that the slaves had no other choice but to work, and were traded by owners as though they were nothing better than commodities.","d6ea0825-c276-4611-906c-682c873eb124",[586],{"id":587,"data":588,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"fadb7e16-6899-4282-b86f-69e481ecc952",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":589,"multiChoiceQuestion":593,"multiChoiceCorrect":595,"multiChoiceIncorrect":597,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":601,"matchPairsPairs":602},[590,591,592],"f92702f0-b09e-4286-982c-ee11814aae5f","c84d2e73-6495-46ab-8427-3c1174d831a1","df0e21ab-a6c1-458d-93d7-34b193f1377a",[594],"Which of these was a powerful female pharaoh?",[596],"Hatshepsut",[598,599,600],"Minos","Hiram I","Di Xin",[79],[603],{"left":596,"right":604,"direction":35},"Powerful female pharaoh",{"id":606,"data":607,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":610},"f7154af8-713e-4be7-ab7c-57188d6c65d1",{"type":24,"markdownContent":608,"audioMediaId":609},"Tutankhamun is probably the most recognizable figure from Ancient Egypt, after his tomb was discovered in the Valley of the Kings by Howard Carter in 1922. Most of the valley’s royal tombs had been raided by tomb robbers centuries earlier, but Tutankhamun’s was still full of treasures and artifacts.\n\n![Graph](image://5f63bc8c-42f3-4e5c-bd46-16b4e07eaff0 \"Tutankhamun's tomb. Image: EditorfromMars, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nIn the 14th century BCE, Tutankhamun had ascended to the throne at the age of 9, and quickly made some big decisions, such as moving the capital city from Amarna to Thebes. But his reign did not last long, as he died before reaching his twentieth birthday.\n\nHis death remains shrouded in mystery; some believe he may have been assassinated or poisoned, while others suggest he died of malaria. Whatever happened, the discovery of his tomb made him a modern icon: the most famous pharaoh of them all.","8909a3c8-7108-4394-9709-6c9de1e21d57",[611,620],{"id":612,"data":613,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"7bbe1a38-6f51-47bc-8baf-ca9ecde7bc8e",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":614,"binaryCorrect":616,"binaryIncorrect":618},[615],"In which year was Tutankhamun's tomb discovered in the Valley of the Kings?",[617],"1922",[619],"1822",{"id":621,"data":622,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"3401bd52-fdea-4225-be6c-c4cd2f44365e",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":623,"multiChoiceCorrect":625,"multiChoiceIncorrect":627,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[624],"How did Tutankhamun die?",[626],"Nobody knows for sure",[628,629,630],"Malaria","Assassination","Poison",{"id":632,"data":633,"type":25,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":635,"introPage":642,"pages":648},"34b02106-2496-4991-92c4-2050cfe661c4",{"type":25,"title":634},"Decline of the Ancient Egyptians",{"id":636,"data":637,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"c60e7314-f856-441f-8ede-0622ea97c616",{"type":35,"summary":638},[639,640,641],"A megadrought around 2200 BCE caused famine and hardship in Egypt","Nearby powers took advantage of Egypt's struggles, claiming its land","The Roman Empire officially ended Ancient Egyptian rule in 30 BCE",{"id":643,"data":644,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"aef856d0-3d95-4fcc-a706-7349ab013327",{"type":51,"intro":645},[646,647],"What internal and external factors led to the decline of Ancient Egypt?","How did the legacy of Ancient Egypt influence future civilizations?",[649,674,698],{"id":650,"data":651,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"reviews":654},"f4b1b7cb-6ede-4c9a-a16b-101c22cc92b2",{"type":24,"markdownContent":652,"audioMediaId":653},"Over thousands of years, Ancient Egypt went through a series of peaks and troughs.\n\nThe Old Kingdom era (when the pyramids were built) ended in roughly 2200 BCE, after a stretch of almost 500 years. This collapse may have been caused by a severe megadrought which lasted for almost a hundred years, affecting Egyptian agriculture. Famine and hardship followed, and nearby powers took advantage, claiming parts of Egypt as their own.\n\nLater, Egypt rose again with an era called the Middle Kingdom. This lasted from approximately 2050 BCE to 1650 BCE, when the region declined again, partly due to another invasion from a West Asian people called the Hyksos.","79e814c7-282a-415b-b5e1-435fa8d1be98",[655],{"id":656,"data":657,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"17f352ba-cfee-4082-b6e1-9a8c7acd2ed9",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":658,"multiChoiceQuestion":662,"multiChoiceCorrect":664,"multiChoiceIncorrect":666,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":670,"matchPairsPairs":671},[659,660,661],"cfb713f7-c082-4d0c-ad0f-d17c26b1e6f1","84074645-af06-42ea-abc9-c0c7c5f7f95b","b03fd550-7103-43a2-bde3-c1c4ffd7a6c7",[663],"Which of these was a potential cause of the Egyptian Old Kingdom's decline?",[665],"Megadrought",[667,668,669],"Eruption of Thera","Outbreak of tuberculosis","Change to Coatzacoalcos River",[79],[672],{"left":665,"right":673,"direction":35},"Potential cause of Old Kingdom decline",{"id":675,"data":676,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":679},"a6bbd890-40bc-432d-89ed-2d56dc731800",{"type":24,"markdownContent":677,"audioMediaId":678},"After the collapse of the Middle Kingdom, Ancient Egypt did rise again. The New Kingdom, as this next era became known, lasted from roughly 1550 BCE to 1069 BCE.\n\nThis was the era of Tutankhamun, and other famous pharaohs like Ramesses II and Nefertiti. However, the New Kingdom eventually collapsed too, partly due to a series of weak pharaohs who struggled to control this vast, powerful empire.\n\nAfter the fall of the New Kingdom, Ancient Egypt continued to exist in one form or another for another thousand years. From 305 BCE, they enjoyed another brief resurgence under a line of pharaohs called the Ptolemaics. But this dynasty was overthrown when the Roman Empire seized the territory in 30 BCE. This brought an official end to thousands of years of Ancient Egyptian rule.","87f1d3cd-01b2-446c-8870-f743d9169080",[680,691],{"id":681,"data":682,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"d47fb25e-5db6-4e16-9dc7-7a5a4ccacab3",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":683,"multiChoiceCorrect":685,"multiChoiceIncorrect":687,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[684],"Which period of Ancient Egyptian history would you associate with pharaohs like Tutankhamun and Nefertiti?",[686],"New Kingdom",[688,689,690],"Old Kingdom","Middle Kingdom","Ptolemaic",{"id":692,"data":693,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"9c0e5254-e4cc-43e5-a2cb-c80328b4a6f5",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":694,"activeRecallAnswers":696},[695],"What event marked an official end of Ancient Egyptian rule?",[697],"The Roman Empire seized the territory in 30 BCE",{"id":699,"data":700,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":703},"0a9252ab-d661-4003-885e-1ffaeb4d88d1",{"type":24,"markdownContent":701,"audioMediaId":702},"The legacy of Ancient Egypt continues to excite the modern imagination. The Great Pyramid of Giza, among other structures, draws millions of tourists every year, and Egyptian artifacts can be found in museums all around the world.\n\n![Graph](image://54fd30f7-c528-4ebc-b24d-0d6b5d3681ae \"The Great Sphinx at Giza. Image: MusikAnimal, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nAs well as this, people are often entranced by stories of sphinxes, mummies and Egyptian curses. Hollywood has embraced these ancient stories with films like *The Mummy* (1999) and *The Scorpion King* (2002) bringing them back into mainstream culture.\n\nThere is a mystique to this ancient civilization, and it will surely continue to fascinate the world for many centuries to come. The Ancient Egyptians may have disappeared, but they continue to live in modern people’s minds.","9f2b175b-e682-4aca-92fe-0da37c9010fd",[704],{"id":705,"data":706,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"cdc2c88e-3df8-4060-a486-88782ab12e69",{"type":65,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"matchPairsQuestion":707,"matchPairsPairs":709,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},[708],"Why did each of these Egyptian eras end?",[710,712,714,716],{"left":688,"right":711,"direction":35},"Megadrought (possibly)",{"left":689,"right":713,"direction":35},"Hyksos invasion",{"left":686,"right":715,"direction":35},"Weak pharaohs",{"left":690,"right":717,"direction":35},"Roman invasion",{"id":719,"data":720,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"orbs":723},"fcc51b9d-7992-4023-8198-539479fab88d",{"type":27,"title":721,"tagline":722},"Caral-Supe ","A land without war (3500 BCE - 1800 BCE)",[724,796,907],{"id":725,"data":726,"type":25,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":728,"introPage":735,"pages":741},"5c606a52-7051-469f-9762-8363d86db24b",{"type":25,"title":727},"Who were the Caral-Supe?",{"id":729,"data":730,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"e5f367df-10f5-460f-a298-77eb3b20ff7a",{"type":35,"summary":731},[732,733,734],"The Caral-Supe built monumental pyramids from stone blocks on Peru's coast","They created advanced irrigation canals to grow crops in a harsh environment","No written records or visual art make understanding the Caral-Supe difficult",{"id":736,"data":737,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"bbac3f4b-8e48-4291-9a07-8d42ae0df86c",{"type":51,"intro":738},[739,740],"Why is it challenging for historians to understand the Caral-Supe civilization?","Why was the geographical location of the Caral-Supe so surprising?",[742,765,782],{"id":743,"data":744,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":747},"90288100-14c0-4d07-bb51-5add16edc9b6",{"type":24,"markdownContent":745,"audioMediaId":746},"Ancient Sumer and Ancient Egypt both flourished in the heart of the Middle East, but on the other side of the world, in South America, another civilization took form.\n\nThis maritime culture was centered around a network of cities on the coast of Peru. The Caral-Supe were skilled architects, constructing monumental pyramids from stone blocks. They also developed an advanced system of irrigation canals which allowed them to cultivate crops.\n\nDespite their advanced level of development, very little is known about this ancient culture. They left no written records behind, which makes it difficult for historians to know who they were or how they lived. Archaeologists learn as much as they can from city ruins, but unless written sources emerge in the future, the Caral-Supe will always be shrouded in mystery.\n\n![Graph](image://13229d67-2da2-4f52-81b1-82d8d1700416 \"The ruins of a Caral-Supe city. Image: I, Xauxa, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/>, via Wikimedia Commons\")","8115c713-545c-4d3c-8b75-2c5d4fb7cb63",[748,756],{"id":749,"data":750,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"9af9fe0a-d88d-49f1-a996-5cdc64724a1e",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":751,"binaryCorrect":753,"binaryIncorrect":755},[752],"What is the name of the ancient maritime culture that flourished in South America in the period 3500-1800 BCE?",[754],"Caral-Supe",[33],{"id":757,"data":758,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"fee69035-3614-4b58-9047-ef4e0e0e87cd",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":759,"binaryCorrect":761,"binaryIncorrect":763},[760],"What type of structures were the Caral-Supe known for constructing?",[762],"Pyramids",[764],"Bridges",{"id":766,"data":767,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":770},"e937ec5d-8ef0-4a9e-a911-ecfa9f97848c",{"type":24,"markdownContent":768,"audioMediaId":769},"The first signs of the Caral-Supe civilization were discovered in the 1940s, when ruins of a city were discovered in the Norte Chico region of Peru.\n\n![Graph](image://52e0d9a8-5f9b-41e3-8fb7-de9572c1ca64 \"Norte Chico region. Image: Daniel Weiss (Skaifyomonul), CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nArchaeologists were intrigued by the size and complexity of the ruined city, but could not determine how old it was or who had built it. It wasn’t until carbon dating techniques became much more widely available in the 21st century that researchers were able to accurately date the ruined city and understand its true significance.\n\nThe studies showed that the ruined city was truly ancient, and must have belonged to a forgotten culture as old as the Ancient Egyptians. Further studies uncovered additional ruins, including evidence of trade networks stretching across Peru and beyond. But there was still something missing – written sources – which made the culture hard to understand.","77c1c46b-4688-42b8-b0a5-7606dd5bd28a",[771],{"id":67,"data":772,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":773,"multiChoiceQuestion":774,"multiChoiceCorrect":776,"multiChoiceIncorrect":777,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":778,"matchPairsPairs":779},[63,68,69],[775],"Where was the home of the Caral-Supe civilization?",[75],[73,76,77],[79],[780],{"left":75,"right":781,"direction":35},"Home of Caral-Supe civilization",{"id":783,"data":784,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"reviews":787},"a9c4c708-3602-4a29-83b2-2b8112942589",{"type":24,"markdownContent":785,"audioMediaId":786},"The lack of written Caral-Supe sources is compounded by a surprising lack of visual art. While other ancient civilizations painted images on pots and carved pictures into walls, the Caral-Supe created nothing of the kind. This makes it even harder to understand them – visual art is a useful window into ancient cultures, but for the Caral-Supe, that window is closed.\n\nSome scholars have speculated that the Caral-Supe people were too focused on practicality to bother with artistic pursuits. They lived in a harsh, arid region, and may have focused on survival instead of spending time creating visual art.\n\nBut this theory is undermined by the presence of other Caral-Supe art forms. For example, musical instruments have been discovered made from pelican bone. They also made rich, elaborate textiles. Some historians have wondered whether these textiles once had pictures on them, only for the dye to fade away.","45729415-b53e-49d7-b2e4-9e55f6463cc7",[788],{"id":789,"data":790,"type":65,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"3bf84194-1143-4aea-ba8b-cd7c6292d91f",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":791,"activeRecallAnswers":793},[792],"What type of artifacts have been discovered from the Caral-Supe civilization?",[794,795],"Bone musical instruments","Elaborate woven textiles:multi",{"id":797,"data":798,"type":25,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":800,"introPage":807,"pages":813},"de4f1e2a-9aa6-40e0-a99c-d95653480de6",{"type":25,"title":799},"Pyramids and peace",{"id":801,"data":802,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"a3b53021-9d51-46ef-87c1-ceb0a07d1be6",{"type":35,"summary":803},[804,805,806],"The Pirámide Mayor is a massive pyramid which might be older than Egypt’s first pyramid","Caral-Supe workers were paid in dried anchovies, suggesting a sophisticated labor system","No evidence of warfare has been found in Caral-Supe, suggesting they lived in peace",{"id":808,"data":809,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"75839058-6e79-4bef-bfab-f7b33156d6f7",{"type":51,"intro":810},[811,812],"How did the Caral-Supe civilization adapt to their arid environment?","What unique aspect of the Caral-Supe challenges one common belief about ancient societies?",[814,829,864,877,894],{"id":815,"data":816,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":819},"7946dba4-e69c-4f55-a0b0-7d7e3d35899a",{"type":24,"markdownContent":817,"audioMediaId":818},"Historically, most ancient civilizations arose in rich, fertile regions, like the floodplains around a river. But the Caral-Supe civilization flourished in an arid environment, where the lack of rainfall should have made it difficult to sustain a large, urban population.\n\nTo combat this, the people developed a sophisticated system of irrigation canals that allowed them to collect rainwater and grow crops during drier periods. They also learned to exploit the coastline for fish and other marine resources.\n\nBy using these different techniques, the Caral-Supe turned this seemingly inhospitable region into a place where their people could thrive. The fact this civilization existed at all is a credit to their ingenuity and resourcefulness.","36b4d525-d9b5-4c5f-bcd9-ce0936ef56c6",[820],{"id":821,"data":822,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"dcf3fa6d-ba5f-4e0f-ae7a-4ddedc665853",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":823,"binaryCorrect":825,"binaryIncorrect":827},[824],"In which type of environment did the Caral-Supe civilization thrive?",[826],"Arid",[828],"Fertile",{"id":830,"data":831,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":834},"de81e810-baf1-4f35-9913-f128c80f4aca",{"type":24,"markdownContent":832,"audioMediaId":833},"One of the few things that survives from the Caral-Supe civilization is its impressive architecture, which often included large stone platforms and plazas.\n\nThe most famous of these is the Pirámide Mayor, a stepped pyramid that covers an area as large as several football fields. It was built between 4000 and 5000 years ago, making it at least as old as Egypt’s first pyramid, and maybe even older. It may have been used as an astronomical observatory, or a temple complex, but this is only speculation.\n\n![Graph](image://b6cbf315-7652-4433-a868-7f1c3bf3e986 \"Pirámide Mayor. Image: HJPD, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nArchaeological evidence suggests that workers may have been paid in dried anchovies during construction projects such as the Pirámide Mayor. This indicates a sophisticated system of labor within Caral-Supe society – one that helped them to build large monuments despite their arid environment and limited resources.","bf5a107e-ce8f-4edf-97e7-188e24813633",[835,846,853],{"id":292,"data":836,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":837,"multiChoiceQuestion":838,"multiChoiceCorrect":840,"multiChoiceIncorrect":841,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":842,"matchPairsPairs":843},[288,291,293],[839],"Which of these is a surviving Caral-Supe structure?",[300],[297,299,301],[79],[844],{"left":300,"right":845,"direction":35},"Caral-Supe structure",{"id":847,"data":848,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"10a4ae4a-24f3-4b80-8fa4-e29a5036a632",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":849,"activeRecallAnswers":851},[850],"How old is the Pirámide Mayor, the stepped pyramid that covers an area as large as several football fields?",[852],"4000 to 5000 years old",{"id":854,"data":855,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"4f58841c-ea78-4002-89c7-538354c9b16b",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":856,"multiChoiceCorrect":858,"multiChoiceIncorrect":860,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[857],"What type of payment did archaeological evidence suggest was used to pay workers during construction projects in Caral-Supe society?",[859],"Dried anchovies",[861,862,863],"Gold coins","Barley cutting","Stone beads",{"id":865,"data":866,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"reviews":869},"d6648813-6bb5-4b36-bb17-953881c43cb6",{"type":24,"markdownContent":867,"audioMediaId":868},"In 2003, a single piece of visual art was discovered at a Caral-Supe site: a cartoonish figure carved roughly into the side of a gourd. This figure had a leering smile, as well as a hood and fangs.\n\n![Graph](image://a56ab40d-ac4a-403e-9123-88c0ecd51533 \"Caral-Supe figure. Image: Drawing by Jill Seagard, Courtesy of the Field Museum\")\n\nHistorians believe that this figure is an early depiction of the Staff God – a major deity among later South American cultures. If this were true, it would offer a valuable glimpse into Caral-Supe religion.\n\nBut other historians have argued that this figure is something else entirely. It has been speculated that the figure could represent some kind of priest or leader, or that it might be linked to ancestor worship. Unfortunately, the image is too ambiguous – it just opens up more questions.","871b1f19-ddb4-410e-8b48-3848a53029df",[870],{"id":871,"data":872,"type":65,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"7690f323-ebea-4ca1-a28c-8bf7ed7bc3f3",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":873,"activeRecallAnswers":875},[874],"Which deity is (possibly) depicted in the only known work of visual art from the Caral-Supe people?",[876],"The Staff God",{"id":878,"data":879,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":882},"d0d690f2-61fe-4820-b436-0ad5e9468dd8",{"type":24,"markdownContent":880,"audioMediaId":881},"Historians have also found various textiles at Caral-Supe sites. This has included several examples of intricate knots known as quipu.\n\n![Graph](image://c1140e73-f6f3-4282-a3c5-802a657a1e19 \"Quipu. Image: See page for author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThese knots may just have been decorative, but in later South American civilizations, similar knots were used to record information. Each thread would be knotted in a particular way which might represent a number, or an abstract idea, exactly the same as a writing system.