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eventually gained support from Spain.","Columbus landed in the Bahamas, established the first European settlement in the Americas.",{"id":36,"data":37,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"8f36cde5-d808-4892-99e5-963327c67336",{"type":38,"title":39,"intro":40},10,"Christopher Columbus intro",[41,42],"What was the daring plan Columbus proposed to the Portuguese royal family in 1484?","Why did Columbus name the first European settlement on the American continent La Navidad?",[44,83,117,146,200],{"id":45,"data":46,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":50},"0406082e-ab55-42c4-95a4-670427c20326",{"type":19,"title":47,"markdownContent":48,"audioMediaId":49},"Christopher Columbus page 1","On an autumn morning in 1492, Christopher Columbus first set foot on what he believed to be Asia. His long and difficult voyage had been for the purpose of finding a new route to India.\n\n!\\[Graph\\](image://fc863a1c-c152-411f-a63e-9c6969bd70b3 \"Christopher Columbus\")\n\nPrevious routes had been forced to sail east around the whole continent of Africa. But Columbus had instead journeyed west, across the vast expanse of the Atlantic Ocean.\n\nStanding finally on land, Columbus assumed his mission had succeeded.\n\n![Graph](image://c7e596ba-1746-4a32-861d-2de76fe51008 \"An illustration of Columbus making landfall\")\n\nWhat no one yet knew was that an entire continent stood between Europe and East Asia.\n\nThis realization would begin a new era of European exploration and, eventually, almost total colonization of the Americas.","449c2177-36c5-41f0-b385-0f0efcb10a65",[51,72],{"id":52,"data":53,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"983fa0a1-73a9-4e71-a234-3bcde9d81fe9",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"collapsingSiblings":55,"multiChoiceQuestion":59,"multiChoiceCorrect":61,"multiChoiceIncorrect":63,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":19,"orderQuestion":67,"orderItems":69},11,[56,57,58],"217bcd88-768b-418a-b70d-55cfd0cae557","68d2f148-525b-4883-8ba7-f0e7913d5b7c","40b48035-2dae-4cc8-a0e8-631e604d23a0",[60],"In which year did Columbus embark on his first voyage?",[62],"1492",[64,65,66],"1453","1479","1498",[68],"Put the following in order:",[70],{"label":71,"reveal":62,"sortOrder":24},"Year of Columbus's first voyage",{"id":73,"data":74,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"c54738b5-d3e8-46ff-845f-2ee4fe3d1a90",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":75,"multiChoiceCorrect":77,"multiChoiceIncorrect":79,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[76],"What was Columbus's main aim when he set sail across the Atlantic?",[78],"To find an alternative route to India",[80,81,82],"To discover a new continent","To claim new lands for Spain","To circumnavigate the globe",{"id":84,"data":85,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":89},"d40156b6-e981-437b-a431-5258c4f65914",{"type":19,"title":86,"markdownContent":87,"audioMediaId":88},"Christopher Columbus page 2","\nThe first transatlantic voyages were undertaken by the Norsemen, who sailed from Scandinavia to North America in the 11th century.\n\n![Graph](image://c55c251b-0847-405a-b462-58d49ac91f4d “Leif Eriksson”)\n\nLeif Eriksson is credited with being the first European to set foot on American soil, and his journey was documented in Icelandic sagas such as The Saga of Erik the Red. These stories tell of a land called Vinland which was discovered by Eriksson and his crew during their voyage.\n\nIt is believed that this land may have been located somewhere along the coast of Newfoundland or Labrador in Canada.\n\nThese early voyages did not lead to any permanent settlements, with colonization beginning with the famous voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1492.\n","f49534e6-9d96-4199-95b4-aff78352d09e",[90,106],{"id":91,"data":92,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"569debec-a545-4ae5-b544-279e0b05e86b",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":93,"multiChoiceCorrect":95,"multiChoiceIncorrect":97,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":101,"matchPairsPairs":103},[94],"Who was the initial European explorer to land on American soil?",[96],"Leif Eriksson",[98,99,100],"Willem Janszoon","Abel Tasman","Francis Bacon",[102],"Match the pairs below:",[104],{"left":96,"right":105,"direction":18},"Was the first European to set foot on America",{"id":107,"data":108,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"64e5aff8-dc79-4a5c-8d6f-751e1b54d946",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":109,"multiChoiceCorrect":111,"multiChoiceIncorrect":113,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[110],"In which century did the Norsemen undertake their first transatlantic voyages?",[112],"11th century",[114,115,116],"10th century","12th century","13th century",{"id":118,"data":119,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":123},"603978fe-5c9d-4160-b2df-34756aa3108b",{"type":19,"title":120,"markdownContent":121,"audioMediaId":122},"Christopher Columbus page 3","\nSo who was Christopher Columbus, and how did he come to take the voyage that would change the world forever?\n\n![Graph](image://4eefd6a2-37d4-47ac-9fbc-efd485b94ef2 \"A portrait of Christopher Columbus\")\n\nBorn in Genoa, Italy in 1451, Columbus had a passion for the sea from an early age. He worked as a sailor on merchant ships before joining the Portuguese Navy – at that time, one of the most powerful navies on earth.\n\nIn this role, he developed his navigational skills and knowledge of geography, as well as an itching desire to explore.\n\nIn 1484, Columbus presented a daring plan to the Portuguese royal family: to reach Asia by sailing westward across the Atlantic Ocean\n\nKing John II of Portugal, however, was sceptical.\n\nThe King believed that Columbus had vastly underestimated the distance of his voyage, and so promptly rejected the proposal.\n\nUndeterred, Columbus continued searching for support, and finally received the backing of Portugal’s major rival: Spain.