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*Il Milione*.","Marco Polo's exploration was one of the most remarkable in history.",{"id":36,"data":37,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"c156e823-7d06-4ade-a4d4-4bb3ffb84d05",{"type":38,"title":39,"intro":40},10,"Marco Polo intro",[41,42],"What made Marco Polo's journey along the Silk Road so unique compared to other merchants of his time?","What role did Marco Polo play in the court of Kublai Khan?",[44,60,76,94,122],{"id":45,"data":46,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":50},"e3d820ef-9ef3-45bb-96a0-5d422f8969b4",{"type":19,"title":47,"markdownContent":48,"audioMediaId":49},"Marco Polo page 1","So far, we’ve talked in general terms about civilizations like the Phoenicians and the Polynesians. But we haven’t looked at individual explorers: specific people who set out on quests to discover the wider world.\n\nOne of history’s most famous explorers grew up in the Middle Ages – that’s around the same time that dead reckoning was first being used on ships. During this period, the Eurasian continent was home to something called the **Silk Road**.\n\nIt was a sprawling network of overland trade routes, which stretched all the way from China in the east, to North Africa and Europe in the west. Merchants used the Silk Road to transport goods, especially **metals**, **spices** and **silks**.\n\n![Graph](image://e0b6ab67-b34c-450c-aadc-dc6c6a857b59 \"Map of the Silk Road. Image: User:Kelvin CaseUser:Turkish FlameUser:SmallJarsWithGreenLabels, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe Silk Road passed through sun-baked deserts, where sandstorms swirled on the horizon. It passed through mountain passes with frozen walls, and grasslands full of rough-maned stallions. It hugged the edges of inland seas, it wound through patches of damp-smelling forest.\n\nDoesn’t that sound like an interesting place to explore?\n\n![Graph](image://1163a0eb-cef4-4373-b627-607c8f9a5d46 \"Mountains and steeds. Image: Sigrid van Roode, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n","cc33dead-f56f-49d9-b26f-9f76be48de54",[51],{"id":52,"data":53,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"22177e64-e046-440a-aaa5-ea6519c0ea65",{"type":54,"reviewType":55,"spacingBehaviour":19,"clozeQuestion":56,"clozeWords":58},11,4,[57],"The Silk Road stretched from China in the east, to North Africa and Europe in the west.",[59],"China",{"id":61,"data":62,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":66},"5a214a5a-2288-4990-91f6-a2f8e04ad2a6",{"type":19,"title":63,"markdownContent":64,"audioMediaId":65},"Marco Polo page 2","\nIn general, merchants didn’t bother to travel the entire length of the Silk Road. Instead, any trade was typically conducted through relayed, segmented journeys.\n\nOne merchant would travel a hundred kilometers, and then sell his goods to a second merchant. That second merchant would travel another hundred kilometers… and so on.\n\nIt was never an easy journey. The merchants had to deal with storms, landslides, bandits, wolves… but there wasn’t any other option. In theory, a merchant could have sailed their goods from Asia to Europe around the African continent, but no one had ever made that journey. They didn’t know if it was possible.\n\n![Graph](image://d5890531-bb38-40d4-a987-c0d10651bbbe \"Could anyone sail around Africa? Image: Colohisto, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nSo merchants used the overland Silk Road. And to make up for all the dangers they faced, they charged staggering prices for their goods. Some Asian spices, like nutmeg and cinnamon, cost more in Europe than the **equivalent weight in gold**.\n","7480e42a-e820-4e0d-bec2-ab9969b9412f",[67],{"id":68,"data":69,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"a1d8834f-5eac-4d26-8ba7-4b71db18d050",{"type":54,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":19,"binaryQuestion":70,"binaryCorrect":72,"binaryIncorrect":74},[71],"In general, did Silk Road merchants charge high or low prices?",[73],"High prices - to compensate for the dangerous journey",[75],"Low prices - to offset any damaged goods",{"id":77,"data":78,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":82},"f48858ad-7ad0-4016-80fb-ee14adbd074d",{"type":19,"title":79,"markdownContent":80,"audioMediaId":81},"Marco Polo page 3","\nA lot of the goods that traveled along the Silk Road found themselves in **Venice**. This famous city was perfectly located: for anyone traveling in from the east, Venice was the gateway to Europe.\n\n![Graph](image://251f5154-a1cf-45cb-b36f-9ace92a67634 \"Map of the Silk Road. Image: User:Kelvin CaseUser:Turkish FlameUser:SmallJarsWithGreenLabels, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nWith all the silks and spices passing through the city, Venice became rich and powerful. If a European wanted cinnamon? They could get it in Venice. If a European wanted nutmeg? They could get it there as well.\n\nThe city was a sight to behold. Foreign merchants walked the streets, cloaks billowing like sails behind them. Canal boats swept past, piled high with spices: they smelled rich, foreign, sweet.\n\n![Graph](image://012d1e0a-f8e8-4187-a5c7-bde873326073 \"Venice in the Middle Ages. Image: James Holland, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nFor hundreds of years, other Europeans scrambled for alliances and trade deals. If Venice decided to cut them off, they’d lose access to the Silk Road, and all the goods coming in from Asia.\n","bb3ffbf9-ea42-47fa-874f-57f0d1fd9c60",[83],{"id":84,"data":85,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"b34a7d0f-afc6-48cc-9a0a-9648a48b7875",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":86,"multiChoiceCorrect":88,"multiChoiceIncorrect":90,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[87],"Which of these cities grew rich because of the Silk Road?",[89],"Venice",[91,92,93],"Paris","Lisbon","Moscow",{"id":95,"data":96,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":100},"d231c238-a1e2-4a7a-ac3c-7317c4e11159",{"type":19,"title":97,"markdownContent":98,"audioMediaId":99},"Marco Polo page 4","\nAt the height of Venetian wealth and power, a little boy was born in the city. He grew up on stories of the Silk Road. He grew up on the smell of spices.\n\nHis name was **Marco Polo**. And he grew up to be one of the most famous explorers the world has ever seen.\n\n![Graph](image://30cde456-9e42-4430-a924-123ee3c9b063 \"Marco Polo. Image: Salviati, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nAs we’ve already mentioned, merchants rarely (if ever) traveled the whole length of the Silk Road. Instead, they relied on a relay system. Traveling 6000 kilometers in a single journey was surely too much to take.\n\nMarco Polo disagreed with this. In 1271, at seventeen years of age, he set out from Venice with one goal in mind: to travel the entire length of the Silk Road, and make it all the way to China.\n","27341bcf-c61e-436b-9abf-e99cfb02c2ba",[101],{"id":102,"data":103,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"5424f60e-ad67-4b2d-8a2a-a5527e272d26",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"collapsingSiblings":104,"multiChoiceQuestion":108,"multiChoiceCorrect":110,"multiChoiceIncorrect":112,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":116,"orderQuestion":117,"orderItems":119},[105,106,107],"efaec144-1ed1-4acc-8830-040c4363ceae","d9018f7a-9335-4877-b8f6-cda6817eb70c","fd8ca483-9fa5-4b83-9674-4c0f71ab0069",[109],"What is the approximate length of the Silk Road?",[111],"3,700 miles (6000 km)",[113,114,115],"11,000 miles (17,700 km)","2,400 miles (3,900 km)","800 miles (1,300 km)",15,[118],"Put the following in order:",[120],{"label":121,"reveal":111,"sortOrder":24},"Approximate length of the Silk Road",{"id":123,"data":124,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":128},"227abb9c-36d6-48e2-b865-04ae995d90f0",{"type":19,"title":125,"markdownContent":126,"audioMediaId":127},"Marco Polo page 5","\nMarco Polo’s journey east unfolded over several years. He traveled through Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, before finally reaching China. Along the way, he battled illness, fought off bandits, saw crocodiles…\n\n![Graph](image://ae6278e2-11c8-479d-b9b1-6428b9488088 \"Map of Marco Polo's route. Image: SY, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nHe continued through China, and eventually arrived in the capital city of **Shangdu**. There, he was greeted by **Kublai Khan** – the Mongol emperor of China. Kublai Khan was a powerful man with a booming voice and a long, dark beard.\n\n![Graph](image://4e7cbf43-cd72-41bb-9729-4ae569c1536a \"Kublai Khan. Image: Anige of Nepal - an astronomer, engineer, painter and confidant of Kublai Khan., Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nKublai Khan was impressed by Marco Polo. He offered him the chance to work as an **advisor** at the royal Mongol court. Marco Polo stayed there for seventeen years, before traveling back to Europe.