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He began his career as a merchant seaman and later joined the Royal Navy.\n\n![Graph](image://6c9f2b86-6bbc-4cac-ae87-965c6c2f8127 \"Captain James Cook\")\n\nDuring the French and Indian War between 1754 and 1763, Cook served as a naval master in Newfoundland, mapping its jagged coast and developing a reputation as a skilled cartographer and able astronomical observer - work that was sent to the Royal Society in 1767.\n","a33b6e34-3498-41b6-8a27-59fe2142f6d3",{"id":51,"data":52,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":56},"68256f3c-21e6-43b2-9643-208a2535ec68",{"type":19,"title":53,"markdownContent":54,"audioMediaId":55},"The First Voyages page 2","\nCook’s significance to history came in the following year, being selected by the Admiralty to captain a scientific voyage to the Pacific Ocean. He set sail on a refitted collier, HMS Endeavour, in August 1768, rounding Cape Horn, before reaching Tahiti in 1769.\n\nThe public purpose of the voyage was in the service of The Royal Society, Britain's oldest scientific institution, which sought to use the journey to measure the solar system.\n\n1769 was the year in which the planet Venus was due to pass between the earth and the sun, which presented a special opportunity for astronomical calculations, known as the 'solar parallax'.\n\nThe solar parallax is a measure of the apparent shift in the position of a star against the background of more distant stars as viewed from two different locations on Earth. This measurement is important in astronomy because it allows scientists to determine the distance between the Earth and the sun.\n\nBy observing the transit of Venus from the strategic position of Tahiti, the Society hoped to draw a celestial map of unprecedented accuracy - of great value to navigation.\n","fa365ba1-618c-4070-905f-a63c4c85acee",[57,69],{"id":58,"data":59,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"495756a1-4833-4ccf-9251-96e008b031a7",{"type":60,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":61,"multiChoiceCorrect":63,"multiChoiceIncorrect":65,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},11,[62],"What opportunity for astronomical calculations presented itself in 1769?",[64],"Solar parallax",[66,67,68],"Lunar eclipse","Solar eclipse","Planetary alignment",{"id":70,"data":71,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"d326d025-f88a-425c-bbea-a56ea10745ff",{"type":60,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":72,"multiChoiceCorrect":74,"multiChoiceIncorrect":76,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":80,"matchPairsPairs":82},[73],"Which of these was a consequence of Cook's scientific voyage to the Pacific?",[75],"Observed transit of Venus",[77,78,79],"Establishment of La Navidad","Led to the realization of a new continent","Claiming of Brazil for Portugal",[81],"Match the pairs below:",[83],{"left":84,"right":75,"direction":18},"Cook's Scientific Voyage to the Pacific Ocean (1768-1771)",{"id":86,"data":87,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"33c49b97-a3e8-4605-9005-e0aff4d428a9",{"type":19,"title":88,"markdownContent":89,"audioMediaId":90},"The First Voyages page 3","\n![Graph](image://1144d5be-7060-4bd1-9ac9-fb8024d93420 \"The Botany Bay\")\n\nCook’s employment, however, had a second, secret mission, communicated in a sealed envelope: to seek out the still rumored 'southern continent' (Terra Australis), and scope out its potential for British exploitation.\n\nTherefore, after observing the transit in June 1769 - largely considered a failure due to inaccurate timing, the Endeavour sailed further afield to New Zealand.\n\nThe Endeavour’s route around New Zealand was a crucial part of Cook’s first voyage. He charted the coastline and mapped out harbors, bays and inlets with great accuracy.\n","831249da-af4c-474b-8c0e-3a96532a5f29",{"id":92,"data":93,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":97},"40300282-3b4a-4c02-9605-6b63f72318d3",{"type":19,"title":94,"markdownContent":95,"audioMediaId":96},"The First Voyages page 4","\nIn his time there he encountered Māori people who were friendly and welcoming to him and his crew.\n\nDuring his voyage, he encountered Tupaia, a Tahitian priest with intimate knowledge of the islands in the South Pacific who was to prove able to provide invaluable assistance in navigation.\n\nFinding they shared a similar language, Tupaia also served as an interpreter between Cook and the Māori people in New Zealand, helping to establish diplomatic relations, and ensuring safe passage for Cook’s ships throughout their travels.