\n\nSome researchers believe that the knots at Caral were used for a similar purpose, which would explain the absence of traditional writing – the Caral-Supe used knots to record information instead. Unfortunately, even if these knots are a form of writing, nobody knows how to read them.","fd86b07e-9829-416e-ad4d-800bc8f18cf2",[883],{"id":272,"data":884,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":885,"multiChoiceQuestion":886,"multiChoiceCorrect":888,"multiChoiceIncorrect":889,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":890,"matchPairsPairs":891},[269,273,274],[887],"Which of these is a Caral-Supe artifact, which might have used to record information?",[280],[278,281,282],[79],[892],{"left":280,"right":893,"direction":35},"Caral-Supe artifact",{"id":895,"data":896,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":899},"91ea0805-8ec1-460a-9d58-0dcef98a520d",{"type":24,"markdownContent":897,"audioMediaId":898},"There is one profoundly unique quality about the Caral-Supe civilization: historians are yet to find any evidence of warfare. There are no fortifications around their cities, and no mutilated bodies in their graves.\n\nIf the Caral-Supe really lived in peace, it would make them a rarity in the Ancient World. Many people believe that warfare is inevitable among human beings, but the Caral-Supe suggest otherwise.\n\nThis peaceful atmosphere may have been encouraged by religious beliefs. The Staff God, for example, was thought to represent social harmony. Alternatively, maybe the Caral-Supe were united in opposition to the hostile environment, and knew that a breakdown in cooperation would cause all of them to suffer.","753db483-f5fa-418d-9722-8a314d572404",[900],{"id":901,"data":902,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"04b6bd29-8a14-4c4f-b46d-6e0c121457cc",{"type":65,"reviewType":444,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":903,"clozeWords":905},[904],"There is one profoundly unique quality about the Caral-Supe civilization: historians are yet to find any evidence of warfare. ",[906],"warfare",{"id":908,"data":909,"type":25,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":911,"introPage":918,"pages":924},"664aec0e-409a-4bf1-84ca-18a8498c516b",{"type":25,"title":910},"Decline of the Caral-Supe",{"id":912,"data":913,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"4c5ad3da-a7e7-43cf-a357-f4413865c256",{"type":35,"summary":914},[915,916,917],"A slow migration to fertile lands is the most likely reason for Caral-Supe decline","Extensive canals found north of Caral-Supe suggest they moved there, bringing irrigation knowledge","Their religious customs and quipu knots may have inspired the Inca civilization later on",{"id":919,"data":920,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"653b41d2-093e-4cfb-ab6d-d40c85b0f54e",{"type":51,"intro":921},[922,923],"What internal and external factors led to the decline of Caral-Supe?","How did the legacy of Caral-Supe influence future civilizations?",[925,947],{"id":926,"data":927,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":930},"10026436-21ad-4a76-ae72-ccbb4656e26f",{"type":24,"markdownContent":928,"audioMediaId":929},"Like so much else about the Caral-Supe, their decline is shrouded in mystery. It is possible that they were unable to sustain their population due to environmental changes such as drought and soil erosion, leading them to migrate in search of more fertile land.\n\nThis theory is supported by extensive canals found in regions north of Caral-Supe. These canals suggest that the Caral-Supe migrated there, and brought their knowledge of irrigation with them.\n\nIt has also been suggested that external forces could have played a role in the collapse of Caral-Supe. Neighboring peoples may have taken advantage of their peaceful nature, and launched an attack. However, there is no real evidence to support this theory. As things stand, a slow migration to more fertile lands is a more likely explanation.","f343763d-0b86-4bdc-b3ba-69383da92944",[931,940],{"id":932,"data":933,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"641905f6-c2ae-4a58-8d05-3d2bbbbad2ad",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":934,"binaryCorrect":936,"binaryIncorrect":938},[935],"What is a likely explanation for the decline of the Caral-Supe civilization?",[937],"Environmental changes",[939],"Attacks from rivals",{"id":941,"data":942,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"ac310d62-d9b0-4305-9203-bcf4f30b4138",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":943,"activeRecallAnswers":945},[944],"What evidence suggests that some Caral-Supe might have migrated north?",[946],"Canal systems that match Caral-Supe styles of irrigation",{"id":948,"data":949,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"reviews":952},"7f99939a-82f6-455f-9ea3-21a164090636",{"type":24,"markdownContent":950,"audioMediaId":951},"The Caral-Supe civilization left a lasting impression on South America, with its influence felt in many later civilizations. The Incas of Peru used quipu knots which resembled those of the Caral-Supe, while the Staff God may have been worshiped by both cultures, with religious beliefs passed down through generations.\n\nHowever, the full impact of the Caral-Supe civilization is yet another thing which modern historians might never know for certain. We cannot know how they interacted with other cultures, or how their beliefs shaped those around them.\n\nAll we can study are lumps of rubble and strips of faded cloth. These artifacts hint at a resilient society ahead of its time – but they never quite tell us the answers we long to know.\n\n![Graph](image://38e782d7-623f-4362-945c-23e20e80db91 \"Caral-Supe ruins. Image: I, KyleThayer, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/>, via Wikimedia Commons\")","a9d863ea-ef75-4364-b732-24db54f5a502",[953,964],{"id":345,"data":954,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":955,"multiChoiceQuestion":956,"multiChoiceCorrect":958,"multiChoiceIncorrect":959,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":960,"matchPairsPairs":961},[342,346,347],[957],"Who adopted aspects of the Caral-Supe society?",[353],[351,354,355],[79],[962],{"left":353,"right":963,"direction":35},"Adopted aspects of Caral-Supe society",{"id":965,"data":966,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"20028945-6a85-45b6-98e0-d40313aa190d",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":967,"multiChoiceCorrect":969,"multiChoiceIncorrect":970,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[968],"In particular, what did the Incas of Peru appear to have learned from the Caral-Supe civilization?",[280],[971,972,973],"Writing systems","Stepped pyramids","Anchovie currency",{"id":975,"data":976,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":444,"orbs":979},"f89af4bc-0b6e-4b19-94f5-5ae19445e23f",{"type":27,"title":977,"tagline":978},"Minoa ","The bull leapers of Crete (3500 BCE - 1100 BCE)",[980,1084,1209],{"id":981,"data":982,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":984,"introPage":991,"pages":997},"7e61aac9-05a8-49e8-9f4e-36d6290c8c63",{"type":25,"title":983},"Who were the Minoans?",{"id":985,"data":986,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"68585312-76f9-4774-b23d-e391c81f30b2",{"type":35,"summary":987},[988,989,990],"The Minoans built cities on Crete from around 3500 BCE to 1100 BCE","They created impressive palaces full of intricate, artistic frescoes","They worshiped a number of female deities and practiced bull-leaping rituals",{"id":992,"data":993,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"4f0decfe-9f68-4b7f-a76c-18eced66a30f",{"type":51,"intro":994},[995,996],"What were the key features of Minoan architecture and how did they reflect their culture?","How did the Minoans' mastery of the Bronze Age contribute to their economic and social development?",[998,1013,1037],{"id":999,"data":1000,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1003},"98a9aba9-5672-4785-8612-3d8ca25950cb",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1001,"audioMediaId":1002},"The Minoans built cities on the island of Crete from around 3500 BCE to 1100 BCE. They are mainly remembered for their impressive architecture, such as the Palace of Knossos and its intricate, expressive frescoes. The Minoans also developed a form of writing known as Linear A, although it remains undeciphered to this day.\n\nTheir culture was highly sophisticated; they had a strong trading network across the Mediterranean Sea and built impressive ships for long-distance travel. They mainly worshiped female deities, practiced bull-leaping rituals at religious festivals, and enjoyed music performed on flutes.\n\nThe legacy of Minoa lives on in modern Europe: they were Europe's first great civilization and laid down many of the foundations upon which modern Europe is based.\n\n![Graph](image://39eb1cb8-ba0c-448f-ac22-4fbab6842e36 \"Part of a Minoan palace. Image: Bernard Gagnon, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")","357af8f7-1467-4afc-917f-2c6e7b21da71",[1004],{"id":1005,"data":1006,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"66bb504b-c315-454d-87b4-7e4061770968",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1007,"binaryCorrect":1009,"binaryIncorrect":1011},[1008],"What island was the Minoan civilization located on?",[1010],"Crete",[1012],"Cyprus",{"id":1014,"data":1015,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1018},"2328b4d0-02cd-471e-921d-2fd6261bc4c5",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1016,"audioMediaId":1017},"The Minoans were accomplished metalworkers, and were early pioneers of the Bronze Age. This enabled them to create tools and weapons that allowed them to dominate their environment.\n\nUrban centers began to form, where commerce and craftsmanship thrived. These cities exploited the ocean for resources, as well as the fertile Messara Plain. Ships set forth across the Mediterranean, trading extensively with other cultures, including the contemporary Ancient Egyptians.\n\nThey imported gold and silver, and began to craft intricate bracelets and necklaces, as well as finely decorated weapons. They also encouraged visual arts, especially painted frescoes.\n\n![Graph](image://4a163124-d919-42d0-bada-8ea2c7d308d5 \"Minoan fresco. Image: Przemek Pietrak, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")","c1c8e4e5-2e16-41e0-9aa5-c9cdf7543818",[1019,1026],{"id":1020,"data":1021,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"a1521de3-cbb0-4ae6-a11f-a83eab56e06b",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1022,"activeRecallAnswers":1024},[1023],"What enabled the Minoans to create tools and weapons that allowed them to dominate their environment?",[1025],"Accomplished metalworking",{"id":1027,"data":1028,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"7baeca16-1cc4-4835-94c0-5fa7109a3d50",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1029,"multiChoiceCorrect":1031,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1033,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1030],"With which culture did Minoan ships trade extensively?",[1032],"Ancient Egyptians",[1034,1035,1036],"Ancient Sumerians","Ancient Romans","Ancient Persians",{"id":1038,"data":1039,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1042},"c2034fcc-9080-4d7d-b569-43e15d24f559",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1040,"audioMediaId":1041},"Despite the success of the Minoan civilization, it was completely unknown to modern historians until the end of the 19th century, when Minos Kalokairinos, a Cretan archaeologist, performed some excavations. This work was built upon by British archaeologist Arthur Evans, who was astonished by the things he found.\n\nEvans' work has been continued by modern scholars who have studied the remains of Minoan cities such as Phaistos and Gortyn, uncovering more evidence about their economy, religion and social structure. A writing system has also been discovered: two scripts referred to as Linear A and Linear B.\n\nThe civilization became known as Minoa, named after King Minos of Crete – the legendary king in Greek mythology whose son was the fearsome Minotaur.","487d07d2-c9f5-4358-85e9-c1a13e371a66",[1043,1062,1073],{"id":1044,"data":1045,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"360286e3-84df-4baf-b458-5f3f02c14ce4",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1046,"multiChoiceQuestion":1050,"multiChoiceCorrect":1052,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1054,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1058,"matchPairsPairs":1059},[1047,1048,1049],"3de364ad-9b94-4761-b6f4-97594ea442a9","0fcfb8eb-e81b-4af3-a9a0-1ed1d5c14224","14023cf7-3f63-48c5-8369-d04fdf38bc9c",[1051],"Which of these discovered the first ruins of the Minoans?",[1053],"Minos Kalokairinos",[1055,1056,1057],"Charles Masson","Chinese pharmacists","Mexican farmer",[79],[1060],{"left":1053,"right":1061,"direction":35},"Discovered the first ruins of the Minoans ",{"id":371,"data":1063,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1064,"multiChoiceQuestion":1065,"multiChoiceCorrect":1067,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1068,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1069,"matchPairsPairs":1070},[367,370,372],[1066],"What is Linear A?",[379],[376,378,380],[79],[1071],{"left":1072,"right":379,"direction":35},"Linear A",{"id":590,"data":1074,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1075,"multiChoiceQuestion":1076,"multiChoiceCorrect":1078,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1079,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1080,"matchPairsPairs":1081},[587,591,592],[1077],"Who was the legendary king in Greek mythology whose son was the fearsome Minotaur?",[598],[596,599,600],[79],[1082],{"left":598,"right":1083,"direction":35},"King in Greek mythology",{"id":1085,"data":1086,"type":25,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1088,"introPage":1095,"pages":1101},"d059665e-6ce8-4573-a7dd-299c96a43620",{"type":25,"title":1087},"Palaces and bulls",{"id":1089,"data":1090,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"d505967f-503d-4c14-a222-d9b7b8ca8b08",{"type":35,"summary":1091},[1092,1093,1094],"The Minoans built grand palaces in cities like Knossos, which had courtyards, workshops, and shrines","The Minoan palaces were destroyed around 1700 BCE, possibly by earthquakes or invaders","The Minoans rebuilt with stronger palaces, and spread their influence across the Mediterranean",{"id":1096,"data":1097,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"2a95ae31-e93c-4bb0-9e02-cd7096157476",{"type":51,"intro":1098},[1099,1100],"What evidence suggests that Minoan palaces were destroyed by foreign invaders?","What role did bull-leaping play in Minoan culture?",[1102,1135,1152,1167,1180],{"id":1103,"data":1104,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1107},"f6642f5e-0e7d-4319-900a-27b8fadad26f",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1105,"audioMediaId":1106},"The Minoans erected extravagant palaces in their major cities. Five have been discovered so far, with the largest at the city of Knossos. The palace at Knossos is thought to have been built not long after 2000 BCE; it had an impressive courtyard for hosting events, as well as several storeys of passages and chambers: workshops, shrines, bedrooms.\n\nThese palaces served as residences for royalty, while also functioning as centers of government and religious worship. Many palaces featured elaborate frescoes depicting scenes from everyday life on Crete. These pictures provide us invaluable insight into the lives of the people who lived there.\n\nThe construction of these grandiose buildings demonstrates the structure of Minoan society. Great wealth and power must have been centralized in the hands of a ruling class, as is often the case in highly advanced societies.","bdfa19fd-17d5-4d23-9ccc-57a969c5db8e",[1108,1126],{"id":1109,"data":1110,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"253d5e26-d7f3-4253-b003-938e65ec3e4f",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1111,"multiChoiceQuestion":1115,"multiChoiceCorrect":1117,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1118,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1122,"matchPairsPairs":1123},[1112,1113,1114],"b50d5d43-79e2-43ae-b249-dce0f270cc62","a60119f0-c377-431d-8fcf-8467656523bf","174f26a7-5990-41b6-9a29-778d4d353c34",[1116],"Which of these was a Minoan city, and home of their largest palace?",[98],[1119,1120,1121],"Mohenjo-daro","Carthage","La Venta",[79],[1124],{"left":98,"right":1125,"direction":35},"Minoan city",{"id":1127,"data":1128,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"40d8a3a5-e8be-43be-8584-7b5e8873b66a",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1129,"binaryCorrect":1131,"binaryIncorrect":1133},[1130],"How many palaces have been discovered (so far) from the Minoan civilization?",[1132],"Five",[1134],"Four",{"id":1136,"data":1137,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1140},"63d5e764-fddc-49a2-88bd-f576210b35df",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1138,"audioMediaId":1139},"The history of Minoa included major hurdles. At some point before 1700 BCE, the Minoan palaces were completely destroyed, but historians have struggled to work out how this happened.\n\nAt Knossos and Phaistos, evidence suggests that an earthquake may have caused their destruction, but at other palaces, there is evidence of violent destruction – charred beams and broken pottery – suggesting that these sites were the victims of foreign invaders.\n\nWhatever the cause, these events had a devastating impact on Minoan civilization. As well as destroying many of its most important buildings, it also disrupted trade networks and weakened the Minoans’ political power. The civilization managed to recover, but this was a major bump in the road.","29f1444f-e8a0-4ee0-9b9d-09f5d40094f8",[1141],{"id":1142,"data":1143,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"147a2f38-58fe-416e-b342-9bd115c63252",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1144,"multiChoiceCorrect":1146,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1149,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":21,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1145],"At some point before 1700 BCE, the Minoan palaces were completely destroyed. What two factors may have caused this?",[1147,1148],"An earthquake","A foreign invasion",[1150,1151],"A volcanic eruption","An internal coup",{"id":1153,"data":1154,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"reviews":1157},"0dca7ce1-e2dc-4a97-8cd8-397183c49016",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1155,"audioMediaId":1156},"It took the Minoans a few decades to recover from the collapse of their palaces, but as soon as their society restabilized, they rebuilt the palaces in a stronger, more resilient form.\n\nThey also began to spread outwards from Crete, building a sea empire in the Mediterranean. Minoan pottery has been found in Egypt, Syria, Turkey and mainland Greece. The people of Greece were particularly influenced by Minoan culture. They built palaces of their own in places like Pylos and Tiryns, and also adopted the Linear B writing system.\n\n![Graph](image://dbaa4f59-3720-42f3-83cd-c7c3fb3948cb \"Linear B. Image: User Antonsusi from the German Wikipedia, CC BY 3.0 DE \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/de/deed.en>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nCultural exchange also took place in the opposite direction, with Egyptian artwork influencing the style of Cretan frescoes. Linear A and B may also have been influenced by Egyptian hieroglyphs, but this theory is unconfirmed.","37962d5f-6009-47e1-9412-0295cedd31a1",[1158],{"id":1159,"data":1160,"type":65,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"81d83c62-dcd7-47d4-9f8f-dab0c68a09d1",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1161,"binaryCorrect":1163,"binaryIncorrect":1165},[1162],"What type of Cretan artwork may have been influenced by the Ancient Egyptians?",[1164],"Frescoes",[1166],"Statues",{"id":1168,"data":1169,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1172},"d832d370-441c-4dd4-b787-2fe79e27524a",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1170,"audioMediaId":1171},"Minoan art was inspired by exchanges with other cultures, but it was uniquely expressive compared to other civilizations at the time. They painted in vivid, violent colors, and might have used these colors to differentiate between genders: the men in their paintings were often red-brown, while the women were snow white.\n\n![Graph](image://e8b82b89-65ab-45d0-b7e3-fc30e6b7cc0a \"The Prince of the Lilies. Image: Photo prise par Harrieta171, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nAs well as humans, Minoan paintings would often depict animals and landscapes. They were found on pieces of pottery, as well as large frescoes on the walls of palaces. Each painting provides a glimpse into Minoan culture, and the way they viewed the world.\n\nFor example, the famous *Prince of the Lilies* shows a figure adorned with an extravagant headdress. This figure was probably a priest or king. It has reddish skin, which means the figure was probably male.","e3aa3bf7-4f46-4992-8239-09b863c4ad87",[1173],{"id":1174,"data":1175,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"1d381f07-5211-45f7-baba-1f42d622707c",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1176,"activeRecallAnswers":1178},[1177],"What colors might have been used to differentiate between genders in Minoan paintings?",[1179],"Men were red-brown and women were snow white",{"id":1181,"data":1182,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"reviews":1185},"f46e987e-b7fe-4a17-8860-9e95dc86393c",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1183,"audioMediaId":1184},"A common image in Minoan frescoes is bull-leaping: acrobatic humans – both male and female – leaping over the horns of a charging bull and then vaulting onto its back.