\n\nHe wrote an account of his travels: *Il Milione*. In the history of long-distance exploration, there aren’t many individual people who have been on a journey as long and remarkable as this one.\n","b53c75e5-2bff-4b45-811f-26fecbe00a72",[129,136],{"id":130,"data":131,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"2d73f406-d643-40fd-aeed-10d23b333a37",{"type":54,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":19,"activeRecallQuestion":132,"activeRecallAnswers":134},[133],"What was the name of Kublai Khan's capital, where Marco Polo worked as an advisor?",[135],"Shangdu",{"id":137,"data":138,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"a3c01b6b-63d2-47d6-8dbe-c7024c22001a",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"collapsingSiblings":139,"multiChoiceQuestion":143,"multiChoiceCorrect":145,"multiChoiceIncorrect":146,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":150,"matchPairsPairs":152},[140,141,142],"0e79b51c-7f7f-4b3f-9f8b-7df2ef1c1d37","05b95b7e-fad7-4478-a253-dab1440c33dd","9a9a5f74-fe15-4e10-8d63-0bc2c3311017",[144],"Who was the advisor to Kublai Khan?",[25],[147,148,149],"Bartolomeu Dias","Metacomet","Vasco da Gama",[151],"Match the pairs below:",[153],{"left":25,"right":154,"direction":18},"Advisor to Kublai Khan",{"id":156,"data":157,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"summaryPage":159,"introPage":168,"pages":175},"5cd523c9-baff-41c6-b2c3-80431680f645",{"type":24,"title":158},"Prince Henry",{"id":160,"data":161,"type":18,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"bc825af0-af8a-40ba-b737-676fcc53d929",{"type":18,"title":162,"summary":163},"Prince Henry summary",[164,165,166,167],"Venice was a rich city in the 15th century due to the Silk Road.","Prince Henry the Navigator was obsessed with exploring the west coast of Africa.","Henry invented the caravel, a fast and nimble ship for exploration.","He established a navigational school at Sagres to train the best navigators.",{"id":169,"data":170,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"9fd9ab11-2a78-4e13-aab8-8cc3aa2405e3",{"type":38,"title":171,"intro":172},"Prince Henry intro",[173,174],"What was Prince Henry's innovative system for exploiting the coast of West Africa?","Why was the location of Sagres significant for Prince Henry's navigational school?",[176,182,200,237,264,289],{"id":177,"data":178,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"5b87ab36-e0ef-42f3-91ad-3808b60a7ec1",{"type":19,"title":179,"markdownContent":180,"audioMediaId":181},"Prince Henry page 1","In the early 15th century, Venice was still one of the richest cities in Europe. For centuries, they had lived off the spoils of the Silk Road – and it didn’t look as though the situation was ever going to change.\n\nOther European powers were jealous. Other European powers were angry. And some of them decided to send out ships, in the hope of finding new sources of income of their own.\n\n![Graph](image://aa06851b-52d7-42a1-9fe2-56b6b387cdc2 \"European ships. Image: Charles Bevalet, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThis period of history is sometimes referred to as the **Age of Exploration**. It saw European nations striking outwards, following in the footsteps of the Phoenicians and the Polynesians – those ancient seafarers who explored the world before them.\n","84788ffe-16c7-49b4-ba08-eac8847a46d2",{"id":183,"data":184,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":188},"e5217b1f-85d0-4b9b-8e01-a63fb04ce4e9",{"type":19,"title":185,"markdownContent":186,"audioMediaId":187},"Prince Henry page 2","\nAt the heart of Europe’s Age of Exploration was a man named **Henry the Navigator**. He was a Portuguese prince, with three older brothers, and little hope of becoming king.\n\nBut Henry the Navigator didn’t need to be king. He was too busy changing the world.\n\n![Graph](image://71d42845-9841-40bc-b2f4-5f24de5615be \"Prince Henry. Image: Nuno Gonçalves, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nPrince Henry the Navigator was obsessed with the idea of long-distance exploration. He was particularly interested in the **west coast of Africa**, which spread out to the south of Portugal.\n\n![Graph](image://73c119b4-773e-4b99-af3f-afed71bed40e \"Map of Portugal and West Africa. Image: FranciscoCPPEW, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nHenry viewed Africa as a glittering jewel, just waiting to be exploited. He didn’t care about the people who lived in Africa. He wanted to claim the continent’s riches for Portugal.\n","d064a049-a4a1-4b50-9a85-0676b6fc15c7",[189],{"id":190,"data":191,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"d3db6963-b292-4cf2-8d62-e364f1000888",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":192,"multiChoiceCorrect":194,"multiChoiceIncorrect":196,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[193],"Which area of the world did Prince Henry want to exploit?",[195],"West coast of Africa",[197,198,199],"East coast of Africa","West coast of Asia","East coast of Asia",{"id":201,"data":202,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":206},"df8aa072-5492-4d11-b341-1c75e9630b1a",{"type":19,"title":203,"markdownContent":204,"audioMediaId":205},"Prince Henry page 3","\nPrince Henry knew that it wouldn’t be easy to exploit the coast of West Africa. The Atlantic Ocean was rough and unpredictable, and European ships were too slow and cumbersome to safely make the journey.\n\nSo what did he do? He invented a new type of ship. Just like the Phoenicians with their biremes, and the Polynesians with their catamarans, Portugal entered the field of maritime innovation.\n\nHenry built a boat called a **caravel**. It was small and light and quick across the water, with triangular sails that were capable of sailing directly into the wind. These sails were basically a new-and-improved version of Polynesian crab-claw sails.\n\n![Graph](image://707e4631-0a1b-40c7-8faf-c367c197a8fc \"Caravel. Image: AnonymousUnknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nExplorers loved the caravel. It didn’t have much space for crew and cargo – but for a small team of sailors, there was no better way to travel.\n","8591033a-34e0-450f-b917-ef23284f65c8",[207,226],{"id":208,"data":209,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"753f4a6f-24cd-4e1e-b5f2-31016b1c03e4",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"collapsingSiblings":210,"multiChoiceQuestion":214,"multiChoiceCorrect":216,"multiChoiceIncorrect":218,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":222,"matchPairsPairs":223},[211,212,213],"e3d413a4-d483-45f5-8b9d-78c86219b307","1955afa5-75c3-4b6f-93de-21cb8c67ab4a","68b2dcaf-8969-493f-871e-657c6549376f",[215],"Which of the following applies to Caravels?",[217],"Triangular sails",[219,220,221],"Ship with two lines of oars","Designed by Polynesians","Large square sails",[151],[224],{"left":225,"right":217,"direction":18},"Caravel",{"id":227,"data":228,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"7482fc0e-90d4-4ae8-9902-d128d98cc7d9",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":229,"multiChoiceCorrect":231,"multiChoiceIncorrect":234,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[230],"Why were caravels popular with explorers?",[232,233],"They were quick and nimble","They could sail against the wind:multi",[235,236],"They had lots of space for cargo","They were solid and sturdy",{"id":238,"data":239,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":243},"1f45293d-8c4f-43c6-959d-25ceeaa5ac24",{"type":19,"title":240,"markdownContent":241,"audioMediaId":242},"Prince Henry page 4","\nPrince Henry also invested heavily in a type of ship called a **carrack**. These traditional vessels were large and square-sailed – they weren’t as nimble as caravels, but they were stable and reliable in choppy seas, and had a lot more space for cargo.\n\n![Graph](image://97ecec5b-ca35-4477-90d6-25d978a3f94c \"Carrack. Image: Militärhistorikern, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nPrince Henry planned to use caravels and carracks in combination. First, the caravels would whip along the coast of West Africa, searching for sources of gold and other tradable goods.\n\nIf they found any, the carracks would be sent to the location, where they could be loaded up, then sent back up the coast to Portugal.\n\n![Graph](image://1d4d7ad7-84fe-4484-8521-f26313da6885 \"Carrack (left) and caravel (right). Images: Akigka, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/>, via Wikimedia Commons; Akigka, CC BY 2.5 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nIt was a simple system, but an innovative one. Henry the Navigator was changing the way that Europeans thought about exploration.