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free from traditional restrictions.","Francis Bacon's \"New Atlantis\" proposed a society focused on scientific knowledge.",{"id":36,"data":37,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"21e6d837-4f40-4877-b6d3-1c3f5459018b",{"type":38,"title":39,"intro":40},10,"Utopia intro",[41,42],"What ancient myths influenced the European perception of newly discovered lands?","How did the concept of Utopia shape the ideals of European colonization?",[44,50,92,110,143,177],{"id":45,"data":46,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"8ad95625-e29c-4614-a0bc-53278bf9be5a",{"type":19,"title":47,"markdownContent":48,"audioMediaId":49},"Utopia page 1","It did not take long, following the so-called ‘discovery’ of America, for dreams of new and profitable European colonies to emerge.\n\nBut in order to understand these desires fully, it is worth exploring what the idea of a ‘New World’ meant for Europeans, once news of its discovery reached their shores.\n\nWhat, before this ‘discovery’, did Europeans believe about the world?\n\nDid they ever imagine that so much was yet to be explored?\n","e24d0ccd-cf22-4f97-a4bb-84a71539fd9a",{"id":51,"data":52,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":56},"9b598a90-9104-4108-91e2-3631e1d39f52",{"type":19,"title":53,"markdownContent":54,"audioMediaId":55},"Utopia page 2","\nBack in Ancient Greece, the Atlantic Ocean had been considered literally out of bounds.\n\nNamed after the colossal Greek titan ‘Atlas’, the Atlantic was thought to be accessible only by passing through the Pillars of Hercules (the modern Strait of Gibraltar).\n\nAccording to the later Romans, these pillars were said to be carved with the warning \"Non Plus Ultra\" (nothing further beyond), designed by the God’s to be seen by adventurous sailors.\n\n[Graph](image://b330ea66-3623-4e5f-9902-67a72433f5f0 \"An illustration of the Pillars of Hercules\")\n\nAnd yet Greek mythology did imagine lands beyond this horizon.\n\nThe Greeks told tales of the \"Fortunate Isles,\": Atlantic islands, described by the Ancient poet Hesiod, said to be an earthly paradise.\n\nFormer heroes would come to dwell here in peace and happiness after death.\n\n![Graph](image://16cb808a-fea9-4a6d-adf0-a963e811bcdd \"1493 woodcut depicting the 'Insule Fortunate' (Fortunate Islands) in the Atlantic Ocean (indicated in the red oval).\")\n\nOn the Fortunate Isles of the Atlantic, the season was always spring, and food grew in abundance.\n","824d4755-add8-4ff4-9d61-1b0a7043ec68",[57,69,80],{"id":58,"data":59,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"a6a7a95f-dc2d-4ffc-a31a-bd208d42f461",{"type":60,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":61,"multiChoiceCorrect":63,"multiChoiceIncorrect":65,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},11,[62],"Where, geographically, were the 'Pillars of Hercules' supposed to be located?",[64],"Where Spain and North Africa almost touch",[66,67,68],"Where the Mediterranean meets the Black Sea","In the Atlas mountains of North Africa","At the narrowest point of English Channel",{"id":70,"data":71,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"8777705c-de8c-4787-a95c-7f0157b14b79",{"type":60,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":72,"multiChoiceCorrect":74,"multiChoiceIncorrect":76,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[73],"What was supposedly carved on the Pillars of Hercules?",[75],"Non Plus Ultra ('nothing further beyond')",[77,78,79],"Ne Ultra Naviges ('sail no further')","Non Terrae Plus Ultra ('no land further beyond')","Ultra Finem Mundi ('beyond the end of the world')",{"id":81,"data":82,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"93463820-4ec3-4c8a-8497-227cdcb67f9e",{"type":60,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":83,"multiChoiceCorrect":85,"multiChoiceIncorrect":89,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[84],"Which of the following were features of the 'Fortunate Isles'?",[86,87,88],"Eternal spring","Located in the Atlantic Ocean","Dwelling place for Greek heroes:multi",[90,91],"Location of the Pillars of Hercules","Named after the titan 'Atlas'",{"id":93,"data":94,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":98},"f898e7eb-cab3-4124-a6b5-02c85e1710ff",{"type":19,"title":95,"markdownContent":96,"audioMediaId":97},"Utopia page 3","\nAnother mythical Atlantic Island was described by the Greek philosopher Plato.\n\nIn two of his philosophical dialogues ('Timaeus' and 'Critias'), Plato told of an advanced island civilization named Atlantis, which supposedly existed about 9,000 years before his time.\n\n![Graph](image://226bbcdd-79c9-4ffc-95b3-469af928602c \"A map of Atlantis, placing it in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, published in 'Mundus Subterraneus' by Athanasius Kircher (1669).\")\n\nAccording to Plato, Atlantis was located beyond the 'Pillars of Hercules', and was a powerful and technologically advanced maritime power.\n\nThis civilization was said to have conquered many parts of Western Europe and Africa but eventually fell out of favor with the gods.\n\nAccording to the legend, Atlantis faced a catastrophic downfall, sinking into the ocean in a single day and night of misfortune.\n","1a9e407c-f6bb-45df-9ba8-2fdc8f37818a",[99],{"id":100,"data":101,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"a3a6ed9d-48df-4da9-9222-c2af67c9550e",{"type":60,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":102,"multiChoiceCorrect":104,"multiChoiceIncorrect":106,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[103],"Why did Plato's city of Atlantis undergo its downfall?",[105],"The civilization fell out of favour with the gods",[107,108,109],"It sank into the ocean","Due to a natural disaster","Colonized by a more powerful civilization",{"id":111,"data":112,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":116},"01b8d60a-5a12-483e-a4b0-f26a5caa8c7f",{"type":19,"title":113,"markdownContent":114,"audioMediaId":115},"Utopia page 4","\nFor many Europeans of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the discovery of the continent of America had a dramatic effect on how they thought about the world and its wealth of possibilities.\n\nSome began to wonder if ancient myths of Atlantic paradises had a grounding in reality.\n\nFor example, the Fortunate Isles, with its lush landscapes and relative isolation in the Atlantic, began to be associated with the island of Bermuda, discovered by the Portuguese in 1505.\n\nFueled by ancient, mythic imagination, colonizing newly discovered lands gradually became seen as a means to live out fantasies. Particularly fantasies of building new, ideal civilizations.\n\nThe Spanish even created a new motto, ‘Plus Ultra’ (Further beyond), echoing (but crucially altering) the ‘Non Plus Ultra’ inscribed on the mythic Pillars of Hercules.\n\n![Graph](image://e3a78970-5a36-4bf4-bd8a-09c8f6ed0d37 \"The Heraldry of Spain, showing their motto. Heralder, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThis motto signaled to the world that Spanish exploration was the fulfillment of a kind of mythic prophecy.\n","3225b8a5-2475-4cf5-a57f-4ab4e8e2d617",[117,134],{"id":118,"data":119,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"882bd573-f591-4c3e-8fae-78d7257aec4a",{"type":60,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":120,"multiChoiceCorrect":122,"multiChoiceIncorrect":124,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":128,"matchPairsPairs":130},[121],"Which of the following applies to the Fortunate Isles?'",[123],"Island of Greek Mythology later linked to Bermuda",[125,126,127],"Puritan ideal for New England","Platos mythical island","First European settlement on the American continent.",[129],"Match the pairs below:",[131],{"left":132,"right":133,"direction":18},"Fortunate Isles","Island of Greek Mythology later linked to Bermuda ",{"id":135,"data":136,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"a2e0cd0e-e9ee-407d-99ea-666a15e16073",{"type":60,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":19,"binaryQuestion":137,"binaryCorrect":139,"binaryIncorrect":141},[138],"What was the motto of Spain?",[140],"Plus Ultra (Further beyond)",[142],"Non Plus Ultra (Nothing further beyond)",{"id":144,"data":145,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":149},"a823b767-3ebc-457e-84a2-b016c9756f33",{"type":19,"title":146,"markdownContent":147,"audioMediaId":148},"Utopia page 5","\nThe discovery of new lands in the 1500s gave rise to a new genre of fantasy: ‘Utopian’\n\n‘Utopian’ writing made use of semi-mythical places like the ‘Fortunate Isles’ not just for pure fantasy, but as settings for a form of ‘thought experiment’.\n\nThe thought experiment went something like this: “If we could set up a society from scratch, what political or intellectual structure would be the most ideal?”\n\nThe word ‘Utopia’ was first used as the title of a 1516 work by Sir Thomas More. More depicted an idealized island society, isolated from the rest of the world, built on principles of communal ownership, religious tolerance, and rational thought.\n\n![Graph](image://6624645f-61c6-4fd6-89f2-5c46bafed7c6 \"Thomas More's Utopia\")\n\nMore's work was at heart a critique of contemporary European society and a proposal for a better way of living.\n\nThe title itself was a pun: It combines \"topos\" meaning \"place,\" with the prefix “u”, which translates to either “ou” (“no”) or “eu” (“good”). In other words, it is both a good place and a non-existent place. It is perhaps too good to be true.