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scale.","The Triangular Trade involved three trading routes between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.","The 'middle passage' was the horrific journey of African slaves across the Atlantic Ocean.",{"id":36,"data":37,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"6394afbb-7056-4963-896f-46d0c67feee4",{"type":38,"title":39,"intro":40},10,"Origins and Development in Africa intro",[41,42],"Who kickstarted the European trade in African slaves and why?","Under what horrific conditions did slaves undertake the 'middle passage' journey?",[44,79,114,132],{"id":45,"data":46,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":50},"503440da-76c6-4ecf-9ffe-de06e1167124",{"type":19,"title":47,"markdownContent":48,"audioMediaId":49},"Origins and Development in Africa page 1","When the Portuguese first began to establish trading posts in Africa in the 15th century, their primary objective was to obtain gold and other valuable commodities, such as ivory and spices.\n\nBut as these trading ventures progressed, merchants soon became aware of the extreme profits that could be extracted from trade in human lives.\n\nIn 1441 AD, a man named Antão Gonçalves became one of the first recorded Europeans to buy an enslaved African, transported from the coast of Guinea, for the purpose of laboring on sugar plantations in the uninhabited São Tomé islands.\n\nSoon, Elmina Castle on the Gold Coast, present-day Ghana, was transformed into a depot for slaves. This trafficking would eventually be extended to the Americas by the Spanish.\n","5a834424-5a00-4787-a010-f2d0e6a59a63",[51,63],{"id":52,"data":53,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"18126905-18c4-46f8-a7d0-454c3027b0f6",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":55,"multiChoiceCorrect":57,"multiChoiceIncorrect":59,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},11,[56],"In which year was Antão Gonçalves recorded as the first European to buy an enslaved African?",[58],"1441 AD",[60,61,62],"1451 AD","1431 AD","1461 AD",{"id":64,"data":65,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"f227aa62-d568-4d30-94c9-fdd9d18a5bba",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":66,"multiChoiceCorrect":68,"multiChoiceIncorrect":70,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":74,"matchPairsPairs":76},[67],"Which of the following applies to the São Tomé Islands?'",[69],"Uninhabited islands used for sugar plantations",[71,72,73],"Location of Prince Henry's navigational school","Known for spices like nutmeg and cloves.","Columbus's landing site.",[75],"Match the pairs below:",[77],{"left":78,"right":69,"direction":18},"São Tomé Islands",{"id":80,"data":81,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":85},"dbf7f315-17c9-4e5f-9e69-545da709b5f5",{"type":19,"title":82,"markdownContent":83,"audioMediaId":84},"Origins and Development in Africa page 2","\nThe transatlantic slave trade relied upon an existing practice of slavery and servitude.\n\nLike much of Asia and Europe, enforced labor had been present in Africa throughout its history in diverse forms. Populated by regional empires and tribes, slavery in Central and West Africa was frequently the consequence of conflict, with prisoners of war exploited for labor, and sometimes profitably traded.\n\nTrade occurred both domestically and as part of the trans-Saharan slave trade, which had transported Africans to Europe and the Middle East as far back as the 3rd millennium BC.\n\n![Graph](image://7d949528-89db-4f56-99df-a1e07e0b5dd6 \"A depiction of the Ashanti Empire\")\n\nYet the emergence of the transatlantic trade was on a totally different scale, It transformed slavery in Africa beyond recognition.\n\nFaced with surging demand from European traders, African elites were increasingly incentivised to use warfare or raids against neighboring tribes to acquire slaves who would then be exported abroad via coastal ports like Elmina Castle.\n\nAt its peak, the Ashanti Empire in modern-day Ghana is believed to have enslaved up to one-third of its population.\n","e457431f-9f49-4fe8-8cac-d42a83d8a141",[86,97],{"id":87,"data":88,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"a1fdb442-3ff0-410d-b0e0-de102c507331",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":89,"multiChoiceCorrect":91,"multiChoiceIncorrect":93,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[90],"How far back does the trans-Saharan slave trade date?",[92],"3rd millennium BC",[94,95,96],"4th millennium BC","2nd millennium BC","1st millennium BC",{"id":98,"data":99,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"e5f02a0d-bb28-4bfc-aed1-bad6387b6db3",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":100,"multiChoiceCorrect":102,"multiChoiceIncorrect":104,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":108,"orderQuestion":109,"orderItems":111},[101],"What proportion of the Ashanti Empire's population was enslaved?",[103],"33%",[105,106,107],"40%","10-20%","66%",12,[110],"Put the following in order:",[112],{"label":113,"reveal":103,"sortOrder":19},"Enslaved proportion of Ashanti Empire's population",{"id":115,"data":116,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":120},"c3a17fe1-1ab1-44ae-bbec-d6ea8f3602ad",{"type":19,"title":117,"markdownContent":118,"audioMediaId":119},"Origins and Development in Africa page 3","\nThe system that emerged for the sale of African slaves is often called Triangular Trade, which describes the three trading routes between three continents.