\n","3b6d0fdf-0309-4893-b795-a502535ff333",[244,255],{"id":213,"data":245,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"collapsingSiblings":246,"multiChoiceQuestion":247,"multiChoiceCorrect":249,"multiChoiceIncorrect":250,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":251,"matchPairsPairs":252},[211,212,208],[248],"Which of the below applies to Carracks?",[221],[219,220,217],[151],[253],{"left":254,"right":221,"direction":18},"Carrack",{"id":256,"data":257,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"27a9e27c-d8d2-4ea6-b3ab-b7cd830fd91a",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"multiChoiceQuestion":258,"multiChoiceCorrect":260,"multiChoiceIncorrect":262,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[259],"Why were carracks popular with explorers?",[235,261],"They were solid and sturdy:multi",[232,263],"They could sail against the wind",{"id":265,"data":266,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":270},"15367225-2e53-49c8-a95d-f0f5626630e6",{"type":19,"title":267,"markdownContent":268,"audioMediaId":269},"Prince Henry page 5","\nPrince Henry didn’t stop at shipbuilding. He also established a navigational school, where he funded research into navigation techniques, as well as astronomy, geography, and cartography.\n\nHe set up this school at **Sagres**: a little spit of land at the southernmost tip of Portugal.\n\n![Graph](image://e112e863-6d3c-416c-9e5a-733b713a3add \"Map of Portugal. Image: FranciscoCPPEW, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nFrom the school, Prince Henry could gaze across the ocean, out in the direction of Africa. Behind him, his researchers were hard at work, writing maps, planning routes, testing compasses and astrolabes.\n\n![Graph](image://c21f41d3-91c0-40b5-a19b-45db2f1d8afe \"Sagres. Image: Rui Glória, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n","11a81bef-46b6-4a63-a575-c976984fe259",[271],{"id":272,"data":273,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"7d08eb67-c244-4c4b-a94a-c9877fb72111",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"collapsingSiblings":274,"multiChoiceQuestion":278,"multiChoiceCorrect":280,"multiChoiceIncorrect":281,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":285,"matchPairsPairs":286},[275,276,277],"4ac2b695-d5e7-4dea-98e3-0abdd3106417","0ccc7247-196c-49fc-96c0-e3945a531686","8bcc4a88-f896-46c1-860a-b13a1a991315",[279],"Who was the founder of a navigation school?",[158],[282,283,284],"King Manuel I of Portugal","King Henry VIII","Catherine of Aragon",[151],[287],{"left":158,"right":288,"direction":18},"Founded a navigation school",{"id":290,"data":291,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":295},"262e7a0a-9e49-48cf-b158-29c32b6e079a",{"type":19,"title":292,"markdownContent":293,"audioMediaId":294},"Prince Henry page 6","\nWith the nimble caravels, and the stable carracks, Portugal now had the very best ships in Europe. With the school at Sagres, they also had the very best navigators.\n\nPrince Henry had created the perfect set-up: now, he just had to send out his ships and see what they managed to find.\n\nHis first ships quickly explored the coast of Morocco, heading down towards modern-day Mauritania.\n\nBut this was only the beginning of new era of much more ambitious voyages to come.\n","78182078-1afd-46c2-8d4d-7c399482ab49",[296],{"id":297,"data":298,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"90c320d9-6125-4dc7-8655-d438d95618e2",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"collapsingSiblings":299,"multiChoiceQuestion":303,"multiChoiceCorrect":305,"multiChoiceIncorrect":307,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":311,"matchPairsPairs":312},[300,301,302],"0505549c-b098-459c-ada3-80192d483c71","9a097179-1384-49fe-8f95-392723538bb9","f227aa62-d568-4d30-94c9-fdd9d18a5bba",[304],"Which of these applies to Sagres?",[306],"Location of Prince Henry's navigational school",[308,309,310],"Known for spices like nutmeg and cloves","Columbus's landing site","Uninhabited islands used for sugar plantations",[151],[313],{"left":314,"right":306,"direction":18},"Sagres",{"id":316,"data":317,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"summaryPage":319,"introPage":328,"pages":335},"2eedfbf1-5b96-462a-8f66-ead0d3091740",{"type":24,"title":318},"The Fall of Constantinople",{"id":320,"data":321,"type":18,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"9ef71cd5-0c6e-4b5f-a44a-f5e4cb39385a",{"type":18,"title":322,"summary":323},"The Fall of Constantinople summary",[324,325,326,327],"Constantinople fell to the Ottomans in 1453, changing European trade routes.","The fall of Constantinople led to increased Portuguese exploration.","Portuguese caravels reached modern-day Ghana by 1482.","Elmina Castle was established as a trading outpost for gold.",{"id":329,"data":330,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"b060022b-394f-4fe9-8e92-52e82f2a7943",{"type":38,"title":331,"intro":332},"The Fall of Constantinople intro",[333,334],"What significant event in 1453 marked a turning point in European history?","Why was the fall of Constantinople a catalyst for Portuguese exploration?",[336,342,387],{"id":337,"data":338,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"eb02823b-9843-46a9-b2ea-0fd3d9f35c7a",{"type":19,"title":339,"markdownContent":340,"audioMediaId":341},"The Fall of Constantinople page 1","All the while the Republic of Venice had been dominating the Mediterranean, and Prince Henry setting up the foundations of Portuguese exploration, a force from the east had been gaining power, and putting pressure on important hubs of trade and transport: the Ottoman empire.\n\nBetween the 4th century and 15th century CE, eastern Europe was dominated by the Byzantine Empire, a continuation of the Roman Empire that existed in the eastern Mediterranean.\n\nIt was founded by the Roman Emperor Constantine, who made the city of Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) the new capital of the Roman Empire.\n\nBecause of its location on the edge of Asia and the Mediterranean Sea, the city was a major hub of trade and an entry point to the Silk Road. It connected Europe to the markets of the East.\n","20323c6e-7c20-4139-9716-696339e26db3",{"id":343,"data":344,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":348},"700f7e89-e6cb-47da-8ee6-9db738d7f826",{"type":19,"title":345,"markdownContent":346,"audioMediaId":347},"The Fall of Constantinople page 2","\nYet from the 13th century, Byzantium came under pressure from the increasingly powerful Ottoman empire, led by a series of Turkish-speaking “Sultans”.\n\nAnd in 1453, the City of Constantinople finally fell to the Ottomans, marking a significant turning point in the history of Europe with far-reaching implications for trade.\n\nEuropean states – now used to access to exotic goods from across the globe, had explored new options not via land, but by sea.\n\nTherefore, although Prince Henry died in 1460, the motivation for further-flung exploration only increased.\n\nWith every passing year, Portuguese caravels followed the African coastline further south. And an exciting idea started to crop up: what if they could reach the end of Africa, and find a way to sail around it?\n\nThe Silk Road was still the only link between Asia and Europe. But if Portugal managed to sail around Africa, they could establish an alternative route. It was a staggering idea and something that even Henry the Navigator might never have dared to imagine.\n\n![Graph](image://a9505f86-2475-4634-9f2c-5090e7bac5fc \"The Cape of Good Hope. Image: Zaian (talk) at en.wikipedia, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n","7d35c492-5d3e-4dae-9839-6512eeeabccb",[349,368],{"id":350,"data":351,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"217bcd88-768b-418a-b70d-55cfd0cae557",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"collapsingSiblings":352,"multiChoiceQuestion":356,"multiChoiceCorrect":358,"multiChoiceIncorrect":360,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":19,"orderQuestion":364,"orderItems":365},[353,354,355],"68d2f148-525b-4883-8ba7-f0e7913d5b7c","983fa0a1-73a9-4e71-a234-3bcde9d81fe9","40b48035-2dae-4cc8-a0e8-631e604d23a0",[357],"In which year did the fall of Constantinople occur?",[359],"1453",[361,362,363],"1479","1492","1498",[118],[366],{"label":367,"reveal":359,"sortOrder":4},"Year of the fall of Constantinople",{"id":369,"data":370,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"12305577-db07-4718-a9bc-fa51b9c0bbdb",{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"collapsingSiblings":371,"multiChoiceQuestion":375,"multiChoiceCorrect":377,"multiChoiceIncorrect":379,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":383,"matchPairsPairs":384},[372,373,374],"97ee0bc0-86b7-4942-b9d6-c1dab0dacc5a","be2030ec-99ac-42a3-ac01-475e9195b30a","6797331b-0aab-43ab-bc19-9b5fc14108d0",[376],"Which of these was a consequence of the fall of Constantinople?",[378],"End of European access to Silk Road",[380,381,382],"Unification of Aragon and Castile.","End of the Reconquista","End of the Aztec Empire.",[151],[385],{"left":386,"right":378,"direction":18},"Fall of Constantinople",{"id":388,"data":389,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":393},"072d1930-9abd-4242-8d9a-4eefdbcf5447",{"type":19,"title":390,"markdownContent":391,"audioMediaId":392},"The Fall of Constantinople page 3","\nBy 1482, the Portuguese caravels had made it all the way to modern-day Ghana. It was an incredible voyage that no European had managed to make before. When they got there, they set up a trading outpost, and called it **Elmina Castle**.