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extracted vast amounts of gold and silver to fund European wars.","Exploitative labor practices like slavery were used to extract resources from colonies at minimal cost.","Former colonies are left with weak economies due to centuries of underdevelopment caused by colonial rule.",{"id":36,"data":37,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"19e8b6d1-37ae-4c54-99e7-e079f711d6fe",{"type":38,"title":39,"intro":40},10,"Re-evaluating the Narrative of Discovery intro",[41,42],"How did the narrative of 'discovery' erase the history and agency of indigenous populations?","What was the impact of colonial exploitation on the current economic inequalities in the Global South?",[44,50],{"id":45,"data":46,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"d752c2ea-1fa3-4a49-9af3-40c1d0449afa",{"type":19,"title":47,"markdownContent":48,"audioMediaId":49},"Re-evaluating the Narrative of Discovery page 1","The Age of Exploration has been subject to much modern historical critique, with many scholars re-evaluating the traditional Eurocentric narrative of 'discovery'.\n\nThe narrative of 'discovery' in the context of the Age of Exploration erases the fact that these lands and peoples were already known to and inhabited by indigenous populations. It also casts the event of colonization in a positive light, as a form of enlightenment, perpetuating the false idea of the 'noble savage' and the superiority of European culture.\n\nIn reality, the Age of Exploration was marked by the violent colonization and exploitation of lands of Indigenous populations, often resulting in genocide, forced labor, and cultural destruction.\n\nTherefore, it is important to use language that acknowledges the agency and history of the indigenous peoples and to approach the topic with sensitivity and critical awareness.\n","866f6a26-82a2-4f0b-8521-1760bd50057b",{"id":51,"data":52,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"ecb64163-4429-49f1-a33e-c8fba161053c",{"type":19,"title":53,"markdownContent":54,"audioMediaId":55},"Re-evaluating the Narrative of Discovery page 2","\nThe Age of Exploration had a lasting impact on global economic inequalities, with many countries in the Global South still feeling the effects of colonial exploitation today.\n\nFor example, during the 16th-century Spanish conquest of Latin America, vast amounts of gold and silver were extracted from local populations to fund European wars.\n\nThis wealth was then used to finance further exploration and colonization efforts around the world. In addition, exploitative labor practices such as slavery and indentured servitude were employed by Europeans to extract resources from their colonies at a minimal cost. These policies created an unequal power dynamic between Europe and its colonies which persists even today.\n\nFor instance, African nations are often forced to accept unfair terms when trading with wealthier Western countries due to their lack of bargaining power. Furthermore, many former colonies have been left with weak economies due to centuries of underdevelopment caused by colonial rule.\n","4e1d72c8-303e-4c36-964d-b08ad44f1407",{"id":57,"data":58,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"summaryPage":60,"introPage":69,"pages":76},"c13c3f7e-b48d-4244-b13f-1505eb930323",{"type":24,"title":59},"Cultural Assimilation",{"id":61,"data":62,"type":18,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"b4ea73b3-66e6-4b38-8388-65aa15080fa7",{"type":18,"title":63,"summary":64},"Cultural Assimilation summary",[65,66,67,68],"Boarding schools in the late 19th century aimed to assimilate Native Americans into European-American culture.","Native languages and customs were suppressed in these schools, leading to a decline in indigenous cultures.","Efforts are being made to preserve endangered native languages by linguists and tribal communities.","The spread of Christianity during the Age of Exploration had a lasting impact on global religion, including in North America.",{"id":70,"data":71,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"47dbc607-3cdf-4fe7-8103-5c56e94a678a",{"type":38,"title":72,"intro":73},"Cultural Assimilation intro",[74,75],"What was the purpose of the boarding schools established for Native American children in the 19th century?","How many North American native languages are considered 'critically endangered' or 'extinct' today?",[77,96,131],{"id":78,"data":79,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":83},"53231c37-b45c-4a25-afa9-91074cf4d9d5",{"type":19,"title":80,"markdownContent":81,"audioMediaId":82},"Cultural Assimilation page 1","The legacy of the Age of Exploration in America is one of cultural genocide.\n\nIn an effort to assimilate Native Americans into European-American culture, the US government established boarding schools for indigenous children in the late 19th century.