\n\n![Graph](image://563ae4cb-19a3-438e-a10d-7e3070379500 \"A map showing the Triangular Trade. Image: SimonP at en.wikipedia, CC BY-SA 2.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons.\")\n\nThe first route was from Europe to Africa, where European traders would exchange goods such as cloth, guns, and alcohol for African slaves.\n\nThese slaves were captured by African slave traders, who then sold them to European traders in exchange for European goods.\n\nThe second route involved the transportation of African slaves to the Americas, where they were sold to plantation owners in exchange for cash crops such as sugar, tobacco, and cotton. These crops were then transported back to Europe to be sold.\n\nThe third and final route involved the transportation of European goods back to Europe, where they were sold for a profit. This cycle of trade continued for several centuries and was responsible for the enslavement of millions of Africans.\n","ed8127fd-0ab7-4875-a919-a250c184c14c",[121],{"id":122,"data":123,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"960d7144-bf31-4b85-9f8b-dc3388b03a91",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":124,"multiChoiceCorrect":126,"multiChoiceIncorrect":128,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[125],"What type of trading system involved the exchange of goods such as cloth, guns, and alcohol for African slaves?",[127],"Triangular Trade",[129,130,131],"Circular Trade","Square Trade","Pentagonal Trade",{"id":133,"data":134,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":138},"8b7c22a7-42fc-470f-9d57-b74474ba6bbd",{"type":19,"title":135,"markdownContent":136,"audioMediaId":137},"Origins and Development in Africa page 4","\n![Graph](image://b23f3450-409f-465b-a1a6-97e699b0c8d8 \"Guineamen ships\")\n\nThe journey for slaves from Africa to America across the Atlantic is historically known as the 'middle passage', and describes the middle leg of the triangular trade route. Weather dependent, it could take between one and six months.\n\nThe journey was carried out in large cargo ships known as 'Guineamen', and conditions were often horrific. A typical ship contained around 100 captives, chained in pairs using cuffs known as 'bilboes', and tightly into small spaces and subjected to extreme temperatures.\n\nIt is estimated that between 10 and 20 percent of captive passengers died from disease or malnutrition during the long voyages across the Atlantic Ocean, with mortality rate increasing depending on the voyage’s length.\n","e14b1b08-ecf9-46a4-a79e-e820e15a13b2",[139,150,166,177],{"id":140,"data":141,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"a719d1f3-a7a2-4ede-aaee-aa62a8c5952d",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":142,"multiChoiceCorrect":144,"multiChoiceIncorrect":145,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":108,"orderQuestion":146,"orderItems":147},[143],"What was the mortality rate of slaves during the Middle Passage?",[106],[103,105,107],[110],[148],{"label":149,"reveal":106,"sortOrder":4},"Mortality rate of slaves during the 'middle passage'",{"id":151,"data":152,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"d0876d4b-7083-4d46-9022-edd32e7b1189",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":153,"multiChoiceCorrect":155,"multiChoiceIncorrect":157,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":161,"matchPairsPairs":162},[154],"Which of the following describes bilboes?",[156],"Cuffs used to chain captives in pairs",[158,159,160],"Made from cedar wood, powered by oars","Dual hulls","Large cargo ships used for transporting slaves",[75],[163],{"left":164,"right":165,"direction":18},"Bilboes","Used to chain captives in pairs",{"id":167,"data":168,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"db59b9ba-6109-4482-8360-550c49c7ef3d",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":169,"multiChoiceCorrect":171,"multiChoiceIncorrect":172,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":173,"matchPairsPairs":174},[170],"Which of the following describes Guineamen?",[160],[158,159,165],[75],[175],{"left":176,"right":160,"direction":18},"Guineamen",{"id":178,"data":179,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"fd936f40-9bca-42d6-ad4a-2f748b0916c0",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":180,"multiChoiceCorrect":182,"multiChoiceIncorrect":184,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":108,"orderQuestion":188,"orderItems":189},[181],"What is the typical number of captives in a Guineamen ship?",[183],"100",[185,186,187],"41","123","300",[110],[190],{"label":191,"reveal":183,"sortOrder":19},"Typical number of captives in a Guineamen ship",{"id":193,"data":194,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"summaryPage":196,"introPage":205,"pages":212},"0aa37c7f-2f12-4418-a52c-0e101d2099f5",{"type":24,"title":195},"The First Plantations",{"id":197,"data":198,"type":18,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"01011cd0-8a9d-4eb8-bb97-f5ace2cb93ea",{"type":18,"title":199,"summary":200},"The