\n\n![Graph](image://10a67f76-ca28-4fbc-ab13-c4214badd4bb \"Bull-leaping fresco. Image: Heraklion Archaeological Museum, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThis was probably some kind of ritual or ceremony, with links to Minoan religion. As a culture, they seem to have venerated bulls, which they may have associated with strength or fertility. The reverence shown towards these animals is further evidenced by archaeological finds such as bronze figurines depicting bulls’ heads or horns.\n\nThere is a chance that bull-leaping rituals never took place. Painting a fresco of an event is not the same as performing that event in person. But most historians believe that bull-leaping was an important part of Minoan culture, and may have been performed in the large courtyards at the heart of royal palaces.","de2c4d62-b3a3-40f3-9141-690897d9fb04",[1186,1193,1200],{"id":1187,"data":1188,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"75a3fc79-e897-44b5-815b-6b1470de7059",{"type":65,"reviewType":444,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1189,"clozeWords":1191},[1190],"The Minoans seem to have venerated bulls, which they may have associated with strength or fertility. ",[1192],"bulls",{"id":1194,"data":1195,"type":65,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"eedab980-6800-4654-98da-aba6dd3ff413",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1196,"activeRecallAnswers":1198},[1197],"Which famous Minoan fresco shows a figure adorned with an extravagant headdress?",[1199],"Prince of the Lillies",{"id":1201,"data":1202,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"13ea22d7-8b1e-48e1-9c45-5e84acf1618b",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1203,"binaryCorrect":1205,"binaryIncorrect":1207},[1204],"What is the name of the iconic activity depicted in many Minoan frescoes?",[1206],"Bull-leaping",[1208],"Bull-riding",{"id":1210,"data":1211,"type":25,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1213,"introPage":1220,"pages":1226},"9ca0c8ef-33dd-4a5d-a95d-e846fcb675c6",{"type":25,"title":1212},"Decline of the Minoans",{"id":1214,"data":1215,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"9e70104c-3e11-4fbe-ab0c-0b31533c8c82",{"type":35,"summary":1216},[1217,1218,1219],"The eruption of Thera was one of the most powerful in history, and may have caused Minoan crop failure","Other cultures invaded Crete during the Minoans' weakened state, taking control of their resources","The Minoans still left a lasting legacy, inspiring Greek art, architecture, and mythology",{"id":1221,"data":1222,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"1a3f4e2f-4a5b-4954-887f-67b7c4b06fbb",{"type":51,"intro":1223},[1224,1225],"What internal and external factors led to the decline of Minoa?","How did the legacy of Minoa influence future civilizations?",[1227,1244],{"id":1228,"data":1229,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1232},"d215143f-8428-4093-8a18-8be169a1ab4b",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1230,"audioMediaId":1231},"The Minoan civilization eventually declined due to a combination of natural disasters and foreign invasions – events which echoed the destruction of their palaces hundreds of years earlier.\n\nOne theory suggests that the eruption of Thera, an island volcano not far from Crete, was the major cause of their decline. The eruption is believed to have been one of the most powerful in human history, with its ash cloud seen as far away as Egypt.\n\nThis would have had devastating consequences for Minoan society, causing crop failure and famine. Other cultures may have taken advantage of this situation and invaded Crete, taking control of their resources and trading network. This idea provides a plausible explanation for the collapse of Minoan civilization, but as with many theories about the ancient world, it is difficult to prove for certain.","84135fa0-8f57-4635-9f20-3030927b41b3",[1233],{"id":659,"data":1234,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1235,"multiChoiceQuestion":1236,"multiChoiceCorrect":1238,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1239,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1240,"matchPairsPairs":1241},[656,660,661],[1237],"Which of these was a potential cause of Minoan decline?",[667],[665,668,669],[79],[1242],{"left":667,"right":1243,"direction":35},"Potential cause of Minoan decline",{"id":1245,"data":1246,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"reviews":1249},"4a76d9bc-c98c-49e6-8d9a-887c4f60ced1",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1247,"audioMediaId":1248},"Whatever happened to them, the Minoans left a lasting legacy on the world. Their unique art and culture inspired many European civilizations, including the later Ancient Greeks.\n\nThe Greeks painted similar frescoes, and even included bull-leaping scenes reminiscent of the ones in Minoan art. They also built Minoan-inspired palaces, and learned from their metalworking techniques. In addition, they told stories inspired by the Minoans, such as the story of the Minotaur, which took place on the island of Crete.\n\n![Graph](image://27325854-f92d-45f7-b2bf-dc80ae1d7eaf \"A Greek fresco. Image: George E. Koronaios, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nIn the future, historians hope to decipher the Minoans’ Linear A script, which has perplexed people for more than a century. This would open up a new window into this ancient culture, and help us to better understand it.","9b38e4eb-d7d5-4e32-9162-695069508961",[1250,1260],{"id":1251,"data":1252,"type":65,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"0c9b750e-598d-4a0d-962d-65a53841186e",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1253,"binaryCorrect":1255,"binaryIncorrect":1257,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1259},[1254],"Which of these ancient societies did the Minoans inspire?",[1256],"Ancient Greece",[1258],"Ancient Sumer",[1258],{"id":1261,"data":1262,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"f36459db-6de4-40a5-974f-68a81dc9bd3b",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1263,"binaryCorrect":1265,"binaryIncorrect":1266},[1264],"Which of these two Minoan scripts do historians still need to decipher?",[1072],[1267],"Linear B",{"id":1269,"data":1270,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":1273},"4b37d524-7c2d-4733-ac6b-1447231fe05c",{"type":27,"title":1271,"tagline":1272},"Indus Valley ","A land without kings (3300 BCE - 1300 BCE)",[1274,1368,1477],{"id":1275,"data":1276,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1278,"introPage":1285,"pages":1291},"b1440e9f-50ce-4f11-b13f-787fcf701caa",{"type":25,"title":1277},"Who were the Indus people?",{"id":1279,"data":1280,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"921a77aa-0818-4bcb-983e-54c921ae1104",{"type":35,"summary":1281},[1282,1283,1284],"The Indus Valley Civilization thrived in modern-day Pakistan and northwest India","Indus people were skilled metalworkers who traded with Mesopotamia and Egypt","They built cities with advanced drainage systems and no central palaces or temples",{"id":1286,"data":1287,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"5d666c6c-6283-4411-90af-f231e08abd5b",{"type":51,"intro":1288},[1289,1290],"What unique features set the Indus Valley Civilization apart from other ancient civilizations?","How did the geographical location of the Indus Valley Civilization influence its development and architecture?",[1292,1309,1344],{"id":1293,"data":1294,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1297},"0f31c34c-a6a9-48c8-b067-169927c95039",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1295,"audioMediaId":1296},"The Indus Valley Civilization flourished in the region of modern-day Pakistan and northwest India from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE. It is renowned for its sophisticated urban planning, with sewers and drains that rival the ones in modern cities today.\n\nThe Indus Valley people were also skilled metalworkers who produced tools such as axes, chisels, and knives. They also engaged in extensive trade with other ancient civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt, allowing for the spread of ideas and goods between different cultures.\n\n![Graph](image://1cb87827-9f25-462b-86d5-a8d7f35353af \"Indus Valley axes, chisels, and knives. Image: North Lincolnshire Museum, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nUniquely among ancient civilizations, the Indus Valley people did not build any central palaces or temples. Some historians believe that their society was egalitarian, with no centralized ruling class.","37867bbe-f7a0-4002-98af-2b1e3830816d",[1298],{"id":121,"data":1299,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1300,"multiChoiceQuestion":1301,"multiChoiceCorrect":1303,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1304,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":24,"orderQuestion":1305,"orderItems":1306},[118,122,123],[1302],"When do historians believe that the Indus Valley civilization first took form?",[129],[127,130,131],[133],[1307],{"label":1308,"reveal":129,"sortOrder":24},"Indus Valley",{"id":1310,"data":1311,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1314},"471f2ccc-f8bf-4912-8db2-6360ca9f028f",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1312,"audioMediaId":1313},"The Indus Valley Civilization originated on the floodplain of the Indus River, which provided an ideal environment for early settlements. The cities were built on raised mounds and surrounded by walls made from bricks to provide protection against floods.\n\nThe city of Mohenjo-daro became one of the largest urban centers of its time, with a population of at least 40,000 people. As well as imposing walls, up to 12 meters in height, the city featured a complex drainage system, as well as large granaries for storing grain.\n\n![Graph](image://10997ed8-4f01-46ff-bf97-3ca9c32bb169 \"Mohenjo-daro. Image: Saqib Qayyum, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe city of Harappa was another example, with similar walls and drains. This sophisticated architecture enabled these cities to survive and thrive despite their location in a region prone to flooding.","8fc1d942-628f-4333-bacf-98ba4d3c32eb",[1315,1326,1335],{"id":1112,"data":1316,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1317,"multiChoiceQuestion":1318,"multiChoiceCorrect":1320,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1321,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1322,"matchPairsPairs":1323},[1109,1113,1114],[1319],"Which of these was an Indus city, and one of the largest urban centers of its time?",[1119],[98,1120,1121],[79],[1324],{"left":1119,"right":1325,"direction":35},"Indus city",{"id":1327,"data":1328,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"8e2104ee-594c-481f-92ff-7ed8dc4f7b33",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1329,"binaryCorrect":1331,"binaryIncorrect":1333},[1330],"Why did the Indus Valley Civilization build walls around their cities?",[1332],"To protect against flooding",[1334],"To protect against animals",{"id":1336,"data":1337,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"ab745fc8-13eb-489a-b2bf-ab004386433b",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1338,"binaryCorrect":1340,"binaryIncorrect":1342},[1339],"What was the approximate population of the city of Mohenjo-daro?",[1341],"40,000",[1343],"10,000",{"id":1345,"data":1346,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1349},"9deb14e4-2785-424a-8abc-6192cb71efdf",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1347,"audioMediaId":1348},"The first ruins of the Indus Valley Civilization were not discovered until 1829, when British explorer Charles Masson uncovered a large number of monuments and artifacts in modern-day Pakistan.\n\nUnfortunately, before they could be properly studied, many of these ruins were taken apart by local people, who used the bricks as building materials. The entire upper layer of the archaeological site was fully stripped away.\n\nIn 1904, the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act was pushed through to protect these archaeological sites from further destruction and looting. Since then, a number of excavations have revealed more about this civilization’s culture and technology. More recently, satellite imagery has helped researchers to map out the shape of these ancient cities.","6ef9aa63-ee19-462d-a245-694c93f1230b",[1350,1361],{"id":1047,"data":1351,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1352,"multiChoiceQuestion":1353,"multiChoiceCorrect":1355,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1356,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1357,"matchPairsPairs":1358},[1044,1048,1049],[1354],"Which of these discovered the first ruins of the Indus in 1829?",[1055],[1053,1056,1057],[79],[1359],{"left":1055,"right":1360,"direction":35},"Discovered the first ruins of the Indus ",{"id":1362,"data":1363,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"73727b70-49a0-46c5-813c-f84b0a7f1b41",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1364,"activeRecallAnswers":1366},[1365],"When they were first discovered, what happened to many Indus ruins before they could be properly studied?",[1367],"They were taken apart by local people, who used the bricks as building materials",{"id":1369,"data":1370,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1372,"introPage":1379,"pages":1385},"4d3650f5-33e0-4a5a-a3dc-e09d126f638b",{"type":25,"title":1371},"Plumbing and priests",{"id":1373,"data":1374,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"cf565310-407a-4e82-8f9f-a15cd26b386e",{"type":35,"summary":1375},[1376,1377,1378],"The Indus Valley had advanced plumbing with brick-lined drains from houses to rivers","The Indus people might have been ruled by priests, as opposed to kings","The Pashupati Seal shows a figure in a yoga pose, possibly an Indus god",{"id":1380,"data":1381,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"6de239f3-0df4-4500-b3ae-922e9d343d21",{"type":51,"intro":1382},[1383,1384],"What clues suggest that the Indus Valley Civilization might have been governed by priests?","Which famous artifact that provides insight into the religious practices of the Indus Valley Civilization?",[1386,1399,1412,1427,1453],{"id":1387,"data":1388,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1391},"e66a7e76-8c9f-4900-9dd6-c20dbe26b170",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1389,"audioMediaId":1390},"The Indus Valley Civilization was ahead of its time when it came to plumbing and sewage. Their cities featured extensive drainage systems, with drains running from each house into larger channels that emptied into the river or sea. These channels were lined with bricks and covered over to prevent odors from escaping.\n\n![Graph](image://f8a13453-fa51-4d87-bc47-3172e0a53e28 \"Indus Valley drain. Image: Raveesh Vyas, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nMany houses also included bathrooms that connected to these city sewers. This allowed waste to be disposed of quickly and efficiently – something which is still not seen in some modern cities today. Many Indus buildings also had access to drinking water, provided by a network of wells and channels.\n\nThis society probably valued hygiene, which led to these revolutionary advances. Alternatively, water may have been used for religious purposes, which made it important for every household to have access.","dc24703f-2627-4a84-8b4b-9aa9be03a02c",[1392],{"id":1393,"data":1394,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"7874e49a-9d62-40a2-abd4-f603ec72eeef",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1395,"activeRecallAnswers":1397},[1396],"What key innovation allowed waste to be disposed of quickly and efficiently in Indus buildings?",[1398],"Bathrooms connected to sewers",{"id":1400,"data":1401,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1404},"7696a921-2342-441d-936b-51fb653bec6a",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1402,"audioMediaId":1403},"The Indus Valley Civilization is unique in that there is no evidence of kings or a ruling class. Most ancient civilizations feature palaces and temples, but there is nothing of the kind in the cities of the Indus Valley.\n\nSome historians believe that this society was egalitarian, with power and wealth shared equally among the people. Most of the houses had similar facilities, including access to drinking water and public baths.\n\nThere must have been some system of governance. The cities were well organized, which would have demanded centralized planning and resource allocation. Some historians believe that the Indus were governed by priests, who made important decisions for the good of society without trying to gather wealth and power at the expense of others.","5a60dc75-6b27-494e-9ba8-a277bec6abb6",[1405],{"id":1406,"data":1407,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"7c72813d-8d7c-4ed7-9c33-e89c633e9143",{"type":65,"reviewType":444,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1408,"clozeWords":1410},[1409],"Some historians believed that the Indus Valley was ruled by priests rather than kings.",[1411],"priests",{"id":1413,"data":1414,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1417},"5b4839d3-80b7-4355-accc-949ba01e4b08",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1415,"audioMediaId":1416},"The Indus Valley Civilization engaged in international trade. Evidence suggests that they sent sailboats to Mesopotamia in order to trade with the Sumerians and other Middle Eastern cultures. For example, archaeologists have found lapis lazuli beads in their cities, which originally came from Afghanistan.\n\nCultural exchange took place as well. One seal discovered at Mohenjo-daro features a half-human half-buffalo monster, which might have been inspired by a similar creature in the Sumerian *Epic of Gilgamesh*.\n\nThe Indus people probably had contact with other civilizations too, including Ancient Egypt. Interaction between these early cultures grew more and more common as time went on, and each civilization entered periods of prosperity.","f40cee88-f5c8-4d34-bc65-609da95ff350",[1418],{"id":1419,"data":1420,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"ef90f2f2-0a92-445e-b954-5635c547ac3f",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1421,"binaryCorrect":1423,"binaryIncorrect":1425},[1422],"The discovery of lapis lazuli beads in the Indus Valley suggests that the civilization may have been trading with which region?",[1424],"Afghanistan",[1426],"India",{"id":1428,"data":1429,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1432},"aa600a31-3b82-4782-8eec-0035aa8cb6a2",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1430,"audioMediaId":1431},"One of the most mysterious aspects of the Indus culture is their writing system, known as Indus script. The script has been found on thousands of objects, including seals and pottery, but it has never been deciphered.\n\nThis is a recurring theme with the writings of ancient civilizations. The Minoan writing known as Linear A has never been fully deciphered either. This would change with the discovery of a bilingual text, equivalent to the Rosetta Stone, which made it finally possible to decipher Egyptian hieroglyphs in the end of the 18th century. As yet, there is no 'Rosetta Stone' for Linear A or Indus script.\n\nIn the meantime, it remains unclear what kind of information was recorded in Indus script. These texts may have been used for religious purposes, or simply everyday communication between citizens. The only thing that scholars agree on is the fact that this script was read from right to left.","d35a1e5a-d54b-4f3e-9892-eee322ec2d30",[1433,1444],{"id":1434,"data":1435,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"76ac3993-0368-455d-97fc-eac145188c08",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1436,"multiChoiceCorrect":1438,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1440,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1437],"In which direction was Indus script read?",[1439],"Right to left",[1441,1442,1443],"Left to right","Top to bottom","Bottom to top",{"id":1445,"data":1446,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"84cbdf38-ab14-41c9-88f5-c88c4b1c6253",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1447,"binaryCorrect":1449,"binaryIncorrect":1451},[1448],"Has Indus script ever been deciphered?",[1450],"No",[1452],"Yes",{"id":1454,"data":1455,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1458},"17c9a4cb-5433-4a2e-a2ed-68381d9732cc",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1456,"audioMediaId":1457},"The religion of the Indus people is also a mystery, mainly because the written records are yet to be deciphered. Instead, historians rely on archaeological evidence such as the Pashupati Seal and the Great Bath House.\n\nThe Pashupati Seal is one of the most iconic Indus artifacts: a terracotta seal depicting a figure seated in a yoga-like posture surrounded by animals. This figure has been interpreted as an Indus god, and the seal itself may have been used to invoke divine protection. Meanwhile, some historians believe that the Great Bath House at Mohenjo-daro, which featured intricate plumbing and steps leading down into a large pool, was a place for ritual bathing or purification ceremonies.