\n\n![Graph](image://4ddac3e4-1a1b-46f7-b8e3-21987655f45a \"A 19th century boarding school\")\n\nThese schools were designed to strip away native languages and customs, with students being punished for speaking their own language or practising traditional ceremonies.\n","58315efb-b37c-4119-843c-62d0107c3867",[84],{"id":85,"data":86,"type":87,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"a9502e5b-9528-49f9-bd7c-12b17b2080dd",{"type":87,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":88,"multiChoiceCorrect":90,"multiChoiceIncorrect":92,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},11,[89],"In the late 19th century, what did the US government establish in an effort to assimilate Native Americans into European-American culture?",[91],"Boarding schools",[93,94,95],"Universities","Churches","Hospitals",{"id":97,"data":98,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":102},"e3feb681-4c7c-4f3e-9fad-2ddca5f23d0b",{"type":19,"title":99,"markdownContent":100,"audioMediaId":101},"Cultural Assimilation page 2","\nThis policy had a devastating effect on many tribes, leading to a sharp decline in native languages and cultures across North America.\n\nToday, of an estimated 300 North American native languages, at least 123 have no remaining native speakers. Of the 115 remaining languages surveyed in 2012, only 35 were spoken by more than 1,000 people.\n\nThe majority are therefore considered 'critically endangered' or 'extinct' according to UNESCO's Atlas of World Languages in Danger, necessitating efforts in preservation from linguists and tribal communities alike.\n","d71d30ff-2622-4829-a86c-c4a808138157",[103,120],{"id":104,"data":105,"type":87,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"3d59f56e-74da-4146-a5cb-007ea7522b9a",{"type":87,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":106,"multiChoiceCorrect":108,"multiChoiceIncorrect":110,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":114,"orderQuestion":115,"orderItems":117},[107],"What was the original number of Native American languages?",[109],"300",[111,112,113],"41","123","100",12,[116],"Put the following in order:",[118],{"label":119,"reveal":109,"sortOrder":18},"Number of original number of Native American languages",{"id":121,"data":122,"type":87,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"3674810c-10e1-4fb7-a238-9e63d90df8ff",{"type":87,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":123,"multiChoiceCorrect":125,"multiChoiceIncorrect":126,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":114,"orderQuestion":127,"orderItems":128},[124],"How many Native American languages have become extinct?",[112],[111,109,113],[116],[129],{"label":130,"reveal":112,"sortOrder":24},"Number of extinct Native American languages",{"id":132,"data":133,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":137},"fa6c3e67-6140-491d-9c28-5e35c2a3b4c3",{"type":19,"title":134,"markdownContent":135,"audioMediaId":136},"Cultural Assimilation page 3","\nThe Age of Exploration also saw the spread of Christianity to new parts of the world, with missionaries traveling to Asia, Africa and Latin America.\n\nThe Jesuits were particularly active in this regard, establishing missions in China and Japan as early as 1549. In South America, Franciscan friars sought to convert indigenous populations while also protecting them from exploitation by Spanish colonists.\n\nMissionaries such as Bartolomé de las Casas advocated for native rights against colonial oppression.\n\nChristianity has since become a major global religion, with over 2 billion adherents worldwide today.\n\nIn North America specifically, the legacy of its early colonies’ separatist foundations can still be seen through the Protestant churches that dominate in America today, such as the Baptist, Lutheran, and Episcopal Churches.\n","3ca50520-14db-4b7f-b96e-d5fedc2e0110",[138],{"id":139,"data":140,"type":87,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"f6ce1a4d-1c00-47b8-a86a-759149b3a0b6",{"type":87,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":141,"multiChoiceCorrect":143,"multiChoiceIncorrect":145,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[142],"What religious order was particularly active in establishing missions in China and Japan in the 16th century?",[144],"The Jesuits",[146,147,148],"The Franciscans","The Dominicans","The Augustinians",{"id":150,"data":151,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"summaryPage":153,"introPage":162,"pages":169},"b1a5a027-85c8-4d38-b279-4ec13519e7ab",{"type":24,"title":152},"The Global South",{"id":154,"data":155,"type":18,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"f6225e08-f633-42cb-80d5-e595b028d3a3",{"type":18,"title":156,"summary":157},"The Global South summary",[158,159,160,161],"The British East India Company controlled much of India by the 19th century.","The British Raj was established after the Indian Rebellion of 1857.","Indigenous Australians face systemic racism and inequality today.","The Uluru Statement From The Heart calls for constitutional reform for Indigenous Australians.",{"id":163,"data":164,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"754b7936-c8bd-4d1f-af53-27f4b91bdf4a",{"type":38,"title":165,"intro":166},"The Global South intro",[167,168],"What led to the downfall of the British East India Company and the establishment of the British Raj?","What is the Uluru Statement From The Heart and why is it significant in the fight for Indigenous Australians' rights?",[170,198],{"id":171,"data":172,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":176},"b12c412e-d23c-4346-a638-8c556ac1e199",{"type":19,"title":173,"markdownContent":174,"audioMediaId":175},"The Global South page 1","The Age of Exploration had a profound impact on India and Southeast Asia, with European colonial powers establishing trading posts in the region.