\n","0dd7e364-1c86-4406-958e-0cac9f41bbd1",[124,135],{"id":125,"data":126,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"29619fdf-7fa0-4792-a527-8d25abef19a1",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":127,"multiChoiceCorrect":129,"multiChoiceIncorrect":131,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[128],"What nationality was Christopher Columbus?",[130],"Italian",[132,133,134],"Portuguese","Spanish","French",{"id":136,"data":137,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"ca477b52-ad0c-4f6f-b6a2-187ae1a949d0",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":138,"multiChoiceCorrect":140,"multiChoiceIncorrect":142,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[139],"Why did the King of Portugal reject Columbus' proposal?",[141],"Columbus underestimated the distance",[143,144,145],"Columbus was too inexperienced","Columbus was not Portuguese","The plan was too expensive",{"id":147,"data":148,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":152},"e6f968cd-69a8-4182-904d-09902d83d3a2",{"type":19,"title":149,"markdownContent":150,"audioMediaId":151},"Christopher Columbus page 4","\nThe Spanish court shared King John II of Portugal’s doubts. But keen to gain a competitive edge over the Portuguese, during a time of frenzied exploration, they were willing to take the risk.\n\nThe recent historical context sheds light on their decision. In 1479, 4 years before Columbus’s first proposal in Portugal, the marriage of two new Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand II and Isabella, unified the formerly separate Spanish regions of Aragon and Castile.\n\n![Graph](image://d2d6fec5-8090-4ce1-96ae-e358eb82a20c \"A portrait of Ferdinand and Isabella\")\n\nTheir rule also oversaw the end of the “Reconquista”, a centuries-long struggle between Christian and Muslim forces in the Iberian Peninsula. The fall of the Islamic city of Granada in 1492 marked the end of Islamic rule in Spain.\n\nThe new Spanish monarchs were eager to capitalize on their newfound freedom and provided Columbus with money, three ships, supplies, and crew members for his journey.\n\nIn return, Ferdinand and Isabella expected to gain access to new lands that could be colonized or used as trading posts.\n","5e9e97e7-9cd6-486f-a6b1-8706cee5d606",[153,163,174,189],{"id":57,"data":154,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":155,"multiChoiceCorrect":157,"multiChoiceIncorrect":158,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":19,"orderQuestion":159,"orderItems":160},[156],"In which year did Ferdinand II and Isabella get married?",[65],[64,62,66],[68],[161],{"label":162,"reveal":65,"sortOrder":19},"Year of the marriage of Ferdinand II and Isabella",{"id":164,"data":165,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"71178ff5-4a65-42e3-8264-49393337f0c2",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":166,"multiChoiceCorrect":168,"multiChoiceIncorrect":172,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[167],"Why did the Spanish court accept Columbus' proposal?",[169,170,171],"Capitalizing on new freedom following the Reconquista","They hoped to colonize land","Competition with Portugal:multi",[173],"Competition with Britain",{"id":175,"data":176,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"be2030ec-99ac-42a3-ac01-475e9195b30a",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":177,"multiChoiceCorrect":179,"multiChoiceIncorrect":181,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":185,"matchPairsPairs":186},[178],"Which of these was a consequence of the fall of the Islamic city of Granada?",[180],"End of the Reconquista",[182,183,184],"Unification of Aragon and Castile.","End of the Aztec Empire.","End of European access to Silk Road",[102],[187],{"left":188,"right":180,"direction":18},"Fall of Islamic city of Granada",{"id":190,"data":191,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"97ee0bc0-86b7-4942-b9d6-c1dab0dacc5a",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":192,"multiChoiceCorrect":194,"multiChoiceIncorrect":195,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":196,"matchPairsPairs":197},[193],"Which of these was a consequence of the marriage of Ferdinand II and Isabella?",[182],[180,183,184],[102],[198],{"left":199,"right":182,"direction":18},"Marriage of Ferdinand II and Isabella",{"id":201,"data":202,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":206},"82456f57-3c1d-4e7c-aab8-ab982b2bf629",{"type":19,"title":203,"markdownContent":204,"audioMediaId":205},"Christopher Columbus page 5","\nAfter a long journey across the Atlantic, with three ships (named the Niña, Pinta, and Santa Maria) in October 1492, Columbus and his crew of 100 men spotted land.\n\nThey had landed on an island in the Bahamas, which Columbus named San Salvador (‘Holy Savior’), and began to explore several other islands in the Caribbean, including Cuba and Hispaniola (present-day Haiti and the Dominican Republic), encountering the indigenous Taíno people.\n\n![Graph](image://762120a6-5d7f-4e24-aa92-d0605dc6e0f3 \"A map showing Hispaniola (today's Dominican Republic and Haiti), Cuba, and the Bahamas\")\n\nOn December 25, 1492, the Santa María ran aground on a reef off the coast of Hispaniola. Columbus ordered the ship to be dismantled, and he left behind a group of men to establish a settlement, which he named La Navidad (“The Nativity” or “Christmas”).\n\nLa Navidad was the first European settlement on the American continent.\n","1dc61b5a-43ad-4c4b-a456-aaaf9b10e4b3",[207,220,235,251,266],{"id":208,"data":209,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"bbb7d86f-7929-4d63-a201-75af60f22ea3",{"type":54,"reviewType":210,"spacingBehaviour":19,"matchPairsQuestion":211,"matchPairsPairs":213,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},6,[212],"Match the islands named by Columbus with their modern nations.",[214,217],{"left":215,"right":216,"direction":18},"San Salvador","Bahamas",{"left":218,"right":219,"direction":18},"Hispaniola","Haiti and Dominican Republic",{"id":221,"data":222,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"a5ab93a1-bb73-454c-b43e-bf0a1c250482",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":223,"multiChoiceCorrect":225,"multiChoiceIncorrect":227,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":231,"matchPairsPairs":232},[224],"What was a consequence of the grounding of the Santa María?",[226],"Establishment of La Navidad",[228,229,230],"Led to the realization of a new continent","Claiming of Brazil for Portugal","Observed transit of