\n\n![Graph](image://24eed26e-7283-408b-ab45-d49f986912f1 \"The Pashupati Seal. Image: Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThese examples offer valuable glimpses into Indus religion, but modern historians remain divided. Some believe that the Indus people were polytheists, while others think they were monotheists. Some suggest they worshiped animals, while others think they sacrificed animals. Unless Indus writing is deciphered, a consensus is unlikely to be found.","4c9b2a0c-1196-426d-b624-eabe8fa368a3",[1459,1470],{"id":273,"data":1460,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1461,"multiChoiceQuestion":1462,"multiChoiceCorrect":1464,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1465,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1466,"matchPairsPairs":1467},[269,272,274],[1463],"Which of these is a surviving Indus artifact?",[281],[278,280,282],[79],[1468],{"left":281,"right":1469,"direction":35},"Indus artifact",{"id":1471,"data":1472,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"d8eef3ec-4740-4c93-b854-19766a0c10d2",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1473,"activeRecallAnswers":1475},[1474],"What does the Pashupati seal depict?",[1476],"A figure seated in a yoga-like posture surrounded by animals",{"id":1478,"data":1479,"type":25,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1481,"introPage":1488,"pages":1494},"ce2df225-0883-4d93-b7c7-d0d9779c2e19",{"type":25,"title":1480},"Decline of the Indus people",{"id":1482,"data":1483,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"31d01c4b-22ac-4145-8570-3ea7a63aa61d",{"type":35,"summary":1484},[1485,1486,1487],"Towards the end of the Indus civilization, disease outbreaks like tuberculosis and leprosy hit their society","Around the same time, climate change caused droughts, disrupting the Indus Valley ","The religious beliefs of the Indus Valley may have inspired later religions, like Hinduism",{"id":1489,"data":1490,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"dc6d3d43-3e16-4d6a-89ed-6fd183a684b6",{"type":51,"intro":1491},[1492,1493],"What internal and external factors led to the decline of the Indus people?","How did the legacy of the Indus people influence future civilizations?",[1495,1521],{"id":1496,"data":1497,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1500},"a7761653-3851-4110-ab63-c03fbb70ee67",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1498,"audioMediaId":1499},"Archaeological evidence suggests that the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization was caused by a combination of factors, including disease, interpersonal violence, and climate change.\n\nAnalysis of skeletal remains from Harappa have revealed an increase in infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and leprosy during the late period of the civilization. There is also evidence of increased interpersonal violence in this period, which could indicate a breakdown in social order.\n\nThe collapse of the Indus has also been linked to climate change, specifically drought conditions due to shifts in monsoon patterns. These droughts were also believed to have affected Ancient Egypt, whose culture declined in parallel to the Indus Valley.\n","3d6caccc-122b-415c-929e-e027b9493fdf",[1501,1512],{"id":660,"data":1502,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1503,"multiChoiceQuestion":1504,"multiChoiceCorrect":1506,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1507,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1508,"matchPairsPairs":1509},[656,659,661],[1505],"Which of these was a potential cause of Indus decline?",[668],[665,667,669],[79],[1510],{"left":668,"right":1511,"direction":35},"Potential cause of Indus decline",{"id":1513,"data":1514,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"fe6bbc4c-44ef-40ef-a5ed-46fa3fcb05b6",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1515,"binaryCorrect":1517,"binaryIncorrect":1519},[1516],"Along with outbreaks of disease, what might also have contributed to the decline of the Indus civilization? ",[1518],"Shifts in monsoon patterns leading to drought conditions",[1520],"Rising sea levels flooding their cities",{"id":1522,"data":1523,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1526},"51cf6650-fe32-4280-82b8-8fc6a42a49f3",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1524,"audioMediaId":1525},"The Indus Valley Civilization is remembered as a place of revolutionary hygiene, thriving trade, and a fair society without a wealthy, ruling class. Many people in the modern age have strived to build a similar society of their own.\n\n![Graph](image://96a9becf-96a1-45ae-9b96-b96c534144fa \"A map of the Indus Valley civilization. Image: Avantiputra7, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe religious beliefs of the Indus Valley may also have inspired later religions, with Hindu gods such as Shiva resembling the figure on the Pashupati Seal. This theory is unconfirmed, but it is popular among historians.\n\nThe Indus Valley Civilization could also be used as a warning about the threat of climate change. Significant shifts in weather patterns can disrupt even the most well-organized societies, leading to societal breakdown, interpersonal violence, and the collapse of entire cultures.\n","3f739482-6a03-4d34-a3bc-a4a172e10096",[1527],{"id":1528,"data":1529,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"d3257fac-0d3c-45fb-bd96-0abb53e90ece",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1530,"binaryCorrect":1532,"binaryIncorrect":1534},[1531],"Which Hindu god may have been inspired by the figure on the Pashupati Seal?",[1533],"Shiva",[1535],"Vishnu",{"id":1537,"data":1538,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"orbs":1541},"35d7dfca-ff93-4af0-9974-2dd72b07b1fb",{"type":27,"title":1539,"tagline":1540},"Phoenicia ","The lords of commerce (2500 BCE - 64 BCE)",[1542,1611,1719],{"id":1543,"data":1544,"type":25,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1546,"introPage":1553,"pages":1559},"eec0b319-5ede-42bb-b1b8-2eda084535c4",{"type":25,"title":1545},"Who were the Phoenicians?",{"id":1547,"data":1548,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"c09af253-9875-4526-be29-065de53d74c3",{"type":35,"summary":1549},[1550,1551,1552],"The Phoenicians were seafaring traders from the Levant coast","They created an alphabet that influenced the Greeks and Romans","Most modern knowledge about the Phoenicians comes from other cultures' writings",{"id":1554,"data":1555,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"3a519261-442e-4e6e-abdc-66a5dcde85e6",{"type":51,"intro":1556},[1557,1558],"What sparked the Phoenicians' rise to maritime power?","How have historians pieced together the Phoenician civilization, despite lacking many primary sources?",[1560,1577,1591],{"id":1561,"data":1562,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1565},"d1938a4c-69f2-409c-8c34-5823510e9361",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1563,"audioMediaId":1564},"The Phoenicians were an adventurous, seafaring people who lived along the Levant coast, from modern-day Lebanon to Israel. They were renowned for their trading and colonizing activities, which saw them establish settlements in North Africa and Spain. They may even have visited the far-flung British Isles.\n\n![Graph](image://638c6518-5145-45b6-a5cc-b8264f8b1c08 \"Statue depicting Phoenicians. Image: John Gardner Wilkinson, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nTheir ships were powered by both oars and sails, allowing them to travel great distances in search of new markets. When they arrived, the Phoenicians traded goods such as timber, wine, olive oil, and textiles. They also developed an alphabet that was adopted by many other civilizations including the Greeks and Romans.\n\nInternational trade had taken place before the rise of the Phoenicians, but these were the people who revolutionized commerce, and set the foundation for the modern economies which exist in the world today.","890a9a16-25e1-44f1-a937-3d2df6858869",[1566],{"id":68,"data":1567,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1568,"multiChoiceQuestion":1569,"multiChoiceCorrect":1571,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1572,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1573,"matchPairsPairs":1574},[63,67,69],[1570],"Where was the home of the Phoenician civilization?",[76],[73,75,77],[79],[1575],{"left":76,"right":1576,"direction":35},"Home of Phoenician civilization",{"id":1578,"data":1579,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1582},"47a113c5-88d4-4617-9740-6959875242ac",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1580,"audioMediaId":1581},"The origins of the Phoenician civilization have been traced back to around 2500 BCE, when they were part of the Egyptian Empire. During this period, their cities paid tribute to Egyptian pharaohs in exchange for protection.\n\nHowever, when Egypt's power began to wane, it allowed the Phoenicians to gain autonomy over their own affairs. This period marked a turning point for Phoenicia; with no central authority controlling them, each city was free to develop its own culture and political system.\n\n![Graph](image://728c15fc-5e3c-446c-9c50-007ad18b239e \"The Levant coast. Image: Kordas, based on Alvaro's work, CC BY 3.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThey formed alliances with one another but remained largely independent from outside powers. This autonomy enabled them to become powerful maritime traders who could travel far beyond their home waters without fear of interference.","4b0ba173-4516-431b-a0f9-f11f0e29849e",[1583],{"id":1584,"data":1585,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"9eecb9a8-5b94-4132-9171-25b807c301aa",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1586,"binaryCorrect":1588,"binaryIncorrect":1589},[1587],"Which ancient civilization did the Phoenicians initially pay tribute to?",[397],[1590],"Ancient Rome",{"id":1592,"data":1593,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"reviews":1596},"42b03c4d-df2c-45e7-98b3-ccf640c543fd",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1594,"audioMediaId":1595},"Modern studies of the Phoenician civilization have been hampered by a lack of surviving sources from their own culture. Most of what we know about them comes from the writings and accounts of other cultures who encountered them.\n\n![Graph](image://6032e0cc-1ce2-4fc3-be18-abdf55800441 \"A Phoenician trading ship. Image: Bukvoed, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nOne Roman author, writing centuries later, described the Phoenicians as 'a clever branch of the human race' who 'figured out how to win access to the sea by ship.' Sources like these are useful to historians, but an external perspective is never as useful as a primary source from the culture itself.\n\nHistorians also use archaeological evidence such as pottery shards (also known as sherds), as well as ancient coins found in Mediterranean sites associated with the Phoenicians. However, these artifacts only provide limited insight and are often fragmentary in nature.","a93c72d3-3767-408d-b0a0-458de85e3290",[1597,1604],{"id":1598,"data":1599,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"156eb607-1948-4b2d-a748-738a77fc48df",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1600,"activeRecallAnswers":1602},[1601],"What did the Phoenicians revolutionize, which set the foundation for modern economies?",[1603],"International trade",{"id":1605,"data":1606,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"baf61bed-8967-498e-8972-227e43d11691",{"type":65,"reviewType":444,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1607,"clozeWords":1609},[1608],"One Roman author, writing centuries later, described the Phoenicians as 'a clever branch of the human race'.",[1610],"clever",{"id":1612,"data":1613,"type":25,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1615,"introPage":1622,"pages":1628},"dd3091b5-e162-44b3-8756-399355b08a90",{"type":25,"title":1614},"Commerce and colonies",{"id":1616,"data":1617,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"4e6d2a72-f9ec-4058-ae13-5e07ba88ad03",{"type":35,"summary":1618},[1619,1620,1621],"King Hiram I of Tyre opened new trade routes to Egypt, Arabia, and Mesopotamia","Carthage, founded around 814 BCE, became a major trade hub between Europe and Africa","Phoenicians traded cedar wood, glasswork, and textiles dyed with Tyrian purple",{"id":1623,"data":1624,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"fb0c4cd7-17da-4245-9eeb-ba35908c8dbc",{"type":51,"intro":1625},[1626,1627],"What key innovations allowed the Phoenicians to dominate Mediterranean trade?","Why was the establishment of Carthage so important to Phoenician society and culture?",[1629,1644,1661,1678,1695],{"id":1630,"data":1631,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1634},"8f62b370-b16a-4b8f-bb73-18e1ee683c37",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1632,"audioMediaId":1633},"Despite the scarcity of Phoenician sources, historians have managed to piece some information together.\n\nThe Phoenician cities were independent city-states, each with its own ruler and laws. They did not think of themselves as a single nation or people, but rather as separate entities that shared common cultural traits such as language and religion.\n\nThese cities would sometimes compete against each other for resources and trade routes, but they rarely resorted to warfare. None of these cities had a large enough population to raise a substantial army.\n\nThere is no evidence of these people referring to themselves collectively as ‘Phoenicians’. This term was only used by other cultures. Instead, they identified with the name of their city-state, such as Tyre, Sidon and Byblos.","17dd5a7c-93de-46eb-8a8b-0d6e4c441450",[1635],{"id":1636,"data":1637,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"e386d576-41ca-40f6-9340-28a6613f224e",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1638,"binaryCorrect":1640,"binaryIncorrect":1642},[1639],"How did the Phoenician people label themselves?",[1641],"By the name of their city-state",[1643],"By the name 'Phoenicians'",{"id":1645,"data":1646,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"reviews":1649},"9cc89b86-73f1-4f4d-8227-b0bad59ec083",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1647,"audioMediaId":1648},"Hiram I was a Phoenician king who ruled the city of Tyre in the 900s BCE. He is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, which describes how he formed an important alliance with David, the king of Israel. This is an example of historians relying on a secondary source, not a primary one.\n\nHiram is believed to have opened a number of new trade routes during his time in power, establishing links to Egypt, Arabia and Mesopotamia. He may also have traded with India. This was the beginning of the Phoenician golden age, when they became the most powerful traders in the world.\n\nTheir prolific trading may have revitalized some of the civilizations they encountered. They rose to prominence immediately after a period of time known as the Late Bronze Age collapse, when many cultures, such as Ancient Egypt, had suffered a major downturn.","a1b3b4bd-00d6-440c-bf4e-fa4119cce175",[1650],{"id":591,"data":1651,"type":65,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1652,"multiChoiceQuestion":1653,"multiChoiceCorrect":1655,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1656,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1657,"matchPairsPairs":1658},[587,590,592],[1654],"Which of these was a ruler of Tyre, who is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible?",[599],[596,598,600],[79],[1659],{"left":599,"right":1660,"direction":35},"Phoenician ruler of Tyre",{"id":1662,"data":1663,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"reviews":1666},"3daf120a-cc43-4f97-9e71-752c9fcce4ac",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1664,"audioMediaId":1665},"The Phoenicians often traded raw materials, like cedar wood. This was common in the region, and attractive to places like Egypt and Mesopotamia, which had fewer trees of their own.\n\nThey also traded crafted goods, after pioneering the mass production of glasswork, metalwork and woodwork. They developed a range of techniques to produce these goods in large quantities, which they sold in bulk. Their glassmaking techniques were particularly advanced, and they shipped thousands of pieces throughout the Mediterranean.\n\nPhoenician items were highly sought after by other cultures due to their quality construction and attractive design. Phoenician textiles were also highly prized, and often dyed with a distinctive color called Tyrian purple, which came from the mucus of a snail.","41fb5bf4-b719-4065-9409-ba7c5a51d3b6",[1667],{"id":1668,"data":1669,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"5aab06ad-3bff-420e-b729-2aa7244b7df4",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1670,"multiChoiceCorrect":1672,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1674,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1671],"What color dye was used to make Phoenician textiles particularly attractive?",[1673],"Tyrian purple",[1675,1676,1677],"Calico red","Renisan blue","Emerald green",{"id":1679,"data":1680,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1683},"664aac6e-4651-4c86-a0b1-fa5332543ad9",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1681,"audioMediaId":1682},"An important moment in Phoenician history was the foundation of the colony of Carthage in North Africa. The date of this event is disputed, but it probably happened around 814 BCE, and allowed their influence over Mediterranean trade to reach an even higher level.\n\n![Graph](image://b2898c8a-3b42-4c8a-b072-2c58c5adb35e \"Phoenician trade routes, including Carthage. Image: User:Rodrigo (es), User:Reedside (en), CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nCarthage quickly became an important hub for commerce between Europe and Africa, with goods such as wine, olive oil, and textiles being exchanged. The Phoenicians also used this port to launch expeditions further into the Mediterranean, establishing settlements in Sicily, Sardinia, and Malta.\n\nCarthage was in a strategic location at the crossroads of two continents. This gave the Phoenicians access to resources from both sides. Its fortified harbor provided a safe haven for ships and allowed merchants to travel with less fear of losing their cargo to storms or pirates. The city flourished under Phoenician rule until it was eventually conquered by Rome in 146 BCE.","39c8c3b5-0d34-4b09-9b86-5b88aeb46821",[1684],{"id":1113,"data":1685,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1686,"multiChoiceQuestion":1687,"multiChoiceCorrect":1689,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1690,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1691,"matchPairsPairs":1692},[1109,1112,1114],[1688],"Which of these was a Phoenician city, established on the coast of North Africa?",[1120],[98,1119,1121],[79],[1693],{"left":1120,"right":1694,"direction":35},"Phoenician city",{"id":1696,"data":1697,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"reviews":1700},"b75439f6-0d92-4c40-a0c8-1787e6fd7953",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1698,"audioMediaId":1699},"The Phoenicians were polytheistic, and worshiped a variety of gods and goddesses. Each city focused on a different deity. At Sidon, the highest god was Baal, god of storms. In other cities, the highest god was often Astarte, goddess of fertility.\n\nIn terms of worship, the Phoenicians gave offerings of food and wine. Some secondary sources also suggest that the Phoenicians engaged in temple prostitution, with women offering up their bodies in honor of Astarte.\n\nThere is also archaeological evidence that some Phoenician worshipers engaged in human sacrifice, burning children alive. There is no evidence of this in Phoenician cities – only in some of their colonies.","c91b6bc1-5a53-4f83-8ba8-fa95ecd050d2",[1701,1712],{"id":1702,"data":1703,"type":65,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"cfd5e9af-375f-4cf6-971f-b3c31585e195",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1704,"multiChoiceCorrect":1706,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1710,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":21,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1705],"The Phoenicians pioneered the mass production of what?",[1707,1708,1709],"Glasswork","Metalwork","Woodwork",[1711],"Needlework",{"id":1713,"data":1714,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"3acc2d9f-1f69-48a1-9cca-959c54c7564f",{"type":65,"reviewType":444,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1715,"clozeWords":1717},[1716],"There is evidence that some Phoenician colonies engaged in human sacrifice.",[1718],"sacrifice",{"id":1720,"data":1721,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1723,"introPage":1730,"pages":1736},"b0c0dc65-9732-42e0-99fa-ed7ef507049f",{"type":25,"title":1722},"Decline of the Phoenicians",{"id":1724,"data":1725,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"4dff9aec-103a-4490-856d-3a48d737b296",{"type":35,"summary":1726},[1727,1728,1729],"The Phoenicians were powerful traders, but had weak military strength","The Assyrians took control of Phoenician city-states in the 800s BCE","Phoenician city-states were ultimately reduced to tributary states under Assyrian rule",{"id":1731,"data":1732,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"41f5e79d-3cff-4fe7-ae7c-d9e3d3bbdcd8",{"type":51,"intro":1733},[1734,1735],"What internal and external factors led to the decline of the Phoenicians?","How did the legacy of the Phoenicians influence future civilizations?",[1737,1759],{"id":1738,"data":1739,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1742},"7cba6fc2-c34f-4b2b-a391-f348c03def5e",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1740,"audioMediaId":1741},"The decline of the Phoenicians was largely the result of foreign interference. These city-states were powerful traders, but weak in terms of military strength. They were too small to maintain defensive armies, which left them vulnerable to outside attacks.