\n","35144656-be6c-4756-a392-7613bdf9b7c2",[98,113],{"id":99,"data":100,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"a3942430-d639-4be1-a417-a70810d00a4e",{"type":60,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":101,"multiChoiceCorrect":103,"multiChoiceIncorrect":105,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":109,"matchPairsPairs":110},[102],"Which of the following describes the Māori?",[104],"Indigenous people of New Zealand",[106,107,108],"Local people of Hispaniola","Cultivated a strong and harsh variety of tobacco","Leader known as 'King Philip'",[81],[111],{"left":112,"right":104,"direction":18},"Māori",{"id":114,"data":115,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"9430f11a-f99e-401f-a3e8-8fdb480a02ee",{"type":60,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":116,"multiChoiceCorrect":118,"multiChoiceIncorrect":120,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":124,"matchPairsPairs":125},[117],"Which of the following applies to Tupaia?",[119],"Tahitian priest, navigator, and interpreter for James Cook",[121,122,123],"Indigenous people, inhabitants of Massachusetts","Name of the sweeter variety of tobacco cultivated by John Rolfe","Hit hard by diseases including smallpox just before the Pilgrims' arrival",[81],[126],{"left":127,"right":119,"direction":18},"Tupaia",{"id":129,"data":130,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":134},"1c66a572-6dc6-4b96-8eb9-6bf74074e5ee",{"type":19,"title":131,"markdownContent":132,"audioMediaId":133},"The First Voyages page 5","\nJoseph Banks, a wealthy English botanist and later President of the Royal Society, accompanied Captain Cook on his first voyage aboard the Endeavour. He was tasked with collecting specimens of plants and animals from around the world to bring back to England for scientific study.\n\nThe area where Cook landed in 1770 is now known as 'Botany Bay' after Banks’s extensive collection of plant specimens there; it has since become an iconic symbol of Australian history and identity.\n\nDuring this expedition Banks collected a vast quantity of plant specimens, describing species previously unknown to Europeans. He also recorded his sighting of a kangaroo - the indigenous name he noted in his diary being the same we use in English today.\n","3db7529f-8188-47bf-ad2f-37878322bea7",[135,151],{"id":136,"data":137,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"874ba951-4c49-435f-a4c3-8cac8a4d016b",{"type":60,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":138,"multiChoiceCorrect":140,"multiChoiceIncorrect":142,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":19,"orderQuestion":146,"orderItems":148},[139],"In which year did Cook land in Botany Bay?",[141],"1770",[143,144,145],"1714","1759","1787",[147],"Put the following in order:",[149],{"label":150,"reveal":141,"sortOrder":24},"Cook landed in Botany Bay",{"id":152,"data":153,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"b69a0bd7-bbfc-4379-baba-f3c626be3d68",{"type":60,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":154,"multiChoiceCorrect":156,"multiChoiceIncorrect":158,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[155],"Who was tasked with collecting specimens of plants and animals from around the world on Captain Cook’s first voyage?",[157],"Joseph Banks",[159,160,161],"Captain Cook","Charles Darwin","Alfred Wallace",{"id":163,"data":164,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":168},"7a6aaea5-240c-48ac-b2f1-b099e03da334",{"type":19,"title":165,"markdownContent":166,"audioMediaId":167},"The First Voyages page 6","\nIn 1772, Cook set sail on his second voyage aboard the HMS Resolution, set to finally prove or disprove the existence of Terra Australis, not fully established on his first voyage.\n\nDuring this expedition, Cook circumnavigated the globe via Antarctica, using a replica of John Harrison’s chronometer. His journey took him further south than any other explorer before him; he reached 71° 10' S latitude, only 800 miles from Antarctica.\n\nCook also successfully rounded Cape Horn at the tip of South America, proving, finally, that there existed no 'Terra Australis'.\n","e231c45d-803c-4fe5-906d-a853284fbb2a",[169],{"id":170,"data":171,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"fd8ca483-9fa5-4b83-9674-4c0f71ab0069",{"type":60,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":172,"multiChoiceCorrect":174,"multiChoiceIncorrect":176,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":180,"orderQuestion":181,"orderItems":182},[173],"How close did Cook get to Antarctica?",[175],"800 miles (1,300 km)",[177,178,179],"11,000 miles (17,700 km)","2,400 miles (3,900 km)","3,700 miles (6000 km)",15,[147],[183],{"label":184,"reveal":175,"sortOrder":4},"Distance from Antarctica reached by Cook",{"id":186,"data":187,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"summaryPage":189,"introPage":198,"pages":205},"62094a30-56fd-4a6a-b8b2-935e0976a6e8",{"type":24,"title":188},"Cook’s