Venus",[102],[233],{"left":234,"right":226,"direction":18},"Grounding of the Santa María",{"id":236,"data":237,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"ac4006d7-26d6-490d-9270-7ebd7f2c40e1",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":238,"multiChoiceCorrect":240,"multiChoiceIncorrect":242,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":246,"matchPairsPairs":247},[239],"What was 'La Navidad'?",[241],"First European settlement on the American continent",[243,244,245],"Puritan ideal for New England","Island of Greek Mythology later linked to Bermuda","Platos mythical island",[102],[248],{"left":249,"right":250,"direction":18},"La Navidad","First European settlement on the American continent.",{"id":252,"data":253,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"9a097179-1384-49fe-8f95-392723538bb9",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":254,"multiChoiceCorrect":256,"multiChoiceIncorrect":258,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":262,"matchPairsPairs":263},[255],"Which of the following applies to the Bahamas?",[257],"Columbus's landing site",[259,260,261],"Location of Prince Henry's navigational school","Known for spices like nutmeg and cloves","Uninhabited islands used for sugar plantations",[102],[264],{"left":216,"right":265,"direction":18},"Columbus's landing site.",{"id":267,"data":268,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"efbd41eb-ec1b-4ab3-b68f-798070d2f4f2",{"type":54,"reviewType":210,"spacingBehaviour":19,"matchPairsQuestion":269,"matchPairsPairs":271,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},[270],"Match the decision with its causal factor:",[272,275,277,280],{"left":273,"right":274,"direction":18},"King of Portugal rejects Columbus","Underestimated distance",{"left":276,"right":180,"direction":18},"The Spanish hire Columbus",{"left":278,"right":279,"direction":18},"Founding La Navidad","Ran aground on Hispaniola",{"left":281,"right":282,"direction":18},"Portuguese hire Columbus","Did not occur",{"id":284,"data":285,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"summaryPage":287,"introPage":296,"pages":303},"f5fc67df-e117-4e76-b14a-ba3a5b09c528",{"type":24,"title":286},"The Iberian Rivalry",{"id":288,"data":289,"type":18,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"5c71f498-026f-4da3-9643-7c681b306367",{"type":18,"title":290,"summary":291},"The Iberian Rivalry summary",[292,293,294,295],"The Treaty of Tordesillas divided the world between Spain and Portugal in 1494.","Portuguese explorers reached Brazil in 1500, mistaking it for an island.","The Aztec Empire fell to Spanish conquistadors in 1521.","The Portuguese exploited natural resources in Brazil and brought enslaved Africans to work on plantations.",{"id":297,"data":298,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"683e3b1c-6e6c-47fd-b5fc-ed7af9ddadb6",{"type":38,"title":299,"intro":300},"The Iberian Rivalry intro",[301,302],"What was the significance of the Treaty of Tordesillas in the Iberian rivalry?","How did the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors lead to the fall of the Aztec Empire?",[304,341,359,365],{"id":305,"data":306,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":310},"dc03b697-0172-4ee9-bf6d-db7a345abafd",{"type":19,"title":307,"markdownContent":308,"audioMediaId":309},"The Iberian Rivalry page 1","The Portuguese had perceived Columbus' voyages west to 'India' to encroach on their empire, and it became necessary to agree upon how to divide the world.\n\nThe Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in 1494 between Spain and Portugal, did just that, giving Portugal exclusive rights to explore and colonize lands east of a line drawn 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands.\n\nAs a result, Portuguese explorers began to venture further south along the African coast. In 1500, Pedro Álvares Cabral reached Brazil after being blown off course to India.\n\nClaiming this land for Portugal, mistaking it for an island which he named it 'Ilha de Vera Cruz' (meaning 'true cross').\n","dd40fca5-4d05-4494-85c6-e48c5834a2b9",[311,326],{"id":312,"data":313,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"d0038f41-da57-48bd-a9a0-d06f46129dd8",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":314,"multiChoiceCorrect":316,"multiChoiceIncorrect":318,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":322,"matchPairsPairs":323},[315],"Which of the below applies to the Treaty of Tordesillas?",[317],"Divided the world between Spain and Portugal",[319,320,321],"Granted a monopoly on English trade with the East Indies.","Established principles of self-governance","Concept used to justify colonization",[102],[324],{"left":325,"right":317,"direction":18},"Treaty of Tordesillas",{"id":327,"data":328,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"861789cc-151e-4874-b1af-05f353116849",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":329,"multiChoiceCorrect":331,"multiChoiceIncorrect":333,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":19,"orderQuestion":337,"orderItems":338},[330],"In which year was the Treaty of Tordesillas signed?",[332],"1494",[334,335,336],"1526","1608","1620",[68],[339],{"label":340,"reveal":332,"sortOrder":4},"Treaty of Tordesillas was signed",{"id":342,"data":343,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":347},"12a13e97-b6c5-49f9-be4c-8cfc841b16e1",{"type":19,"title":344,"markdownContent":345,"audioMediaId":346},"The Iberian Rivalry page 2","\nThe Portuguese quickly settled here and exploited natural resources, setting up trading posts for the Brazilian timber tree.\n\nThey also brought enslaved Africans over from Africa to work on their plantations which would become an integral part of Brazilian society for centuries.\n\nBy 1532 they had founded São Vincente, south of today’s São Paulo.\n","93c75918-2154-44a9-b72b-4daea2ee5e46",[348],{"id":349,"data":350,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"6af8a7aa-1229-4db6-b80e-a190bf7f76da",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":351,"multiChoiceCorrect":353,"multiChoiceIncorrect":354,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":355,"matchPairsPairs":356},[352],"What was a consequence of Pedro Álvares Cabral being blown off course?",[229],[226,228,230],[102],[357],{"left":358,"right":229,"direction":18},"Pedro Álvares Cabral blown off course",{"id":360,"data":361,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"d705b86f-67bd-4657-ae73-682126c7b8a8",{"type":19,"title":362,"markdownContent":363,"audioMediaId":364},"The Iberian Rivalry page 3","\nWhile the Spanish and Portuguese began to wield great power in the Americas, they did not do so without resistance. Nor were the Americas lacking indigenous empires of their own.