\n\nThe British East India Company was particularly influential. Over time, the company grew in power and influence, and by the 19th century, it effectively controlled much of India.\n\n![Graph](image://a0319058-ef0e-4237-b8d2-13cc212dcfe5 \"Robert Clive, leader of The British East India Company\")\n\nIn 1858, following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British government abolished the East India Company and assumed direct control over India, establishing what came to be known as the British Raj.\n\nThis occupation saw an influx of new ideas and technologies from Europe, such as railways and telegraphs which modernize parts of India.\n\nHowever, it also brought about exploitation and subjugation for many local populations who were forced into servitude or denied basic rights.\n","4d009c28-8ac2-4897-87dc-1346cba999c7",[177,188],{"id":178,"data":179,"type":87,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"19239e51-f215-4e5a-ab83-e45ff01b7c4b",{"type":87,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":180,"multiChoiceCorrect":182,"multiChoiceIncorrect":184,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[181],"By the 19th century, which company had gained control of much of India?",[183],"The British East India Company",[185,186,187],"The Dutch East India Company","The French East India Company","The Portuguese East India Company",{"id":189,"data":190,"type":87,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"6e69df32-b2d6-4966-b7c1-d1a0625126ec",{"type":87,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":191,"multiChoiceCorrect":193,"multiChoiceIncorrect":195,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[192],"In 1858, what replaced the British East India Company in India?",[194],"The British Raj",[185,196,197],"The Mughals","The Indian Republic",{"id":199,"data":200,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":204},"9f82852f-ee10-49fc-a7d3-0c298ba9c20f",{"type":19,"title":201,"markdownContent":202,"audioMediaId":203},"The Global South page 2","\nThe arrival of Europeans brought with it devastating consequences for Indigenous Australians, including dispossession from their land and displacement from traditional lifestyles.\n\nToday, many Aboriginal people still face systemic racism and inequality in areas such as education, health care and employment opportunities.\n\nIn addition, there are ongoing political issues surrounding the recognition of native title rights over land that was taken away during colonization.\n\nThis is exemplified by the Uluru Statement From The Heart which calls for constitutional reform to recognise Indigenous Australians as First Nations peoples with a voice in parliament. Such movements call, for example, for the abolition of Australia Day, which marks the first landing of the First British fleet in 1788.\n","6e0812e4-1f3f-472e-9788-ffef550a19e2",[205,214],{"id":206,"data":207,"type":87,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"1d1bbc2a-69f3-46c5-b994-05cc9eb219c0",{"type":87,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":19,"binaryQuestion":208,"binaryCorrect":210,"binaryIncorrect":212},[209],"What is the name of the document that calls for constitutional reform to recognise Indigenous Australians?",[211],"The Uluru Statement From The Heart",[213],"The Uluru Declaration",{"id":215,"data":216,"type":87,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"5bea4f88-d338-4417-855b-bfb6e13831f6",{"type":87,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":19,"binaryQuestion":217,"binaryCorrect":219,"binaryIncorrect":221},[218],"What date is marked by Australia Day?",[220],"The first landing of the First British fleet in 1788",[222],"The first landing of the Second British fleet in 1789",{"id":224,"data":225,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"summaryPage":227,"introPage":236,"pages":243},"21861bb6-ea15-45ba-998a-0567137c6e93",{"type":24,"title":226},"The Legacy of Slavery",{"id":228,"data":229,"type":18,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"9165f1d2-7d15-439e-bfcc-653e81a27a17",{"type":18,"title":230,"summary":231},"The Legacy of Slavery summary",[232,233,234,235],"Creole languages in former slave colonies are hybrids of European and African tongues.","Place names were often changed