\n\nIn the 800s BCE, the neighboring Assyrian civilization took control of the Phoenician city-states. Some of them tried to rebel, but this resistance was quickly crushed. They regressed into an existence as tributary states, just as they had been under Ancient Egypt hundreds of years earlier.\n\nThis demonstrates how, in the ancient world, military strength was ultimately more important than commerce. The Phoenicians were the most powerful merchants in the world, but that was not enough to save them from collapse.\n\n![Graph](image://dcb01229-3902-4971-bd15-1f55c536d23f \"Phoenician ruins. Image: Touzrimounir, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")","3513bd5a-41e5-407e-9167-9300421f1bf5",[1743,1750],{"id":1744,"data":1745,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"f90e1484-da43-45bb-a7f7-fd2a9de1040c",{"type":65,"reviewType":444,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1746,"clozeWords":1748},[1747],"The Phoenician city-states were powerful traders, but weak in terms of military strength. ",[1749],"military",{"id":1751,"data":1752,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"079e760c-bdbc-4901-a667-7df22854c1cf",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1753,"binaryCorrect":1755,"binaryIncorrect":1757},[1754],"Which civilization took control of the Phoenician city-states in the 800s BCE?",[1756],"Assyrian",[1758],"Egyptian",{"id":1760,"data":1761,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1764},"0561c04a-1f30-49a1-90ba-5cb3e5cfa852",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1762,"audioMediaId":1763},"The Phoenicians set a precedent for international trade and commercialization which eventually came to dominate the Western world. This approach was revolutionary for its time, but now it is commonplace.\n\nTheir approach to maritime trading was adopted by later civilizations, such as the Greeks and Romans, who used it to expand their own empires. These civilizations also adopted mass production techniques like the ones pioneered by the Phoenicians.\n\nThe Phoenician alphabet also had a lasting impact on Western civilization. It was the basis of the Latin alphabet which is used by many languages today. It was not the world’s first writing system, but it was one of the most influential.\n\nIf you look at the diagram below, you can spot the similarities between some Phoenician letters and the modern Latin alphabet.\n\n![Graph](image://3c9a5248-35f0-4f7b-8d67-cc4396be5083 \"The Phoenician alphabet. Image: Public domain\")","749ff816-c22a-4d47-87a4-ab22dc8f48ed",[1765],{"id":1766,"data":1767,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"eae829b0-6bee-466d-8296-9769a82b5291",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1768,"multiChoiceCorrect":1770,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1772,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1769],"What was an important inspiration behind the Latin alphabet, which is used by many languages today?",[1771],"The Phoenician alphabet",[1773,1774,1775],"The Greek alphabet","Egyptian hieroglyphs","Chinese characters",{"id":1777,"data":1778,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":444,"orbs":1781},"20987b91-9226-4ffd-a66a-0de7bdf36eca",{"type":27,"title":1779,"tagline":1780},"Shang Dynasty ","China's first dynasty (1600 BCE - 1045 BCE)",[1782,1880,1994],{"id":1783,"data":1784,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1786,"introPage":1793,"pages":1799},"2365100b-d14c-476e-94a5-cd591858fc49",{"type":25,"title":1785},"Who were the Shang?",{"id":1787,"data":1788,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"8e910ff2-96ac-4f8f-9ae8-4450c09109d6",{"type":35,"summary":1789},[1790,1791,1792],"The Shang Dynasty ruled China from 1600 BCE to 1045 BCE","For a long time, historians thought the Shang Dynasty were mythical figures","However, archaeological finds in the 19th century proved that the Shang were real",{"id":1794,"data":1795,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"97218b9e-0608-4979-89b9-6240e86bbb28",{"type":51,"intro":1796},[1797,1798],"What key advancements were made by the Shang in writing, metallurgy, and mathematics?","How did the discovery of 'dragon bones' confirm the existence of the Shang?",[1800,1827,1844],{"id":1801,"data":1802,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1805},"66dcfc43-2e16-4901-b505-2f14625e9220",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1803,"audioMediaId":1804},"The Shang Dynasty is the oldest historically-verified Chinese dynasty, ruling from 1600 BCE to 1045 BCE. The Shang were devoted worshipers and fierce warriors, who left an indelible mark on Chinese culture which can still be seen today.\n\nTheir religion centered around ancestor worship, with elaborate rituals performed by the king, who was believed to have the power to communicate with deceased spirits. These communications could inform real-world decisions, like whether or not to go to war.\n\n![Graph](image://7ccb31b6-4e2e-42ea-ae2d-3f8dca94487a \"Artist’s impression of the Shang Dynasty. Image: Utagawa Toyoharu, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe Shang also performed divination rituals, which involved scratching symbols onto bones. These symbols belonged to a writing system whose characters are still used in modern Chinese script. They also made advances in metallurgy, astronomy and mathematics which have shaped China’s history ever since.","135873f2-6836-409e-af99-f3927c7c0f0c",[1806,1815],{"id":1807,"data":1808,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"21ffa101-6e4b-4b70-8341-f53065d58a5d",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1809,"binaryCorrect":1811,"binaryIncorrect":1813},[1810],"What is the oldest historically-verified Chinese dynasty?",[1812],"Shang Dynasty",[1814],"Xia Dynasty",{"id":1816,"data":1817,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"9ec0b23a-925e-48e9-af5c-9a6498c0b841",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1818,"multiChoiceCorrect":1820,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1823,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":21,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1819],"What type of worship did the Shang Dynasty practice?",[1821,1822],"Ancestor worship","Divination",[1824,1825,1826],"Animal sacrifice","Monotheism","Transubstantiation",{"id":1828,"data":1829,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1832},"ebcb7dcb-7e96-4954-ba21-ea09324e797f",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1830,"audioMediaId":1831},"The *Book of Documents* is a classical Chinese text which was compiled by the dynasty which followed the Shang. The book contains detailed descriptions of the Shang, but for many centuries, there was no accompanying archaeological evidence. Historians wondered if the Shang were real people, or if they were actually mythical.\n\n![Graph](image://91884d7b-d634-4c59-abee-bacbcae1928f \"The Book of Documents. Image: White whirlwind, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThen, at the end of the 19th century, Chinese pharmacists started selling ‘dragon bones’ with mysterious symbols etched on them. When historians heard about this, they traced the bones back to an archaeological site near the Yellow River.\n\nAt the site, they found remnants of a walled city that matched descriptions in the *Book of Documents*. Further studies confirmed that the Shang were real after all.","8b39affe-45b5-4ce7-a158-970f376acdc5",[1833],{"id":1048,"data":1834,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1835,"multiChoiceQuestion":1836,"multiChoiceCorrect":1838,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1839,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1840,"matchPairsPairs":1841},[1044,1047,1049],[1837],"Who discovered the first evidence of the Shang, in the form of inscribed 'dragon bones'?",[1056],[1053,1055,1057],[79],[1842],{"left":1056,"right":1843,"direction":35},"Discovered the first evidence of the Shang",{"id":1845,"data":1846,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1849},"fef84a34-e611-4dae-82e4-7a804356b106",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1847,"audioMediaId":1848},"The *Book of Documents* mentions another dynasty which existed even earlier than the Shang. The Xia Dynasty, as the text calls them, supposedly ruled between 2070 BCE and 1600 BCE, which would make China one of the oldest continuous civilizations on earth.\n\nUnlike the Shang Dynasty, historians are yet to find any archaeological evidence for the Xia. This lack of evidence has led many to suggest that these ancient people were legendary figures who never really existed. Of course, the same was once said of the Shang Dynasty. It would only take one archaeological site to prove that the Xia existed.","8034b8e4-30ae-409d-9914-d2635ebc08eb",[1850,1861,1869],{"id":122,"data":1851,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1852,"multiChoiceQuestion":1853,"multiChoiceCorrect":1855,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1856,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":24,"orderQuestion":1857,"orderItems":1858},[118,121,123],[1854],"When do historians believe that the Shang dynasty first took form?",[130],[127,129,131],[133],[1859],{"label":1860,"reveal":130,"sortOrder":25},"Shang",{"id":1862,"data":1863,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"c96f9207-860f-409c-9b5b-1eded7978b64",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1864,"binaryCorrect":1866,"binaryIncorrect":1867},[1865],"Which dynasty may have predated the Shang Dynasty, but is not historically verified?",[1814],[1868],"Tang Dynasty",{"id":1870,"data":1871,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"27f971e6-1dfc-43a8-8978-56aa8af2a68f",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1872,"multiChoiceCorrect":1874,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1876,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1873],"Which classical text includes detailed descriptions of both the Shang and the Xia?",[1875],"Book of Documents",[1877,1878,1879],"Book of Dynasties","Book of Kings","Book of Shadows",{"id":1881,"data":1882,"type":25,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1884,"introPage":1891,"pages":1897},"e5e5066a-6c65-4115-9c89-7c31dd567f98",{"type":25,"title":1883},"Bones and battles",{"id":1885,"data":1886,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"c1951747-397a-4848-a95e-309bb0048057",{"type":35,"summary":1887},[1888,1889,1890],"The Shang Dynasty claimed descent from a woman who swallowed a blackbird's egg","The Shang used oracle bones to predict the future and ask for guidance from ancestors","Shang kings also functioned as high priests, and led religious ceremonies that sometimes involved human sacrifice",{"id":1892,"data":1893,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"e69e2523-aac5-4e6b-8020-a16ac7a5eeaf",{"type":51,"intro":1894},[1895,1896],"What was the purpose of the oracle bones in Shang society?","How did the Shang kings balance their roles as religious leaders and military strategists?",[1898,1922,1950,1967],{"id":1899,"data":1900,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1903},"b19d865f-09d9-4b17-8641-ef2fc9d259cf",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1901,"audioMediaId":1902},"The Shang Dynasty attributed their existence to an origin myth. This myth told the story of a woman named Jiandi, who swallowed the egg of a blackbird.\n\nMiraculously, she gave birth to a man named Xie, from whom all other Shang were descended. Eventually, one of Xie’s descendants overthrew the ruling Xia monarch, and started the Shang Dynasty.\n\n![Graph](image://9919415e-0213-440b-8fae-5945f402b038 \"The origin of the Shang?\")\n\nMore realistically, the Shang were probably descended from Neolithic cultures who settled in the fertile Yellow River Valley many centuries earlier. Following the familiar pattern of other civilizations, they developed agriculture, then walled cities, then writing and culture.","663f35c5-7b31-4dee-b162-5a7814f9d8cc",[1904,1915],{"id":69,"data":1905,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1906,"multiChoiceQuestion":1907,"multiChoiceCorrect":1909,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1910,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1911,"matchPairsPairs":1912},[63,67,68],[1908],"According to modern historians, the Shang emerged from a neolithic culture in which region?",[77],[73,75,76],[79],[1913],{"left":77,"right":1914,"direction":35},"Home of Shang civilization",{"id":1916,"data":1917,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"97f616cb-709f-4192-8275-7e79fa6345cc",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1918,"activeRecallAnswers":1920},[1919],"According to their own origin myth, who was the originator of the Shang Dynasty, and how was he conceived?",[1921],"Xie – he was conceived when his mother swallowed a blackbird's egg",{"id":1923,"data":1924,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1927},"00bb46ac-63ca-478b-9c31-a774ee0b20ad",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1925,"audioMediaId":1926},"The Shang's writings have mainly been found on oracle bones. These bones were used to divine the future: a priest would carve a question into the bone, then apply some heat, and interpret the pattern of the cracks which formed as a message from beyond the grave.\n\nThis writing system is called 'oracle bone script', and it was highly advanced for its time. It featured complex symbols and intricate patterns that could convey multiple meanings. About 150,000 oracle bones have been discovered so far – a staggering number of written sources compared to some other ancient civilizations.\n\n![Graph](image://aba6930b-1d41-4be5-af7f-b2f1c8dbd6d4 \"Chinese oracle bone. Image: Shanghai Museum, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nIn later years, this written language was used for additional purposes, like keeping records of daily lives and writing pieces of literature. Eventually, the script evolved into modern Chinese characters.","d99fa797-f0f8-4bf0-a5c2-e26eb822615a",[1928,1939],{"id":372,"data":1929,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":1930,"multiChoiceQuestion":1931,"multiChoiceCorrect":1933,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1934,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1935,"matchPairsPairs":1936},[367,370,371],[1932],"What is oracle bone script?",[380],[376,378,379],[79],[1937],{"left":1938,"right":380,"direction":35},"Oracle bone",{"id":1940,"data":1941,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"e605b8e7-9aa2-4c39-9b62-f73027fa2db2",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1942,"multiChoiceCorrect":1944,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1946,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1943],"How did the Shang communicate with the gods and divine the future?",[1945],"Oracle bones",[1947,1948,1949],"Runic rituals","Tarot dice","Oracle stones",{"id":1951,"data":1952,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1955},"a3fac41a-7943-4698-bc80-d91c0e41daa4",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1953,"audioMediaId":1954},"The Shang Dynasty was deeply religious. The most important deity in their belief system was Di, the High God, while they also believed in the power of ancestor spirits, and performed rituals to earn their approval.\n\nThese rituals included human sacrifice – usually slaves or prisoners of war. Hunting parties would sometimes head out in search of victims, often targeting primitive tribes beyond the territory of the Shang.\n\nThe king would often oversee these sacrifices. He functioned like a head priest, and was supposedly able to communicate directly with Shangdi, a supreme ancestor who everyone else was descended from.","a6c77259-e7d3-480e-b945-c2f63c054200",[1956],{"id":1957,"data":1958,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"68feb941-f922-4ee8-9102-987aeedab95b",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1959,"multiChoiceCorrect":1961,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1963,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1960],"What was the most important deity in the belief system of the Shang Dynasty?",[1962],"Di the High God",[1964,1965,1966],"Si the Life God","Ji the Sun God","Li the King God",{"id":1968,"data":1969,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"reviews":1972},"a129a771-4aa7-4dc8-96e7-c7897362aef7",{"type":24,"markdownContent":1970,"audioMediaId":1971},"The Shang also saw plenty of warfare against rival states and nomadic tribes. The questions etched into oracle bones often related to warfare, and asked for advice from ancestor spirits in relation to ongoing conflicts.\n\nAs well as high priests, the kings of the Shang were also renowned strategists, and led their troops into battle. The soldiers wielded bronze weapons such as spears, poleaxes and bows. They were not professional soldiers; they were usually peasants and farmers who took up arms when the king demanded it of them.\n\nThe Shang also used chariots, but they did not invent these vehicles. Instead, they probably adopted them after interacting with Indo-European cultures.","22f96eec-d997-4098-94d0-6a4e75211ed3",[1973,1985],{"id":1974,"data":1975,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"718040a0-ceaf-4995-bb4d-32eef701e101",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1976,"multiChoiceCorrect":1978,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1982,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":21,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1977],"Which of these statements are true of the Shang?",[1979,1980,1981],"Their soldiers used bronze weapons","Their soldiers were generally untrained peasants","Their soldiers used wheeled chariots",[1983,1984],"Their soldiers used iron weapons","Their soldiers were generally professionally trained",{"id":1986,"data":1987,"type":65,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"08459268-b4e0-4f9c-9ea8-75044f1361d7",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1988,"binaryCorrect":1990,"binaryIncorrect":1992},[1989],"Shang kings also functioned as high priests, and oversaw human sacrifices.' Is this statement true or false?",[1991],"True",[1993],"False",{"id":1995,"data":1996,"type":25,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":1998,"introPage":2005,"pages":2011},"dbaaf2bb-4b43-401f-a492-cd9bef790324",{"type":25,"title":1997},"Decline of the Shang",{"id":1999,"data":2000,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"1c06d517-e951-4022-bc5b-48e163520283",{"type":35,"summary":2001},[2002,2003,2004],"Di Xin was the last Shang king, known for his cruelty and depravity","Wu of Zhou overthrew Di Xin, officially bringing the Shang Dynasty to an end","The Shang writing system ultimately evolved into modern Chinese characters",{"id":2006,"data":2007,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"9fe39ef9-35d3-4b2d-a4c6-e8656db928fc",{"type":51,"intro":2008},[2009,2010],"What internal and external factors led to the decline of the Shang Dynasty?","How did the legacy of the Shang Dynasty influence future civilizations?",[2012,2036,2064],{"id":2013,"data":2014,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"reviews":2017},"14b87c8c-13da-4568-910e-e8e959e2e62c",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2015,"audioMediaId":2016},"Di Xin was the final Shang king. He was renowned for his cruelty and depravity, and was said to have enjoyed torturing his subjects as a form of entertainment.\n\nA rival leader – Wu of Zhou – wanted to depose Di Xin. He gathered an army and marched on the Shang capital. Di Xin’s army refused to defend their cruel leader; some of them joined the rebel forces, while others simply stood there and let the rebels walk past.\n\nFaced with defeat, Di Xin set fire to his palace, choosing to end his own life instead of handing himself over to the rebels. His death brought an end to one of China's most powerful dynasties, and ushered in a new era under Zhou rule.","244a72d1-1767-48c4-850e-a1ede5fb71cd",[2018,2029],{"id":592,"data":2019,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":2020,"multiChoiceQuestion":2021,"multiChoiceCorrect":2023,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2024,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2025,"matchPairsPairs":2026},[587,590,591],[2022],"What was the name of the final Shang king, who was known for his cruelty and depravity?",[600],[596,598,599],[79],[2027],{"left":600,"right":2028,"direction":35},"Depraved Shang king",{"id":2030,"data":2031,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"1f410c5f-c33e-4024-af3e-59b42ca2430f",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":2032,"activeRecallAnswers":2034},[2033],"Which rebel leader dethroned Di Xin, and brought an end to the Shang Dynasty?",[2035],"Wu of Zhou",{"id":2037,"data":2038,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2041},"cd273d55-000c-4316-b9e3-12e59845044a",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2039,"audioMediaId":2040},"The death of Di Xin marked an official end to the Shang Dynasty, but in many ways, the Zhou dynasty continued where their predecessors left off.