\n","568245cf-4feb-4d8c-8ceb-558a28c2605d",[150,161],{"id":151,"data":152,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"9aeee3cb-a355-4664-91a4-c24b5934169f",{"type":60,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":153,"multiChoiceCorrect":155,"multiChoiceIncorrect":158,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[154],"Which of these are legitimate translations of the word 'Utopia'?",[156,157],"No place","Good place:multi",[159,160],"Bad place","Distant place",{"id":162,"data":163,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"bba80e0d-57b5-406c-b4bc-b0a982a3249d",{"type":60,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":164,"multiChoiceCorrect":166,"multiChoiceIncorrect":168,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":19,"orderQuestion":172,"orderItems":174},[165],"In which year was 'Utopia' by Sir Thomas More published?",[167],"1516",[169,170,171],"1507","1518","1521",[173],"Put the following in order:",[175],{"label":176,"reveal":167,"sortOrder":19},"Publication of 'Utopia' by Sir Thomas More",{"id":178,"data":179,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":183},"db288958-5c40-4480-ada4-5223793a0f79",{"type":19,"title":180,"markdownContent":181,"audioMediaId":182},"Utopia page 6","\n‘Utopias’ imagined societies free from the restrictions of traditional European life, that could be structured around new, more modern ideas and interests.\n\nAnother key example of ‘utopian’ writing came from the English philosopher Francis Bacon, who is often credited as the inventor of the scientific method.\n\nBacon published his \"New Atlantis\" in 1626, describing an island society inspired by the fictional island described by Plato.\n\nThis island was radically free from the old traditions of education and church authority that dominated 17th-century England.\n\nInstead, the island functioned exactly according to Bacon’s interests: the islanders were devoted purely to the pursuit of scientific knowledge and discovery.\n\n![Graph](image://8268de9f-a703-4ffb-b752-94fca64b08e3 \"The Frontispiece of Francis Bacon's New Atlantis\")\n","58f1af3e-4157-4a7d-b4c8-48d6953f3877",[184,199,210],{"id":185,"data":186,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"8853406c-136d-4928-8c13-77164b5d912c",{"type":60,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":187,"multiChoiceCorrect":189,"multiChoiceIncorrect":191,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":195,"matchPairsPairs":196},[188],"Who is the author of the scientific utopia, 'New Atlantis'?",[190],"Francis Bacon",[192,193,194],"Leif Eriksson","Willem Janszoon","Abel Tasman",[129],[197],{"left":193,"right":198,"direction":18},"Set foot on Australian soil in 1606.",{"id":200,"data":201,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"aa0084c0-2b55-48b4-895e-8d0663676748",{"type":60,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":202,"multiChoiceCorrect":204,"multiChoiceIncorrect":205,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":206,"matchPairsPairs":207},[203],"Which of the following most closely applies to Atlantis?",[126],[125,133,127],[129],[208],{"left":209,"right":126,"direction":18},"Atlantis ",{"id":211,"data":212,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"8fba7772-016f-4a66-a9c8-68ad9154701e",{"type":60,"reviewType":213,"spacingBehaviour":19,"matchPairsQuestion":214,"matchPairsPairs":215,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},6,[129],[216,218,220,223],{"left":217,"right":25,"direction":18},"Thomas More",{"left":219,"right":132,"direction":18},"Hesiod",{"left":221,"right":222,"direction":18},"Pillars of Hercules","Non Plus Ultra",{"left":224,"right":225,"direction":18},"Motto of Spain","Plus Ultra",{"id":227,"data":228,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"summaryPage":230,"introPage":239,"pages":246},"4572d906-0b33-4955-a56a-3d53a0910a95",{"type":24,"title":229},"Puritanism",{"id":231,"data":232,"type":18,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"7ad8b987-12d2-4293-aa36-bd97f5424fd4",{"type":18,"title":233,"summary":234},"Puritanism summary",[235,236,237,238],"Protestantism challenged the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th century.","Puritans sought to purify the Church of England from Catholic elements.","Separatists faced persecution for breaking away from the Church of England.","Pilgrims envisioned America as a new Garden of Eden.",{"id":240,"data":241,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"f0b6e4c8-3adf-4172-b3a0-15f732f05a76",{"type":38,"title":242,"intro":243},"Puritanism intro",[244,245],"What sparked the Puritans' desire to purify the Church of England?","Why did the Pilgrims view America as a 'holy' place?",[247,267,292,310],{"id":248,"data":249,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":253},"ab9f991d-d137-4c26-abc1-b118bf018518",{"type":19,"title":250,"markdownContent":251,"audioMediaId":252},"Puritanism page 1","Perhaps the strongest motivation for colonization came not from political or intellectual ‘utopias’, but from those centered on religion.\n\nThe concept of a Christian utopia gained prominence due to the huge religious divisions that emerged in the 16th century, particularly in England.\n\nThis period saw the rise of Protestantism, a new branch of Christianity that challenged the long-established Roman Catholic Church.\n\nProtestantism advocated for reforms in the Church, emphasizing practices such as using Bibles in local languages (like English) instead of Latin and allowing divorce, which were not accepted in Catholicism.\n\nIn England, these religious changes led to the creation of the Church of England, a Protestant church, under the reign of King Henry VIII.\n\n![Graph](image://5c967833-a2a0-4422-99e1-950d2eba60dd \"Henry VIII\")\n","89f14104-c204-4528-ac10-f79a3228e9d2",[254],{"id":255,"data":256,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"82687ad8-795c-488a-aa23-784644e6d53e",{"type":60,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":257,"multiChoiceCorrect":259,"multiChoiceIncorrect":263,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[258],"Which of these describe features or beliefs of 'Protestantism'?",[260,261,262],"Advocated for using English Bibles","Was adopted as state religion by Henry VIII","Challenged the Roman Catholic Church:multi",[264,265,266],"Did not allow divorce","Was a branch of Roman Catholicism","Advocated for continued use of Latin",{"id":268,"data":269,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":273},"287f0e6a-d81f-4a4d-b7c8-029249b4815e",{"type":19,"title":270,"markdownContent":271,"audioMediaId":272},"Puritanism page 2","\nThis new church marked a departure from Roman Catholicism, yet it retained some Catholic practices.\n\nThis half-way reform was not sufficient for a group of Protestants called the \"Puritans.\" They sought to purify the Church of England of all Catholic elements, pushing for more radical changes.\n\nA subgroup within the Puritans, known as the \"Separatists,\" took an even more extreme stance. They believed the Church of England was so corrupt that they needed to break away from it completely.\n\nHowever, this view was controversial and led to persecution and harassment by the government and the Anglican Church (the Church of England), as their beliefs were seen as a threat to the established social and religious order.\n","fe01fa05-8783-42e9-8523-b6a329b449e3",[274,283],{"id":275,"data":276,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"d66c9e46-0f20-4577-9473-c7447610c160",{"type":60,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":19,"binaryQuestion":277,"binaryCorrect":279,"binaryIncorrect":281},[278],"Which of these applies to the 'Puritans'?",[280],"They wanted to purge the Church of England ('C of E') of Catholic remnants",[282],"They wanted to radically reintroduce Catholic elements",{"id":284,"data":285,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"29e6ceec-46e9-49f3-aa31-dd525103e537",{"type":60,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":19,"binaryQuestion":286,"binaryCorrect":288,"binaryIncorrect":290},[287],"What singled out 'Separatists' from other Puritans?",[289],"They wanted to break away from the C of E (Church of England)",[291],"They wanted to break away from The Catholic Church",{"id":293,"data":294,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":298},"82c5a674-eca2-40b4-854a-943ae8bd7eac",{"type":19,"title":295,"markdownContent":296,"audioMediaId":297},"Puritanism page 3","\nIn search of religious freedom and a place to practice their faith without persecution, many of these Separatists fled to the Netherlands, a country known for its religious tolerance.\n\nHowever, even in the Netherlands, they faced economic hardships and social limitations.\n\nSo, in 1620, a group of these Separatists, known as the Pilgrims, who had been living in the Dutch city of Leiden for over a decade, decided to embark on a journey to North America.\n\n![Graph](image://f4b859f7-2d13-4e9b-9e4e-e398f985f585 \"The Netherlands in 1609, including the city of 'Leyden' (Leiden)\")\n\nOnce in North America, specifically in what is now New England, these Puritans aimed to build what they called a \"city upon a hill\" .\n\nThe phrase ‘\"city upon a hill\" is from the Bible's Sermon on the Mount.\n\nIt implies that the Puritans' new society would be an elevated moral example for others. A beacon of righteousness the world would look up to.\n","f1433e42-b8ca-47b4-b022-d0bd07eb323a",[299],{"id":300,"data":301,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"4285f550-24a1-46f5-8eac-a649e73204ab",{"type":60,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":302,"multiChoiceCorrect":304,"multiChoiceIncorrect":305,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":306,"matchPairsPairs":307},[303],"Which of the following most closely applies to the concept of 'City upon a Hill'?",[125],[133,126,127],[129],[308],{"left":309,"right":125,"direction":18},"City upon a hill",{"id":311,"data":312,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":316},"efa534e9-3525-4b7e-a0d4-07c5b202c35d",{"type":19,"title":313,"markdownContent":314,"audioMediaId":315},"Puritanism page 4","\nWhen the Separatists sailed for America, they called themself the ‘Pilgrims’ – a traditional title for someone who journeys to a sacred place for religious reasons.