Final Voyages and Legacy",{"id":190,"data":191,"type":18,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"e82f3232-db93-450f-bcec-c01473a5cbf7",{"type":18,"title":192,"summary":193},"Cook’s Final Voyages and Legacy summary",[194,195,196,197],"Cook's final voyage aimed to find the Northwest Passage but ended in his death in Hawaii.","Cook's voyage to Botany Bay led to the establishment of British penal colonies in Australia.","The First Fleet sailed to New South Wales in 1788 to establish the colony of Sydney.","British penal colonies in Australia were intended to relieve overcrowding in British prisons and establish a foothold in the region.",{"id":199,"data":200,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"181bf99a-de16-4c74-ae63-c776edae204b",{"type":38,"title":201,"intro":202},"Cook’s Final Voyages and Legacy intro",[203,204],"What was the main objective of Cook's final voyage and why was it significant?","What circumstances led to Cook's death in Hawaii?",[206,228,259],{"id":207,"data":208,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":212},"056ba23a-65f6-4ab9-8065-c6d1a2a15acb",{"type":19,"title":209,"markdownContent":210,"audioMediaId":211},"Cook’s Final Voyages and Legacy page 1","In 1776, Cook set sail on his third and final voyage aboard the HMS Resolution.\n\nHis mission sought an answer to a question that had plagued explorers for centuries: the discovery of a 'Northwest Passage' between Europe and Asia via the Arctic Ocean.\n\nIn 1778 Cook became the first European to set foot on Hawaii, before setting off North in search of a potential passage.\n\nUnfortunately, he failed to find it due to thick ice blocking his way but he did manage to chart much of Canada's coastline during this journey - from the coast of Alaska to the Bering Strait.\n","2e88d810-06b4-4fc8-b179-f2fea68941b9",[213],{"id":214,"data":215,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"91e64370-170f-49b1-8b0f-523366ea8ce9",{"type":60,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":216,"multiChoiceCorrect":218,"multiChoiceIncorrect":220,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":224,"matchPairsPairs":225},[217],"Which of the following was a consequence of Cook's third voyage?",[219],"Discovery of Hawaii",[221,222,223],"Discovery of St Lawrence River in Canada","Discovery of Baffin Island, false gold discovery","Discovery of New Zealand, Fiji, and Van Diemen's Land",[81],[226],{"left":227,"right":223,"direction":18},"Abel Tasman's exploration",{"id":229,"data":230,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":234},"e5e2432e-ca8e-4d24-a76a-71b7b8c8eb99",{"type":19,"title":231,"markdownContent":232,"audioMediaId":233},"Cook’s Final Voyages and Legacy page 2","\nCook's death at the hands of native Hawaiians on the homeward stretch of his voyage has been a source of enduring mystery and historical intrigue.\n\nIt came, puzzlingly, after a month of friendly relations with the native Hawaiians, after arriving on its shores in January of 1779. This coincided with a traditional harvest festival called the Makahiki, centered on the God of fertility, Lono. From Cook’s account, historians have speculated that Cook, by several coincidences identifying him with an indigenous religious prophecy, was assumed to be Lono himself.\n\nUpon his arrival, he was showered with gifts and ceremony. Violence and hostility erupted only on his unexpected return to make repairs on his ship. This resulted in the British attempting to kidnap the Kings, and ultimately Cook’s death, possibly at the hands of the chief.\n","28c3ad17-4c9d-4e28-8c08-7d8979105f8d",[235,250],{"id":236,"data":237,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"a82dc707-73a7-47d5-9bac-2f663663c09d",{"type":60,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":238,"multiChoiceCorrect":240,"multiChoiceIncorrect":242,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":246,"matchPairsPairs":247},[239],"Which of the following best describes the Northwest Passage?'",[241],"Hypothetical region of the Arctic Ocean.",[243,244,245],"Hypothetical continent first posited in antiquity","Land belonging to no one","Property without current ownership",[81],[248],{"left":249,"right":244,"direction":18},"Terra Nullius",{"id":251,"data":252,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"20cf271b-25e1-4c8f-a4c5-46d6c593c3f0",{"type":60,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":19,"binaryQuestion":253,"binaryCorrect":255,"binaryIncorrect":257},[254],"What traditional harvest festival was taking place when Captain Cook arrived in Hawaii in January 1779?",[256],"Makahiki",[258],"Hōʻikeʻike",{"id":260,"data":261,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":265},"0e6dc413-2795-4b40-a5a5-32a6fd06f442",{"type":19,"title":262,"markdownContent":263,"audioMediaId":264},"Cook’s Final Voyages and Legacy page 3","\nJames Cook's voyage to Botany Bay in 1770 gave rise to British settlements in Australia and New Zealand.