\n\nThe Zhou ruled for almost 800 years, emulating many of the Shang’s practices for the duration of this period. They adopted the same writing system and continued to worship ancestors. They also wrote the *Book of Documents*, which celebrated many of the Shang’s achievements.\n\n![Graph](image://fd42e8d7-fc09-4043-bdb5-b5e924cbc7a9 \"Di Xin. Image: Photo Dharma from Penang, Malaysia, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nHowever, the Zhou differentiated themselves by introducing a number of reforms. For example, they divided the kingdom into fiefs, each one governed by a local lord. This decentralized power away from the king, making sure that no one as cruel as Di Xin would have such absolute power again.","314cb4bc-0ce4-4ede-9fa1-27ce07d954b0",[2042,2053],{"id":346,"data":2043,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":2044,"multiChoiceQuestion":2045,"multiChoiceCorrect":2047,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2048,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2049,"matchPairsPairs":2050},[342,345,347],[2046],"Who adopted aspects of Shang society?",[354],[351,353,355],[79],[2051],{"left":354,"right":2052,"direction":35},"Adopted aspects of Shang society",{"id":2054,"data":2055,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"314e58a2-d8a8-41b4-b11d-63889f5885eb",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2056,"multiChoiceCorrect":2058,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2060,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2057],"What book did the Zhou write, which celebrated many of the Shang’s achievements?",[2059],"The Book of Documents",[2061,2062,2063],"The Book of Poems","The Book of Songs","The Book of Proverbs",{"id":2065,"data":2066,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2069},"a4125858-d3ed-483f-a947-8e23ae35f8e0",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2067,"audioMediaId":2068},"The legacy of the Shang lives on in modern China. Most importantly, their writing system evolved into the modern characters used today, which is a source of pride for many Chinese people.\n\nThe dynastic approach also carried on for centuries; whenever a ruler died, their successor would be chosen from within the royal family. This practice helped to ensure stability during times of transition, and continued as late as 1912, when the country became a republic.\n\nIt is hard to trace such a clear line between other ancient cultures and the modern day. In some ways, the Shang never really collapsed. It was just the first link in a chain of dynasties which ruled China for thousands of years.","16679542-08e7-4f30-bc5f-351259232b1a",[2070],{"id":2071,"data":2072,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"08a96413-8af8-4226-86c0-5d794b709454",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2073,"binaryCorrect":2075,"binaryIncorrect":2077},[2074],"When did China become a republic, ending the practice of choosing a successor from within the royal family?",[2076],"1912",[2078],"1812",{"id":2080,"data":2081,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"orbs":2084},"c1f3613a-ca42-4cb5-9b1f-ed86b4d7109a",{"type":27,"title":2082,"tagline":2083},"Olmec ","The ball playing priests (1400 BCE - 400 BCE)",[2085,2197,2288],{"id":2086,"data":2087,"type":25,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":2089,"introPage":2096,"pages":2102},"58420b78-621b-4a74-a88a-9f10325b9032",{"type":25,"title":2088},"Who were the Olmecs?",{"id":2090,"data":2091,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"df1b3021-3886-44dc-9e55-782113ee0544",{"type":35,"summary":2092},[2093,2094,2095],"The Olmecs were a Mesoamerican civilization that thrived between 1400 BCE and 400 BCE","They created colossal stone heads and built large pyramids for spiritual and political purposes","The Olmecs invented a ritualized ballgame called pok-ta-pok, and were the first people to discover chocolate",{"id":2097,"data":2098,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"cd6cacf9-980c-41ac-9560-ffc69fa26852",{"type":51,"intro":2099},[2100,2101],"What unique game did the Olmecs invent, which influenced future civilizations?","What led to the relocation of the Olmec civilization from San Lorenzo to La Venta?",[2103,2129,2152,2169],{"id":2104,"data":2105,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2108},"abbbbc62-8511-4cc7-aaec-84a840a6b0bd",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2106,"audioMediaId":2107},"The Olmecs were a Mesoamerican civilization that flourished between 1400 BCE and 400 BCE. They built monumental sculptures, complex cities, and developed an advanced writing system to record events and religious beliefs.\n\nThe Olmecs were renowned for their artistry, creating sculptures of humans and jaguars, and human-jaguar hybrids, from basalt stone. They also built large pyramids which served both spiritual and political purposes.\n\nThe Olmecs are also remembered for inventing a ritualized ballgame, sometimes known in English as pok-ta-pok, which inspired a number of future civilizations. They were also the first people to discover that chocolate (Cocoa) could be used to create a bitter, unsweetened drink.\n\n![Graph](image://e9674715-8d65-404a-a786-0b10b9ee376d \"Pok-ta-pok. Image: Sputnik, CC BY-SA 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons\")","f558f47b-e7e7-4743-b272-f5a3d24f8048",[2109,2120],{"id":123,"data":2110,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":2111,"multiChoiceQuestion":2112,"multiChoiceCorrect":2114,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2115,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":24,"orderQuestion":2116,"orderItems":2117},[118,121,122],[2113],"When do historians believe that the Olmec civilization first took form?",[131],[127,129,130],[133],[2118],{"label":2119,"reveal":131,"sortOrder":35},"Olmecs",{"id":2121,"data":2122,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"a58d6049-cffe-4a98-b3c7-72eaa2520133",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2123,"binaryCorrect":2125,"binaryIncorrect":2127},[2124],"Which ritualized ball game did the Olmecs play?",[2126],"Pok-ta-pok",[2128],"Pik-pak-po",{"id":2130,"data":2131,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2134},"914660c1-e98c-46ad-94dc-4075d7594bf9",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2132,"audioMediaId":2133},"The Olmecs developed their ancient culture in the Coatzacoalcos River Basin, a fertile region which provided similar conditions to the Nile, the Indus, the Yellow River, and the Euphrates in other parts of the world. These conditions allowed the Olmecs to grow into an advanced, urban society.\n\nThe Coatzacoalcos River Basin was also well-placed for trade routes with other regions of Mesoamerica. This enabled the Olmecs to acquire materials such as jade and obsidian from Guatemala which were used in their sculptures and monuments.\n\n![Graph](image://35baf1f2-4952-41c3-a968-78dad666552d \"Maps of the Olmec civilization. Madman2001 CC BY 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe first Olmec city was in San Lorenzo, but it was abandoned in 900 BCE, as the culture relocated to La Venta. This was probably due to environmental changes, such as the river changing its course.","bc747a3e-cc77-45ba-98c6-fb1411f62ac3",[2135,2142],{"id":2136,"data":2137,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"22b0936d-292f-489d-ab3f-14e007e89d51",{"type":65,"reviewType":444,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":2138,"clozeWords":2140},[2139],"The Olmecs developed their ancient culture in the Coatzacoalcos River Basin.",[2141],"Coatzacoalcos",{"id":2143,"data":2144,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"30d3474d-6e36-4e46-aab6-3da7f3e298e6",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2145,"multiChoiceCorrect":2147,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2149,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2146],"When did the Olmec culture relocate from San Lorenzo to La Venta?",[2148],"900 BCE",[131,2150,2151],"400 BCE","500 BCE",{"id":2153,"data":2154,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2157},"ed2cf0ea-a07f-4ff9-9ac3-3f5641735015",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2155,"audioMediaId":2156},"The Olmec civilization was unknown to historians until the middle of the 19th century, when a colossal stone head was discovered by a Mexican farmer clearing away some trees.\n\n![Graph](image://cb21590a-651a-4b7f-a020-fc07e39c79a6 \"Olmec head. Image: Gary Todd, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nIn the decades which followed, archaeologists descended on Mexico, and found several additional sites. Important excavations at San Lorenzo, La Venta and Tres Zapotes have revealed a wealth of Olmec artifacts, including sculptured figures, several pyramids, ballcourts for pok-ta-pok, and many more of those colossal heads.\n\nThese discoveries have provided invaluable insight into the culture and beliefs of this ancient civilization, and further excavations continue to uncover new evidence about them.","c77884c0-0d5e-4b1d-9402-dec366f88ebc",[2158],{"id":1049,"data":2159,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":2160,"multiChoiceQuestion":2161,"multiChoiceCorrect":2163,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2164,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2165,"matchPairsPairs":2166},[1044,1047,1048],[2162],"Which of these discovered the first evidence of the Olmecs, in the form of a colossal stone head?",[1057],[1053,1055,1056],[79],[2167],{"left":1057,"right":2168,"direction":35},"Discovered the first evidence of the Olmecs",{"id":2170,"data":2171,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"reviews":2174},"50e3f2dd-ca37-438b-a10c-5f2d93a1403f",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2172,"audioMediaId":2173},"While it is generally accepted that the Olmecs arose in the Coatzacoalcos River Basin, in the late 20th century, a revisionist historian named Ivan Van Sertima proposed an alternative theory.\n\nHe suggested that the Olmecs had migrated to Mesoamerica from Africa. This theory was based on supposed similarities between African and Olmec artworks. Van Sertima was dismissed by most Olmec scholars, who pointed out that there was no archaeological evidence to support his claims.\n\nThen, in 2018, DNA testing was performed on ancient Olmec remains. As it turned out, the Olmecs were not related to any African population, but shared genetic markers with the indigenous populations of Mexico and Central America. This disproved Van Sertima’s controversial hypothesis once and for all.","f2b68827-caf7-4dbb-a86d-bc23f448bc5e",[2175,2186],{"id":1114,"data":2176,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":2177,"multiChoiceQuestion":2178,"multiChoiceCorrect":2180,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2181,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2182,"matchPairsPairs":2183},[1109,1112,1113],[2179],"Which of these was an Olmec city?",[1121],[98,1119,1120],[79],[2184],{"left":1121,"right":2185,"direction":35},"Olmec city",{"id":2187,"data":2188,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"1a026986-9e36-4ebc-a832-a3b1aec8f110",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2189,"multiChoiceCorrect":2191,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2193,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2190],"What method was used to disprove the theory, proposed by Van Sertima, that the Olmecs migrated to South America from Africa?",[2192],"DNA analysis",[2194,2195,2196],"Archeological evidence in Africa","Archeological evidence in South America","Historical linguistics",{"id":2198,"data":2199,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":2201,"introPage":2208,"pages":2214},"83e4e548-34c3-4153-b6a6-f42ea2d8dc7c",{"type":25,"title":2200},"Basalt and ball-courts",{"id":2202,"data":2203,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"7b74ce90-2e9e-41fa-b42a-a80906147b13",{"type":35,"summary":2204},[2205,2206,2207],"The Olmecs carved colossal basalt heads, often up to four meters tall","Olmec ballgames used rubber balls, and may have had religious significance","Olmec art depicted deities like feathered serpents and werejaguars",{"id":2209,"data":2210,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"6d49c0fd-100a-4fa5-9e2f-92e924fdd9f7",{"type":51,"intro":2211},[2212,2213],"What clues do Olmec art and artifacts give us about their religious beliefs?","What evidence suggests the Olmecs may have practiced human sacrifice or bloodletting?",[2215,2232,2247,2260],{"id":2216,"data":2217,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2220},"bed83bcd-e876-492c-b10c-7d6bd53790b4",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2218,"audioMediaId":2219},"The Olmecs may have used a writing system known as Olmec script. Not many examples have been found so far, but in 2002 a block of stone was discovered with 62 symbols carved across the surface.\n\nThese symbols have not been deciphered, and some historians doubt it is a writing system at all. But if it is a writing system, it would represent the oldest writing in the Western Hemisphere, dating back to around 900 BCE. That does not take into account the earlier Caral-Supe quipu, whose classification as a writing system is also subject to debate.\n\nOther objects have been found with similar symbols, but they are few and far between. When compared to the writings of other cultures, such as the 150,000 oracle bones of the Shang Dynasty, the evidence is very thin.","5c6a3156-7fc0-458f-b649-880cf79188b4",[2221],{"id":2222,"data":2223,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"27c6ec74-ff7d-488b-99e9-036f9f8e4552",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2224,"multiChoiceCorrect":2226,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2228,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2225],"What is arguably the oldest writing system in the Western Hemisphere, dating back to around 900 BCE?",[2227],"Olmec script",[2229,2230,2231],"Taino script","Inca script","Aztec script",{"id":2233,"data":2234,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2237},"32b2ef40-6b39-4e58-ad93-dd69c683b807",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2235,"audioMediaId":2236},"Despite the lack of writing, Olmec art provides some clues as to the nature of their religious beliefs. Carvings on monuments and pottery vessels depict deities such as a feathered serpent, which may have represented duality: the snake symbolized the earth, while the feathers symbolized the sky.\n\n![Graph](image://dd5e1cff-c7f0-4011-89fa-585fced4c497 \"Quetzalcoatl. Image: public domain\")\n\nAlso commonly carved were jaguars presented as supernatural beings, with features of both humans and jaguars ('werejaguars\"). These seem to have been important deities in Olmec culture, and may also have linked to a sense of duality by combining two species into one.\n\nOther aspects of Olmec religion are hard to pin down without written sources, but they seem to have inspired later Mesoamerican civilizations, like the Mayas and the Aztecs, who also worshiped a feathered serpent called Quetzalcoatl.","d0441026-2ee4-4488-b9dd-a76ef3abed2e",[2238],{"id":2239,"data":2240,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"dc0aa171-f8dc-4d41-b218-d4d6f5a8a1c6",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2241,"binaryCorrect":2243,"binaryIncorrect":2245},[2242],"Which supernatural being, with features of both humans and jaguars, was commonly represented in Olmec art?",[2244],"Werejaguars",[2246],"Jagmen",{"id":2248,"data":2249,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2252},"4d400b0f-741e-428f-a4dc-aaa0956f1f96",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2250,"audioMediaId":2251},"Historians have long debated whether the Olmecs practiced human sacrifice, like several of the Mesoamerican civilizations which came after them.\n\nThe bones of children have also been found among other sacrificial offerings, but it is unknown how these children originally died. Perhaps they were killed by natural causes before their bodies were given to the gods. Other evidence includes Olmec sculptures depicting individuals with bound hands and feet, but these images are far from conclusive.\n\nWhether or not they performed human sacrifices, historians believe that bloodletting played a role in Olmec worship. Stingray spikes have been found in Olmec temples, which were probably used to draw blood from human skin.","ff44e095-e2df-40c0-a45a-6e0ed9920278",[2253],{"id":2254,"data":2255,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"c8ed40e5-5088-4f73-8a02-28ade36f0e7e",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":2256,"activeRecallAnswers":2258},[2257],"What evidence suggests that bloodletting was part of Olmec worship?",[2259],"Stingray spikes found in Olmec temples",{"id":2261,"data":2262,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2265},"aee46ac5-7411-4331-83a4-cb1dd19f1fb7",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2263,"audioMediaId":2264},"The most famous artifacts of Olmec culture are their colossal basalt heads. These heads are almost 4 meters tall, and have distinctive features such as broad noses, thick lips, and flat foreheads. They probably represented rulers or gods, but their exact purpose remains unknown.\n\nThe Great Pyramid at La Venta is another example of Olmec engineering; it stands over 30 meters tall and was built using an estimated 100,000 cubic meters of earth. The pyramid is thought to have been used for religious ceremonies or rituals, although its exact function has yet to be determined.\n\n![Graph](image://c9ef62f6-ba69-444c-a2cf-9c4c190ee190 \"Great Pyramid at La Venta. Image: Public domain\")\n\nThe Olmecs also built courts for playing their famous ballgame. This game involved two teams competing using rubber balls, and may have served a religious function, with the winner receiving good luck. Alternatively, it was used for conflict resolution, instead of resorting to violent warfare.","f71ecc92-27c6-419d-a112-c6965688673f",[2266,2277],{"id":274,"data":2267,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":2268,"multiChoiceQuestion":2269,"multiChoiceCorrect":2271,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2272,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2273,"matchPairsPairs":2274},[269,272,273],[2270],"Which of these would you associate with the Olmecs?",[282],[278,280,281],[79],[2275],{"left":282,"right":2276,"direction":35},"Olmec artifact",{"id":293,"data":2278,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":2279,"multiChoiceQuestion":2280,"multiChoiceCorrect":2282,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2283,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2284,"matchPairsPairs":2285},[288,291,292],[2281],"Which of these is a surviving Olmec structure?",[301],[297,299,300],[79],[2286],{"left":301,"right":2287,"direction":35},"Olmec structure",{"id":2289,"data":2290,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":2292,"introPage":2299,"pages":2305},"d4514d89-6f30-43b4-98be-02ad72ddc8ed",{"type":25,"title":2291},"Decline of the Olmecs",{"id":2293,"data":2294,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"a41eecd0-ba52-4db2-9e27-95ac34cd1e04",{"type":35,"summary":2295},[2296,2297,2298],"The Olmecs might have declined because the Coatzacoalcos River changed course, causing crop failures","Volcanic ashfall could have also damaged Olmec crops and made life more difficult for them","The Olmecs left a lasting legacy in Mesoamerica, with later civilizations like the Mayas and the Aztecs adopting some of their customs",{"id":2300,"data":2301,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"90c9ac69-311b-42e6-a53f-8f1920d264ed",{"type":51,"intro":2302},[2303,2304],"What internal and external factors led to the decline of the Olmecs?","How did the legacy of the Olmecs influence future civilizations?",[2306,2323],{"id":2307,"data":2308,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2311},"d2d39ac7-5b7b-4103-8cdd-9c3ba51bd202",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2309,"audioMediaId":2310},"Historians do not know what caused the decline of the Olmec culture, but many factors have been suggested. A common explanation is a significant environmental change, such as the Coatzacoalcos River changing course, leading to crop failures and eventual starvation.\n\nAnother explanation is volcanic activity. Significant ashfall could have damaged crops and made living conditions difficult for those who remained there. In addition to these external factors, internal conflicts between rival cities may have contributed to the downfall of the Olmecs.\n\nIt is a similar story to other ancient cultures: environmental changes destabilize the society, then in-fighting leads to collapse. Historians believe that the Indus Valley Civilization suffered a similar fate.","a6603824-4b14-4d4b-a056-13546295572c",[2312],{"id":661,"data":2313,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":2314,"multiChoiceQuestion":2315,"multiChoiceCorrect":2317,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2318,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2319,"matchPairsPairs":2320},[656,659,660],[2316],"Which of these was a potential cause of Olmec decline?",[669],[665,667,668],[79],[2321],{"left":669,"right":2322,"direction":35},"Potential cause of Olmec decline",{"id":2324,"data":2325,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2328},"90be1cf5-9885-4140-8c66-916aabab12ff",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2326,"audioMediaId":2327},"The Olmecs left a lasting legacy on the civilizations of Mesoamerica, with their influence felt in both the Mayas and the Aztecs who emerged in later centuries.