\n\nOne such empire was the Aztec Empire, an alliance of three states from the region of the Valley of Mexico which existed in central Mexico during the 15th and early 16th centuries.\n\nThe 'Mexica', as the empire's people were termed, had gained a reputation as fierce warriors in the 14th century. Under the leadership of rulers like Moctezuma I, the Aztecs expanded their empire through conquest, forming alliances with other city-states, and demanding tribute from subjugated peoples.\n","181cdf0c-d3a1-4314-b4c1-213ef81cfa1d",{"id":366,"data":367,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":371},"db4a39ef-48ef-4441-a4d1-19dd0731dc6d",{"type":19,"title":368,"markdownContent":369,"audioMediaId":370},"The Iberian Rivalry page 4","\nDespite their military prowess, the Aztecs were ultimately brought to an end by the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors in 1519 - both on account of military defeat and through contracting European diseases.\n\nThe Spaniards, led by Hernan Cortes, allied themselves with enemies of the Aztecs and mounted a campaign of conquest that ultimately led to the fall of Tenochtitlan, the empire's capital, in 1521.\n\n![Graph](image://7f136486-fa41-483e-a493-9437c8973967 \"Moctezuma I\")\n","eb5af8b1-90ab-4080-9018-9538e2b226a3",[372,383],{"id":373,"data":374,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"6797331b-0aab-43ab-bc19-9b5fc14108d0",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":375,"multiChoiceCorrect":377,"multiChoiceIncorrect":378,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":379,"matchPairsPairs":380},[376],"What was a consequence of the fall of Tenochtitlan?",[183],[182,180,184],[102],[381],{"left":382,"right":183,"direction":18},"Fall of Tenochtitlan",{"id":384,"data":385,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"bd0a6bc0-08e8-4714-b8d7-d3fc298f40d4",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":386,"multiChoiceCorrect":388,"multiChoiceIncorrect":390,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":19,"orderQuestion":394,"orderItems":395},[387],"In which year did the fall of Tenochtitlan occur?",[389],"1521",[391,392,393],"1507","1516","1518",[68],[396],{"label":382,"reveal":389,"sortOrder":18},{"id":398,"data":399,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"summaryPage":401,"introPage":410,"pages":417},"693374fa-68bb-4d99-a0e0-0f28c72ce6d4",{"type":24,"title":400},"A New Continent",{"id":402,"data":403,"type":18,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"fab9ee19-02e1-4bbb-951c-94ed16749432",{"type":18,"title":404,"summary":405},"A New Continent summary",[406,407,408,409],"Columbus mistakenly believed he had reached Asia, leading to the misnaming of the native Taino people as \"Indians\".","Amerigo Vespucci realized he had discovered a new continent, which he named 'Mundus Novus'.","Vespucci's detailed observations and absence of Asian-like riches led him to the realization that he was on a separate continent.","The term \"America\" first appeared in 1507 on a world map, named in honor of Amerigo Vespucci.",{"id":411,"data":412,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"41a75197-5460-481c-a559-c8a7529af9d0",{"type":38,"title":413,"intro":414},"A New Continent intro",[415,416],"What led Amerigo Vespucci to realize he was on a new continent, not Asia?","How did the name 'America' come to be used for the new continent?",[418,452,491,535],{"id":419,"data":420,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":424},"9ab66e99-c1d8-487f-b579-c1fc0d8b61a6",{"type":19,"title":421,"markdownContent":422,"audioMediaId":423},"A New Continent page 1","Although Columbus has gone down in history for his discovery of ‘America’, On his subsequent voyages across the Atlantic, he continued to believe that he had reached an uncharted eastern edge of Asia.\n\nPart of the problem was that Columbus had miscalculated the size of the earth, believing it to be considerably smaller than it actually is, while at the same time. overestimating the size of the Eurasian continent.\n\n![Graph](image://f81e0228-b01f-42fd-9dd9-cd48b7a14190 \"The world as known in Christian Europe before 1492\")\n\nIn this sense, the King of Portugal had been right to doubt Columbus’s plans.\n\nBy Columbus's calculations, the distance from Spain to Japan, sailing westwards, was only around 2,400 miles. In reality, the distance was closer to 11,000.\n\nIt is for this reason that, believing he was in Asia, and when encountering the native Taino peoples, it made sense for Columbus to refer to them as “Indians” – a name that would mistakenly persist for centuries to come.\n\nIt wasn't until the voyages and studies of other explorers over the next few decades that an understanding of the lands Columbus described as an entirely separate continent began to form.\n","b13957ec-6fa9-4d10-8dfd-e8fb891ef7f8",[425,441],{"id":426,"data":427,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"d9018f7a-9335-4877-b8f6-cda6817eb70c",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":428,"multiChoiceCorrect":430,"multiChoiceIncorrect":432,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":436,"orderQuestion":437,"orderItems":438},[429],"What was the distance from Spain to Japan according to Columbus's calculations?",[431],"2,400 miles (3,900 km)",[433,434,435],"11,000 miles (17,700 km)","3,700 miles (6000 km)","800 miles (1,300 km)",15,[68],[439],{"label":440,"reveal":431,"sortOrder":19},"Columbus's calculated distance from Spain to Japan",{"id":442,"data":443,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"efaec144-1ed1-4acc-8830-040c4363ceae",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":444,"multiChoiceCorrect":446,"multiChoiceIncorrect":447,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":436,"orderQuestion":448,"orderItems":449},[445],"What is the actual distance from Spain to Japan?",[433],[431,434,435],[68],[450],{"label":451,"reveal":433,"sortOrder":18},"Actual distance from Spain to Japan",{"id":453,"data":454,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":458},"a2a239df-89ab-4a69-b12a-94acbdf214a7",{"type":19,"title":455,"markdownContent":456,"audioMediaId":457},"A New Continent page 2","\nAmerigo Vespucci, an Italian explorer, is often credited with the realization that explorers had stumbled upon an entirely new continent.