\n\nFor them, America counted as a ‘holy’ place because they envisioned it as a new Garden of Eden – an uncorrupted paradise where they could live according to their strict religious principles.\n\nWe can see this attitude in the English poem “Bermudas”, written in the mid-17th century by a Puritan poet, Andrew Marvell.\n\n[Graph](image://e07d391a-66a2-44c1-bc41-c63f80d99b26 \"Andrew Marvell\")\n\nThe poem begins:\n\n![Graph](image://44d436f2-642e-4362-bf11-101d6f2f5f16 \"\")\n\nHere, 'his praise' acknowledges God's guidance to the fruitful Bermudas, akin to the Greek's Fortunate Isles, full of eternal spring:\n\n![Graph](image://95908640-8ba6-4cf1-a578-13cf45e76706 \"\")\n\nIn the minds of many, America was a Puritan utopia.\n","a3b45135-2870-4970-bc06-ca7d446bdf5a",[317,329,344,361],{"id":318,"data":319,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"16668ea4-6ce4-420d-bdf0-73a801f48faf",{"type":60,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":320,"multiChoiceCorrect":322,"multiChoiceIncorrect":326,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[321],"Why did the Separatists that sailed for America call themselves 'Pilgrims'?",[323,324,325],"They saw their journey as a 'holy voyage'","They viewed America as a Garden of Eden","They foresaw being able to live strict religious lives upon arrival:multi",[327,328],"Believed they'd find religious artifacts","They aimed for religious conquest",{"id":330,"data":331,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"61130bcb-230c-4a94-afda-c83381e1f2c3",{"type":60,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":332,"multiChoiceCorrect":334,"multiChoiceIncorrect":336,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":340,"matchPairsPairs":341},[333],"Who is the Puritan poet known for writing works such as 'Bermudas'?",[335],"Andrew Marvell",[337,338,339],"John White","Alfred Crosby","John Rolfe",[129],[342],{"left":335,"right":343,"direction":18},"Wrote puritan poetry, e.g. 'Bermudas'",{"id":345,"data":346,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"963ae49d-5be2-48e1-8e24-5acbf912aa3c",{"type":60,"reviewType":213,"spacingBehaviour":19,"matchPairsQuestion":347,"matchPairsPairs":348,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},[129],[349,352,355,358],{"left":350,"right":351,"direction":18},"Leiden","City where the Separatists lived",{"left":353,"right":354,"direction":18},"Amsterdam","Not associated with any of these",{"left":356,"right":357,"direction":18},"New England","Future location of \"city upon a hill\"",{"left":359,"right":360,"direction":18},"England","First to establish a protestant state Church",{"id":362,"data":363,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"2d03b4a8-1fce-4ff1-bbd0-095f6b85d251",{"type":60,"reviewType":213,"spacingBehaviour":19,"matchPairsQuestion":364,"matchPairsPairs":365,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},[129],[366,369,372,375,378],{"left":367,"right":368,"direction":18},"Puritans","Purge C of E of Catholic remnants",{"left":370,"right":371,"direction":18},"Separatists","Break away from C of E",{"left":373,"right":374,"direction":18},"Pilgrims","Found a City on a Hill",{"left":376,"right":377,"direction":18},"Catholics","Ban English Bibles and Divorce",{"left":379,"right":380,"direction":18},"Protestant","Religion of Henry VIII",{"id":382,"data":383,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"summaryPage":385,"introPage":394,"pages":401},"48e25972-bbb5-40df-9c43-0d594b1c06c7",{"type":24,"title":384},"The Pilgrims",{"id":386,"data":387,"type":18,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"8055b026-5f17-45d2-b0f9-93c0831237d5",{"type":18,"title":388,"summary":389},"The Pilgrims summary",[390,391,392,393],"The Pilgrims set sail on the Mayflower in 1620 to establish a new colony in the New World.","The Mayflower Compact established principles of self-governance for the Pilgrims.","The Massachusetts Bay Colony thrived and outpaced the original Plymouth Colony.","Harvard College was founded in 1636 to train future leaders and ministers in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.",{"id":395,"data":396,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"e99474fc-75d5-47dd-bafd-1a08a1415ea3",{"type":38,"title":397,"intro":398},"The Pilgrims intro",[399,400],"What was the Mayflower Compact and why was it significant?","How did the Massachusetts Bay Colony outpace the Plymouth Colony in growth and development?",[402,437,468,522,570],{"id":403,"data":404,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":408},"d1d5db7b-b464-4752-b20b-f4159da18825",{"type":19,"title":405,"markdownContent":406,"audioMediaId":407},"The Pilgrims page 1","In the year 1620, a group of English settlers, known as Pilgrims, obtained permission to live and establish a new colony under the authority of the Virginia Company.\n\n![Graph](image://36a71a17-5276-467d-b9cc-f49804d31fd3 \"The Mayflower colonists aboard the ship\")\n\nThis company was managed by English investors who had the right to establish colonies in Virginia, which was a vast region along the eastern coast of North America claimed by England, roughly stretching from New Jersey to North Carolina.\n\n![Graph](image://f13fa619-648a-4ac6-8f68-4227c4019043 \"Virginia Company Land\")\n\nThe Pilgrims originally planned to use two ships for their journey, named the Speedwell and the Mayflower. Unfortunately, the Speedwell turned out to be leaky and unsafe for the long voyage.\n\nLeft with no choice, the Pilgrims packed into the Mayflower, leaving from a port in Plymouth, England. They embarked on their perilous journey across the Atlantic on September 16, 1620.\n\nThe ocean crossing was grueling, with over two long months at sea facing stormy weather and high waves.\n","360df3ef-2f3d-44b4-8118-e182851c912c",[409,424],{"id":410,"data":411,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"4833237a-38dd-4840-b8c8-7afadf5c0def",{"type":60,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":412,"multiChoiceCorrect":414,"multiChoiceIncorrect":416,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":19,"orderQuestion":420,"orderItems":421},[413],"In which year did the Pilgrims arrive in New England?",[415],"1620",[417,418,419],"1494","1526","1608",[173],[422],{"label":423,"reveal":415,"sortOrder":18},"Pilgrims arrived in New England",{"id":425,"data":426,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"36740c86-3db8-4d54-9296-f0d9bdca6b18",{"type":60,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":427,"multiChoiceCorrect":429,"multiChoiceIncorrect":433,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[428],"Which of these is true of the 'Virginia Company', who gave a settlement permit to the Separatists?",[430,431,432],"It was an English Company","They were a company of investors","Their land stretched from North Carolina to New Jersey:multi",[434,435,436],"They were a religious organisation","It was a Dutch company","Its land stretched from New Jersey to Massachusetts",{"id":438,"data":439,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":443},"b6c44f75-0c60-454b-bf09-06b71a1d1a1b",{"type":19,"title":440,"markdownContent":441,"audioMediaId":442},"The Pilgrims page 2","\nAfter a long and difficult journey, the Mayflower glimpsed the shores of the New World on November 21, 1620.\n\nThe Pilgrims had aimed for the Virginia territory, yet the storms had pushed them to a northern shore, far from their intended destination.\n\n![Graph](image://dc2c551d-1ab3-4826-ac8d-483b4ec9a0f8 \"The landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth, Mass. Dec. 22nd 1620\")\n\nThis place was part of what is now known as Massachusetts.\n\nWhen they landed, they found a region with dense forests and an abundance of natural resources. The area was home to the Wampanoag people, who had cleared several sections of land that the Pilgrims used for their initial settlement.\n\nThe name \"Massachusetts\" is believed to come from \"Massachusett,\" a Wampanoag word that roughly translates to \"near the great hill, referring to a specific area that is today known as the Blue Hills region south of Boston.\n\nWhen the Pilgrims began seriously to build their own settlement, they named it Plymouth after the English port from which they’d departed.\n","662c2001-92e5-4dd5-ab55-8dbe20408abb",[444,453],{"id":445,"data":446,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"eda930b0-8726-44fc-b783-a3ff82a80349",{"type":60,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":19,"binaryQuestion":447,"binaryCorrect":449,"binaryIncorrect":451},[448],"Why did the Pilgrims name their Massachusetts settlement 'Plymouth Harbour'?",[450],"That was the port they had departed from in England",[452],"That was the name of the English company that gave them a permit",{"id":454,"data":455,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"183abf16-14aa-420f-8ca6-7de4fd81af9c",{"type":60,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":456,"multiChoiceCorrect":458,"multiChoiceIncorrect":460,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":464,"matchPairsPairs":465},[457],"Which of the following applies to Wampanoag?",[459],"Indigenous people, inhabitants of Massachusetts.",[461,462,463],"Name of the sweeter variety of tobacco cultivated by John Rolfe","Tahitian priest, navigator, and interpreter for James Cook","Hit hard by diseases including smallpox just before the Pilgrims' arrival",[129],[466],{"left":467,"right":459,"direction":18},"Wampanoag",{"id":469,"data":470,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":474},"34176462-c637-4640-8667-09a66c4c338d",{"type":19,"title":471,"markdownContent":472,"audioMediaId":473},"The Pilgrims page 3","\nWhen the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth in 1620, they faced a daunting task: building a new society from scratch. They needed more than buildings; they needed a blueprint for a functioning community.