by Europeans to reflect their own culture.","Economic deprivation and systemic racism have been a legacy of slavery for Black Americans.","The Slavery Compensation Act of 1837 compensated slave owners, leading to ongoing economic impacts.",{"id":237,"data":238,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"a4bc7625-f78b-4940-ac70-503471a93748",{"type":38,"title":239,"intro":240},"The Legacy of Slavery intro",[241,242],"How did Trans-Atlantic slavery influence the development of Creole languages?","What was the Slavery Compensation Act of 1837 and how does it impact the argument for reparations today?",[244,262,280,297],{"id":245,"data":246,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":250},"5a3c8dc0-c493-4135-8c0d-9caac10210b4",{"type":19,"title":247,"markdownContent":248,"audioMediaId":249},"The Legacy of Slavery page 1","Trans-Atlantic slavery gave rise to several creole languages, still commonplace in former slave colonies, which developed as hybrids of European and African tongues.\n\nThis includes the French based Haitian Creole and Papiamento in Aruba - a Portuguese and Spanish derived language spoken in the Dutch Caribbean.\n\nAnother fraught linguistic legacy of exploration is place names; many cities, towns and geographical features were given new names by Europeans to reflect their own language and culture.\n\nIn some cases original names have survived. For instance, New York was originally called Manna-hataan by its Native American, retained in today’s 'Manhattan'.\n\n![Graph](image://b4c09dc6-9824-4fc6-b8e2-b05a2b4801fd \"A map of New York showing Manhattan. Image: User PerryPlanet, CC BY-SA 2.5 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nIn recent years there has been a global movement to reinstate Indigenous place names where possible, with some countries like Canada and New Zealand taking steps towards this goal.\n\nThis reflects a wider shift towards recognising the importance of preserving cultural heritage for future generations while also acknowledging past wrongs committed against Indigenous peoples during colonization.\n","a3a70b6b-e858-43df-958b-45a57afb5445",[251],{"id":252,"data":253,"type":87,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"df55eca4-b337-41f9-aeb6-73499e66ebca",{"type":87,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":254,"multiChoiceCorrect":256,"multiChoiceIncorrect":258,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[255],"What is the name of the French-based language spoken in Haiti?",[257],"Haitian Creole",[259,260,261],"Papiamento","Dutch Caribbean","Portuguese",{"id":263,"data":264,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":268},"03d1ce17-2afc-4145-bf59-a9938f77a6dc",{"type":19,"title":265,"markdownContent":266,"audioMediaId":267},"The Legacy of Slavery page 2","\nThe legacy of slavery for Black Americans has been one of economic deprivation and systemic racism. The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade saw millions of African people forcibly taken from their homes to be sold as slaves in the Americas.\n\nThis resulted in a long history of exploitation and discrimination against African Americans that continues to this day. In 2020, the death of George Floyd sparked a global movement with the rallying cry ‘Black Lives Matter’ highlighting ongoing issues such as police brutality and racial injustice.\n\nEconomic inequality remains rife; according to research by Brandeis University, median wealth for white households was 10 times higher than that for black households in 2016.\n\nThis disparity can be traced back to centuries-old policies such as redlining which prevented Black families from accessing mortgages or other forms of credit due to their race.\n\n![Graph](image://251fa0ea-1fbb-4faf-8d94-d054f31f383f \"A 2020 ‘Black Lives Matter’ protest. Image: Anthony Quintano, CC BY 2.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n","82a89442-4569-4ebe-9645-298f1accd86c",[269],{"id":270,"data":271,"type":87,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"b79e23cc-5cb4-4157-a9e1-ed6b58f03f3b",{"type":87,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":272,"multiChoiceCorrect":274,"multiChoiceIncorrect":276,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[273],"According to research by Brandeis University, what was the median wealth for white households in 2016 compared to that for black households?",[275],"10 times higher",[277,278,279],"5 times higher","2 times higher","Equal",{"id":281,"data":282,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":286},"78698fb2-d9f3-47aa-8e23-c3edfe90cf47",{"type":19,"title":283,"markdownContent":284,"audioMediaId":285},"The Legacy of Slavery page 3","\nThe Slavery Compensation Act of 1837 was passed by the British government to compensate slave owners for the loss of their 'property' following the abolition of slavery in the British colonies.\n\nThis act has had an ongoing economic legacy, as the compensation payments were financed by loans that were repaid by the British government through taxes on the general population.