\n\nBorn in Florence, Italy, in 1451, Vespucci came from a prominent family and received an education that included geography and astronomy, crucial for his future career as an explorer.\n\n![Graph](image://44f7edb7-fef1-425b-9838-7f0d6ed21eda \"A statue of Amerigo Vespucci\")\n\nHis first voyage on behalf of Spain was in 1499, setting sail from Cadiz and reaching the northeastern coast of South America, before venturing south to coastal Brazil.\n\nVespucci's journey took him along the coast of Venezuela and then south to Brazil, where he made detailed observations of the diverse flora and fauna and the indigenous tribes he encountered.\n\nHe incorrectly thought he had found the Ganges River, which turned out to be the mouth of the Amazon River​​​​.\n","26f29547-8c1e-4639-8358-9f9c77dda4b7",[459,471,482],{"id":460,"data":461,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"3848f1d3-4e2d-464c-9500-3114384b2d7e",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":462,"multiChoiceCorrect":464,"multiChoiceIncorrect":468,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[463],"Which of these applied to Columbus's miscalculations?",[465,466,467],"He underestimated the distance from Spain to Japan","He was off by 8,600 miles","He overestimated the size of Eurasia:multi",[469,470],"He was off by 86,000 miles","He underestimated the size of Eurasia",{"id":472,"data":473,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"44eb0bf2-8453-46bd-9191-e068255ec31e",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":474,"multiChoiceCorrect":476,"multiChoiceIncorrect":478,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[475],"Who first comissioned Amerigo Vespucci to sail from Cadiz to South America?",[477],"Spain",[479,480,481],"Portugal","Italy","Britain",{"id":483,"data":484,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"1cf0e3ea-fea2-46c9-8133-ff298e90840e",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":485,"multiChoiceCorrect":487,"multiChoiceIncorrect":489,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[486],"In what year did Vespucci undertake his first voyage?",[488],"1499",[62,332,490],"1501",{"id":492,"data":493,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":497},"8a1259af-1ca7-4a97-9bc7-5233f4caa9c0",{"type":19,"title":494,"markdownContent":495,"audioMediaId":496},"A New Continent page 3","\nIn a letter recounting his journey, Vespucci expressed wonder at the exotic flora and fauna and described his experience as entering an earthly paradise.\n\nHe made note that the nature he witnessed was starkly different from anything he had read about in his research of Asian sea voyages.\n\n[Graph](image://3053f0b2-b101-4c33-865b-8d9c92ada228 \"Vespucci inspecting the constellations using an astrolabe\")\n\nVespucci undertook another long voyage in 1501 under the patronage of King Manuel I of Portugal.\n\nHe explored further along the Brazilian and Argentinian coasts, venturing as far south as present-day Rio de Janeiro and the La Plata River.\n\nIt was here that Vepspucci encountered unfamiliar constellations in the night sky – unlike any ever recorded – as well as unusual equatorial currents.\n","88f71f53-4a0c-450d-a0f8-555476ffa3ae",[498,509,524],{"id":499,"data":500,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"58b1843d-b6d0-47ae-a2a3-bf6113d8597e",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":501,"multiChoiceCorrect":503,"multiChoiceIncorrect":505,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[502],"Which river did Vespucci mistake the Amazon for?",[504],"The Ganges",[506,507,508],"The Yangtze","The Mekong","The Indus",{"id":510,"data":511,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"4ac2b695-d5e7-4dea-98e3-0abdd3106417",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":512,"multiChoiceCorrect":514,"multiChoiceIncorrect":516,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":520,"matchPairsPairs":521},[513],"Who was the patron of Vespucci's voyage in 1501?",[515],"King Manuel I of Portugal",[517,518,519],"Prince Henry","King Henry VIII","Catherine of Aragon",[102],[522],{"left":515,"right":523,"direction":18},"Patronized Vespucci's voyage in 1501",{"id":525,"data":526,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"235d7d00-cdcf-4cb8-9c27-850a16e4b76b",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":527,"multiChoiceCorrect":529,"multiChoiceIncorrect":533,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[528],"Which of the following indicated to Vespucci that he was not on the continent of Asia?",[530,531,532],"Unfamiliar constellations","Unusual equatorial currents","Unfamiliar plants and animals:multi",[534],"Unfamiliar indigenous languages",{"id":536,"data":537,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":541},"dbcc0df2-e32c-4ef2-b4cb-6a6b1efd1592",{"type":19,"title":538,"markdownContent":539,"audioMediaId":540},"A New Continent page 4","\nVespucci became convinced that he was not in Asia at all.\n\nHis detailed observations and the absence of Asian-like riches led him to the realization that he was on a separate continent across the Atlantic Ocean, which he called ‘Mundus Novus’: Latin for ‘New World​’.\n\nThe term \"America\" first appeared in 1507 when German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller labeled the newly recognized continent \"Americus\" in Amerigo’s Vespucci's honor on a world map.