\n\nTheir solution? — a written agreement, \"The Mayflower Compact\", which was drafted and signed while still aboard the ship.\n\n![Graph](image://dd61bd14-9b45-4c18-994d-35ca14f4f7e5 \"Page from William Bradford's Of Plimoth Plantation containing the text of the Mayflower Compact\")\n\nThough fairly short, at only around 200 words, this was no trivial document.\n\nAt a time when Europe was mostly ruled by hereditary, all-powerful monarchs, the Compact established principles of self-governance.\n\nIt set out how they should elect their own leaders, and enact their own laws.\n\nEvery adult man on the Mayflower (41 in total) signed it, committing to a government based on the majority's will.\n\nThis revolutionary, democratic ideal served as a model for later American colonies – and would eventually form the ideals of government in the United States as it still exists today.\n","6544963e-c0db-49f0-8450-89a58a5767d2",[475,490,506],{"id":476,"data":477,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"5d380f3b-eccb-44fb-9ff0-6304dee92389",{"type":60,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":478,"multiChoiceCorrect":480,"multiChoiceIncorrect":482,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":486,"matchPairsPairs":487},[479],"Which of the following applies to the Mayflower Compact?'",[481],"Established principles of self-governance",[483,484,485],"Granted a monopoly on English trade with the East Indies.","Concept used to justify colonization","Divided the world between Spain and Portugal",[129],[488],{"left":489,"right":481,"direction":18},"The Mayflower Compact",{"id":491,"data":492,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"0b5bb777-f3a1-491e-9c68-7d48bb91e985",{"type":60,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":493,"multiChoiceCorrect":495,"multiChoiceIncorrect":497,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":501,"orderQuestion":502,"orderItems":503},[494],"How many adult men on the Mayflower signed the Compact?",[496],"41",[498,499,500],"123","300","100",12,[173],[504],{"label":505,"reveal":496,"sortOrder":4},"Number of Adult men on the Mayflower who signed the Compact",{"id":507,"data":508,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"933d668e-53ff-4b8a-9384-75d7e7e9a511",{"type":60,"reviewType":213,"spacingBehaviour":19,"matchPairsQuestion":509,"matchPairsPairs":510,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},[129],[511,514,517,520],{"left":512,"right":513,"direction":18},"Wampanoag land","Massachusetts",{"left":515,"right":516,"direction":18},"Intended destination of Pilgrims","Virginia",{"left":518,"right":519,"direction":18},"English port from which the Pilgrims set off","Plymouth",{"left":521,"right":350,"direction":18},"None of these",{"id":523,"data":524,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":528},"27bbca13-b9dd-4a38-8952-dc2842f80ba1",{"type":19,"title":525,"markdownContent":526,"audioMediaId":527},"The Pilgrims page 4","\nNew England grew sharply in the following decades, though not only in Plymouth harbour.\n\nIn 1630, a new settlement took root: the Massachusetts Bay Colony. A fresh wave of English Puritans came, seeking the same religious freedom the Pilgrims had sought just 10 years earlier.\n\n![Graph](image://36b21367-4b65-4946-8e1d-c9807865fee2 \"Image of Massachusetts Bay Colony stamp, 2-cents\")\n\nThis new colony didn't just grow; it thrived and soon outpaced the original Pilgrims. Why?\n\nFirstly, it was significantly bigger than its counterpart in Plymouth harbor.\n","4955c298-2f73-4ece-80e8-54f6f91b6f99",[529,540,555],{"id":530,"data":531,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"8cd0962c-bd04-4c81-9d86-48820f003754",{"type":60,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":532,"multiChoiceCorrect":534,"multiChoiceIncorrect":537,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[533],"What factors contributed to the Massachusetts Bay Colony's success?",[535,536],"Larger size","Emphasis on education:multi",[538,539],"Backing from the Church of England","Smaller size",{"id":541,"data":542,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"3a11816c-438e-41fe-ab28-376853cc1dd0",{"type":60,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":543,"multiChoiceCorrect":545,"multiChoiceIncorrect":547,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":551,"matchPairsPairs":552},[544],"Which of the following was a consequence of the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630?",[546],"Fresh wave of English Puritans seek religious freedom.",[548,549,550],"Led to shift in Wampanoag policies, ignited conflict","Struggles with disease, lack of supplies, and famine","Kidnapping of Pocahontas",[129],[553],{"left":554,"right":546,"direction":18},"Establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630)",{"id":556,"data":557,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"6631ebd1-345a-4e60-9faa-116cc12b7888",{"type":60,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":558,"multiChoiceCorrect":560,"multiChoiceIncorrect":562,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":19,"orderQuestion":566,"orderItems":567},[559],"In which year was Harvard College founded (for the purpose of training clergymen)?",[561],"1636",[563,564,565],"1657","1660","1675",[173],[568],{"label":569,"reveal":561,"sortOrder":4},"Harvard College was founded",{"id":571,"data":572,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"6004d548-7a4c-43a5-a938-c630ad18c908",{"type":19,"title":573,"markdownContent":574,"audioMediaId":575},"The Pilgrims page 5","\nBy 1640, 20 years after its founding, Plymouth Colony had a population of just over 1,000 people. In contrast, the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1640, just ten years after its founding, had a population of nearly 9,000 people.\n\n![Graph](image://ede06107-0b74-406c-842b-d42b8fc0da8f \"Puritans drinking from pewter mugs in colonial Massachusetts. Hand-colored woodcut of a 19th-century illustration\")\n\nIt therefore had more skills and more hands for labor.\n\nSecondly, it had a strong, well-ordered system. They put a high value on working together and on learning.\n\nOut of these values came Harvard College in 1636. Named for John Harvard, a clergyman, the college aimed to train the colony's future leaders and ministers.\n\n![Graph](image://3216ba5e-493a-4dd6-bdfe-0b6d146bda57 \"The first buildings of Harvard College\")\n","b9a28e2d-3625-4f3d-aaef-d26760d2776d",{"id":577,"data":578,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"summaryPage":580,"introPage":589,"pages":596},"8b287b01-9449-4a77-9470-97bd10c5f69b",{"type":24,"title":579},"Harsh Realities",{"id":581,"data":582,"type":18,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"b2aaf630-5f82-402c-ad65-0496a0b8d8dd",{"type":18,"title":583,"summary":584},"Harsh Realities summary",[585,586,587,588],"Spanish colonies like La Navidad and Roanoke were short-lived and faced mysterious disappearances.","The London Company's settlements in Bermuda and Jamestown struggled with disease, famine, and high mortality rates.","Early colonies faced harsh realities such as conflicts with local populations and difficulties in farming.","The Lost Colony of Roanoke and the failed settlements of La Navidad and Bermuda highlight the challenges early colonizers faced in the New World.",{"id":590,"data":591,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"9ece1ce2-3cd1-4750-9580-599e2ff1b75a",{"type":38,"title":592,"intro":593},"Harsh Realities intro",[594,595],"What led to the downfall of the La Navidad settlement?","What was behind the mysterious disappearance of the Roanoke Colony?",[597,628,649],{"id":598,"data":599,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":603},"79a58f90-e8e1-4fd2-a287-8e19e5e27838",{"type":19,"title":600,"markdownContent":601,"audioMediaId":602},"Harsh Realities page 1","The reality of early colonies was far from utopian, and the majority of Spanish settlements were short-lived.\n\nLa Navidad was founded back in 1492, during Columbus’ first voyage\n\nIt was located on the northeast coast of Hispaniola (present-day Haiti), where Columbus's ship, the Santa María, ran aground.\n\n![Graph](image://b095ea6e-2475-422d-83f7-83fc9883e453 \"A fantasy etching of Columbus aboard the Santa Maria\")\n\nSeeing an opportunity, Columbus decided to leave a group of his men on the island to establish a settlement and gather gold, using the materials from the wrecked ship to build a fort.\n\nWhen Columbus returned on his second voyage in 1493, however, he found the settlement destroyed.\n\nThe men he had left behind had been killed, possibly due to conflicts with the local Taíno people.\n","a23aae4a-3918-432f-86f0-c36b9fc245b4",[604,613],{"id":605,"data":606,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"988cc215-0176-4970-8579-f8aad2731165",{"type":60,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":19,"binaryQuestion":607,"binaryCorrect":609,"binaryIncorrect":611},[608],"After how long did Columbus return to find La Navidad had failed?",[610],"1 year",[612],"2 years",{"id":614,"data":615,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"67bbdb6f-b96b-423f-98bc-ceff98f34cf2",{"type":60,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":616,"multiChoiceCorrect":618,"multiChoiceIncorrect":620,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":624,"matchPairsPairs":625},[617],"Which of the following applies to 'Taíno'?",[619],"Local people of Hispaniola",[621,622,623],"Cultivated a strong and harsh variety of tobacco","Leader known as 'King Philip'","Indigenous people of New Zealand",[129],[626],{"left":627,"right":619,"direction":18},"Taíno",{"id":629,"data":630,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":634},"d5c14593-b288-44b7-a26d-c21113d351dd",{"type":19,"title":631,"markdownContent":632,"audioMediaId":633},"Harsh Realities page 2","\nOther early attempts followed similar patterns, for example, the Roanoke Colony, established by English explorer Sir Walter Raleigh in 1587.