\n\nThis has led to calls for reparations to be made to the descendants of slaves, who have not benefited from the profits made by their ancestors' forced labor.\n","3834fbcf-d370-44aa-846c-6239cb4f2f33",[287],{"id":288,"data":289,"type":87,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"c10c7f39-be85-4d84-9770-67fcdd546a3a",{"type":87,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":290,"multiChoiceCorrect":292,"multiChoiceIncorrect":294,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[291],"What is the name of the British law passed in 1837 to compensate slave owners for the loss of their \"property\"?",[293],"The Slavery Compensation Act",[295,296,296],"The Slavery Abolition Act","The Slavery Reparation Act",{"id":298,"data":299,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"d21b0576-e9c4-4dc1-a642-091ea4ed95ce",{"type":19,"title":300,"markdownContent":301,"audioMediaId":302},"The Legacy of Slavery page 4","\nThe argument for reparations is that the profits made from slavery were not only unjust, but also continue to have a lasting impact on the economic fortunes of those who were not compensated for their labor.\n\nThe institutional reckoning of profits from slavery is a complex issue, with many factors to consider, including the ongoing effects of racial inequality and discrimination.\n\nHowever, the case for reparations continues to be made, as many argue that it is a necessary step towards acknowledging the injustice of slavery and working towards a more equitable future.\n","f45ecf00-5efe-4499-9081-2a61acf1da3d",[304,365,453,522],{"id":22,"data":23,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"summaryPage":26,"introPage":35,"pages":305},[306,338],{"id":45,"data":46,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"parsed":307},{"data":308,"body":311,"toc":336},{"title":309,"description":310},"","The Age of Exploration has been subject to much modern historical critique, with many scholars re-evaluating the traditional Eurocentric narrative of 'discovery'.",{"type":312,"children":313},"root",[314,321,326,331],{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":317,"children":318},"element","p",{},[319],{"type":320,"value":310},"text",{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":322,"children":323},{},[324],{"type":320,"value":325},"The narrative of 'discovery' in the context of the Age of Exploration erases the fact that these lands and peoples were already known to and inhabited by indigenous populations. It also casts the event of colonization in a positive light, as a form of enlightenment, perpetuating the false idea of the 'noble savage' and the superiority of European culture.",{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":327,"children":328},{},[329],{"type":320,"value":330},"In reality, the Age of Exploration was marked by the violent colonization and exploitation of lands of Indigenous populations, often resulting in genocide, forced labor, and cultural destruction.",{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":332,"children":333},{},[334],{"type":320,"value":335},"Therefore, it is important to use language that acknowledges the agency and history of the indigenous peoples and to approach the topic with sensitivity and critical awareness.",{"title":309,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":337},[],{"id":51,"data":52,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"parsed":339},{"data":340,"body":342,"toc":363},{"title":309,"description":341},"The Age of Exploration had a lasting impact on global economic inequalities, with many countries in the Global South still feeling the effects of colonial exploitation today.",{"type":312,"children":343},[344,348,353,358],{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":345,"children":346},{},[347],{"type":320,"value":341},{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":349,"children":350},{},[351],{"type":320,"value":352},"For example, during the 16th-century Spanish conquest of Latin America, vast amounts of gold and silver were extracted from local populations to fund European wars.",{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":354,"children":355},{},[356],{"type":320,"value":357},"This wealth was then used to finance further exploration and colonization efforts around the world. In addition, exploitative labor practices such as slavery and indentured servitude were employed by Europeans to extract resources from their colonies at a minimal cost. These policies created an unequal power dynamic between Europe and its colonies which persists even today.",{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":359,"children":360},{},[361],{"type":320,"value":362},"For instance, African nations are often forced to accept unfair terms when trading with wealthier Western countries due to their lack of bargaining power. Furthermore, many former colonies have been left with weak economies due to centuries of underdevelopment caused