\n\n![Graph](image://5333d19d-2381-4617-944e-e4593b3b541f \"Map of route to Elmina Castle. Image: FranciscoCPPEW, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nElmina Castle was originally built as a hub for trading gold. There was plenty of it in the region – square-sailed carracks came to port, then sailed away, creaking beneath the weight of those glittering riches.\n\n![Graph](image://a2d98597-d776-45b7-993c-8f0e401c7b5e \"Elmina Castle today. Image: Francisco Anzola, CC BY 2.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n","d16ce9ec-f10c-4faf-b4da-7d74688dbeff",[394],{"id":395,"data":396,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},"60b5dbc4-c5b2-4132-a918-6cbeade1efe5",{"type":54,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":19,"activeRecallQuestion":397,"activeRecallAnswers":399},[398],"What was the name of the first Portuguese outpost in Ghana?",[400],"Elmina Castle",{"id":402,"data":403,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"summaryPage":404,"introPage":413,"pages":420},"22a72540-b5f7-4afe-95b9-4c126274b61b",{"type":24,"title":149},{"id":405,"data":406,"type":18,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"dc2fe35c-e301-4cf8-a7c9-2e5818059714",{"type":18,"title":407,"summary":408},"Vasco da Gama summary",[409,410,411,412],"Bartolomeu Dias sailed around the Cape of Good Hope in 1488.","Vasco da Gama reached the coast of Asia in 1498.","Portuguese trading posts challenged the Silk Road.","The Portuguese established a post in the Spice Islands in 1511.",{"id":414,"data":415,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"2ea7bf1d-ee84-4d5f-9176-f92871bc5a22",{"type":38,"title":416,"intro":417},"Vasco da Gama intro",[418,419],"Who was the first explorer to establish a sea route between Europe and Asia?","Why were the Moluccas, also known as the Spice Islands, significant to the Portuguese explorers?",[421,427,445,463],{"id":422,"data":423,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19},"020b3e0b-1eda-4632-b18c-3e3a750aed9e",{"type":19,"title":424,"markdownContent":425,"audioMediaId":426},"Vasco da Gama page 1","With powerful trading posts like Elmina Castle where ships could stop to restock, repair, and get to know the local waters, the Portuguese were within reach of their dream to bypass the Silk Road.\n\nIn 1488, a convoy of ships, led by a noble explorer named **Bartolomeu Dias**, set off from southern Portugal. They sailed all the way down the coast of Africa – then looped around the Cape of Good Hope, right at the southern tip.\n\n![Graph](image://9ed4354c-33bb-4002-89da-496f9a06e5fc \"Map of the Dias voyage. Image: Francisco CPPEW, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThey didn’t continue to Asia. That day would have to wait. Instead, they traveled back to Portugal.\n","35c551ba-c65f-4051-9c6b-d0d52f12b258",{"id":428,"data":429,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":433},"9ba8def7-eece-4113-b3f8-f1d9a6861f04",{"type":19,"title":430,"markdownContent":431,"audioMediaId":432},"Vasco da Gama page 2","\nTen years after Bartolomeu Dias made his famous trip around the Cape of Good Hope, another Portuguese explorer went one step further. His name was **Vasco da Gama**.\n\n![Graph](image://28c84e77-1333-4e5f-ba7f-1ade4ab39b93 \"Vasco da Gama. Image: António Manuel da Fonseca, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nVasco da Gama was tall and impressive – the son of a royal knight. He set off from Portugal in 1497 at the head of a powerful carrack. Three other ships came with him, including a second carrack and a caravel.\n\nAfter a three-month journey, they reached the Cape of Good Hope. They sailed around it – then started to continue upwards. In 1498, a full year after originally departing Portugal, they managed the impossible: they touched down on the coast of Asia.\n\n![Graph](image://651a9134-bb59-4e8b-9ef0-f913bc5d88b7 \"Map of the Da Gama voyage. Image: Francisco CPPEW, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nHistorians view Vasco da Gama’s voyage as a landmark in the history of exploration. Nobody had ever made such a journey – and by establishing a sea route between Europe and Asia, this moment changed the course of history forever.\n","eaa97cdd-0dc8-4b20-9f9c-8fc620e364b3",[434],{"id":355,"data":435,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"collapsingSiblings":436,"multiChoiceQuestion":437,"multiChoiceCorrect":439,"multiChoiceIncorrect":440,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":19,"orderQuestion":441,"orderItems":442},[350,353,354],[438],"In which year did Vasco da Gama reach Asia?",[363],[359,361,362],[118],[443],{"label":444,"reveal":363,"sortOrder":18},"Year Vasco da Gama reached Asia",{"id":446,"data":447,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":451},"4aa3f185-ad9b-494a-937b-04dbc5dbae22",{"type":19,"title":448,"markdownContent":449,"audioMediaId":450},"Vasco da Gama page 3","\nIn the first few years of the 16th century, following in Vasco da Gama’s footsteps, Portuguese ships made further voyages to Asia.\n\nWhen they got there, they set up **trading posts**, just as they had done along the coast of Africa, in places like Elmina Castle. It was a similar approach to Phoenician explorers hundreds of years earlier.\n\nThese trading posts were strategically chosen to help the Portuguese gain a foothold in Asia, and start to challenge the Silk Road.\n\n![Graph](image://2d36e891-61c5-46bb-a1b0-0f7a1d9e5026 \"Map of Portuguese outposts (marked red). Image: Gabriel Ziegler, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n","43671552-2230-4de0-a974-361eb7af4e43",[452],{"id":141,"data":453,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"collapsingSiblings":454,"multiChoiceQuestion":455,"multiChoiceCorrect":457,"multiChoiceIncorrect":458,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":459,"matchPairsPairs":460},[140,137,142],[456],"Who was the first European to sail around the Cape of Good Hope?",[147],[148,25,149],[151],[461],{"left":147,"right":462,"direction":18},"First European to sail around the Cape of Good Hope",{"id":464,"data":465,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":469},"bc4fb249-c424-403d-8f03-786a30068f5c",{"type":19,"title":466,"markdownContent":467,"audioMediaId":468},"Vasco da Gama page 4","\nIn the summer of 1511, they established a post in the **Moluccas**: a cluster of islands which were also known as the Spice Islands. These islands were one of the only places in the entire world where spices like nutmeg and cloves could properly grow.\n\n![Graph](image://03b9008a-7b39-4e65-a968-3713f3a0043a \"Raw nutmeg. Image: Terrence Coombes, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nWhen they carried these spices home from the Moluccas, the Portuguese ended the old monopoly of the Silk Road. For hundreds of years, that famous route had lived its life unchallenged. But the Portuguese managed to change that. They ushered in a brand new age of European maritime exploration – one that\n\n![Graph](image://5ab5931b-84da-49e7-9b45-489664f9146e \"Map of Portuguese sea route. Image: Colohisto, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n","c7f5893c-956f-4f21-bbba-d8cecd3a63d7",[470,483],{"id":300,"data":471,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"collapsingSiblings":472,"multiChoiceQuestion":473,"multiChoiceCorrect":475,"multiChoiceIncorrect":477,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":479,"matchPairsPairs":480},[297,301,302],[474],"Which of the following applies to the Moluccas?",[476],"Known for spices like nutmeg and cloves.",[306,478,310],"Columbus's landing site.",[151],[481],{"left":482,"right":476,"direction":18},"Moluccas",{"id":142,"data":484,"type":54,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18},{"type":54,"reviewType":18,"spacingBehaviour":19,"collapsingSiblings":485,"multiChoiceQuestion":486,"multiChoiceCorrect":488,"multiChoiceIncorrect":489,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":490,"matchPairsPairs":491},[140,141,137],[487],"Who was the first European to reach India by sea?",[149],[147,148,25],[151],[492],{"left":149,"right":493,"direction":18},"First European to reach India by sea",[495,782,1043,1156],{"id":22,"data":23,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"summaryPage":26,"introPage":35,"pages":496},[497,580,621,670,711],{"id":45,"data":46,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":50,"parsed":498},{"data":499,"body":502,"toc":578},{"title":500,"description":501},"","So far, we’ve talked in general terms about civilizations like the Phoenicians and the Polynesians. But we haven’t looked at individual explorers: specific people who set out on quests to discover the wider world.",{"type":503,"children":504},"root",[505,512,525,550,560,565,570],{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":508,"children":509},"element","p",{},[510],{"type":511,"value":501},"text",{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":513,"children":514},{},[515,517,523],{"type":511,"value":516},"One