\n\nJoseph Banks in particular saw Botany Bay as a potential penal colony (a place to transport convicts from Britain) and used his influence to lobby for this use of the land.\n\nIn 1787, the British government authorized the First Fleet to sail from Plymouth to New South Wales to establish the penal colony of Sydney in 1788. The fleet, carrying over a thousand passengers, included convicts, soldiers, and administrators. Several other penal colonies were established in Australia in the following years, including in Tasmania.\n\nThe British government saw these colonies as a way to relieve overcrowding in British prisons, extract hard labor, and establish a foothold in the region.\n\nGradually, penal colonies were joined by communities of free settlers, leading to a sharp decline in Aboriginal populations.\n","18b1b92c-0589-4de0-a5d0-8b85c4ee76c0",[266],{"id":267,"data":268,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"864edf5e-c0da-442f-8f23-1d713f7098c4",{"type":60,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":269,"multiChoiceCorrect":271,"multiChoiceIncorrect":273,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":277,"matchPairsPairs":278},[270],"Which of these describes the Penal Colonies?",[272],"System established by British government in Australia.",[274,275,276],"System where individuals work to repay a debt","System where individuals are bought, sold, and owned forever","System where enslaved mothers' children also considered slaves",[81],[279],{"left":280,"right":272,"direction":18},"Penal Colonies",[282,444],{"id":22,"data":23,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"summaryPage":26,"introPage":35,"pages":283},[284,316,348,378,400,422],{"id":45,"data":46,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"parsed":285},{"data":286,"body":289,"toc":314},{"title":287,"description":288},"","Captain James Cook was born in 1728 in the small village of Marton, England. He began his career as a merchant seaman and later joined the Royal Navy.",{"type":290,"children":291},"root",[292,299,309],{"type":293,"tag":294,"props":295,"children":296},"element","p",{},[297],{"type":298,"value":288},"text",{"type":293,"tag":294,"props":300,"children":301},{},[302],{"type":293,"tag":303,"props":304,"children":308},"img",{"alt":305,"src":306,"title":307},"Graph","image://6c9f2b86-6bbc-4cac-ae87-965c6c2f8127","Captain James Cook",[],{"type":293,"tag":294,"props":310,"children":311},{},[312],{"type":298,"value":313},"During the French and Indian War between 1754 and 1763, Cook served as a naval master in Newfoundland, mapping its jagged coast and developing a reputation as a skilled cartographer and able astronomical observer - work that was sent to the Royal Society in 1767.",{"title":287,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":315},[],{"id":51,"data":52,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":56,"parsed":317},{"data":318,"body":320,"toc":346},{"title":287,"description":319},"Cook’s significance to history came in the following year, being selected by the Admiralty to captain a scientific voyage to the Pacific Ocean. He set sail on a refitted collier, HMS Endeavour, in August 1768, rounding Cape Horn, before reaching Tahiti in 1769.",{"type":290,"children":321},[322,326,331,336,341],{"type":293,"tag":294,"props":323,"children":324},{},[325],{"type":298,"value":319},{"type":293,"tag":294,"props":327,"children":328},{},[329],{"type":298,"value":330},"The public purpose of the voyage was in the service of The Royal Society, Britain's oldest scientific institution, which sought to use the journey to measure the solar system.",{"type":293,"tag":294,"props":332,"children":333},{},[334],{"type":298,"value":335},"1769 was the year in which the planet Venus was due to pass between the earth and the sun, which presented a special opportunity for astronomical calculations, known as the 'solar parallax'.",{"type":293,"tag":294,"props":337,"children":338},{},[339],{"type":298,"value":340},"The solar parallax is a measure of the apparent shift in the position of a star against the background of more distant stars as viewed from two different locations on Earth. This measurement is important in astronomy because it allows scientists to determine the distance between the Earth and the sun.",{"type":293,"tag":294,"props":342,"children":343},{},[344],{"type":298,"value":345},"By observing the transit of Venus from the strategic position of Tahiti, the Society