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Phoenicians",{"id":37,"data":38,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"9b524773-a39e-4adb-9bb4-c7721e66b1a5",{"type":21,"title":39,"summary":40},"The Phoenicians summary",[41,42,43,44],"The Phoenicians were ancient explorers and traders from the Levant.","Phoenician ships were powered by oars and used innovative biremes.","They established colonies, including Carthage, for trade and exploration.","Phoenician textiles, dyed with Tyrian purple, were highly sought after in foreign lands.",{"id":46,"data":47,"type":48,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"0794ac6e-3ff3-4592-a524-0b463c2379f8",{"type":48,"title":49,"intro":50},10,"The Phoenicians intro",[51,52],"What was the major innovation in Phoenician ship-building that allowed them to explore further?","Why was the Phoenician colony of Carthage significant in their history of exploration and trade?",[54,60,77,123,149],{"id":55,"data":56,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"71b6b90e-ea16-456c-886d-e0f248487198",{"type":30,"title":57,"markdownContent":58,"audioMediaId":59},"The Phoenicians page 1","In the modern world, it’s hard to be an explorer. Every landmass has been discovered. Every civilization has been reached. All the best sea routes have already been mapped, and the roads have all been laid.\n\n![Graph](image://23ef07f9-e707-41e7-95f5-cf684c2ca18d \"The whole world. Image: Harrison Schmitt, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nIt wasn’t always that way. Thousands of years ago, the world was a place of vast, unknowable mystery. People rarely knew what lay on the other side of a mountain, let alone what lay on the other side of the planet.\n\nThen came the **first explorers**: brilliant pioneers who dared to enter the unknown. They saw things that no one else had seen. They made journeys that no one else had made.\n\nBy the end of this pathway, you’ll know their story: the pioneers who unlocked the world.\n","677fcdd0-21b5-44a1-be94-a5cc782678ba",{"id":61,"data":62,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":66},"aa90765e-1296-4c3e-b03f-ded924e5e2ab",{"type":30,"title":63,"markdownContent":64,"audioMediaId":65},"The Phoenicians page 2","\nWhen people think about the ancient world, they often picture the Greeks or Romans. But before these famous civilizations came a group of explorers: **the Phoenicians**.\n\n![Graph](image://638c6518-5145-45b6-a5cc-b8264f8b1c08 \"Statue depicting Phoenicians. Image: John Gardner Wilkinson, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe Phoenicians originated along the **Levant coast** – a region that runs from modern-day Lebanon all the way south to Israel. The Levant is a green, fertile region with rolling hills and forests of sweet-smelling cedars.\n\n![Graph](image://728c15fc-5e3c-446c-9c50-007ad18b239e \"The Levant coast. Image: Kordas, based on Alvaro's work, CC BY 3.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe Phoenician people felled these cedars, and turned the wood into ships. They sent these ships on exploratory journeys – inquisitive hands extending out through the **Mediterranean Sea**.\n\nWherever the Phoenicians sent their ships, they encountered civilizations. They met people in North Africa. They met people in Greece. They met people in Sicily and Crete. With every single ocean voyage, Phoenician horizons expanded.\n","90f8ceff-6cd2-41de-936a-ee221a00a134",[67],{"id":68,"data":69,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"a28eafea-bf22-4f9f-9220-b2f3c6b04166",{"type":70,"reviewType":22,"spacingBehaviour":30,"binaryQuestion":71,"binaryCorrect":73,"binaryIncorrect":75},11,[72],"Which of these may have helped Phoenician explorers?",[74],"The Levant was right on the coast",[76],"The Levant was right on a river delta",{"id":78,"data":79,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":83},"37b79785-43fa-4bea-9ff6-b9219999c32f",{"type":30,"title":80,"markdownContent":81,"audioMediaId":82},"The Phoenicians page 3","\nThe Phoenicians weren’t just daring explorers. They were also innovative ship-builders. Often, these things go hand in hand – without powerful ships, Phoenician explorers couldn’t have traveled far.\n\nTheir ships were powered by oars as opposed to sails: dozens of rowers groaning and sweating as they propelled the vessel forward. But there’s a problem with oars: you can only fit so many of them in a line.\n\nThat’s why the Phoenicians developed the **bireme**: a ship with two lines of oars stacked on top of each other, with enough space for twice as many rowers. You can see an example of a bireme ship in the diagram down below.\n\n![Graph](image://76eeb32e-cffa-4531-9805-38727c2cda19 \"Bireme with two lines of oars (marked orange and purple, or 1 and 2). Image: Darton & Harvey [publishers]; Newton [engraver], Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThis double-decker approach to oars was a major innovation: twice as many more oars in the water meant twice as much rowing power. This allowed Phoenician explorers to travel far and wide.