of history’s most famous explorers grew up in the Middle Ages – that’s around the same time that dead reckoning was first being used on ships. During this period, the Eurasian continent was home to something called the ",{"type":506,"tag":518,"props":519,"children":520},"strong",{},[521],{"type":511,"value":522},"Silk Road",{"type":511,"value":524},".",{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":526,"children":527},{},[528,530,535,537,542,544,549],{"type":511,"value":529},"It was a sprawling network of overland trade routes, which stretched all the way from China in the east, to North Africa and Europe in the west. Merchants used the Silk Road to transport goods, especially ",{"type":506,"tag":518,"props":531,"children":532},{},[533],{"type":511,"value":534},"metals",{"type":511,"value":536},", ",{"type":506,"tag":518,"props":538,"children":539},{},[540],{"type":511,"value":541},"spices",{"type":511,"value":543}," and ",{"type":506,"tag":518,"props":545,"children":546},{},[547],{"type":511,"value":548},"silks",{"type":511,"value":524},{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":551,"children":552},{},[553],{"type":506,"tag":554,"props":555,"children":559},"img",{"alt":556,"src":557,"title":558},"Graph","image://e0b6ab67-b34c-450c-aadc-dc6c6a857b59","Map of the Silk Road. Image: User:Kelvin CaseUser:Turkish FlameUser:SmallJarsWithGreenLabels, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":561,"children":562},{},[563],{"type":511,"value":564},"The Silk Road passed through sun-baked deserts, where sandstorms swirled on the horizon. It passed through mountain passes with frozen walls, and grasslands full of rough-maned stallions. It hugged the edges of inland seas, it wound through patches of damp-smelling forest.",{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":566,"children":567},{},[568],{"type":511,"value":569},"Doesn’t that sound like an interesting place to explore?",{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":571,"children":572},{},[573],{"type":506,"tag":554,"props":574,"children":577},{"alt":556,"src":575,"title":576},"image://1163a0eb-cef4-4373-b627-607c8f9a5d46","Mountains and steeds. Image: Sigrid van Roode, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"title":500,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":579},[],{"id":61,"data":62,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":66,"parsed":581},{"data":582,"body":584,"toc":619},{"title":500,"description":583},"In general, merchants didn’t bother to travel the entire length of the Silk Road. Instead, any trade was typically conducted through relayed, segmented journeys.",{"type":503,"children":585},[586,590,595,600,608],{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":587,"children":588},{},[589],{"type":511,"value":583},{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":591,"children":592},{},[593],{"type":511,"value":594},"One merchant would travel a hundred kilometers, and then sell his goods to a second merchant. That second merchant would travel another hundred kilometers… and so on.",{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":596,"children":597},{},[598],{"type":511,"value":599},"It was never an easy journey. The merchants had to deal with storms, landslides, bandits, wolves… but there wasn’t any other option. In theory, a merchant could have sailed their goods from Asia to Europe around the African continent, but no one had ever made that journey. They didn’t know if it was possible.",{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":601,"children":602},{},[603],{"type":506,"tag":554,"props":604,"children":607},{"alt":556,"src":605,"title":606},"image://d5890531-bb38-40d4-a987-c0d10651bbbe","Could anyone sail around Africa? Image: Colohisto, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":609,"children":610},{},[611,613,618],{"type":511,"value":612},"So merchants used the overland Silk Road. And to make up for all the dangers they faced, they charged staggering prices for their goods. Some Asian spices, like nutmeg and cinnamon, cost more in Europe than the ",{"type":506,"tag":518,"props":614,"children":615},{},[616],{"type":511,"value":617},"equivalent weight in gold",{"type":511,"value":524},{"title":500,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":620},[],{"id":77,"data":78,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":82,"parsed":622},{"data":623,"body":625,"toc":668},{"title":500,"description":624},"A lot of the goods that traveled along the Silk Road found themselves in Venice. This famous city was perfectly located: for anyone traveling in from the east, Venice was the gateway to Europe.",{"type":503,"children":626},[627,638,645,650,655,663],{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":628,"children":629},{},[630,632,636],{"type":511,"value":631},"A lot of the goods that traveled along the Silk Road found themselves in ",{"type":506,"tag":518,"props":633,"children":634},{},[635],{"type":511,"value":89},{"type":511,"value":637},". This famous city was perfectly located: for anyone traveling in from the east, Venice was the gateway to Europe.",{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":639,"children":640},{},[641],{"type":506,"tag":554,"props":642,"children":644},{"alt":556,"src":643,"title":558},"image://251f5154-a1cf-45cb-b36f-9ace92a67634",[],{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":646,"children":647},{},[648],{"type":511,"value":649},"With all the silks and spices passing through the city, Venice became rich and powerful. If a European wanted cinnamon? They could get it in Venice. If a European wanted nutmeg? They could get it there as well.",{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":651,"children":652},{},[653],{"type":511,"value":654},"The city was a sight to behold. Foreign merchants walked the streets, cloaks billowing like sails behind them. Canal boats swept past, piled high with spices: they smelled rich, foreign, sweet.",{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":656,"children":657},{},[658],{"type":506,"tag":554,"props":659,"children":662},{"alt":556,"src":660,"title":661},"image://012d1e0a-f8e8-4187-a5c7-bde873326073","Venice in the Middle Ages. Image: James Holland, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":664,"children":665},{},[666],{"type":511,"value":667},"For hundreds of years, other Europeans scrambled for alliances and trade deals. If Venice decided to cut them off, they’d lose access to the Silk Road, and all the goods coming in from Asia.",{"title":500,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":669},[],{"id":95,"data":96,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":100,"parsed":671},{"data":672,"body":674,"toc":709},{"title":500,"description":673},"At the height of Venetian wealth and power, a little boy was born in the city. He grew up on stories of the Silk Road. He grew up on the smell of spices.",{"type":503,"children":675},[676,680,691,699,704],{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":677,"children":678},{},[679],{"type":511,"value":673},{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":681,"children":682},{},[683,685,689],{"type":511,"value":684},"His name was ",{"type":506,"tag":518,"props":686,"children":687},{},[688],{"type":511,"value":25},{"type":511,"value":690},". And he grew up to be one of the most famous explorers the world has ever seen.",{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":692,"children":693},{},[694],{"type":506,"tag":554,"props":695,"children":698},{"alt":556,"src":696,"title":697},"image://30cde456-9e42-4430-a924-123ee3c9b063","Marco Polo. Image: Salviati, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":700,"children":701},{},[702],{"type":511,"value":703},"As we’ve already mentioned, merchants rarely (if ever) traveled the whole length of the Silk Road. Instead, they relied on a relay system. Traveling 6000 kilometers in a single journey was surely too much to take.",{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":705,"children":706},{},[707],{"type":511,"value":708},"Marco Polo disagreed with this. In 1271, at seventeen years of age, he set out from Venice with one goal in mind: to travel the entire length of the Silk Road, and make it all the way to China.",{"title":500,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":710},[],{"id":123,"data":124,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":128,"parsed":712},{"data":713,"body":715,"toc":780},{"title":500,"description":714},"Marco Polo’s journey east unfolded over several years. He traveled through Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, before finally reaching China. Along the way, he battled illness, fought off bandits, saw crocodiles…",{"type":503,"children":716},[717,721,729,747,755,767],{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":718,"children":719},{},[720],{"type":511,"value":714},{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":722,"children":723},{},[724],{"type":506,"tag":554,"props":725,"children":728},{"alt":556,"src":726,"title":727},"image://ae6278e2-11c8-479d-b9b1-6428b9488088","Map