hoped to draw a celestial map of unprecedented accuracy - of great value to navigation.",{"title":287,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":347},[],{"id":86,"data":87,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"parsed":349},{"data":350,"body":351,"toc":376},{"title":287,"description":287},{"type":290,"children":352},[353,361,366,371],{"type":293,"tag":294,"props":354,"children":355},{},[356],{"type":293,"tag":303,"props":357,"children":360},{"alt":305,"src":358,"title":359},"image://1144d5be-7060-4bd1-9ac9-fb8024d93420","The Botany Bay",[],{"type":293,"tag":294,"props":362,"children":363},{},[364],{"type":298,"value":365},"Cook’s employment, however, had a second, secret mission, communicated in a sealed envelope: to seek out the still rumored 'southern continent' (Terra Australis), and scope out its potential for British exploitation.",{"type":293,"tag":294,"props":367,"children":368},{},[369],{"type":298,"value":370},"Therefore, after observing the transit in June 1769 - largely considered a failure due to inaccurate timing, the Endeavour sailed further afield to New Zealand.",{"type":293,"tag":294,"props":372,"children":373},{},[374],{"type":298,"value":375},"The Endeavour’s route around New Zealand was a crucial part of Cook’s first voyage. He charted the coastline and mapped out harbors, bays and inlets with great accuracy.",{"title":287,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":377},[],{"id":92,"data":93,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":97,"parsed":379},{"data":380,"body":382,"toc":398},{"title":287,"description":381},"In his time there he encountered Māori people who were friendly and welcoming to him and his crew.",{"type":290,"children":383},[384,388,393],{"type":293,"tag":294,"props":385,"children":386},{},[387],{"type":298,"value":381},{"type":293,"tag":294,"props":389,"children":390},{},[391],{"type":298,"value":392},"During his voyage, he encountered Tupaia, a Tahitian priest with intimate knowledge of the islands in the South Pacific who was to prove able to provide invaluable assistance in navigation.",{"type":293,"tag":294,"props":394,"children":395},{},[396],{"type":298,"value":397},"Finding they shared a similar language, Tupaia also served as an interpreter between Cook and the Māori people in New Zealand, helping to establish diplomatic relations, and ensuring safe passage for Cook’s ships throughout their travels.",{"title":287,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":399},[],{"id":129,"data":130,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":134,"parsed":401},{"data":402,"body":404,"toc":420},{"title":287,"description":403},"Joseph Banks, a wealthy English botanist and later President of the Royal Society, accompanied Captain Cook on his first voyage aboard the Endeavour. He was tasked with collecting specimens of plants and animals from around the world to bring back to England for scientific study.",{"type":290,"children":405},[406,410,415],{"type":293,"tag":294,"props":407,"children":408},{},[409],{"type":298,"value":403},{"type":293,"tag":294,"props":411,"children":412},{},[413],{"type":298,"value":414},"The area where Cook landed in 1770 is now known as 'Botany Bay' after Banks’s extensive collection of plant specimens there; it has since become an iconic symbol of Australian history and identity.",{"type":293,"tag":294,"props":416,"children":417},{},[418],{"type":298,"value":419},"During this expedition Banks collected a vast quantity of plant specimens, describing species previously unknown to Europeans. He also recorded his sighting of a kangaroo - the indigenous name he noted in his diary being the same we use in English today.",{"title":287,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":421},[],{"id":163,"data":164,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":168,"parsed":423},{"data":424,"body":426,"toc":442},{"title":287,"description":425},"In 1772, Cook set sail on his second voyage aboard the HMS Resolution, set to finally prove or disprove the existence of Terra Australis, not fully established on his first voyage.",{"type":290,"children":427},[428,432,437],{"type":293,"tag":294,"props":429,"children":430},{},[431],{"type":298,"value":425},{"type":293,"tag":294,"props":433,"children":434},{},[435],{"type":298,"value":436},"During this expedition, Cook circumnavigated the globe via Antarctica, using a replica of John Harrison’s chronometer. His journey took him further south than any other explorer before him; he reached 71° 10' S latitude, only 800 miles from Antarctica.",{"type":293,"tag":294,"props":438,"children":439},{},[440],{"type":298,"value":441},"Cook also successfully rounded Cape Horn at the tip of South America, proving, finally, that there existed