by colonial rule.",{"title":309,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":364},[],{"id":57,"data":58,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"summaryPage":60,"introPage":69,"pages":366},[367,399,421],{"id":78,"data":79,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":83,"parsed":368},{"data":369,"body":371,"toc":397},{"title":309,"description":370},"The legacy of the Age of Exploration in America is one of cultural genocide.",{"type":312,"children":372},[373,377,382,392],{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":374,"children":375},{},[376],{"type":320,"value":370},{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":378,"children":379},{},[380],{"type":320,"value":381},"In an effort to assimilate Native Americans into European-American culture, the US government established boarding schools for indigenous children in the late 19th century.",{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":383,"children":384},{},[385],{"type":315,"tag":386,"props":387,"children":391},"img",{"alt":388,"src":389,"title":390},"Graph","image://4ddac3e4-1a1b-46f7-b8e3-21987655f45a","A 19th century boarding school",[],{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":393,"children":394},{},[395],{"type":320,"value":396},"These schools were designed to strip away native languages and customs, with students being punished for speaking their own language or practising traditional ceremonies.",{"title":309,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":398},[],{"id":97,"data":98,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":102,"parsed":400},{"data":401,"body":403,"toc":419},{"title":309,"description":402},"This policy had a devastating effect on many tribes, leading to a sharp decline in native languages and cultures across North America.",{"type":312,"children":404},[405,409,414],{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":406,"children":407},{},[408],{"type":320,"value":402},{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":410,"children":411},{},[412],{"type":320,"value":413},"Today, of an estimated 300 North American native languages, at least 123 have no remaining native speakers. Of the 115 remaining languages surveyed in 2012, only 35 were spoken by more than 1,000 people.",{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":415,"children":416},{},[417],{"type":320,"value":418},"The majority are therefore considered 'critically endangered' or 'extinct' according to UNESCO's Atlas of World Languages in Danger, necessitating efforts in preservation from linguists and tribal communities alike.",{"title":309,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":420},[],{"id":132,"data":133,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":137,"parsed":422},{"data":423,"body":425,"toc":451},{"title":309,"description":424},"The Age of Exploration also saw the spread of Christianity to new parts of the world, with missionaries traveling to Asia, Africa and Latin America.",{"type":312,"children":426},[427,431,436,441,446],{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":428,"children":429},{},[430],{"type":320,"value":424},{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":432,"children":433},{},[434],{"type":320,"value":435},"The Jesuits were particularly active in this regard, establishing missions in China and Japan as early as 1549. In South America, Franciscan friars sought to convert indigenous populations while also protecting them from exploitation by Spanish colonists.",{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":437,"children":438},{},[439],{"type":320,"value":440},"Missionaries such as Bartolomé de las Casas advocated for native rights against colonial oppression.",{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":442,"children":443},{},[444],{"type":320,"value":445},"Christianity has since become a major global religion, with over 2 billion adherents worldwide today.",{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":447,"children":448},{},[449],{"type":320,"value":450},"In North America specifically, the legacy of its early colonies’ separatist foundations can still be seen through the Protestant churches that dominate in America today, such as the Baptist, Lutheran, and Episcopal Churches.",{"title":309,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":452},[],{"id":150,"data":151,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"summaryPage":153,"introPage":162,"pages":454},[455,495],{"id":171,"data":172,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":176,"parsed":456},{"data":457,"body":459,"toc":493},{"title":309,"description":458},"The Age of Exploration had a profound impact on India and Southeast Asia, with European colonial powers establishing trading posts in the region.",{"type":312,"children":460},[461,465,470,478,483,488],{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":462,"children":463},{},[464],{"type":320,"value":458},{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":466,"children":467},{},[468],{"type":320,"value":469},"The