of Marco Polo's route. Image: SY, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":730,"children":731},{},[732,734,738,740,745],{"type":511,"value":733},"He continued through China, and eventually arrived in the capital city of ",{"type":506,"tag":518,"props":735,"children":736},{},[737],{"type":511,"value":135},{"type":511,"value":739},". There, he was greeted by ",{"type":506,"tag":518,"props":741,"children":742},{},[743],{"type":511,"value":744},"Kublai Khan",{"type":511,"value":746}," – the Mongol emperor of China. Kublai Khan was a powerful man with a booming voice and a long, dark beard.",{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":748,"children":749},{},[750],{"type":506,"tag":554,"props":751,"children":754},{"alt":556,"src":752,"title":753},"image://4e7cbf43-cd72-41bb-9729-4ae569c1536a","Kublai Khan. Image: Anige of Nepal - an astronomer, engineer, painter and confidant of Kublai Khan., Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":756,"children":757},{},[758,760,765],{"type":511,"value":759},"Kublai Khan was impressed by Marco Polo. He offered him the chance to work as an ",{"type":506,"tag":518,"props":761,"children":762},{},[763],{"type":511,"value":764},"advisor",{"type":511,"value":766}," at the royal Mongol court. Marco Polo stayed there for seventeen years, before traveling back to Europe.",{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":768,"children":769},{},[770,772,778],{"type":511,"value":771},"He wrote an account of his travels: ",{"type":506,"tag":773,"props":774,"children":775},"em",{},[776],{"type":511,"value":777},"Il Milione",{"type":511,"value":779},". In the history of long-distance exploration, there aren’t many individual people who have been on a journey as long and remarkable as this one.",{"title":500,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":781},[],{"id":156,"data":157,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"summaryPage":159,"introPage":168,"pages":783},[784,821,879,921,972,1016],{"id":177,"data":178,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"parsed":785},{"data":786,"body":788,"toc":819},{"title":500,"description":787},"In the early 15th century, Venice was still one of the richest cities in Europe. For centuries, they had lived off the spoils of the Silk Road – and it didn’t look as though the situation was ever going to change.",{"type":503,"children":789},[790,794,799,807],{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":791,"children":792},{},[793],{"type":511,"value":787},{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":795,"children":796},{},[797],{"type":511,"value":798},"Other European powers were jealous. Other European powers were angry. And some of them decided to send out ships, in the hope of finding new sources of income of their own.",{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":800,"children":801},{},[802],{"type":506,"tag":554,"props":803,"children":806},{"alt":556,"src":804,"title":805},"image://aa06851b-52d7-42a1-9fe2-56b6b387cdc2","European ships. Image: Charles Bevalet, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":808,"children":809},{},[810,812,817],{"type":511,"value":811},"This period of history is sometimes referred to as the ",{"type":506,"tag":518,"props":813,"children":814},{},[815],{"type":511,"value":816},"Age of Exploration",{"type":511,"value":818},". It saw European nations striking outwards, following in the footsteps of the Phoenicians and the Polynesians – those ancient seafarers who explored the world before them.",{"title":500,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":820},[],{"id":183,"data":184,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":188,"parsed":822},{"data":823,"body":825,"toc":877},{"title":500,"description":824},"At the heart of Europe’s Age of Exploration was a man named Henry the Navigator. He was a Portuguese prince, with three older brothers, and little hope of becoming king.",{"type":503,"children":826},[827,839,844,852,864,872],{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":828,"children":829},{},[830,832,837],{"type":511,"value":831},"At the heart of Europe’s Age of Exploration was a man named ",{"type":506,"tag":518,"props":833,"children":834},{},[835],{"type":511,"value":836},"Henry the Navigator",{"type":511,"value":838},". He was a Portuguese prince, with three older brothers, and little hope of becoming king.",{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":840,"children":841},{},[842],{"type":511,"value":843},"But Henry the Navigator didn’t need to be king. He was too busy changing the world.",{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":845,"children":846},{},[847],{"type":506,"tag":554,"props":848,"children":851},{"alt":556,"src":849,"title":850},"image://71d42845-9841-40bc-b2f4-5f24de5615be","Prince Henry. Image: Nuno Gonçalves, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":853,"children":854},{},[855,857,862],{"type":511,"value":856},"Prince Henry the Navigator was obsessed with the idea of long-distance exploration. He was particularly interested in the ",{"type":506,"tag":518,"props":858,"children":859},{},[860],{"type":511,"value":861},"west coast of Africa",{"type":511,"value":863},", which spread out to the south of Portugal.",{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":865,"children":866},{},[867],{"type":506,"tag":554,"props":868,"children":871},{"alt":556,"src":869,"title":870},"image://73c119b4-773e-4b99-af3f-afed71bed40e","Map of Portugal and West Africa. Image: FranciscoCPPEW, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":873,"children":874},{},[875],{"type":511,"value":876},"Henry viewed Africa as a glittering jewel, just waiting to be exploited. He didn’t care about the people who lived in Africa. He wanted to claim the continent’s riches for Portugal.",{"title":500,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":878},[],{"id":201,"data":202,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":206,"parsed":880},{"data":881,"body":883,"toc":919},{"title":500,"description":882},"Prince Henry knew that it wouldn’t be easy to exploit the coast of West Africa. The Atlantic Ocean was rough and unpredictable, and European ships were too slow and cumbersome to safely make the journey.",{"type":503,"children":884},[885,889,894,906,914],{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":886,"children":887},{},[888],{"type":511,"value":882},{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":890,"children":891},{},[892],{"type":511,"value":893},"So what did he do? He invented a new type of ship. Just like the Phoenicians with their biremes, and the Polynesians with their catamarans, Portugal entered the field of maritime innovation.",{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":895,"children":896},{},[897,899,904],{"type":511,"value":898},"Henry built a boat called a ",{"type":506,"tag":518,"props":900,"children":901},{},[902],{"type":511,"value":903},"caravel",{"type":511,"value":905},". It was small and light and quick across the water, with triangular sails that were capable of sailing directly into the wind. These sails were basically a new-and-improved version of Polynesian crab-claw sails.",{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":907,"children":908},{},[909],{"type":506,"tag":554,"props":910,"children":913},{"alt":556,"src":911,"title":912},"image://707e4631-0a1b-40c7-8faf-c367c197a8fc","Caravel. Image: AnonymousUnknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":915,"children":916},{},[917],{"type":511,"value":918},"Explorers loved the caravel. It didn’t have much space for crew and cargo – but for a small team of sailors, there was no better way to travel.",{"title":500,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":920},[],{"id":238,"data":239,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":243,"parsed":922},{"data":923,"body":925,"toc":970},{"title":500,"description":924},"Prince Henry also invested heavily in a type of ship called a carrack. These traditional vessels were large and square-sailed – they weren’t as nimble as caravels, but they were stable and reliable in choppy seas, and had a lot more space for cargo.",{"type":503,"children":926},[927,939,947,952,957,965],{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":928,"children":929},{},[930,932,937],{"type":511,"value":931},"Prince Henry also invested heavily in a type of ship called a ",{"type":506,"tag":518,"props":933,"children":934},{},[935],{"type":511,"value":936},"carrack",{"type":511,"value":938},". These traditional vessels were large and square-sailed – they weren’t as nimble as caravels, but they were stable and reliable in choppy seas, and had a lot more space for cargo.",{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":940,"children":941},{},[942],{"type":506,"tag":554,"props":943,"children":946},{"alt":556,"src":944,"title":945},"image://97ecec5b-ca35-4477-90d6-25d978a3f94c","Carrack. Image: Militärhistorikern, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":948,"children":949},{},[950],{"type":511,"value":951},"Prince