First Plantations summary",[201,202,203,204],"Portuguese established the first slave plantations in the Americas in the early 16th century.","Spanish colonies in the Caribbean and Mexico relied heavily on African slaves for labor.","British and French colonizers followed suit in establishing slavery-based economies in the Caribbean.","Slaves were initially classified as 'indentured servants' before transitioning to 'chattel slavery'.",{"id":206,"data":207,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"54503d33-cac9-4bda-b8f5-c4f26f84bb56",{"type":38,"title":208,"intro":209},"The First Plantations intro",[210,211],"What was the Treaty of Tordesillas and how did it impact the establishment of the first slave plantations in the Americas?","How did the transition from 'indentured servitude' to 'chattel slavery' change the nature of slavery in the English colonies?",[213,235,253,284],{"id":214,"data":215,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":219},"25421e43-4e74-4d7b-8b10-53d9d8d16a75",{"type":19,"title":216,"markdownContent":217,"audioMediaId":218},"The First Plantations page 1","The first slave plantations in the Americas were established in the early 16th century by the Portuguese, bringing the first African slaves to their colonies in Brazil in 1526.\n\nThe Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in 1494 between Portugal and Spain, gave Portugal the rights to colonize and trade in Africa, giving them a monopoly on the African slave trade and the ability to establish sugar plantations in Brazil using enslaved labor.\n\n![Graph](image://92b81bd4-93b7-4e86-bb44-b39b26348c26 \"A cotton plantation\")\n\nOver the course of the slave trade, an estimated 4.9 million enslaved Africans were brought to Brazil alone.\n","edce3e1b-815f-4b91-b5bb-eedbeee2260f",[220],{"id":221,"data":222,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"38061eb0-98b3-4467-b483-1bfdd2208283",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":223,"multiChoiceCorrect":225,"multiChoiceIncorrect":227,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":19,"orderQuestion":231,"orderItems":232},[224],"In which year were the first African slaves brought to Brazil?",[226],"1526",[228,229,230],"1494","1608","1620",[110],[233],{"label":234,"reveal":226,"sortOrder":19},"First African slaves brought to Brazil",{"id":236,"data":237,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":241},"e49c3a6c-e8f0-48fc-bd61-c140f65bf095",{"type":19,"title":238,"markdownContent":239,"audioMediaId":240},"The First Plantations page 2","\nThe Spanish, who had established colonies in the Caribbean and Mexico, also relied heavily on African slaves for labor.\n\nIn the Caribbean, sugar plantations were established on islands such as Cuba, Jamaica, and Hispaniola. Slave labor was used for a variety of purposes: from the cultivation of sugar, coffee, rice, and cotton, construction and timber production, and the mining of silver.\n\n![Graph](image://fb2c8855-789a-46e3-b66a-4c0cec2985aa Slaves working on a plantation. Image: James Richard Barfoot, CC BY 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n","58b90efb-01a7-4add-9ce0-4d55cbc4f110",[242],{"id":243,"data":244,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"3c5e9965-7453-4392-a65f-223a37378ebd",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":245,"multiChoiceCorrect":247,"multiChoiceIncorrect":249,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[246],"What treaty gave Portugal a monopoly on the African slave trade and the ability to establish sugar plantations in Brazil?",[248],"The Treaty of Tordesillas",[250,251,252],"The Treaty of Madrid","The Treaty of Lisbon","The Treaty of Paris",{"id":254,"data":255,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":259},"e248ee0b-c3b0-4ea5-a832-5327a6ad3c39",{"type":19,"title":256,"markdownContent":257,"audioMediaId":258},"The First Plantations page 3","\nIn the 17th century, British and French colonizers followed in establishing slavery-based economies in the Caribbean, bringing slaves to work on sugar, tobacco, and other cash crop plantations.\n\nA central player in the trade was the Royal African Company. Established in 1660 to trade in West Africa, including gold and ivory, the Company quickly focused exclusively on the far more profitable Slave trade.\n\nBy the 1680s, the Royal African Company was transporting around 5,000 slaves a year across the Atlantic. Over a period of 6 decades, this amounted to almost 200,000, around 40,000 of which died during the journey.