\n\nLocated on an island off the coast of present-day North Carolina, this settlement is famously known as the \"Lost Colony.\"\n\nJust like La Navidad, by 1590 when Raleigh returned to the island, the colony had mysteriously disappeared, with no trace of the settlers.\n\nThis disappearance gave rise to various theories and speculations, including the possibility of a massacre or assimilation into local Native American tribes.\n\n![Graph](image://edf0c7ee-c420-42fd-a837-bb121dc30431 \"The Lost Colony, design by William Ludwell Sheppard, engraving by William James Linton. This image depicts John White returning to the Roanoke Colony in 1590 to discover the settlement abandoned.\")\n","171a2fa5-84be-43a7-a9ce-7bf69b54bc99",[635],{"id":636,"data":637,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"60054ed9-6997-4cb0-bb80-69c807aab642",{"type":60,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":638,"multiChoiceCorrect":640,"multiChoiceIncorrect":643,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[639],"Who established the Roanoke Colony and what nickname was it given?",[641,642],"Sir Walter Raleigh"," \"The Lost Colony\"",[644,645,337,646,647,648],"John Smith","\"The Lost Colony\""," \"The Vanishing Settlement\""," Sir Francis Drake","\"The Vanishing Settlement\"",{"id":650,"data":651,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":655},"ce55af7f-b5aa-4326-8eed-4a3c0b3dda4b",{"type":19,"title":652,"markdownContent":653,"audioMediaId":654},"Harsh Realities page 3","\nThough less shrouded in mystery, a similar ill fate shadowed the early London Company, a joint-stock company that hoped to profit from the natural resources of the New World.\n\nTheir settlement in Bermuda of 1609 was abandoned after just one year.\n\n“Jamestown”, founded in 1607 by the London Company along the banks of the James River, Virginia, proved initially difficult to farm. Settlers struggled with disease, lack of supplies, and famine.\n\n![Graph](image://f13fa619-648a-4ac6-8f68-4227c4019043 \"Virginia Company Land\")\n\nThough later successful, the first years of the Jamestown settlement were marked by a high mortality rate. In 1608, two-thirds of settlers had died.\n","095db468-fc8c-45d9-8283-cec41b035648",[656,668,683],{"id":657,"data":658,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"6d45dbce-4876-4d1c-9728-8e5a8de6ad40",{"type":60,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":659,"multiChoiceCorrect":661,"multiChoiceIncorrect":662,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":664,"matchPairsPairs":665},[660],"Which of the following was a consequence of the founding of Jamestown?",[549],[546,663,550],"Shift in Wampanoag policies, ignited conflict",[129],[666],{"left":667,"right":549,"direction":18},"Founding of Jamestown",{"id":669,"data":670,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"843284b7-6cd8-45cf-abc4-472b8173875a",{"type":60,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":671,"multiChoiceCorrect":673,"multiChoiceIncorrect":675,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":501,"orderQuestion":679,"orderItems":680},[672],"What percentage of Jamestown settlers died in 1608?",[674],"66%",[676,677,678],"33%","40%","10-20%",[173],[681],{"label":682,"reveal":674,"sortOrder":18},"Proportion of Jamestown settlers who died in 1608",{"id":684,"data":685,"type":60,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"227478cf-0bb5-4b7c-9633-905a71eae59a",{"type":60,"reviewType":213,"spacingBehaviour":19,"matchPairsQuestion":686,"matchPairsPairs":687,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},[129],[688,691,694],{"left":689,"right":690,"direction":18},"The London Company","Failed settlement in Bermuda",{"left":692,"right":693,"direction":18},"Jamestown","Founded in 1607",{"left":695,"right":696,"direction":18},"Roanoak","Located near North Carolina",[698,964,1137,1360],{"id":22,"data":23,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"summaryPage":26,"introPage":35,"pages":699},[700,732,794,834,879,924],{"id":45,"data":46,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"parsed":701},{"data":702,"body":705,"toc":730},{"title":703,"description":704},"","It did not take long, following the so-called ‘discovery’ of America, for dreams of new and profitable European colonies to emerge.",{"type":706,"children":707},"root",[708,715,720,725],{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":711,"children":712},"element","p",{},[713],{"type":714,"value":704},"text",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":716,"children":717},{},[718],{"type":714,"value":719},"But in order to understand these desires fully, it is worth exploring what the idea of a ‘New World’ meant for Europeans, once news of its discovery reached their shores.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":721,"children":722},{},[723],{"type":714,"value":724},"What, before this ‘discovery’, did Europeans believe about the world?",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":726,"children":727},{},[728],{"type":714,"value":729},"Did they ever imagine that so much was yet to be explored?",{"title":703,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":731},[],{"id":51,"data":52,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":56,"parsed":733},{"data":734,"body":736,"toc":792},{"title":703,"description":735},"Back in Ancient Greece, the Atlantic Ocean had been considered literally out of bounds.",{"type":706,"children":737},[738,742,747,752,763,768,773,778,787],{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":739,"children":740},{},[741],{"type":714,"value":735},{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":743,"children":744},{},[745],{"type":714,"value":746},"Named after the colossal Greek titan ‘Atlas’, the Atlantic was thought to be accessible only by passing through the Pillars of Hercules (the modern Strait of Gibraltar).",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":748,"children":749},{},[750],{"type":714,"value":751},"According to the later Romans, these pillars were said to be carved with the warning \"Non Plus Ultra\" (nothing further beyond), designed by the God’s to be seen by adventurous sailors.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":753,"children":754},{},[755],{"type":709,"tag":756,"props":757,"children":760},"a",{"href":758,"title":759},"image://b330ea66-3623-4e5f-9902-67a72433f5f0","An illustration of the Pillars of Hercules",[761],{"type":714,"value":762},"Graph",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":764,"children":765},{},[766],{"type":714,"value":767},"And yet Greek mythology did imagine lands beyond this horizon.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":769,"children":770},{},[771],{"type":714,"value":772},"The Greeks told tales of the \"Fortunate Isles,\": Atlantic islands, described by the Ancient poet Hesiod, said to be an earthly paradise.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":774,"children":775},{},[776],{"type":714,"value":777},"Former heroes would come to dwell here in peace and happiness after death.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":779,"children":780},{},[781],{"type":709,"tag":782,"props":783,"children":786},"img",{"alt":762,"src":784,"title":785},"image://16cb808a-fea9-4a6d-adf0-a963e811bcdd","1493 woodcut depicting the 'Insule Fortunate' (Fortunate Islands) in the Atlantic Ocean (indicated in the red oval).",[],{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":788,"children":789},{},[790],{"type":714,"value":791},"On the Fortunate Isles of the Atlantic, the season was always spring, and food grew in abundance.",{"title":703,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":793},[],{"id":93,"data":94,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":98,"parsed":795},{"data":796,"body":798,"toc":832},{"title":703,"description":797},"Another mythical Atlantic Island was described by the Greek philosopher Plato.",{"type":706,"children":799},[800,804,809,817,822,827],{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":801,"children":802},{},[803],{"type":714,"value":797},{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":805,"children":806},{},[807],{"type":714,"value":808},"In two of his philosophical dialogues ('Timaeus' and 'Critias'), Plato told of an advanced island civilization named Atlantis, which supposedly existed about 9,000 years before his time.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":810,"children":811},{},[812],{"type":709,"tag":782,"props":813,"children":816},{"alt":762,"src":814,"title":815},"image://226bbcdd-79c9-4ffc-95b3-469af928602c","A map of Atlantis, placing it in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, published in 'Mundus Subterraneus' by Athanasius Kircher (1669).",[],{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":818,"children":819},{},[820],{"type":714,"value":821},"According to Plato, Atlantis was located beyond the 'Pillars of Hercules', and was a powerful and technologically advanced maritime power.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":823,"children":824},{},[825],{"type":714,"value":826},"This civilization was said to have conquered many parts of Western Europe and Africa but eventually fell out of favor with the gods.