Henry planned to use caravels and carracks in combination. First, the caravels would whip along the coast of West Africa, searching for sources of gold and other tradable goods.",{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":953,"children":954},{},[955],{"type":511,"value":956},"If they found any, the carracks would be sent to the location, where they could be loaded up, then sent back up the coast to Portugal.",{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":958,"children":959},{},[960],{"type":506,"tag":554,"props":961,"children":964},{"alt":556,"src":962,"title":963},"image://1d4d7ad7-84fe-4484-8521-f26313da6885","Carrack (left) and caravel (right). Images: Akigka, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/>, via Wikimedia Commons; Akigka, CC BY 2.5 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5>, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":966,"children":967},{},[968],{"type":511,"value":969},"It was a simple system, but an innovative one. Henry the Navigator was changing the way that Europeans thought about exploration.",{"title":500,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":971},[],{"id":265,"data":266,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":270,"parsed":973},{"data":974,"body":976,"toc":1014},{"title":500,"description":975},"Prince Henry didn’t stop at shipbuilding. He also established a navigational school, where he funded research into navigation techniques, as well as astronomy, geography, and cartography.",{"type":503,"children":977},[978,982,993,1001,1006],{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":979,"children":980},{},[981],{"type":511,"value":975},{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":983,"children":984},{},[985,987,991],{"type":511,"value":986},"He set up this school at ",{"type":506,"tag":518,"props":988,"children":989},{},[990],{"type":511,"value":314},{"type":511,"value":992},": a little spit of land at the southernmost tip of Portugal.",{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":994,"children":995},{},[996],{"type":506,"tag":554,"props":997,"children":1000},{"alt":556,"src":998,"title":999},"image://e112e863-6d3c-416c-9e5a-733b713a3add","Map of Portugal. Image: FranciscoCPPEW, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":1002,"children":1003},{},[1004],{"type":511,"value":1005},"From the school, Prince Henry could gaze across the ocean, out in the direction of Africa. Behind him, his researchers were hard at work, writing maps, planning routes, testing compasses and astrolabes.",{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":1007,"children":1008},{},[1009],{"type":506,"tag":554,"props":1010,"children":1013},{"alt":556,"src":1011,"title":1012},"image://c21f41d3-91c0-40b5-a19b-45db2f1d8afe","Sagres. Image: Rui Glória, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"title":500,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":1015},[],{"id":290,"data":291,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":295,"parsed":1017},{"data":1018,"body":1020,"toc":1041},{"title":500,"description":1019},"With the nimble caravels, and the stable carracks, Portugal now had the very best ships in Europe. With the school at Sagres, they also had the very best navigators.",{"type":503,"children":1021},[1022,1026,1031,1036],{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":1023,"children":1024},{},[1025],{"type":511,"value":1019},{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":1027,"children":1028},{},[1029],{"type":511,"value":1030},"Prince Henry had created the perfect set-up: now, he just had to send out his ships and see what they managed to find.",{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":1032,"children":1033},{},[1034],{"type":511,"value":1035},"His first ships quickly explored the coast of Morocco, heading down towards modern-day Mauritania.",{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":1037,"children":1038},{},[1039],{"type":511,"value":1040},"But this was only the beginning of new era of much more ambitious voyages to come.",{"title":500,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":1042},[],{"id":316,"data":317,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"summaryPage":319,"introPage":328,"pages":1044},[1045,1072,1117],{"id":337,"data":338,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"parsed":1046},{"data":1047,"body":1049,"toc":1070},{"title":500,"description":1048},"All the while the Republic of Venice had been dominating the Mediterranean, and Prince Henry setting up the foundations of Portuguese exploration, a force from the east had been gaining power, and putting pressure on important hubs of trade and transport: the Ottoman empire.",{"type":503,"children":1050},[1051,1055,1060,1065],{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":1052,"children":1053},{},[1054],{"type":511,"value":1048},{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":1056,"children":1057},{},[1058],{"type":511,"value":1059},"Between the 4th century and 15th century CE, eastern Europe was dominated by the Byzantine Empire, a continuation of the Roman Empire that existed in the eastern Mediterranean.",{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":1061,"children":1062},{},[1063],{"type":511,"value":1064},"It was founded by the Roman Emperor Constantine, who made the city of Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) the new capital of the Roman Empire.",{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":1066,"children":1067},{},[1068],{"type":511,"value":1069},"Because of its location on the edge of Asia and the Mediterranean Sea, the city was a major hub of trade and an entry point to the Silk Road. It connected Europe to the markets of the East.",{"title":500,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":1071},[],{"id":343,"data":344,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":348,"parsed":1073},{"data":1074,"body":1076,"toc":1115},{"title":500,"description":1075},"Yet from the 13th century, Byzantium came under pressure from the increasingly powerful Ottoman empire, led by a series of Turkish-speaking “Sultans”.",{"type":503,"children":1077},[1078,1082,1087,1092,1097,1102,1107],{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":1079,"children":1080},{},[1081],{"type":511,"value":1075},{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":1083,"children":1084},{},[1085],{"type":511,"value":1086},"And in 1453, the City of Constantinople finally fell to the Ottomans, marking a significant turning point in the history of Europe with far-reaching implications for trade.",{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":1088,"children":1089},{},[1090],{"type":511,"value":1091},"European states – now used to access to exotic goods from across the globe, had explored new options not via land, but by sea.",{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":1093,"children":1094},{},[1095],{"type":511,"value":1096},"Therefore, although Prince Henry died in 1460, the motivation for further-flung exploration only increased.",{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":1098,"children":1099},{},[1100],{"type":511,"value":1101},"With every passing year, Portuguese caravels followed the African coastline further south. And an exciting idea started to crop up: what if they could reach the end of Africa, and find a way to sail around it?",{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":1103,"children":1104},{},[1105],{"type":511,"value":1106},"The Silk Road was still the only link between Asia and Europe. But if Portugal managed to sail around Africa, they could establish an alternative route. It was a staggering idea and something that even Henry the Navigator might never have dared to imagine.",{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":1108,"children":1109},{},[1110],{"type":506,"tag":554,"props":1111,"children":1114},{"alt":556,"src":1112,"title":1113},"image://a9505f86-2475-4634-9f2c-5090e7bac5fc","The Cape of Good Hope. Image: Zaian (talk) at en.wikipedia, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"title":500,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":1116},[],{"id":388,"data":389,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":393,"parsed":1118},{"data":1119,"body":1121,"toc":1154},{"title":500,"description":1120},"By 1482, the Portuguese caravels had made it all the way to modern-day Ghana. It was an incredible voyage that no European had managed to make before. When they got there, they set up a trading outpost, and called it Elmina Castle.",{"type":503,"children":1122},[1123,1133,1141,1146],{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":1124,"children":1125},{},[1126,1128,1132],{"type":511,"value":1127},"By 1482, the Portuguese caravels had made it all the way to modern-day Ghana. It was an incredible voyage that no European had managed to make before. When they got there, they set up a trading outpost, and called it ",{"type":506,"tag":518,"props":1129,"children":1130},{},[1131],{"type":511,"value":400},{"type":511,"value":524},{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":1134,"children":1135},{},[1136],{"type":506,"tag":554,"props":1137,"children":1140},{"alt":556,"src":1138,"title":1139},"image://5333d19d-2381-4617-944e-e4593b3b541f","Map of route to Elmina Castle. Image: FranciscoCPPEW, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":1142,"children":1143},{},[1144],{"type":511,"value":1145},"Elmina Castle was originally built as a hub for trading gold. There was plenty of it in the region – square-sailed carracks came to port, then sailed away, creaking beneath the weight of those glittering riches.",{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":1147,"children":1148},{},[1149],{"type":506,"tag":554,"props":1150,"children":1153},{"alt":556,"src":1151,"title":1152},"image://a2d98597-d776-45b7-993c-8f0e401c7b5e","Elmina Castle today. Image: Francisco Anzola, CC BY 2.