no 'Terra Australis'.",{"title":287,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":443},[],{"id":186,"data":187,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"summaryPage":189,"introPage":198,"pages":445},[446,473,495],{"id":207,"data":208,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":212,"parsed":447},{"data":448,"body":450,"toc":471},{"title":287,"description":449},"In 1776, Cook set sail on his third and final voyage aboard the HMS Resolution.",{"type":290,"children":451},[452,456,461,466],{"type":293,"tag":294,"props":453,"children":454},{},[455],{"type":298,"value":449},{"type":293,"tag":294,"props":457,"children":458},{},[459],{"type":298,"value":460},"His mission sought an answer to a question that had plagued explorers for centuries: the discovery of a 'Northwest Passage' between Europe and Asia via the Arctic Ocean.",{"type":293,"tag":294,"props":462,"children":463},{},[464],{"type":298,"value":465},"In 1778 Cook became the first European to set foot on Hawaii, before setting off North in search of a potential passage.",{"type":293,"tag":294,"props":467,"children":468},{},[469],{"type":298,"value":470},"Unfortunately, he failed to find it due to thick ice blocking his way but he did manage to chart much of Canada's coastline during this journey - from the coast of Alaska to the Bering Strait.",{"title":287,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":472},[],{"id":229,"data":230,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":234,"parsed":474},{"data":475,"body":477,"toc":493},{"title":287,"description":476},"Cook's death at the hands of native Hawaiians on the homeward stretch of his voyage has been a source of enduring mystery and historical intrigue.",{"type":290,"children":478},[479,483,488],{"type":293,"tag":294,"props":480,"children":481},{},[482],{"type":298,"value":476},{"type":293,"tag":294,"props":484,"children":485},{},[486],{"type":298,"value":487},"It came, puzzlingly, after a month of friendly relations with the native Hawaiians, after arriving on its shores in January of 1779. This coincided with a traditional harvest festival called the Makahiki, centered on the God of fertility, Lono. From Cook’s account, historians have speculated that Cook, by several coincidences identifying him with an indigenous religious prophecy, was assumed to be Lono himself.",{"type":293,"tag":294,"props":489,"children":490},{},[491],{"type":298,"value":492},"Upon his arrival, he was showered with gifts and ceremony. Violence and hostility erupted only on his unexpected return to make repairs on his ship. This resulted in the British attempting to kidnap the Kings, and ultimately Cook’s death, possibly at the hands of the chief.",{"title":287,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":494},[],{"id":260,"data":261,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":265,"parsed":496},{"data":497,"body":499,"toc":525},{"title":287,"description":498},"James Cook's voyage to Botany Bay in 1770 gave rise to British settlements in Australia and New Zealand.",{"type":290,"children":500},[501,505,510,515,520],{"type":293,"tag":294,"props":502,"children":503},{},[504],{"type":298,"value":498},{"type":293,"tag":294,"props":506,"children":507},{},[508],{"type":298,"value":509},"Joseph Banks in particular saw Botany Bay as a potential penal colony (a place to transport convicts from Britain) and used his influence to lobby for this use of the land.",{"type":293,"tag":294,"props":511,"children":512},{},[513],{"type":298,"value":514},"In 1787, the British government authorized the First Fleet to sail from Plymouth to New South Wales to establish the penal colony of Sydney in 1788. The fleet, carrying over a thousand passengers, included convicts, soldiers, and administrators. Several other penal colonies were established in Australia in the following years, including in Tasmania.",{"type":293,"tag":294,"props":516,"children":517},{},[518],{"type":298,"value":519},"The British government saw these colonies as a way to relieve overcrowding in British prisons, extract hard labor, and establish a foothold in the region.",{"type":293,"tag":294,"props":521,"children":522},{},[523],{"type":298,"value":524},"Gradually, penal colonies were joined by communities of free settlers, leading to a sharp decline in Aboriginal populations.",{"title":287,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":526},[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":528,"height":528,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":529},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":528,"height":528,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":531},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M4 5h16M4 12h16M4 19h16\"/>",1778179218469]