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":828,"children":829},{},[830],{"type":714,"value":831},"According to the legend, Atlantis faced a catastrophic downfall, sinking into the ocean in a single day and night of misfortune.",{"title":703,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":833},[],{"id":111,"data":112,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":116,"parsed":835},{"data":836,"body":838,"toc":877},{"title":703,"description":837},"For many Europeans of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the discovery of the continent of America had a dramatic effect on how they thought about the world and its wealth of possibilities.",{"type":706,"children":839},[840,844,849,854,859,864,872],{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":841,"children":842},{},[843],{"type":714,"value":837},{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":845,"children":846},{},[847],{"type":714,"value":848},"Some began to wonder if ancient myths of Atlantic paradises had a grounding in reality.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":850,"children":851},{},[852],{"type":714,"value":853},"For example, the Fortunate Isles, with its lush landscapes and relative isolation in the Atlantic, began to be associated with the island of Bermuda, discovered by the Portuguese in 1505.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":855,"children":856},{},[857],{"type":714,"value":858},"Fueled by ancient, mythic imagination, colonizing newly discovered lands gradually became seen as a means to live out fantasies. Particularly fantasies of building new, ideal civilizations.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":860,"children":861},{},[862],{"type":714,"value":863},"The Spanish even created a new motto, ‘Plus Ultra’ (Further beyond), echoing (but crucially altering) the ‘Non Plus Ultra’ inscribed on the mythic Pillars of Hercules.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":865,"children":866},{},[867],{"type":709,"tag":782,"props":868,"children":871},{"alt":762,"src":869,"title":870},"image://e3a78970-5a36-4bf4-bd8a-09c8f6ed0d37","The Heraldry of Spain, showing their motto. Heralder, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":873,"children":874},{},[875],{"type":714,"value":876},"This motto signaled to the world that Spanish exploration was the fulfillment of a kind of mythic prophecy.",{"title":703,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":878},[],{"id":144,"data":145,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":149,"parsed":880},{"data":881,"body":883,"toc":922},{"title":703,"description":882},"The discovery of new lands in the 1500s gave rise to a new genre of fantasy: ‘Utopian’",{"type":706,"children":884},[885,889,894,899,904,912,917],{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":886,"children":887},{},[888],{"type":714,"value":882},{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":890,"children":891},{},[892],{"type":714,"value":893},"‘Utopian’ writing made use of semi-mythical places like the ‘Fortunate Isles’ not just for pure fantasy, but as settings for a form of ‘thought experiment’.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":895,"children":896},{},[897],{"type":714,"value":898},"The thought experiment went something like this: “If we could set up a society from scratch, what political or intellectual structure would be the most ideal?”",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":900,"children":901},{},[902],{"type":714,"value":903},"The word ‘Utopia’ was first used as the title of a 1516 work by Sir Thomas More. More depicted an idealized island society, isolated from the rest of the world, built on principles of communal ownership, religious tolerance, and rational thought.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":905,"children":906},{},[907],{"type":709,"tag":782,"props":908,"children":911},{"alt":762,"src":909,"title":910},"image://6624645f-61c6-4fd6-89f2-5c46bafed7c6","Thomas More's Utopia",[],{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":913,"children":914},{},[915],{"type":714,"value":916},"More's work was at heart a critique of contemporary European society and a proposal for a better way of living.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":918,"children":919},{},[920],{"type":714,"value":921},"The title itself was a pun: It combines \"topos\" meaning \"place,\" with the prefix “u”, which translates to either “ou” (“no”) or “eu” (“good”). In other words, it is both a good place and a non-existent place. It is perhaps too good to be true.",{"title":703,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":923},[],{"id":178,"data":179,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":183,"parsed":925},{"data":926,"body":928,"toc":962},{"title":703,"description":927},"‘Utopias’ imagined societies free from the restrictions of traditional European life, that could be structured around new, more modern ideas and interests.",{"type":706,"children":929},[930,934,939,944,949,954],{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":931,"children":932},{},[933],{"type":714,"value":927},{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":935,"children":936},{},[937],{"type":714,"value":938},"Another key example of ‘utopian’ writing came from the English philosopher Francis Bacon, who is often credited as the inventor of the scientific method.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":940,"children":941},{},[942],{"type":714,"value":943},"Bacon published his \"New Atlantis\" in 1626, describing an island society inspired by the fictional island described by Plato.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":945,"children":946},{},[947],{"type":714,"value":948},"This island was radically free from the old traditions of education and church authority that dominated 17th-century England.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":950,"children":951},{},[952],{"type":714,"value":953},"Instead, the island functioned exactly according to Bacon’s interests: the islanders were devoted purely to the pursuit of scientific knowledge and discovery.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":955,"children":956},{},[957],{"type":709,"tag":782,"props":958,"children":961},{"alt":762,"src":959,"title":960},"image://8268de9f-a703-4ffb-b752-94fca64b08e3","The Frontispiece of Francis Bacon's New Atlantis",[],{"title":703,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":963},[],{"id":227,"data":228,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"summaryPage":230,"introPage":239,"pages":965},[966,1006,1033,1078],{"id":248,"data":249,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":253,"parsed":967},{"data":968,"body":970,"toc":1004},{"title":703,"description":969},"Perhaps the strongest motivation for colonization came not from political or intellectual ‘utopias’, but from those centered on religion.",{"type":706,"children":971},[972,976,981,986,991,996],{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":973,"children":974},{},[975],{"type":714,"value":969},{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":977,"children":978},{},[979],{"type":714,"value":980},"The concept of a Christian utopia gained prominence due to the huge religious divisions that emerged in the 16th century, particularly in England.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":982,"children":983},{},[984],{"type":714,"value":985},"This period saw the rise of Protestantism, a new branch of Christianity that challenged the long-established Roman Catholic Church.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":987,"children":988},{},[989],{"type":714,"value":990},"Protestantism advocated for reforms in the Church, emphasizing practices such as using Bibles in local languages (like English) instead of Latin and allowing divorce, which were not accepted in Catholicism.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":992,"children":993},{},[994],{"type":714,"value":995},"In England, these religious changes led to the creation of the Church of England, a Protestant church, under the reign of King Henry VIII.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":997,"children":998},{},[999],{"type":709,"tag":782,"props":1000,"children":1003},{"alt":762,"src":1001,"title":1002},"image://5c967833-a2a0-4422-99e1-950d2eba60dd","Henry VIII",[],{"title":703,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":1005},[],{"id":268,"data":269,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":273,"parsed":1007},{"data":1008,"body":1010,"toc":1031},{"title":703,"description":1009},"This new church marked a departure from Roman Catholicism, yet it retained some Catholic practices.",{"type":706,"children":1011},[1012,1016,1021,1026],{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1013,"children":1014},{},[1015],{"type":714,"value":1009},{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1017,"children":1018},{},[1019],{"type":714,"value":1020},"This half-way reform was not sufficient for a group of Protestants called the \"Puritans.\" They sought to purify the Church of England of all Catholic elements, pushing for more radical changes.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1022,"children":1023},{},[1024],{"type":714,"value":1025},"A subgroup within the Puritans, known as the \"Separatists,\" took an even more extreme stance. They believed the Church of England was so corrupt that they needed to break away from it completely.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1027,"children":1028},{},[1029],{"type":714,"value":1030},"However, this view was controversial and led to persecution and harassment by the government and the Anglican Church (the Church of England), as their beliefs were seen as a threat to the established social and religious order.",{"title":703,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":1032},[],{"id":293,"data":294,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":298,"parsed":1034},{"data":1035,"body":1037,"toc":1076},{"title":703,"description":1036},"In search of religious freedom and a place to practice their faith without persecution, many of these Separatists fled to the Netherlands, a country known for its religious tolerance.",{"type":706,"children":1038},[1039,1043,1048,1053,1061,1066,1071],{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1040,"children":1041},{},[1042],{"type":714,"value":1036},{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1044,"children":1045},{},[1046],{"type":714,"value":1047},"However, even in the Netherlands, they faced economic hardships and social limitations.