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"title":500,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":1155},[],{"id":402,"data":403,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"summaryPage":404,"introPage":413,"pages":1157},[1158,1194,1243,1280],{"id":422,"data":423,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"parsed":1159},{"data":1160,"body":1162,"toc":1192},{"title":500,"description":1161},"With powerful trading posts like Elmina Castle where ships could stop to restock, repair, and get to know the local waters, the Portuguese were within reach of their dream to bypass the Silk Road.",{"type":503,"children":1163},[1164,1168,1179,1187],{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":1165,"children":1166},{},[1167],{"type":511,"value":1161},{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":1169,"children":1170},{},[1171,1173,1177],{"type":511,"value":1172},"In 1488, a convoy of ships, led by a noble explorer named ",{"type":506,"tag":518,"props":1174,"children":1175},{},[1176],{"type":511,"value":147},{"type":511,"value":1178},", set off from southern Portugal. They sailed all the way down the coast of Africa – then looped around the Cape of Good Hope, right at the southern tip.",{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":1180,"children":1181},{},[1182],{"type":506,"tag":554,"props":1183,"children":1186},{"alt":556,"src":1184,"title":1185},"image://9ed4354c-33bb-4002-89da-496f9a06e5fc","Map of the Dias voyage. Image: Francisco CPPEW, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":1188,"children":1189},{},[1190],{"type":511,"value":1191},"They didn’t continue to Asia. That day would have to wait. Instead, they traveled back to Portugal.",{"title":500,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":1193},[],{"id":428,"data":429,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":433,"parsed":1195},{"data":1196,"body":1198,"toc":1241},{"title":500,"description":1197},"Ten years after Bartolomeu Dias made his famous trip around the Cape of Good Hope, another Portuguese explorer went one step further. His name was Vasco da Gama.",{"type":503,"children":1199},[1200,1210,1218,1223,1228,1236],{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":1201,"children":1202},{},[1203,1205,1209],{"type":511,"value":1204},"Ten years after Bartolomeu Dias made his famous trip around the Cape of Good Hope, another Portuguese explorer went one step further. His name was ",{"type":506,"tag":518,"props":1206,"children":1207},{},[1208],{"type":511,"value":149},{"type":511,"value":524},{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":1211,"children":1212},{},[1213],{"type":506,"tag":554,"props":1214,"children":1217},{"alt":556,"src":1215,"title":1216},"image://28c84e77-1333-4e5f-ba7f-1ade4ab39b93","Vasco da Gama. Image: António Manuel da Fonseca, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":1219,"children":1220},{},[1221],{"type":511,"value":1222},"Vasco da Gama was tall and impressive – the son of a royal knight. He set off from Portugal in 1497 at the head of a powerful carrack. Three other ships came with him, including a second carrack and a caravel.",{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":1224,"children":1225},{},[1226],{"type":511,"value":1227},"After a three-month journey, they reached the Cape of Good Hope. They sailed around it – then started to continue upwards. In 1498, a full year after originally departing Portugal, they managed the impossible: they touched down on the coast of Asia.",{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":1229,"children":1230},{},[1231],{"type":506,"tag":554,"props":1232,"children":1235},{"alt":556,"src":1233,"title":1234},"image://651a9134-bb59-4e8b-9ef0-f913bc5d88b7","Map of the Da Gama voyage. Image: Francisco CPPEW, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":1237,"children":1238},{},[1239],{"type":511,"value":1240},"Historians view Vasco da Gama’s voyage as a landmark in the history of exploration. Nobody had ever made such a journey – and by establishing a sea route between Europe and Asia, this moment changed the course of history forever.",{"title":500,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":1242},[],{"id":446,"data":447,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":451,"parsed":1244},{"data":1245,"body":1247,"toc":1278},{"title":500,"description":1246},"In the first few years of the 16th century, following in Vasco da Gama’s footsteps, Portuguese ships made further voyages to Asia.",{"type":503,"children":1248},[1249,1253,1265,1270],{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":1250,"children":1251},{},[1252],{"type":511,"value":1246},{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":1254,"children":1255},{},[1256,1258,1263],{"type":511,"value":1257},"When they got there, they set up ",{"type":506,"tag":518,"props":1259,"children":1260},{},[1261],{"type":511,"value":1262},"trading posts",{"type":511,"value":1264},", just as they had done along the coast of Africa, in places like Elmina Castle. It was a similar approach to Phoenician explorers hundreds of years earlier.",{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":1266,"children":1267},{},[1268],{"type":511,"value":1269},"These trading posts were strategically chosen to help the Portuguese gain a foothold in Asia, and start to challenge the Silk Road.",{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":1271,"children":1272},{},[1273],{"type":506,"tag":554,"props":1274,"children":1277},{"alt":556,"src":1275,"title":1276},"image://2d36e891-61c5-46bb-a1b0-0f7a1d9e5026","Map of Portuguese outposts (marked red). Image: Gabriel Ziegler, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"title":500,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":1279},[],{"id":464,"data":465,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":18,"version":19,"reviews":469,"parsed":1281},{"data":1282,"body":1284,"toc":1318},{"title":500,"description":1283},"In the summer of 1511, they established a post in the Moluccas: a cluster of islands which were also known as the Spice Islands. These islands were one of the only places in the entire world where spices like nutmeg and cloves could properly grow.",{"type":503,"children":1285},[1286,1297,1305,1310],{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":1287,"children":1288},{},[1289,1291,1295],{"type":511,"value":1290},"In the summer of 1511, they established a post in the ",{"type":506,"tag":518,"props":1292,"children":1293},{},[1294],{"type":511,"value":482},{"type":511,"value":1296},": a cluster of islands which were also known as the Spice Islands. These islands were one of the only places in the entire world where spices like nutmeg and cloves could properly grow.",{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":1298,"children":1299},{},[1300],{"type":506,"tag":554,"props":1301,"children":1304},{"alt":556,"src":1302,"title":1303},"image://03b9008a-7b39-4e65-a968-3713f3a0043a","Raw nutmeg. Image: Terrence Coombes, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":1306,"children":1307},{},[1308],{"type":511,"value":1309},"When they carried these spices home from the Moluccas, the Portuguese ended the old monopoly of the Silk Road. For hundreds of years, that famous route had lived its life unchallenged. But the Portuguese managed to change that. They ushered in a brand new age of European maritime exploration – one that",{"type":506,"tag":507,"props":1311,"children":1312},{},[1313],{"type":506,"tag":554,"props":1314,"children":1317},{"alt":556,"src":1315,"title":1316},"image://5ab5931b-84da-49e7-9b45-489664f9146e","Map of Portuguese sea route. Image: Colohisto, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"title":500,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":1319},[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":1321,"height":1321,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":1322},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":1321,"height":1321,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":1324},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M4 5h16M4 12h16M4 19h16\"/>",1778228204269]