\n\nThe Mayans adopted many aspects of Olmec religion, including the worship of similar gods. They also venerated jaguars, and played their own version of the Olmec ballgame. The Aztecs tell a similar story. The word ‘Olmec’ is actually an Aztec word; we do not know what the Olmecs called themselves.\n\nModern people also follow in the footsteps of the Olmecs, often without realizing it. Chocolate is one of the most popular foods in the modern world, and the Olmecs must be thanked for its discovery.\n\n![Graph](image://d40913f9-119e-4654-aef4-0dacda391a58 \"Cocoa beans. Image:\nPhoenix CZE, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")","f711d7f3-5ed8-4de5-b6e6-9d93fb61d623",[2329],{"id":2330,"data":2331,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"bf2bd328-6213-4f66-aad3-96e12fd82e84",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2332,"multiChoiceCorrect":2334,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2336,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2333],"What is the origin of the word ‘Olmec’?",[2335],"An Aztec word",[2337,2338,2339],"An Olmec word","A Mayan word","A Spanish word",{"id":2341,"data":2342,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"orbs":2345},"103b0f9f-3f20-4cec-8161-4e9b60786f4b",{"type":27,"title":2343,"tagline":2344},"Ancient Greece ","The home of philosophy (800 BCE - 146 BCE)",[2346,2450,2552],{"id":2347,"data":2348,"type":25,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":2350,"introPage":2357,"pages":2363},"5b805400-2829-4896-9ea9-f46edcd26451",{"type":25,"title":2349},"Who were the Ancient Greeks?",{"id":2351,"data":2352,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"c516e536-b4d9-46e1-9398-3c95020db9e7",{"type":35,"summary":2353},[2354,2355,2356],"Ancient Greece is easy to study, thanks to written accounts from figures like Herodotus, often known as the Father of History","The Mycenaean civilization, influenced by the Minoans, built palaces and venerated bulls","When the Mycenaeans collapsed, the Greek Dark Ages saw a decline in civilization and the loss of writing",{"id":2358,"data":2359,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"cae260bc-bfe7-4e59-bf86-baa0a452eaac",{"type":51,"intro":2360},[2361,2362],"What led to the Greek Dark Ages?","Who was Herodotus, and why is he considered the Father of History?",[2364,2379,2404,2421],{"id":2365,"data":2366,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2369},"b7afbe95-f966-4f8c-9e29-b841c649854e",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2367,"audioMediaId":2368},"The Ancient Greeks were a civilization of thinkers, philosophers, and mathematicians. They are often viewed as a turning point in ancient history, which set a precedent for life in the modern world.\n\nFor example, they developed democracy as a form of government, with Athens being the first city-state to implement it. This was accompanied by an emphasis on individual rights which laid the foundations for modern societies. The Ancient Greeks also made significant advances in mathematics, science and medicine, while art and literature flourished too.\n\nIt was this combination of philosophy, science, artistry, and literature that made Ancient Greece one of history’s most influential civilizations – a golden age whose legacy continues to shape our world today.\n\n![Graph](image://765849d2-f9ba-4800-8363-746938b1fd20 \"Greek temple. Image: public domain\")","6f88a728-3aca-4891-bb82-9d5b71991f21",[2370],{"id":2371,"data":2372,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"90452f73-42cd-4777-9d2a-ea38b027b5f6",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2373,"binaryCorrect":2375,"binaryIncorrect":2377},[2374],"What was the first city-state to implement democracy?",[2376],"Athens",[2378],"Sparta",{"id":2380,"data":2381,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2384},"8a38eba5-dc29-4d01-b595-c43b6edf8d82",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2382,"audioMediaId":2383},"Historians studying Ancient Greece have access to a wealth of sources. There are hundreds of ruined temples to study, plus artifacts including pottery shards and ancient coins.\n\n![Graph](image://8dbb6ea6-9e76-450c-b994-3837f1926876 \"Pottery shards. Image: Zde, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nBut the most useful sources to modern historians are the primary accounts of Greek history which were written by people at the time. Herodotus is often referred to as the 'Father of History' due to his meticulous accounts of Greek events. He wrote with an eye for detail, providing vivid descriptions that bring ancient Greece alive for modern readers.\n\nHerodotus’ writings – and those of other Greek historians – provide a more detailed insight into the ancient world than any other source before it. This makes life easy for the modern historians looking back at Greek society.","08873bf8-7a3f-4b20-b739-b869c9d223c9",[2385],{"id":2386,"data":2387,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"7d3c822e-0aad-46bb-9eff-45fbe5d17adc",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":2388,"multiChoiceQuestion":2392,"multiChoiceCorrect":2394,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2396,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2400,"matchPairsPairs":2401},[2389,2390,2391],"e00a7d7a-46f7-414f-90c3-9a6793225a8f","b6844fd8-51c5-402e-8d28-1850b2bc3f26","ea0c3786-1e5c-44ab-8982-a812fa25d882",[2393],"Who is known as the Father of History?",[2395],"Herodotus",[2397,2398,2399],"Plato","Aristotle","Homer",[79],[2402],{"left":2395,"right":2403,"direction":35},"Father of History",{"id":2405,"data":2406,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2409},"255e7401-b97f-415d-bc14-77c4a5ca8469",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2407,"audioMediaId":2408},"When people think about Ancient Greece, they often picture the Classical Period. This was the age of philosophers, mathematicians and writers.\n\nBut before the Classical Period, the region was populated by a culture known as the Mycenaeans. The Mycenaeans were heavily influenced by the Minoans in nearby Crete. They built impressive palaces with elaborate frescoes, and even venerated bulls.\n\nUnfortunately, this civilization collapsed in approximately 1050 BCE. This was probably caused by a foreign invasion, but it could also be linked to the climate change which impacted Ancient Egypt and the Indus Valley at a similar time. The collapse of the Mycenaean culture was followed by a period sometimes known as the Greek Dark Ages.","dd7b8117-eca4-48ee-9af6-68a90416f576",[2410],{"id":347,"data":2411,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":2412,"multiChoiceQuestion":2413,"multiChoiceCorrect":2415,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2416,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2417,"matchPairsPairs":2418},[342,345,346],[2414],"Which civilization, who predated the classical Ancient Greeks, adopted many aspects of Minoan society?",[355],[351,353,354],[79],[2419],{"left":355,"right":2420,"direction":35},"Adopted aspects of Minoan society",{"id":2422,"data":2423,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"reviews":2426},"3a1e6094-7aa5-4f78-bb3f-0a205ce8b363",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2424,"audioMediaId":2425},"The Greek Dark Ages lasted from around 1050 BCE to 800 BCE. This period saw a dramatic decline in the level of civilization in the region.\n\nThe Mycenaeans had used a written language inspired by Minoa’s Linear A, but in the Dark Ages, writing fell out of use. Society regressed to a pre-literate state, while many cities were abandoned or destroyed. This period also saw a decrease in trade with other ancient civilizations, which were going through problems of their own.\n\nCivilization did not cease entirely. Oral traditions continued, with stories passed on through poetry and song, while pottery production continued to flourish despite the absence of writing. But it still took almost three hundred years for the Ancient Greeks to regain their former strength.","5c9c09d6-912e-4cbc-80a2-605b63ec784c",[2427,2435,2444],{"id":2428,"data":2429,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"70650b17-fc64-4d23-aa70-4ac7cd64eec9",{"type":65,"reviewType":444,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":2430,"clozeWords":2432},[2431],"During the Greek Dark Ages, writing fell out of use and trade with other civilizations decreased.",[2433,2434],"fell out of use","decreased",{"id":2436,"data":2437,"type":65,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"00779804-fe1f-4a2c-8442-1a40a1e0064c",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2438,"binaryCorrect":2440,"binaryIncorrect":2442},[2439],"What term is used for the period of Greek history between 1050 BCE and 800 BCE?",[2441],"The Greek Dark Ages",[2443],"The Greek Golden Age",{"id":2445,"data":2446,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"78e837c7-78a5-4218-8d77-a4e76f1223ba",{"type":65,"reviewType":444,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":2447,"clozeWords":2449},[2448],"The Mycenaeans had used a written language inspired by Minoa’s Linear A, but during the Greek Dark Ages, writing fell out of use.",[1072],{"id":2451,"data":2452,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":2454,"introPage":2461,"pages":2467},"e5699321-3a78-49c4-826b-e0394123ab75",{"type":25,"title":2453},"Philosophy and democracy",{"id":2455,"data":2456,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"ebfad7db-80dd-408d-b338-2124f64b289a",{"type":35,"summary":2457},[2458,2459,2460],"The Greeks adopted the Phoenician alphabet, sparking a boom in knowledge and literature","Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle were key philosophers who valued logic and scientific inquiry","Athenian democracy was revolutionary, giving citizens a voice (although women were not included)",{"id":2462,"data":2463,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"d238ea3e-5d8c-442e-b7b7-027e40dc9db9",{"type":51,"intro":2464},[2465,2466],"Why was the Battle of Marathon such an important moment in world history?","How did the worship of gods influence daily life in Ancient Greece?",[2468,2473,2490,2507],{"id":2469,"data":2470,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25},"9661e1e6-05b9-420a-9280-cd14c3010417",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2471,"audioMediaId":2472},"After the Greek Dark Ages, the Greeks began to rebuild their civilization. The centuries that followed saw a resurgence in trade, especially with the Phoenicians.\n\nThe Greeks adopted the Phoenician alphabet, and began to use a written language again. This allowed them to communicate more effectively than ever, leading to an explosion of knowledge, philosophy and literature.\n\nThey even wrote stories of the peoples who came before them. The famous myth of the Cretian Minotaur was probably inspired by memories of Minoan bull-leapers. Mycenaea was also the historical setting for many stories, including Homer’s famous *Iliad*.","0f1f4f66-6750-4943-a815-2c3ab722c8a1",{"id":2474,"data":2475,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2478},"37945989-a363-484e-9241-c14662e112da",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2476,"audioMediaId":2477},"By the 5th century BCE, Ancient Greece had entered a golden period which is often referred to as the Classical Era. This period saw the emergence of some of the most influential philosophers in history.\n\nSocrates, Plato, and Aristotle all emphasized the importance of logic and scientific inquiry as a means to understanding reality. Socrates was renowned for his Socratic method. Plato, a student of Socrates, wrote extensively on topics such as justice, beauty and knowledge. His own student, Aristotle, went even further, developing theories on physics, biology and metaphysics.\n\n![Graph](image://a52dd56d-0c2b-441b-89ea-040d80406427 \"Aristotle. Image: public domain\")\n\nThese philosophers were just three of many. Together the Greeks created a culture where reason was valued, and thought was celebrated. Their ideas have had far-reaching implications which stretch all the way to the modern world.","99cb1308-d35e-40f5-976e-095df8dbb2f5",[2479],{"id":2480,"data":2481,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"70ef37dc-7ada-4407-a181-338ba4d6eccd",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2482,"multiChoiceCorrect":2484,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2486,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2483],"By which century had the Greeks entered the Classical Era?",[2485],"5th century BCE",[2487,2488,2489],"6th century BCE","7th century BCE","8th century BCE",{"id":2491,"data":2492,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2495},"ad63d52f-76aa-4f0f-9cc7-f8cefb8e1eb9",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2493,"audioMediaId":2494},"The Classical Era of Ancient Greece saw the emergence of democracy in Athens: a revolutionary form of government unlike any that came before it. The Athenian Assembly was a forum for debate and decision-making, with each citizen having an equal say – but not including women.\n\nAthens' commitment to democracy was tested during the Battle of Marathon, when they faced off against the invading Persian army. Despite being outnumbered more than two-to-one, Athens managed to defeat the Persians.\n\n![Graph](image://d8e562d9-4b7a-4252-b8ea-fc621ed97225 \"Battle of Marathon. Image: Zde, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThis battle became one of the most famous victories in Greek history, and is still celebrated today as a symbol of freedom from tyranny and oppression.","1139f43b-0dee-48d4-877d-db89dd6f77a9",[2496],{"id":2497,"data":2498,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"bf6b36f7-4692-4c1f-b5c1-0d35b3dc0834",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2499,"multiChoiceCorrect":2501,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2503,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2500],"At which battle did Athens face off against an invading Persian army, and famously emerge victorious?",[2502],"The Battle of Marathon",[2504,2505,2506],"The Battle of the Rubicon","The Battle of Salamis","The Battle of Troy",{"id":2508,"data":2509,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2512},"3ff8366a-c672-43cb-9b61-8b94622d5c00",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2510,"audioMediaId":2511},"The Ancient Greeks believed in a rich pantheon of gods, each with their own unique powers and personalities. The most powerful of these was Zeus, the king of the gods who ruled from his throne on Mount Olympus. His brother, Poseidon, was the god of the sea. Other important deities included Athena, goddess of wisdom, and Hades, god of the underworld.\n\n![Graph](image://c2818fbc-f104-4586-89d2-a495c462c517 \"Poseidon. Image: By Ricardo André Frantz (User:Tetraktys) - taken by Ricardo André Frantz, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThese gods were worshiped throughout Greece in temples and shrines, where offerings were made for protection or good fortune. These offerings often included wine, which was poured into the earth.\n\nThe gods featured prominently in Greek stories, which addressed human emotions like love and loss. Many of these stories are still widely known in the modern world, along with the gods which so often appear in them.","1e3f2011-0d4d-4f7c-91b1-a6083d537fca",[2513,2524,2535],{"id":2389,"data":2514,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":2515,"multiChoiceQuestion":2516,"multiChoiceCorrect":2518,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2519,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2520,"matchPairsPairs":2521},[2386,2390,2391],[2517],"Who was the student of Socrates?",[2397],[2395,2398,2399],[79],[2522],{"left":2397,"right":2523,"direction":35},"Student of Socrates",{"id":2390,"data":2525,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":2526,"multiChoiceQuestion":2527,"multiChoiceCorrect":2529,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2530,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2531,"matchPairsPairs":2532},[2386,2389,2391],[2528],"Who was the student of Plato?",[2398],[2395,2397,2399],[79],[2533],{"left":2398,"right":2534,"direction":35},"Student of Plato",{"id":2536,"data":2537,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"a52dd790-5762-45f7-b9d1-b4cbee1d04bf",{"type":65,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"matchPairsQuestion":2538,"matchPairsPairs":2539,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},[79],[2540,2543,2546,2549],{"left":2541,"right":2542,"direction":35},"Zeus","King of the gods",{"left":2544,"right":2545,"direction":35},"Poseidon","God of the sea",{"left":2547,"right":2548,"direction":35},"Athena","Goddess of wisdom",{"left":2550,"right":2551,"direction":35},"Hades","God of the underworld",{"id":2553,"data":2554,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":2556,"introPage":2563,"pages":2569},"d551af0d-f9d1-494d-bd59-7f408ef0a730",{"type":25,"title":2555},"Decline of the Ancient Greeks",{"id":2557,"data":2558,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"bac9f73c-bc3b-4dc8-8d24-fcefc5f1906b",{"type":35,"summary":2559},[2560,2561,2562],"The decline of Ancient Greece began when Philip II of Macedon conquered the region in the 4th century BCE","Rome took over Greece in 146 BCE, replacing Greek laws and language with their own","However, the legacy of Ancient Greece lives on, with many of their ideas on philosophy and society still being relevant today",{"id":2564,"data":2565,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"877dc0d4-a7fc-4755-a5d7-7de2d1c13a77",{"type":51,"intro":2566},[2567,2568],"What internal and external factors led to the decline of Ancient Greece?","How did the legacy of Ancient Greece influence future civilizations?",[2570,2597],{"id":2571,"data":2572,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2575},"4c70780d-2199-44ae-94c2-576d68edcce3",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2573,"audioMediaId":2574},"The decline of Ancient Greece began in the 4th century BCE, when Philip II of Macedon conquered much of the region. His son Alexander the Great went on to conquer most of the known world, including Egypt and Persia. This marked a shift away from Greek autonomy as these new territories were brought under Macedonian control.\n\nThings got worse in 146 BCE, when Rome defeated Carthage in the Punic Wars, and gained control over much of the Mediterranean region including Greece. The Romans imposed their own laws and customs upon the Greeks, and Latin replaced Greek as the official language.\n\nThese changes brought about by foreign rulers – first the Macedonians, and then the Romans – brought the civilization of Ancient Greece to an end.\n\n![Graph](image://edc63453-a244-4610-87f4-1aa17d93005d \"Greek ruins. Image: Phanatic, CC BY-SA 2.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")","16a7f0ab-5963-4ffa-aa84-928c35897493",[2576,2587],{"id":2391,"data":2577,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":2578,"multiChoiceQuestion":2579,"multiChoiceCorrect":2581,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2582,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2583,"matchPairsPairs":2584},[2386,2389,2390],[2580],"Who was the author of the Iliad?",[2399],[2395,2397,2398],[79],[2585],{"left":2399,"right":2586,"direction":35},"Author of the Iliad",{"id":2588,"data":2589,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"25f50cc8-846b-4ecc-94ae-172397db07ad",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2590,"multiChoiceCorrect":2592,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2594,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2591],"Who conquered much of Greece in the 4th century BCE, leading to the decline of Ancient Greece?",[2593],"Philip II of Macedon",[2595,2596,224],"Alexander the Great","Julius Caesar",{"id":2598,"data":2599,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2602},"fb961ee8-0d9a-438c-aba0-8e8ff5f89d11",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2600,"audioMediaId":2601},"The legacy of Ancient Greece can be seen in many aspects of modern life. From the mathematical discoveries made by Pythagoras and Hipparchus, to the philosophical musings of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, their influence is still felt today. Even Homer's epics have inspired countless works of literature over the centuries.\n\nIn addition to all this, Ancient Greece had a profound impact on art and architecture throughout Europe during the Renaissance period. It would also be hard to discuss Ancient Greece without mentioning its gods; from Zeus ruling atop Mount Olympus down to Apollo bringing light with his chariot, these figures remain iconic symbols thousands of years later.