\n","43596731-6116-4352-96f8-326d31bead9c",[260,275],{"id":261,"data":262,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"0670a278-4f13-42f4-b871-2321bf31f30f",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":263,"multiChoiceCorrect":265,"multiChoiceIncorrect":267,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":19,"orderQuestion":271,"orderItems":272},[264],"In what year was the Royal African Company established?",[266],"1660",[268,269,270],"1636","1657","1675",[110],[273],{"label":274,"reveal":266,"sortOrder":24},"Royal African Company was established",{"id":276,"data":277,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"b7f7d281-66ae-49b4-8d49-f66d3e5cb911",{"type":54,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":19,"binaryQuestion":278,"binaryCorrect":280,"binaryIncorrect":282},[279],"How many slaves did the Royal African Company transport across the Atlantic each year in the 1680s?",[281],"5,000",[283],"10,000",{"id":285,"data":286,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":290},"7cd3ecf3-c874-4784-a205-e84df943ac3b",{"type":19,"title":287,"markdownContent":288,"audioMediaId":289},"The First Plantations page 4","\nThe first slaves to arrive in English colonies were initially classified as 'indentured servants'. In other words, they were contracted to labor for a certain number of years without pay. This included not only Africans, but Europeans - particularly prisoners.\n\nBy the mid-17th century, this system started to give way to 'chattel slavery', largely racially exclusive to Africans, in which individuals were considered the permanent property of their owners.\n\n![Graph](image://c1aafc37-5cd3-4fe1-bd62-d93644efd013 \"A tobacco plantation\")\n\nThese slaves were traded in hubs including Charleston, South Carolina, and New Orleans, Louisiana.\n\nSlaves were brought to these cities from Africa and other parts of the Americas and sold at auction to plantation owners throughout the region.\n","82482631-0995-4161-b452-6d10b160bbae",[291,306],{"id":292,"data":293,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"4888e33f-28d0-4d07-a677-5420f8032d8a",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":294,"multiChoiceCorrect":296,"multiChoiceIncorrect":298,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":302,"matchPairsPairs":303},[295],"What is 'indentured servitude?",[297],"System where individuals work to repay a debt",[299,300,301],"System where individuals are bought, sold, and owned forever","System where enslaved mothers' children also considered slaves","System established by British government in Australia.",[75],[304],{"left":305,"right":297,"direction":18},"Indentured servitude",{"id":307,"data":308,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"7b5306f4-eb38-431b-844a-075d0ca83129",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":309,"multiChoiceCorrect":311,"multiChoiceIncorrect":312,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":313,"matchPairsPairs":314},[310],"What is 'chattel slavery'?",[299],[297,300,301],[75],[315],{"left":316,"right":299,"direction":18},"Chattel slavery",{"id":318,"data":319,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"summaryPage":321,"introPage":330,"pages":337},"a6bed1f7-6977-4c37-92dd-bf483ddd99c6",{"type":24,"title":320},"Slavery ownership and Abolitionism",{"id":322,"data":323,"type":18,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"ac59b365-fe02-4a2b-848b-d64f139a2678",{"type":18,"title":324,"summary":325},"Slavery ownership and Abolitionism summary",[326,327,328,329],"Children born to enslaved mothers were automatically considered slaves.","Slave owners used corporal punishment and threats of family separation to control slaves.","Abolition of slavery gained momentum in the 18th century due to ethical, political, and economic reasons.","The British abolitionist movement led to the banning of the slave trade in 1808.",{"id":331,"data":332,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"41067e88-cfcf-463a-95de-14a6445bc381",{"type":38,"title":333,"intro":334},"Slavery ownership and Abolitionism intro",[335,336],"What was the 'partus sequitur ventrem' law and how did it impact the system of slavery in America?","Who was William Wilberforce and what role did he play in the abolition of the slave trade?",[338,356,362],{"id":339,"data":340,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":344},"14ff7506-4566-46da-b361-6a72a41aea55",{"type":19,"title":341,"markdownContent":342,"audioMediaId":343},"Slavery ownership and Abolitionism page 1","![Graph](image://33a6be4c-edaa-4dab-a254-bd047aac8a40 'A slave being beaten')\n\nThe system of slave ownership in America upheld the legal principle of 'partus sequitur ventrem', first passed in Virginia in 1662, meaning that children born to an enslaved mother would also be considered slaves.\n\nThis meant that even if the father was free, their children were still subject to enslavement.\n\nThe law of 'partus sequitur ventrem' was adopted by many states in the US and remained in place until 1865 when it was abolished with the passing of the Thirteenth Amendment.\n","88f03ee8-0c71-4a39-b2c1-9737dcb87aaf",[345],{"id":346,"data":347,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"16b0e04b-8a4c-4db1-bacd-154266a89dbe",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":348,"multiChoiceCorrect":350,"multiChoiceIncorrect":351,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":352,"matchPairsPairs":353},[349],"What was 'Partus sequitur ventrem'?",[300],[297,299,301],[75],[354],{"left":355,"right":300,"direction":18},"Partus sequitur ventrem",{"id":357,"data":358,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"3251e67e-7c5b-4f48-bfc6-7af66a0df980",{"type":19,"title":359,"markdownContent":360,"audioMediaId":361},"Slavery ownership and Abolitionism page 2","\nIn addition to this legal framework, there were other methods used by slave owners to control their slaves.