\n\n![Graph](image://857ec47e-9314-41f1-b5c6-d75fc80c2169 \"The first mention of America on the map of Martin Waldseemüller, published 1507\")\n\n![Graph](image://b4f38fea-bad0-4311-a483-bf65c90d3ed1 \"A zoomed out image of the Martin Waldseemüller's map\")\n","3b146f09-656f-43c5-8aaf-74c80e0e2a66",[542,553,564],{"id":543,"data":544,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"d180f4f4-449c-47bd-aaff-b969dbd07f03",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":545,"multiChoiceCorrect":547,"multiChoiceIncorrect":548,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":549,"matchPairsPairs":550},[546],"Which of the following was a consequence of Vespucci's voyages?",[228],[226,229,230],[102],[551],{"left":552,"right":228,"direction":18},"Vespucci's voyages",{"id":554,"data":555,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"95ab2677-bce8-44ac-b7d8-1c6fd5cd7f55",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":556,"multiChoiceCorrect":558,"multiChoiceIncorrect":559,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":19,"orderQuestion":560,"orderItems":561},[557],"In which year did the term 'America' first appear on a map?",[391],[392,393,389],[68],[562],{"label":563,"reveal":391,"sortOrder":4},"The term 'America' first appeared on a map",{"id":565,"data":566,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"f92826ac-3ea1-4a00-8cbb-9ef4c8b47501",{"type":54,"reviewType":210,"spacingBehaviour":19,"matchPairsQuestion":567,"matchPairsPairs":569,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},[568],"Match the event to its year:",[570,572,574,576],{"left":571,"right":488,"direction":18},"Vespucci's first voyage",{"left":573,"right":490,"direction":18},"Vespucci's second voyage",{"left":575,"right":391,"direction":18},"The term 'Americus' first appears on a German map",{"left":577,"right":62,"direction":18},"Not a notable year for Vespucci",[579,790,888],{"id":22,"data":23,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"summaryPage":26,"introPage":35,"pages":580},[581,633,665,715,755],{"id":45,"data":46,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":50,"parsed":582},{"data":583,"body":586,"toc":631},{"title":584,"description":585},"","On an autumn morning in 1492, Christopher Columbus first set foot on what he believed to be Asia. His long and difficult voyage had been for the purpose of finding a new route to India.",{"type":587,"children":588},"root",[589,596,601,606,611,621,626],{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":592,"children":593},"element","p",{},[594],{"type":595,"value":585},"text",{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":597,"children":598},{},[599],{"type":595,"value":600},"![Graph](image://fc863a1c-c152-411f-a63e-9c6969bd70b3 \"Christopher Columbus\")",{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":602,"children":603},{},[604],{"type":595,"value":605},"Previous routes had been forced to sail east around the whole continent of Africa. But Columbus had instead journeyed west, across the vast expanse of the Atlantic Ocean.",{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":607,"children":608},{},[609],{"type":595,"value":610},"Standing finally on land, Columbus assumed his mission had succeeded.",{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":612,"children":613},{},[614],{"type":590,"tag":615,"props":616,"children":620},"img",{"alt":617,"src":618,"title":619},"Graph","image://c7e596ba-1746-4a32-861d-2de76fe51008","An illustration of Columbus making landfall",[],{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":622,"children":623},{},[624],{"type":595,"value":625},"What no one yet knew was that an entire continent stood between Europe and East Asia.",{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":627,"children":628},{},[629],{"type":595,"value":630},"This realization would begin a new era of European exploration and, eventually, almost total colonization of the Americas.",{"title":584,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":632},[],{"id":84,"data":85,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":89,"parsed":634},{"data":635,"body":637,"toc":663},{"title":584,"description":636},"The first transatlantic voyages were undertaken by the Norsemen, who sailed from Scandinavia to North America in the 11th century.",{"type":587,"children":638},[639,643,648,653,658],{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":640,"children":641},{},[642],{"type":595,"value":636},{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":644,"children":645},{},[646],{"type":595,"value":647},"![Graph](image://c55c251b-0847-405a-b462-58d49ac91f4d “Leif Eriksson”)",{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":649,"children":650},{},[651],{"type":595,"value":652},"Leif Eriksson is credited with being the first European to set foot on American soil, and his journey was documented in Icelandic sagas such as The Saga of Erik the Red. These stories tell of a land called Vinland which was discovered by Eriksson and his crew during their voyage.",{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":654,"children":655},{},[656],{"type":595,"value":657},"It is believed that this land may have been located somewhere along the coast of Newfoundland or Labrador in Canada.",{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":659,"children":660},{},[661],{"type":595,"value":662},"These early voyages did not lead to any permanent settlements, with colonization beginning with the famous voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1492.",{"title":584,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":664},[],{"id":118,"data":119,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":123,"parsed":666},{"data":667,"body":669,"toc":713},{"title":584,"description":668},"So who was Christopher Columbus, and how did he come to take the voyage that would change the world forever?",{"type":587,"children":670},[671,675,683,688,693,698,703,708],{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":672,"children":673},{},[674],{"type":595,"value":668},{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":676,"children":677},{},[678],{"type":590,"tag":615,"props":679,"children":682},{"alt":617,"src":680,"title":681},"image://4eefd6a2-37d4-47ac-9fbc-efd485b94ef2","A portrait of Christopher Columbus",[],{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":684,"children":685},{},[686],{"type":595,"value":687},"Born in Genoa, Italy in 1451, Columbus had a passion for the sea from an early age. He worked as a sailor on merchant ships before joining the Portuguese Navy – at that time, one of the most powerful navies on earth.",{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":689,"children":690},{},[691],{"type":595,"value":692},"In this role, he developed his navigational skills and knowledge of