British East India Company was particularly influential. Over time, the company grew in power and influence, and by the 19th century, it effectively controlled much of India.",{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":471,"children":472},{},[473],{"type":315,"tag":386,"props":474,"children":477},{"alt":388,"src":475,"title":476},"image://a0319058-ef0e-4237-b8d2-13cc212dcfe5","Robert Clive, leader of The British East India Company",[],{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":479,"children":480},{},[481],{"type":320,"value":482},"In 1858, following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British government abolished the East India Company and assumed direct control over India, establishing what came to be known as the British Raj.",{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":484,"children":485},{},[486],{"type":320,"value":487},"This occupation saw an influx of new ideas and technologies from Europe, such as railways and telegraphs which modernize parts of India.",{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":489,"children":490},{},[491],{"type":320,"value":492},"However, it also brought about exploitation and subjugation for many local populations who were forced into servitude or denied basic rights.",{"title":309,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":494},[],{"id":199,"data":200,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":204,"parsed":496},{"data":497,"body":499,"toc":520},{"title":309,"description":498},"The arrival of Europeans brought with it devastating consequences for Indigenous Australians, including dispossession from their land and displacement from traditional lifestyles.",{"type":312,"children":500},[501,505,510,515],{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":502,"children":503},{},[504],{"type":320,"value":498},{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":506,"children":507},{},[508],{"type":320,"value":509},"Today, many Aboriginal people still face systemic racism and inequality in areas such as education, health care and employment opportunities.",{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":511,"children":512},{},[513],{"type":320,"value":514},"In addition, there are ongoing political issues surrounding the recognition of native title rights over land that was taken away during colonization.",{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":516,"children":517},{},[518],{"type":320,"value":519},"This is exemplified by the Uluru Statement From The Heart which calls for constitutional reform to recognise Indigenous Australians as First Nations peoples with a voice in parliament. Such movements call, for example, for the abolition of Australia Day, which marks the first landing of the First British fleet in 1788.",{"title":309,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":521},[],{"id":224,"data":225,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"summaryPage":227,"introPage":236,"pages":523},[524,569,604,626],{"id":245,"data":246,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":250,"parsed":525},{"data":526,"body":528,"toc":567},{"title":309,"description":527},"Trans-Atlantic slavery gave rise to several creole languages, still commonplace in former slave colonies, which developed as hybrids of European and African tongues.",{"type":312,"children":529},[530,534,539,544,549,557,562],{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":531,"children":532},{},[533],{"type":320,"value":527},{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":535,"children":536},{},[537],{"type":320,"value":538},"This includes the French based Haitian Creole and Papiamento in Aruba - a Portuguese and Spanish derived language spoken in the Dutch Caribbean.",{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":540,"children":541},{},[542],{"type":320,"value":543},"Another fraught linguistic legacy of exploration is place names; many cities, towns and geographical features were given new names by Europeans to reflect their own language and culture.",{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":545,"children":546},{},[547],{"type":320,"value":548},"In some cases original names have survived. For instance, New York was originally called Manna-hataan by its Native American, retained in today’s 'Manhattan'.",{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":550,"children":551},{},[552],{"type":315,"tag":386,"props":553,"children":556},{"alt":388,"src":554,"title":555},"image://b4c09dc6-9824-4fc6-b8e2-b05a2b4801fd","A map of New York showing Manhattan. Image: User PerryPlanet, CC BY-SA 2.5 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5>, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":558,"children":559},{},[560],{"type":320,"value":561},"In recent years there has been a global movement to reinstate Indigenous place names where possible, with some countries like Canada and New Zealand taking steps towards this