\n\nCorporal punishment was common, as was the threat of separation from family members through sale if they did not comply with orders.\n\nThese tactics combined created an oppressive environment where resistance against slavery became increasingly difficult for those subjected to it.\n","8a209acd-76a4-4303-8ab4-1654ca042162",{"id":363,"data":364,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":368},"6583f91a-2def-4aba-8435-0df8d445e087",{"type":19,"title":365,"markdownContent":366,"audioMediaId":367},"Slavery ownership and Abolitionism page 3","\n![Graph](image://f48aa4eb-8694-405f-aa29-1f888ce9e091 \"William Wilberforce\")\n\nIn the eighteenth century, slavery in America was faced with increasing support for abolition. This emerged both as an ethical impulse following religious belief and Enlightenment principles of liberty and for political reasons: the northern states were keenly aware of the south’s economic reliance on slavery.\n\nAbolition would therefore tip the balance of power in the north’s favor.\n\nA milestone in the British abolitionist movement was the founding of the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade in 1787. This group sought to end slavery through public education, lobbying, and providing financial incentives to those who freed their slaves.\n\nWilliam Wilberforce led a successful campaign which resulted in Parliament passing legislation banning the slave trade, which came into effect on 1 May 1808.\n\nOther countries followed suit over time: France abolished its own slavery in its territories in 1794, followed a year later by Denmark and Norway. In the United States, this culminated in the 13th Amendment to the Constitution, abolishing slavery, in late 1865.\n","99e3d89f-6ff3-4361-806f-c9cdb736a5bd",[369,384],{"id":370,"data":371,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"dae08716-aeb4-47e5-9612-3625eab534fc",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":372,"multiChoiceCorrect":374,"multiChoiceIncorrect":376,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":19,"orderQuestion":380,"orderItems":381},[373],"In what year was the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade founded?",[375],"1787",[377,378,379],"1714","1759","1770",[110],[382],{"label":383,"reveal":375,"sortOrder":18},"Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade founded",{"id":385,"data":386,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"447d1096-e583-4015-b78a-7dd745a6ea60",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":387,"multiChoiceCorrect":389,"multiChoiceIncorrect":391,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[388],"When did the British Parliament pass legislation banning the slave trade?",[390],"1808",[392,375,393],"1794","1865",[395,546,667],{"id":22,"data":23,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"summaryPage":26,"introPage":35,"pages":396},[397,429,476,516],{"id":45,"data":46,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":50,"parsed":398},{"data":399,"body":402,"toc":427},{"title":400,"description":401},"","When the Portuguese first began to establish trading posts in Africa in the 15th century, their primary objective was to obtain gold and other valuable commodities, such as ivory and spices.",{"type":403,"children":404},"root",[405,412,417,422],{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":408,"children":409},"element","p",{},[410],{"type":411,"value":401},"text",{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":413,"children":414},{},[415],{"type":411,"value":416},"But as these trading ventures progressed, merchants soon became aware of the extreme profits that could be extracted from trade in human lives.",{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":418,"children":419},{},[420],{"type":411,"value":421},"In 1441 AD, a man named Antão Gonçalves became one of the first recorded Europeans to buy an enslaved African, transported from the coast of Guinea, for the purpose of laboring on sugar plantations in the uninhabited São Tomé islands.",{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":423,"children":424},{},[425],{"type":411,"value":426},"Soon, Elmina Castle on the Gold Coast, present-day Ghana, was transformed into a depot for slaves. This trafficking would eventually be extended to the Americas by the Spanish.",{"title":400,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":428},[],{"id":80,"data":81,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":85,"parsed":430},{"data":431,"body":433,"toc":474},{"title":400,"description":432},"The transatlantic slave trade relied upon an existing practice of slavery and servitude.",{"type":403,"children":434},[435,439,444,449,459,464,469],{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":436,"children":437},{},[438],{"type":411,"value":432},{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":440,"children":441},{},[442],{"type":411,"value":443},"Like much of Asia and Europe, enforced labor had been present in Africa throughout its history in diverse forms. Populated by regional empires and tribes, slavery in Central and West Africa was frequently the consequence of conflict, with prisoners of war exploited for labor, and sometimes profitably traded.",{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":445,"children":446},{},[447],{"type":411,"value":448},"Trade