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1049,"children":1050},{},[1051],{"type":714,"value":1052},"So, in 1620, a group of these Separatists, known as the Pilgrims, who had been living in the Dutch city of Leiden for over a decade, decided to embark on a journey to North America.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1054,"children":1055},{},[1056],{"type":709,"tag":782,"props":1057,"children":1060},{"alt":762,"src":1058,"title":1059},"image://f4b859f7-2d13-4e9b-9e4e-e398f985f585","The Netherlands in 1609, including the city of 'Leyden' (Leiden)",[],{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1062,"children":1063},{},[1064],{"type":714,"value":1065},"Once in North America, specifically in what is now New England, these Puritans aimed to build what they called a \"city upon a hill\" .",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1067,"children":1068},{},[1069],{"type":714,"value":1070},"The phrase ‘\"city upon a hill\" is from the Bible's Sermon on the Mount.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1072,"children":1073},{},[1074],{"type":714,"value":1075},"It implies that the Puritans' new society would be an elevated moral example for others. A beacon of righteousness the world would look up to.",{"title":703,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":1077},[],{"id":311,"data":312,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":316,"parsed":1079},{"data":1080,"body":1082,"toc":1135},{"title":703,"description":1081},"When the Separatists sailed for America, they called themself the ‘Pilgrims’ – a traditional title for someone who journeys to a sacred place for religious reasons.",{"type":706,"children":1083},[1084,1088,1093,1098,1106,1111,1118,1123,1130],{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1085,"children":1086},{},[1087],{"type":714,"value":1081},{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1089,"children":1090},{},[1091],{"type":714,"value":1092},"For them, America counted as a ‘holy’ place because they envisioned it as a new Garden of Eden – an uncorrupted paradise where they could live according to their strict religious principles.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1094,"children":1095},{},[1096],{"type":714,"value":1097},"We can see this attitude in the English poem “Bermudas”, written in the mid-17th century by a Puritan poet, Andrew Marvell.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1099,"children":1100},{},[1101],{"type":709,"tag":756,"props":1102,"children":1104},{"href":1103,"title":335},"image://e07d391a-66a2-44c1-bc41-c63f80d99b26",[1105],{"type":714,"value":762},{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1107,"children":1108},{},[1109],{"type":714,"value":1110},"The poem begins:",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1112,"children":1113},{},[1114],{"type":709,"tag":782,"props":1115,"children":1117},{"alt":762,"src":1116},"image://44d436f2-642e-4362-bf11-101d6f2f5f16",[],{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1119,"children":1120},{},[1121],{"type":714,"value":1122},"Here, 'his praise' acknowledges God's guidance to the fruitful Bermudas, akin to the Greek's Fortunate Isles, full of eternal spring:",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1124,"children":1125},{},[1126],{"type":709,"tag":782,"props":1127,"children":1129},{"alt":762,"src":1128},"image://95908640-8ba6-4cf1-a578-13cf45e76706",[],{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1131,"children":1132},{},[1133],{"type":714,"value":1134},"In the minds of many, America was a Puritan utopia.",{"title":703,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":1136},[],{"id":382,"data":383,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"summaryPage":385,"introPage":394,"pages":1138},[1139,1187,1232,1282,1317],{"id":403,"data":404,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":408,"parsed":1140},{"data":1141,"body":1143,"toc":1185},{"title":703,"description":1142},"In the year 1620, a group of English settlers, known as Pilgrims, obtained permission to live and establish a new colony under the authority of the Virginia Company.",{"type":706,"children":1144},[1145,1149,1157,1162,1170,1175,1180],{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1146,"children":1147},{},[1148],{"type":714,"value":1142},{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1150,"children":1151},{},[1152],{"type":709,"tag":782,"props":1153,"children":1156},{"alt":762,"src":1154,"title":1155},"image://36a71a17-5276-467d-b9cc-f49804d31fd3","The Mayflower colonists aboard the ship",[],{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1158,"children":1159},{},[1160],{"type":714,"value":1161},"This company was managed by English investors who had the right to establish colonies in Virginia, which was a vast region along the eastern coast of North America claimed by England, roughly stretching from New Jersey to North Carolina.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1163,"children":1164},{},[1165],{"type":709,"tag":782,"props":1166,"children":1169},{"alt":762,"src":1167,"title":1168},"image://f13fa619-648a-4ac6-8f68-4227c4019043","Virginia Company Land",[],{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1171,"children":1172},{},[1173],{"type":714,"value":1174},"The Pilgrims originally planned to use two ships for their journey, named the Speedwell and the Mayflower. Unfortunately, the Speedwell turned out to be leaky and unsafe for the long voyage.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1176,"children":1177},{},[1178],{"type":714,"value":1179},"Left with no choice, the Pilgrims packed into the Mayflower, leaving from a port in Plymouth, England. They embarked on their perilous journey across the Atlantic on September 16, 1620.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1181,"children":1182},{},[1183],{"type":714,"value":1184},"The ocean crossing was grueling, with over two long months at sea facing stormy weather and high waves.",{"title":703,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":1186},[],{"id":438,"data":439,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":443,"parsed":1188},{"data":1189,"body":1191,"toc":1230},{"title":703,"description":1190},"After a long and difficult journey, the Mayflower glimpsed the shores of the New World on November 21, 1620.",{"type":706,"children":1192},[1193,1197,1202,1210,1215,1220,1225],{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1194,"children":1195},{},[1196],{"type":714,"value":1190},{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1198,"children":1199},{},[1200],{"type":714,"value":1201},"The Pilgrims had aimed for the Virginia territory, yet the storms had pushed them to a northern shore, far from their intended destination.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1203,"children":1204},{},[1205],{"type":709,"tag":782,"props":1206,"children":1209},{"alt":762,"src":1207,"title":1208},"image://dc2c551d-1ab3-4826-ac8d-483b4ec9a0f8","The landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth, Mass. Dec. 22nd 1620",[],{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1211,"children":1212},{},[1213],{"type":714,"value":1214},"This place was part of what is now known as Massachusetts.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1216,"children":1217},{},[1218],{"type":714,"value":1219},"When they landed, they found a region with dense forests and an abundance of natural resources. The area was home to the Wampanoag people, who had cleared several sections of land that the Pilgrims used for their initial settlement.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1221,"children":1222},{},[1223],{"type":714,"value":1224},"The name \"Massachusetts\" is believed to come from \"Massachusett,\" a Wampanoag word that roughly translates to \"near the great hill, referring to a specific area that is today known as the Blue Hills region south of Boston.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1226,"children":1227},{},[1228],{"type":714,"value":1229},"When the Pilgrims began seriously to build their own settlement, they named it Plymouth after the English port from which they’d departed.",{"title":703,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":1231},[],{"id":469,"data":470,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":474,"parsed":1233},{"data":1234,"body":1236,"toc":1280},{"title":703,"description":1235},"When the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth in 1620, they faced a daunting task: building a new society from scratch. They needed more than buildings; they needed a blueprint for a functioning community.",{"type":706,"children":1237},[1238,1242,1247,1255,1260,1265,1270,1275],{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1239,"children":1240},{},[1241],{"type":714,"value":1235},{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1243,"children":1244},{},[1245],{"type":714,"value":1246},"Their solution? — a written agreement, \"The Mayflower Compact\", which was drafted and signed while still aboard the ship.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1248,"children":1249},{},[1250],{"type":709,"tag":782,"props":1251,"children":1254},{"alt":762,"src":1252,"title":1253},"image://dd61bd14-9b45-4c18-994d-35ca14f4f7e5","Page from William Bradford's Of Plimoth Plantation containing the text of the Mayflower Compact",[],{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1256,"children":1257},{},[1258],{"type":714,"value":1259},"Though fairly short, at only around 200 words, this was no trivial document.