\n\nIsaac Asimov, writing in 1985, said that Ancient Greece was a 'peak whose fruits we moderns have inherited.' Of all the civilizations of the ancient world, their impact is perhaps the easiest one to trace.","1967e162-9e83-4778-a266-b23e375f40d6",[2603],{"id":2604,"data":2605,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"28460c2f-a229-4ab4-9329-be236ab35123",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2606,"multiChoiceCorrect":2608,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2609,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2607],"According to Isaac Asimov, which civilization was 'a peak whose fruits we moderns have inherited'?",[1256],[1590,397,2610],"Ancient Babylon",{"id":2612,"data":2613,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":444,"orbs":2615},"7ca15a76-d3ea-47e5-a6ab-e298fda94099",{"type":27,"title":1590,"tagline":2614},"The end of the ancient era (27 BCE - 476)",[2616,2692,2832],{"id":2617,"data":2618,"type":25,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":2620,"introPage":2627,"pages":2633},"fe575d0e-07bf-4015-9418-23efeee93b65",{"type":25,"title":2619},"Who were the Romans?",{"id":2621,"data":2622,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"3c0d3819-4ac2-4d01-afa8-a9b22b139a93",{"type":35,"summary":2623},[2624,2625,2626],"The Roman civilization began as a small settlement in 753 BCE","The Romans grew into the ancient world's most powerful civilization","They left behind countless ruins, artefacts and written sources which historians can study today",{"id":2628,"data":2629,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"58407509-8bbe-454f-a29b-fc9aeb45e69a",{"type":51,"intro":2630},[2631,2632],"How did a small settlement on the Tiber river evolve into the powerful Roman Empire?","What key advancements did the Romans make in technology and medicine?",[2634,2651,2668],{"id":2635,"data":2636,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2639},"187ea1cb-682e-4a8f-b3bd-56a686930330",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2637,"audioMediaId":2638},"The Romans were the ancient world’s most powerful civilization. At their height, they took control of other ancient powerhouses, such as the Ancient Egyptians and the Ancient Greeks. They also controlled Crete and Mesopotamia, where the Minoans and Sumerians once thrived.\n\n![Graph](image://84478f67-ff7a-49ed-b264-72595412a15a \"Map of the Roman Empire. Image: Tataryn, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe Romans were known for their advanced technology, including aqueducts, roads and bridges. Roman medicine was also highly advanced for its time; they had an understanding of anatomy from dissecting animals, used herbal remedies to treat illnesses, and even performed surgery on humans.\n\nThey are also regarded as the final civilization of the ancient world. When their society collapsed, in 476 CE, the ancient period came to an end.","8f4d4076-317f-4ef6-8735-7d57a2d7cd06",[2640],{"id":2641,"data":2642,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"2926a04b-5411-4e8a-99f3-42dab34b135d",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2643,"multiChoiceCorrect":2645,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2649,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":21,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2644],"At their peak, the Romans controlled lands which were formerly occupied by which other civilizations?",[2646,2647,2648,33],"Egypt","Greece","Minoa",[2650,1860],"Olmec",{"id":2652,"data":2653,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"reviews":2656},"2963584e-30d9-4eaf-9121-6bc320643bee",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2654,"audioMediaId":2655},"The Romans were meticulous record-keepers, and their written accounts have been invaluable to modern historians, just like the works of the Ancient Greeks.\n\nFor example, they kept detailed records of military campaigns and government decisions. These documents provide a wealth of information about Roman life, from the everyday activities of Roman citizens to political developments like an emperor’s rise to power.\n\nThere is also plenty of archaeological evidence of the Roman civilization. Monumental buildings, like the Colosseum, are still standing. Other ruins can be found throughout Europe, North Africa and Asia. When a civilization is as huge as this one, it does not collapse without leaving a major trace.\n\n![Graph](image://fc73fb65-8932-4d48-b482-06835005297f \"The Colosseum. Image: FeaturedPics, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")","e5817903-f352-4071-969e-c09d1d5481d7",[2657],{"id":2658,"data":2659,"type":65,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"f8eb8758-57b5-4a21-ab71-91f9d7f2c290",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2660,"multiChoiceCorrect":2662,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2664},[2661],"Which of these statements describes the Romans?",[2663],"Both of these",[2665,2666,2667],"Meticulous record-keepers who left behind lots of written sources","Prolific builders who left behind lots of archaeological sources","Neither of these",{"id":2669,"data":2670,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2673},"99c0e2c1-251d-4dfb-b8bd-6f32eed27e43",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2671,"audioMediaId":2672},"The origins of the Roman Empire can be traced back to a small, unassuming settlement, which is usually dated to 753 BCE. This was right at the end of the Greek Dark Ages, when Europe was just starting to recover.\n\nThis settlement – which grew into modern Rome – was well positioned on the banks of the Tiber river. It went from strength to strength over the centuries that followed, and became a kingdom at some point in the 6th century BCE, then a republic not long afterward.\n\nIn the Roman Republic, citizens elected their leaders and had a say in how they were governed. This system was extremely successful, and the Romans continued to grow. They conquered their neighbors one by one, and went on to dominate Europe, North Africa, and parts of Asia.","b2a63885-036e-46dd-a4df-844f7647689f",[2674,2681],{"id":2675,"data":2676,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"8f500ac5-b2bb-4af7-b4aa-a775c62cf051",{"type":65,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":2677,"activeRecallAnswers":2679},[2678],"The settlement which grew into modern Rome was well positioned on the banks of which river?",[2680],"River Tiber",{"id":2682,"data":2683,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"d906466e-3791-408a-89cd-3d78803f6ce2",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2684,"multiChoiceCorrect":2686,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2688,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2685],"When did the Roman civilization collapse, bringing an end to the ancient period?",[2687],"476 CE",[2689,2690,2691],"27 BCE","565 CE","753 BCE",{"id":2693,"data":2694,"type":25,"version":444,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":2696,"introPage":2703,"pages":2709},"6f1811fc-50ee-4d68-97c1-9b1213226037",{"type":25,"title":2695},"The Roman Empire",{"id":2697,"data":2698,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"95151aca-805c-4989-ae05-5a48df3f7e2c",{"type":35,"summary":2699},[2700,2701,2702],"Augustus became the first Roman emperor in 27 BCE, bringing an end to the Roman Republic","The Romans engineered roads, aqueducts, and sewer systems that revolutionized infrastructure","Emperor Constantine built a second capital (Constantinople) to rule the western portion of the empire",{"id":2704,"data":2705,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"ae750276-e402-4c11-a764-37b857da2db5",{"type":51,"intro":2706},[2707,2708],"What were the key factors that contributed to the military success of the Roman Empire?","How did the conversion of Emperor Constantine to Christianity impact the Roman Empire?",[2710,2738,2751,2785,2808],{"id":2711,"data":2712,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2715},"cae6ebd7-de4b-462b-a289-3c1be4816a16",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2713,"audioMediaId":2714},"In 27 BCE, after several centuries of power, Ancient Rome underwent a change in leadership.\n\nAugustus rejected the democratic principles of the Roman Republic, and declared himself the leader of the Roman Empire – effectively becoming the first Roman emperor, though he never officially adopted the term for himself.\n\n![Graph](image://d9c0494d-f3c8-48c7-a317-6fe7d615a327 \"Augustus. Image: Vatican Museums, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nEmperor Augustus ruled like an absolute monarch, and not without success. He used military force to expand Rome’s borders even further, building an empire stretching from Britain to Egypt.\n\nThe next two centuries saw unprecedented levels of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire. The period became known as Pax Romana (Roman Peace). Of course, it was mainly peaceful for Roman citizens, not for the cultures they conquered and controlled.","82c58114-3e21-454b-9820-a1b5f09e8ee5",[2716,2727],{"id":216,"data":2717,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"collapsingSiblings":2718,"multiChoiceQuestion":2719,"multiChoiceCorrect":2721,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2722,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2723,"matchPairsPairs":2724},[211,214,215],[2720],"Who founded the Roman Empire, after rejecting the democratic principles of the Roman Republic?",[224],[220,222,223],[79],[2725],{"left":224,"right":2726,"direction":35},"Founded the Roman Empire",{"id":2728,"data":2729,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"248576e7-4d56-408f-9a42-9b07bf06f5de",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2730,"multiChoiceCorrect":2732,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2734,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2731],"What was the name of the period of prosperity that started after Augustus became Roman Emperor?",[2733],"Pax Romana",[2735,2736,2737],"Pax Britannica","Pax Germanica","Pax Americana",{"id":2739,"data":2740,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2743},"314c75d5-1b1f-4b57-b164-910db3784ccc",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2741,"audioMediaId":2742},"A lot of the Roman Empire’s success was built on their powerful army. It was the most advanced military in the ancient world, with extremely well-organized troops. They used sophisticated siege tactics such as battering rams and catapults, while their naval forces developed ship designs which allowed them to dominate the seas.\n\nIn addition to their technological advances, the Romans also had an effective system for recruiting soldiers from all around the Empire. This ensured they had a steady supply of troops ready for battle at any given time.\n\nThey also gave generous military pensions to retired veterans, which helped to ensure loyalty, and encouraged more people to sign up.","1d8fe197-c4db-4c92-bc14-5ba2a63afcfb",[2744],{"id":2745,"data":2746,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"018b9f50-297f-4239-9a3b-baf1a6b4e314",{"type":65,"reviewType":444,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":2747,"clozeWords":2749},[2748],"The Romans gave pensions to retired soldiers, which encouraged people to sign up.",[2750],"pensions",{"id":2752,"data":2753,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"reviews":2756},"2a7ed9c5-4264-40e2-8904-a0bfaf11de75",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2754,"audioMediaId":2755},"The Romans were also masters of engineering. They pioneered the construction of roads throughout their empire, allowing for easier transportation between cities. These roads were often paved with stones to make them more durable, while bridge-like viaducts were used to make sure that these roads could cross valleys and rivers.\n\nThey also designed aqueducts, which were similar to viaducts, but used to transport water over valleys, often on the way to cities. Ancient civilizations had been redirecting water for thousands of years, but never to the extent of the Roman aqueducts.\n\nThe Romans also built sewers which allowed them to dispose of waste safely and efficiently. The Cloaca Maxima in Rome is one such example – it was built around 600 BCE, and some parts are still in use today. The Roman sewers were so efficient that they rivaled those of the Indus Valley.","7064bae4-86bc-4e07-8d64-31ac81b62f38",[2757,2768],{"id":2758,"data":2759,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"9e08323f-7f1f-4fbf-9ce1-ec47a29f4059",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2760,"multiChoiceCorrect":2762,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2764,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2761],"What did the Romans do to make their roads more durable?",[2763],"Paved them with stones",[2765,2766,2767],"Covered them with dirt","Lined them with concrete","Laid them with bricks",{"id":2769,"data":2770,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"f0904d77-36de-47f1-b2b9-0e8c2ec7a64b",{"type":65,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"matchPairsQuestion":2771,"matchPairsPairs":2772,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},[79],[2773,2776,2779,2782],{"left":2774,"right":2775,"direction":35},"Cloaca Maxima","Sewer system in Rome",{"left":2777,"right":2778,"direction":35},"Viaduct","Bridge-like structures for roads",{"left":2780,"right":2781,"direction":35},"Aqueduct","Bridge-like structures for water transport",{"left":2783,"right":2784,"direction":35},"Circus Maximus","None of these",{"id":2786,"data":2787,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"reviews":2790},"b1a45f92-81a2-4dd0-ae9b-70eca38b7fb0",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2788,"audioMediaId":2789},"In their earliest years, the Romans had adopted some of the Greek gods and goddesses, giving them Latin names such as Jupiter for Zeus and Juno for Hera. They also had their own pantheon of deities, including Janus – the god of beginnings and endings – and Fortuna – the goddess of luck.\n\n![Graph](image://24d6beba-c6a2-477c-9216-b237d0c8397d \"The goddess Fortuna. Image: I, Sailko, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nBut everything changed in 312 CE, when Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity. From that day onwards, Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire, with millions of people converting. The Church became increasingly powerful, until it was officially recognised as the state religion by Emperor Theodosius in 380 CE.\n\nThis was a major moment in global history. Even when the Roman Empire collapsed, Christianity continued to grow in strength, and has dominated the world ever since.","7a5e94df-d470-40b6-82df-21a33d9f384f",[2791],{"id":2792,"data":2793,"type":65,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"daa4a865-66fc-40c7-a93e-65f04719488f",{"type":65,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":21,"matchPairsQuestion":2794,"matchPairsPairs":2795},[79],[2796,2799,2802,2805],{"left":2797,"right":2798,"direction":35},"Jupiter","Roman name for Zeus",{"left":2800,"right":2801,"direction":35},"Juno","Roman name for Hera",{"left":2803,"right":2804,"direction":35},"Janus","Roman god of beginnings and endings",{"left":2806,"right":2807,"direction":35},"Fortuna","Roman goddess of luck",{"id":2809,"data":2810,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2813},"17fa93e8-4206-4bbf-9e97-c85b28b769e1",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2811,"audioMediaId":2812},"Emperor Constantine was a pivotal figure in the history of Rome, and not just because of his conversion to Christianity.\n\nHe also founded the city of Constantinople in 330 CE, and turned it into a new capital for the Roman Empire. Positioned at the junction between Europe and Asia, it helped future emperors to rule the eastern portion of the empire: Egypt, Mesopotamia, and beyond.\n\nThis was probably the peak of the Ancient Roman civilization: two glorious capital cities, one in the east and one in the west, which allowed them to control the largest empire the world had ever seen. At this point in time, the Roman Empire existed on a scale that other ancient cultures could not have even imagined.","481567f6-b627-4bc4-aaaf-9795b7ce5ae1",[2814,2823],{"id":2815,"data":2816,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"bf520069-33bc-4eee-b16a-f38b1b81255e",{"type":65,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2817,"binaryCorrect":2819,"binaryIncorrect":2821},[2818],"Which Roman emperor was the first to convert to Christianity?",[2820],"Constantine",[2822],"Trajan",{"id":2824,"data":2825,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"ea80477c-d371-4ea4-b3a3-92b4d2f73a05",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2826,"multiChoiceCorrect":2828,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2830,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2827],"In which year did Constantine found Constantinople, the new capital of the Roman Empire?",[2829],"330 CE",[2689,2687,2831],"1453 CE",{"id":2833,"data":2834,"type":25,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"summaryPage":2836,"introPage":2843,"pages":2849},"e2209118-e1d4-4d0c-835c-3e88d1985d57",{"type":25,"title":2835},"Decline of the Romans",{"id":2837,"data":2838,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"2f4a513d-9bb0-40fb-9285-8948801de9cc",{"type":35,"summary":2839},[2840,2841,2842],"The Roman Empire was so large that it became unstable and difficult to defend","In 410 CE, the Visigoths sacked Rome, which inspired more barbarian invasions","The western Roman Empire fell in 476 CE, although the eastern half of the empire did manage to survive",{"id":2844,"data":2845,"type":51,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24},"bb8e3689-9c05-4a43-8234-2c3164f9d06b",{"type":51,"intro":2846},[2847,2848],"What internal and external factors led to the decline of Ancient Rome?","How did the legacy of Ancient Rome influence future civilizations?",[2850,2878],{"id":2851,"data":2852,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":35,"reviews":2855},"27df9ec4-fec6-4bf5-97ba-7b39f422d68b",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2853,"audioMediaId":2854},"The collapse of the Ancient Roman civilization is easy to trace. Ultimately, the size of the empire was unsustainable, and bound to topple with the right amount of force.\n\nIn 410 CE, the city of Rome was attacked by the Visigoths: a Germanic people who had joined the empire a few decades earlier. The Roman civilization was too large and bloated to properly defend itself, and the Visigoths sacked the city. Other tribes were inspired by this, and barbarian invasions began to plague the western portion of the empire.\n\n![Graph](image://ac6fda7d-c62c-463a-a5b3-70b9b958df6d \"Visigoth attack on Rome. Image: public domain\")\n\nIn 476 CE, the western portion of the Roman Empire officially fell. The eastern part of the empire survived, centered around the city of Constantinople, but it never regained the peak of its former power. The last civilization of the ancient world had finally reached an end.","74ec96ab-1798-4158-a78a-7db3db892b31",[2856,2867],{"id":2857,"data":2858,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"e744064a-250d-4da6-a62a-8183ad208108",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2859,"multiChoiceCorrect":2861,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2863,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2860],"What event in 410 CE began the decline of the Roman Empire?",[2862],"The Visigoths sacked Rome",[2864,2865,2866],"The fall of Constantinople","The rise of the Byzantine Empire","The death of Julius Caesar",{"id":2868,"data":2869,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"a28db479-4982-4cd3-88e4-0919c7aeaa72",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2870,"multiChoiceCorrect":2872,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2875,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":21,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2871],"During the 5th century CE, which of these took place?",[2873,2874],"The western portion of the Roman Empire fell","The eastern portion of the Roman Empire survived",[2876,2877],"The western portion of the Roman Empire survived","The eastern portion of the Roman Empire fell",{"id":2879,"data":2880,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":2883},"bebcdce9-3618-4819-b804-5d97d7ef561d",{"type":24,"markdownContent":2881,"audioMediaId":2882},"Historians use the fall of Rome to mark the end of the Ancient World. The days of glorious civilizations, from the Sumerians to the Romans, had finally drawn to a close. Europe entered a period of time which is sometimes called the Dark Ages.\n\nThis term, however, is misleading, and it is generally rejected by modern historians. After the fall of Rome, the world did not collapse into darkness. Instead, the period should be viewed as a new beginning.\n\nWithout the dominating presence of the Roman Empire, other civilizations flourished. From the Ottomans of Turkey, to the Mongols of Asia, this new generation of civilizations rose from the ashes of the old.","39b5fde0-3c04-4d39-b797-0cf9634a9293",[2884],{"id":2885,"data":2886,"type":65,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"64af78ff-07a3-439c-a1b4-4fed70c9b80b",{"type":65,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2887,"multiChoiceCorrect":2889,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2891,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2888],"What term is often used to describe the period after the fall of Rome, but rejected by most modern historians?",[2890],"Dark Ages",[2892,2893,2894],"Golden Age","Renaissance","Enlightenment",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":2896,"height":2896,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":2897},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":2896,"height":2896,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":2899},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M12.586 2.586A2 2 0 0 0 11.172 2H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v7.172a2 2 0 0 0 .586 1.414l8.704 8.704a2.426 2.426 0 0 0 3.42 0l6.58-6.58a2.426 2.426 0 0 0 0-3.42z\"/>\u003Ccircle cx=\"7.5\" cy=\"7.5\" r=\".5\" fill=\"currentColor\"/>\u003C/g>",1778179466650]