geography, as well as an itching desire to explore.",{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":694,"children":695},{},[696],{"type":595,"value":697},"In 1484, Columbus presented a daring plan to the Portuguese royal family: to reach Asia by sailing westward across the Atlantic Ocean",{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":699,"children":700},{},[701],{"type":595,"value":702},"King John II of Portugal, however, was sceptical.",{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":704,"children":705},{},[706],{"type":595,"value":707},"The King believed that Columbus had vastly underestimated the distance of his voyage, and so promptly rejected the proposal.",{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":709,"children":710},{},[711],{"type":595,"value":712},"Undeterred, Columbus continued searching for support, and finally received the backing of Portugal’s major rival: Spain.",{"title":584,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":714},[],{"id":147,"data":148,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":152,"parsed":716},{"data":717,"body":719,"toc":753},{"title":584,"description":718},"The Spanish court shared King John II of Portugal’s doubts. But keen to gain a competitive edge over the Portuguese, during a time of frenzied exploration, they were willing to take the risk.",{"type":587,"children":720},[721,725,730,738,743,748],{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":722,"children":723},{},[724],{"type":595,"value":718},{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":726,"children":727},{},[728],{"type":595,"value":729},"The recent historical context sheds light on their decision. In 1479, 4 years before Columbus’s first proposal in Portugal, the marriage of two new Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand II and Isabella, unified the formerly separate Spanish regions of Aragon and Castile.",{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":731,"children":732},{},[733],{"type":590,"tag":615,"props":734,"children":737},{"alt":617,"src":735,"title":736},"image://d2d6fec5-8090-4ce1-96ae-e358eb82a20c","A portrait of Ferdinand and Isabella",[],{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":739,"children":740},{},[741],{"type":595,"value":742},"Their rule also oversaw the end of the “Reconquista”, a centuries-long struggle between Christian and Muslim forces in the Iberian Peninsula. The fall of the Islamic city of Granada in 1492 marked the end of Islamic rule in Spain.",{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":744,"children":745},{},[746],{"type":595,"value":747},"The new Spanish monarchs were eager to capitalize on their newfound freedom and provided Columbus with money, three ships, supplies, and crew members for his journey.",{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":749,"children":750},{},[751],{"type":595,"value":752},"In return, Ferdinand and Isabella expected to gain access to new lands that could be colonized or used as trading posts.",{"title":584,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":754},[],{"id":201,"data":202,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":206,"parsed":756},{"data":757,"body":759,"toc":788},{"title":584,"description":758},"After a long journey across the Atlantic, with three ships (named the Niña, Pinta, and Santa Maria) in October 1492, Columbus and his crew of 100 men spotted land.",{"type":587,"children":760},[761,765,770,778,783],{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":762,"children":763},{},[764],{"type":595,"value":758},{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":766,"children":767},{},[768],{"type":595,"value":769},"They had landed on an island in the Bahamas, which Columbus named San Salvador (‘Holy Savior’), and began to explore several other islands in the Caribbean, including Cuba and Hispaniola (present-day Haiti and the Dominican Republic), encountering the indigenous Taíno people.",{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":771,"children":772},{},[773],{"type":590,"tag":615,"props":774,"children":777},{"alt":617,"src":775,"title":776},"image://762120a6-5d7f-4e24-aa92-d0605dc6e0f3","A map showing Hispaniola (today's Dominican Republic and Haiti), Cuba, and the Bahamas",[],{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":779,"children":780},{},[781],{"type":595,"value":782},"On December 25, 1492, the Santa María ran aground on a reef off the coast of Hispaniola. Columbus ordered the ship to be dismantled, and he left behind a group of men to establish a settlement, which he named La Navidad (“The Nativity” or “Christmas”).",{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":784,"children":785},{},[786],{"type":595,"value":787},"La Navidad was the first European settlement on the American continent.",{"title":584,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":789},[],{"id":284,"data":285,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"summaryPage":287,"introPage":296,"pages":791},[792,819,841,863],{"id":305,"data":306,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":310,"parsed":793},{"data":794,"body":796,"toc":817},{"title":584,"description":795},"The Portuguese had perceived Columbus' voyages west to 'India' to encroach on their empire, and it became necessary to agree upon how to divide the world.",{"type":587,"children":797},[798,802,807,812],{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":799,"children":800},{},[801],{"type":595,"value":795},{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":803,"children":804},{},[805],{"type":595,"value":806},"The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in 1494 between Spain and Portugal, did just that, giving Portugal exclusive rights to explore and colonize lands east of a line drawn 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands.",{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":808,"children":809},{},[810],{"type":595,"value":811},"As a result, Portuguese explorers began to venture further south along the African coast. In 1500, Pedro Álvares Cabral reached Brazil after being blown off course to India.",{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":813,"children":814},{},[815],{"type":595,"value":816},"Claiming this land for Portugal, mistaking it for an island which he named it 