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1261,"children":1262},{},[1263],{"type":714,"value":1264},"At a time when Europe was mostly ruled by hereditary, all-powerful monarchs, the Compact established principles of self-governance.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1266,"children":1267},{},[1268],{"type":714,"value":1269},"It set out how they should elect their own leaders, and enact their own laws.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1271,"children":1272},{},[1273],{"type":714,"value":1274},"Every adult man on the Mayflower (41 in total) signed it, committing to a government based on the majority's will.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1276,"children":1277},{},[1278],{"type":714,"value":1279},"This revolutionary, democratic ideal served as a model for later American colonies – and would eventually form the ideals of government in the United States as it still exists today.",{"title":703,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":1281},[],{"id":523,"data":524,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":528,"parsed":1283},{"data":1284,"body":1286,"toc":1315},{"title":703,"description":1285},"New England grew sharply in the following decades, though not only in Plymouth harbour.",{"type":706,"children":1287},[1288,1292,1297,1305,1310],{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1289,"children":1290},{},[1291],{"type":714,"value":1285},{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1293,"children":1294},{},[1295],{"type":714,"value":1296},"In 1630, a new settlement took root: the Massachusetts Bay Colony. A fresh wave of English Puritans came, seeking the same religious freedom the Pilgrims had sought just 10 years earlier.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1298,"children":1299},{},[1300],{"type":709,"tag":782,"props":1301,"children":1304},{"alt":762,"src":1302,"title":1303},"image://36b21367-4b65-4946-8e1d-c9807865fee2","Image of Massachusetts Bay Colony stamp, 2-cents",[],{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1306,"children":1307},{},[1308],{"type":714,"value":1309},"This new colony didn't just grow; it thrived and soon outpaced the original Pilgrims. Why?",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1311,"children":1312},{},[1313],{"type":714,"value":1314},"Firstly, it was significantly bigger than its counterpart in Plymouth harbor.",{"title":703,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":1316},[],{"id":571,"data":572,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"parsed":1318},{"data":1319,"body":1321,"toc":1358},{"title":703,"description":1320},"By 1640, 20 years after its founding, Plymouth Colony had a population of just over 1,000 people. In contrast, the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1640, just ten years after its founding, had a population of nearly 9,000 people.",{"type":706,"children":1322},[1323,1327,1335,1340,1345,1350],{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1324,"children":1325},{},[1326],{"type":714,"value":1320},{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1328,"children":1329},{},[1330],{"type":709,"tag":782,"props":1331,"children":1334},{"alt":762,"src":1332,"title":1333},"image://ede06107-0b74-406c-842b-d42b8fc0da8f","Puritans drinking from pewter mugs in colonial Massachusetts. Hand-colored woodcut of a 19th-century illustration",[],{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1336,"children":1337},{},[1338],{"type":714,"value":1339},"It therefore had more skills and more hands for labor.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1341,"children":1342},{},[1343],{"type":714,"value":1344},"Secondly, it had a strong, well-ordered system. They put a high value on working together and on learning.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1346,"children":1347},{},[1348],{"type":714,"value":1349},"Out of these values came Harvard College in 1636. Named for John Harvard, a clergyman, the college aimed to train the colony's future leaders and ministers.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1351,"children":1352},{},[1353],{"type":709,"tag":782,"props":1354,"children":1357},{"alt":762,"src":1355,"title":1356},"image://3216ba5e-493a-4dd6-bdfe-0b6d146bda57","The first buildings of Harvard College",[],{"title":703,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":1359},[],{"id":577,"data":578,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"summaryPage":580,"introPage":589,"pages":1361},[1362,1407,1442],{"id":598,"data":599,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":603,"parsed":1363},{"data":1364,"body":1366,"toc":1405},{"title":703,"description":1365},"The reality of early colonies was far from utopian, and the majority of Spanish settlements were short-lived.",{"type":706,"children":1367},[1368,1372,1377,1382,1390,1395,1400],{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1369,"children":1370},{},[1371],{"type":714,"value":1365},{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1373,"children":1374},{},[1375],{"type":714,"value":1376},"La Navidad was founded back in 1492, during Columbus’ first voyage",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1378,"children":1379},{},[1380],{"type":714,"value":1381},"It was located on the northeast coast of Hispaniola (present-day Haiti), where Columbus's ship, the Santa María, ran aground.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1383,"children":1384},{},[1385],{"type":709,"tag":782,"props":1386,"children":1389},{"alt":762,"src":1387,"title":1388},"image://b095ea6e-2475-422d-83f7-83fc9883e453","A fantasy etching of Columbus aboard the Santa Maria",[],{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1391,"children":1392},{},[1393],{"type":714,"value":1394},"Seeing an opportunity, Columbus decided to leave a group of his men on the island to establish a settlement and gather gold, using the materials from the wrecked ship to build a fort.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1396,"children":1397},{},[1398],{"type":714,"value":1399},"When Columbus returned on his second voyage in 1493, however, he found the settlement destroyed.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1401,"children":1402},{},[1403],{"type":714,"value":1404},"The men he had left behind had been killed, possibly due to conflicts with the local Taíno people.",{"title":703,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":1406},[],{"id":629,"data":630,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":634,"parsed":1408},{"data":1409,"body":1411,"toc":1440},{"title":703,"description":1410},"Other early attempts followed similar patterns, for example, the Roanoke Colony, established by English explorer Sir Walter Raleigh in 1587.",{"type":706,"children":1412},[1413,1417,1422,1427,1432],{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1414,"children":1415},{},[1416],{"type":714,"value":1410},{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1418,"children":1419},{},[1420],{"type":714,"value":1421},"Located on an island off the coast of present-day North Carolina, this settlement is famously known as the \"Lost Colony.\"",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1423,"children":1424},{},[1425],{"type":714,"value":1426},"Just like La Navidad, by 1590 when Raleigh returned to the island, the colony had mysteriously disappeared, with no trace of the settlers.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1428,"children":1429},{},[1430],{"type":714,"value":1431},"This disappearance gave rise to various theories and speculations, including the possibility of a massacre or assimilation into local Native American tribes.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1433,"children":1434},{},[1435],{"type":709,"tag":782,"props":1436,"children":1439},{"alt":762,"src":1437,"title":1438},"image://edf0c7ee-c420-42fd-a837-bb121dc30431","The Lost Colony, design by William Ludwell Sheppard, engraving by William James Linton. This image depicts John White returning to the Roanoke Colony in 1590 to discover the settlement abandoned.",[],{"title":703,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":1441},[],{"id":650,"data":651,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":655,"parsed":1443},{"data":1444,"body":1446,"toc":1473},{"title":703,"description":1445},"Though less shrouded in mystery, a similar ill fate shadowed the early London Company, a joint-stock company that hoped to profit from the natural resources of the New World.",{"type":706,"children":1447},[1448,1452,1457,1462,1468],{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1449,"children":1450},{},[1451],{"type":714,"value":1445},{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1453,"children":1454},{},[1455],{"type":714,"value":1456},"Their settlement in Bermuda of 1609 was abandoned after just one year.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1458,"children":1459},{},[1460],{"type":714,"value":1461},"“Jamestown”, founded in 1607 by the London Company along the banks of the James River, Virginia, proved initially difficult to farm. Settlers struggled with disease, lack of supplies, and famine.",{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1463,"children":1464},{},[1465],{"type":709,"tag":782,"props":1466,"children":1467},{"alt":762,"src":1167,"title":1168},[],{"type":709,"tag":710,"props":1469,"children":1470},{},[1471],{"type":714,"value":1472},"Though later successful, the first years of the Jamestown settlement were marked by a high mortality rate. In 1608, two-thirds of settlers had died.",{"title":703,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":1474},[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":1476,"height":1476,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":1477},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":1476,"height":1476,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":1479},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M4 5h16M4 12h16M4 19h16\"/>",1778228205840]