goal.",{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":563,"children":564},{},[565],{"type":320,"value":566},"This reflects a wider shift towards recognising the importance of preserving cultural heritage for future generations while also acknowledging past wrongs committed against Indigenous peoples during colonization.",{"title":309,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":568},[],{"id":263,"data":264,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":268,"parsed":570},{"data":571,"body":573,"toc":602},{"title":309,"description":572},"The legacy of slavery for Black Americans has been one of economic deprivation and systemic racism. The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade saw millions of African people forcibly taken from their homes to be sold as slaves in the Americas.",{"type":312,"children":574},[575,579,584,589,594],{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":576,"children":577},{},[578],{"type":320,"value":572},{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":580,"children":581},{},[582],{"type":320,"value":583},"This resulted in a long history of exploitation and discrimination against African Americans that continues to this day. In 2020, the death of George Floyd sparked a global movement with the rallying cry ‘Black Lives Matter’ highlighting ongoing issues such as police brutality and racial injustice.",{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":585,"children":586},{},[587],{"type":320,"value":588},"Economic inequality remains rife; according to research by Brandeis University, median wealth for white households was 10 times higher than that for black households in 2016.",{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":590,"children":591},{},[592],{"type":320,"value":593},"This disparity can be traced back to centuries-old policies such as redlining which prevented Black families from accessing mortgages or other forms of credit due to their race.",{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":595,"children":596},{},[597],{"type":315,"tag":386,"props":598,"children":601},{"alt":388,"src":599,"title":600},"image://251fa0ea-1fbb-4faf-8d94-d054f31f383f","A 2020 ‘Black Lives Matter’ protest. Image: Anthony Quintano, CC BY 2.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"title":309,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":603},[],{"id":281,"data":282,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":286,"parsed":605},{"data":606,"body":608,"toc":624},{"title":309,"description":607},"The Slavery Compensation Act of 1837 was passed by the British government to compensate slave owners for the loss of their 'property' following the abolition of slavery in the British colonies.",{"type":312,"children":609},[610,614,619],{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":611,"children":612},{},[613],{"type":320,"value":607},{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":615,"children":616},{},[617],{"type":320,"value":618},"This act has had an ongoing economic legacy, as the compensation payments were financed by loans that were repaid by the British government through taxes on the general population.",{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":620,"children":621},{},[622],{"type":320,"value":623},"This has led to calls for reparations to be made to the descendants of slaves, who have not benefited from the profits made by their ancestors' forced labor.",{"title":309,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":625},[],{"id":298,"data":299,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"parsed":627},{"data":628,"body":630,"toc":646},{"title":309,"description":629},"The argument for reparations is that the profits made from slavery were not only unjust, but also continue to have a lasting impact on the economic fortunes of those who were not compensated for their labor.",{"type":312,"children":631},[632,636,641],{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":633,"children":634},{},[635],{"type":320,"value":629},{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":637,"children":638},{},[639],{"type":320,"value":640},"The institutional reckoning of profits from slavery is a complex issue, with many factors to consider, including the ongoing effects of racial inequality and discrimination.",{"type":315,"tag":316,"props":642,"children":643},{},[644],{"type":320,"value":645},"However, the case for reparations continues to be made, as many argue that it is a necessary step towards acknowledging the injustice of slavery and working towards a more equitable future.",{"title":309,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":647},[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":649,"height":649,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":650},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":649,"height":649,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":652},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M4 5h16M4 12h16M4 19h16\"/>",1778179218538]