'Ilha de Vera Cruz' (meaning 'true cross').",{"title":584,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":818},[],{"id":342,"data":343,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":347,"parsed":820},{"data":821,"body":823,"toc":839},{"title":584,"description":822},"The Portuguese quickly settled here and exploited natural resources, setting up trading posts for the Brazilian timber tree.",{"type":587,"children":824},[825,829,834],{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":826,"children":827},{},[828],{"type":595,"value":822},{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":830,"children":831},{},[832],{"type":595,"value":833},"They also brought enslaved Africans over from Africa to work on their plantations which would become an integral part of Brazilian society for centuries.",{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":835,"children":836},{},[837],{"type":595,"value":838},"By 1532 they had founded São Vincente, south of today’s São Paulo.",{"title":584,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":840},[],{"id":360,"data":361,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"parsed":842},{"data":843,"body":845,"toc":861},{"title":584,"description":844},"While the Spanish and Portuguese began to wield great power in the Americas, they did not do so without resistance. Nor were the Americas lacking indigenous empires of their own.",{"type":587,"children":846},[847,851,856],{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":848,"children":849},{},[850],{"type":595,"value":844},{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":852,"children":853},{},[854],{"type":595,"value":855},"One such empire was the Aztec Empire, an alliance of three states from the region of the Valley of Mexico which existed in central Mexico during the 15th and early 16th centuries.",{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":857,"children":858},{},[859],{"type":595,"value":860},"The 'Mexica', as the empire's people were termed, had gained a reputation as fierce warriors in the 14th century. Under the leadership of rulers like Moctezuma I, the Aztecs expanded their empire through conquest, forming alliances with other city-states, and demanding tribute from subjugated peoples.",{"title":584,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":862},[],{"id":366,"data":367,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":371,"parsed":864},{"data":865,"body":867,"toc":886},{"title":584,"description":866},"Despite their military prowess, the Aztecs were ultimately brought to an end by the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors in 1519 - both on account of military defeat and through contracting European diseases.",{"type":587,"children":868},[869,873,878],{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":870,"children":871},{},[872],{"type":595,"value":866},{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":874,"children":875},{},[876],{"type":595,"value":877},"The Spaniards, led by Hernan Cortes, allied themselves with enemies of the Aztecs and mounted a campaign of conquest that ultimately led to the fall of Tenochtitlan, the empire's capital, in 1521.",{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":879,"children":880},{},[881],{"type":590,"tag":615,"props":882,"children":885},{"alt":617,"src":883,"title":884},"image://7f136486-fa41-483e-a493-9437c8973967","Moctezuma I",[],{"title":584,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":887},[],{"id":398,"data":399,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"summaryPage":401,"introPage":410,"pages":889},[890,935,975,1017],{"id":419,"data":420,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":424,"parsed":891},{"data":892,"body":894,"toc":933},{"title":584,"description":893},"Although Columbus has gone down in history for his discovery of ‘America’, On his subsequent voyages across the Atlantic, he continued to believe that he had reached an uncharted eastern edge of Asia.",{"type":587,"children":895},[896,900,905,913,918,923,928],{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":897,"children":898},{},[899],{"type":595,"value":893},{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":901,"children":902},{},[903],{"type":595,"value":904},"Part of the problem was that Columbus had miscalculated the size of the earth, believing it to be considerably smaller than it actually is, while at the same time. overestimating the size of the Eurasian continent.",{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":906,"children":907},{},[908],{"type":590,"tag":615,"props":909,"children":912},{"alt":617,"src":910,"title":911},"image://f81e0228-b01f-42fd-9dd9-cd48b7a14190","The world as known in Christian Europe before 1492",[],{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":914,"children":915},{},[916],{"type":595,"value":917},"In this sense, the King of Portugal had been right to doubt Columbus’s plans.",{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":919,"children":920},{},[921],{"type":595,"value":922},"By Columbus's calculations, the distance from Spain to Japan, sailing westwards, was only around 2,400 miles. 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journey took him along the coast of Venezuela and then south to Brazil, where he made detailed observations of the diverse flora and fauna and the indigenous tribes he encountered.",{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":969,"children":970},{},[971],{"type":595,"value":972},"He incorrectly thought he had found the Ganges River, which turned out to be the mouth of the Amazon River​​​​.",{"title":584,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":974},[],{"id":492,"data":493,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":497,"parsed":976},{"data":977,"body":979,"toc":1015},{"title":584,"description":978},"In a letter recounting his journey, Vespucci expressed wonder at the exotic flora and fauna and described his experience as entering an earthly paradise.",{"type":587,"children":980},[981,985,990,1000,1005,1010],{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":982,"children":983},{},[984],{"type":595,"value":978},{"type":590,"tag":591,"props":986,"children":987},{},[988],{"type":595,"value":989},"He made note that the 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