occurred both domestically and as part of the trans-Saharan slave trade, which had transported Africans to Europe and the Middle East as far back as the 3rd millennium BC.",{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":450,"children":451},{},[452],{"type":406,"tag":453,"props":454,"children":458},"img",{"alt":455,"src":456,"title":457},"Graph","image://7d949528-89db-4f56-99df-a1e07e0b5dd6","A depiction of the Ashanti Empire",[],{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":460,"children":461},{},[462],{"type":411,"value":463},"Yet the emergence of the transatlantic trade was on a totally different scale, It transformed slavery in Africa beyond recognition.",{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":465,"children":466},{},[467],{"type":411,"value":468},"Faced with surging demand from European traders, African elites were increasingly incentivised to use warfare or raids against neighboring tribes to acquire slaves who would then be exported abroad via coastal ports like Elmina Castle.",{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":470,"children":471},{},[472],{"type":411,"value":473},"At its peak, the Ashanti Empire in modern-day Ghana is believed to have enslaved up to one-third of its population.",{"title":400,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":475},[],{"id":115,"data":116,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":120,"parsed":477},{"data":478,"body":480,"toc":514},{"title":400,"description":479},"The system that emerged for the sale of African slaves is often called Triangular Trade, which describes the three trading routes between three continents.",{"type":403,"children":481},[482,486,494,499,504,509],{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":483,"children":484},{},[485],{"type":411,"value":479},{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":487,"children":488},{},[489],{"type":406,"tag":453,"props":490,"children":493},{"alt":455,"src":491,"title":492},"image://563ae4cb-19a3-438e-a10d-7e3070379500","A map showing the Triangular Trade. Image: SimonP at en.wikipedia, CC BY-SA 2.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons.",[],{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":495,"children":496},{},[497],{"type":411,"value":498},"The first route was from Europe to Africa, where European traders would exchange goods such as cloth, guns, and alcohol for African slaves.",{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":500,"children":501},{},[502],{"type":411,"value":503},"These slaves were captured by African slave traders, who then sold them to European traders in exchange for European goods.",{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":505,"children":506},{},[507],{"type":411,"value":508},"The second route involved the transportation of African slaves to the Americas, where they were sold to plantation owners in exchange for cash crops such as sugar, tobacco, and cotton. These crops were then transported back to Europe to be sold.",{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":510,"children":511},{},[512],{"type":411,"value":513},"The third and final route involved the transportation of European goods back to Europe, where they were sold for a profit. This cycle of trade continued for several centuries and was responsible for the enslavement of millions of Africans.",{"title":400,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":515},[],{"id":133,"data":134,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":138,"parsed":517},{"data":518,"body":519,"toc":544},{"title":400,"description":400},{"type":403,"children":520},[521,529,534,539],{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":522,"children":523},{},[524],{"type":406,"tag":453,"props":525,"children":528},{"alt":455,"src":526,"title":527},"image://b23f3450-409f-465b-a1a6-97e699b0c8d8","Guineamen ships",[],{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":530,"children":531},{},[532],{"type":411,"value":533},"The journey for slaves from Africa to America across the Atlantic is historically known as the 'middle passage', and describes the middle leg of the triangular trade route. Weather dependent, it could take between one and six months.",{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":535,"children":536},{},[537],{"type":411,"value":538},"The journey was carried out in large cargo ships known as 'Guineamen', and conditions were often horrific. A typical ship contained around 100 captives, chained in pairs using cuffs known as 'bilboes', and tightly into small spaces and subjected to extreme temperatures.",{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":540,"children":541},{},[542],{"type":411,"value":543},"It is estimated that between 10 and 20 percent of captive passengers died from disease or malnutrition during the long voyages across the Atlantic Ocean, with mortality rate increasing depending on the voyage’s length.",{"title":400,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":545},[],{"id":193,"data":194,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"summaryPage":196,"introPage":205,"pages":547},[548,578,610,632],{"id":214,"data":215,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":219,"parsed":549},{"data":550,"body":552,"toc":576},{"title":400,"description":551},"The first slave plantations in the Americas were established in the early 16th century by the Portuguese, bringing the first African slaves to their colonies in Brazil in 1526.",{"type":403,"children":553},[554,558,563,571],{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":555,"children":556},{},[557],{"type":411,"value":551},{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":559,"children":560},{},[561],{"type":411,"value":562},"The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in 1494 between Portugal and Spain, gave Portugal the rights to colonize and trade in Africa, giving them a monopoly on the African slave trade and the ability to establish sugar plantations in Brazil using enslaved labor.",{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":564,"children":565},{},[566],{"type":406,"tag":453,"props":567,"children":570},{"alt":455,"src":568,"title":569},"image://92b81bd4-93b7-4e86-bb44-b39b26348c26","A cotton plantation",[],{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":572,"children":573},{},[574],{"type":411,"value":575},"Over the course of the slave trade, an estimated 4.9 million enslaved Africans were brought to Brazil alone.",{"title":400,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":577},[],{"id":236,"data":237,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":241,"parsed":579},{"data":580,"body":582,"toc":608},{"title":400,"description":581},"The Spanish, who had established colonies in the Caribbean and Mexico, also relied heavily on African slaves for labor.",{"type":403,"children":583},[584,588,593],{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":585,"children":586},{},[587],{"type":411,"value":581},{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":589,"children":590},{},[591],{"type":411,"value":592},"In the Caribbean, sugar plantations were established on islands such as Cuba, Jamaica, and Hispaniola. Slave labor was used for a variety of purposes: from the cultivation of sugar, coffee, rice, and cotton, construction and timber production, and the mining of silver.",{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":594,"children":595},{},[596,598,606],{"type":411,"value":597},"![Graph](image://fb2c8855-789a-46e3-b66a-4c0cec2985aa Slaves working on a plantation. Image: James Richard Barfoot, CC BY 4.0 ",{"type":406,"tag":599,"props":600,"children":604},"a",{"href":601,"rel":602},"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0",[603],"nofollow",[605],{"type":411,"value":601},{"type":411,"value":607},", via Wikimedia Commons\")",{"title":400,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":609},[],{"id":254,"data":255,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":259,"parsed":611},{"data":612,"body":614,"toc":630},{"title":400,"description":613},"In the 17th century, British and French colonizers followed in establishing slavery-based economies in the Caribbean, bringing slaves to work on sugar, tobacco, and other cash crop plantations.",{"type":403,"children":615},[616,620,625],{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":617,"children":618},{},[619],{"type":411,"value":613},{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":621,"children":622},{},[623],{"type":411,"value":624},"A central player in the trade was the Royal African Company. Established in 1660 to trade in West Africa, including gold and ivory, the Company quickly focused exclusively on the far more profitable Slave trade.",{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":626,"children":627},{},[628],{"type":411,"value":629},"By the 1680s, the Royal African Company was transporting around 5,000 slaves a year across the Atlantic. Over a period of 6 decades, this amounted to almost 200,000, around 40,000 of which died during the journey.",{"title":400,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":631},[],{"id":285,"data":286,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":290,"parsed":633},{"data":634,"body":636,"toc":665},{"title":400,"description":635},"The first slaves to arrive in English colonies were initially classified as 'indentured servants'. In other words, they were contracted to labor for a certain number of years without pay. This included not only Africans, but Europeans - particularly prisoners.",{"type":403,"children":637},[638,642,647,655,660],{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":639,"children":640},{},[641],{"type":411,"value":635},{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":643,"children":644},{},[645],{"type":411,"value":646},"By the mid-17th century, this system started to give way to 'chattel slavery', largely racially exclusive to Africans, in which individuals were considered the permanent property of their owners.",{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":648,"children":649},{},[650],{"type":406,"tag":453,"props":651,"children":654},{"alt":455,"src":652,"title":653},"image://c1aafc37-5cd3-4fe1-bd62-d93644efd013","A tobacco plantation",[],{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":656,"children":657},{},[658],{"type":411,"value":659},"These slaves were traded in hubs including Charleston, South Carolina, and New Orleans, Louisiana.",{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":661,"children":662},{},[663],{"type":411,"value":664},"Slaves were brought to these cities from Africa and other parts of the Americas and sold at auction to plantation owners throughout the region.",{"title":400,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":666},[],{"id":318,"data":319,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"summaryPage":321,"introPage":330,"pages":668},[669,699,721],{"id":339,"data":340,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":344,"parsed":670},{"data":671,"body":672,"toc":697},{"title":400,"description":400},{"type":403,"children":673},[674,682,687,692],{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":675,"children":676},{},[677],{"type":406,"tag":453,"props":678,"children":681},{"alt":455,"src":679,"title":680},"image://33a6be4c-edaa-4dab-a254-bd047aac8a40","A slave being beaten",[],{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":683,"children":684},{},[685],{"type":411,"value":686},"The system of slave ownership in America upheld the legal principle of 'partus sequitur ventrem', first passed in Virginia in 1662, meaning that children born to an enslaved mother would also be considered slaves.",{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":688,"children":689},{},[690],{"type":411,"value":691},"This meant that even if the father was free, their children were still subject to enslavement.",{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":693,"children":694},{},[695],{"type":411,"value":696},"The law of 'partus sequitur ventrem' was adopted by many states in the US and remained in place until 1865 when it was abolished with the passing of the Thirteenth Amendment.",{"title":400,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":698},[],{"id":357,"data":358,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"parsed":700},{"data":701,"body":703,"toc":719},{"title":400,"description":702},"In addition to this legal framework, there were other methods used by slave owners to control their slaves.",{"type":403,"children":704},[705,709,714],{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":706,"children":707},{},[708],{"type":411,"value":702},{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":710,"children":711},{},[712],{"type":411,"value":713},"Corporal punishment was common, as was the threat of separation from family members through sale if they did not comply with orders.",{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":715,"children":716},{},[717],{"type":411,"value":718},"These tactics combined created an oppressive environment where resistance against slavery became increasingly difficult for those subjected to it.",{"title":400,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":720},[],{"id":363,"data":364,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":368,"parsed":722},{"data":723,"body":724,"toc":759},{"title":400,"description":400},{"type":403,"children":725},[726,734,739,744,749,754],{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":727,"children":728},{},[729],{"type":406,"tag":453,"props":730,"children":733},{"alt":455,"src":731,"title":732},"image://f48aa4eb-8694-405f-aa29-1f888ce9e091","William Wilberforce",[],{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":735,"children":736},{},[737],{"type":411,"value":738},"In the eighteenth century, slavery in America was faced with increasing support for abolition. This emerged both as an ethical impulse following religious belief and Enlightenment principles of liberty and for political reasons: the northern states were keenly aware of the south’s economic reliance on slavery.",{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":740,"children":741},{},[742],{"type":411,"value":743},"Abolition would therefore tip the balance of power in the north’s favor.",{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":745,"children":746},{},[747],{"type":411,"value":748},"A milestone in the British abolitionist movement was the founding of the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade in 1787. This group sought to end slavery through public education, lobbying, and providing financial incentives to those who freed their slaves.",{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":750,"children":751},{},[752],{"type":411,"value":753},"William Wilberforce led a successful campaign which resulted in Parliament passing legislation banning the slave trade, which came into effect on 1 May 1808.",{"type":406,"tag":407,"props":755,"children":756},{},[757],{"type":411,"value":758},"Other countries followed suit over time: France abolished its own slavery in its territories in 1794, followed a year later by Denmark and Norway. In the United States, this culminated in the 13th Amendment to the Constitution, abolishing slavery, in late 1865.",{"title":400,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":760},[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":762,"height":762,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":763},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":762,"height":762,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":765},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M4 5h16M4 12h16M4 19h16\"/>",1778228205940]