\n","35e8363e-eae8-47de-9835-714ced44db5f",[84,104],{"id":85,"data":86,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"be610787-a3d9-4caf-9b78-0043dcf3b134",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"collapsingSiblings":87,"multiChoiceQuestion":91,"multiChoiceCorrect":93,"multiChoiceIncorrect":95,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":99,"matchPairsPairs":101},[88,89,90],"39184a8a-088d-4470-9f6d-6deca9721d7e","db59b9ba-6109-4482-8360-550c49c7ef3d","d0876d4b-7083-4d46-9022-edd32e7b1189",[92],"Which of the below describes Phoenician ships?",[94],"Made from cedar wood, powered by oars",[96,97,98],"Dual hulls","Large cargo ships used for transporting slaves","Used to chain captives in pairs",[100],"Match the pairs below:",[102],{"left":103,"right":94,"direction":21},"Phoenician ships",{"id":105,"data":106,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"e3d413a4-d483-45f5-8b9d-78c86219b307",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"collapsingSiblings":107,"multiChoiceQuestion":111,"multiChoiceCorrect":113,"multiChoiceIncorrect":115,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":119,"matchPairsPairs":120},[108,109,110],"1955afa5-75c3-4b6f-93de-21cb8c67ab4a","68b2dcaf-8969-493f-871e-657c6549376f","753f4a6f-24cd-4e1e-b5f2-31016b1c03e4",[112],"Which of the below applies to a Bireme?",[114],"Ship with two lines of oars",[116,117,118],"Designed by Polynesians","Large square sails","Triangular sails",[100],[121],{"left":122,"right":114,"direction":21},"Bireme",{"id":124,"data":125,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":129},"982d91ed-b60f-4145-8436-646e641c3fae",{"type":30,"title":126,"markdownContent":127,"audioMediaId":128},"The Phoenicians page 4","\nWith their innovative biremes, the Phoenicians didn’t confine themselves to the Mediterranean. They also surged into the Atlantic Ocean, then traveled north until they reached the **British Isles**. At the same time, they sent explorers south, down into the shallow **Red Sea**.\n\nThe spread of the Phoenicians was unlike anything else the world had seen before. From the pebble beaches at the south of Britain, to the golden sands along the coast of the Red Sea, Phoenician biremes could be spotted riding the powerful, foam-flecked waves.\n\n![Graph](image://b2898c8a-3b42-4c8a-b072-2c58c5adb35e \"Map of Phoenician exploration. Image: User:Rodrigo (es), User:Reedside (en), CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThey even established colonies. An important moment in Phoenician history was the foundation of the colony of **Carthage** in North Africa. It was built on a wide, rocky peninsula with ocean on either side.\n\nThe date of this event is disputed, but it probably happened in 814 BCE. Carthage became a staging post for expeditions further west. It even had a large, fortified harbor, which helped to protect Phoenician ships from threats like pirates and storms.\n","5c299696-ff0e-420e-be74-e0acc1a916d8",[130,141],{"id":131,"data":132,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"055d06b8-8470-4027-8bce-a20a4a021b8a",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":133,"multiChoiceCorrect":135,"multiChoiceIncorrect":139,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[134],"Which of these did the Phoenicians visit?",[136,137,138],"British Isles","Red Sea","North Africa:multi",[140],"Ghana",{"id":142,"data":143,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"92f19aef-e444-42d6-a983-91652cccb54f",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":144,"multiChoiceCorrect":146,"multiChoiceIncorrect":148,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[145],"Where did the Phoenicians build the colony of Carthage?",[147],"North Africa",[136,137,140],{"id":150,"data":151,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":155},"b0b0f1cd-88d7-4a2d-b317-0b56047b69bb",{"type":30,"title":152,"markdownContent":153,"audioMediaId":154},"The Phoenicians page 5","\nThe Phoenicians didn’t just explore the world. They were also **resourceful merchants** – and wherever they encountered foreign peoples, they made an effort to trade.\n\nPhoenician textiles were especially popular with foreigners. They were often dyed with a distinctive color called **Tyrian purple**, which the Phoenicians sourced from the mucus of a local snail. Foreign peoples had never seen this vibrant color before.\n\n![Graph](image://a3e00a30-1583-4ec1-9e76-daeeecb4b4f5 \"Tyrian purple. Image: Tyrargaman, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nTrade was another important reason why **Carthage** was such a vital colony. At the crossroads of two continents – Europe and Africa – the city became a major hub for international commerce.\n\nEventually, the Phoenician civilization collapsed, when the Levant was seized by Assyrians in approximately 738 BCE. Later, Carthage was conquered by the Romans in 146 BCE.\n\n![Graph](image://dcb01229-3902-4971-bd15-1f55c536d23f \"Phoenician ruins. Image: Touzrimounir, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nBut the Phoenicians left more than ruins behind. Their civilization had set a precedent for **long distance travel and trade**. In later centuries, other civilizations would take on the mantle, and continue to explore the world.\n","500a2d0d-ed0b-4c4b-b554-0538ee961f9b",[156,163,172],{"id":157,"data":158,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"cd79bf9c-478d-489d-b1ee-85173bcf7b66",{"type":70,"reviewType":30,"spacingBehaviour":30,"activeRecallQuestion":159,"activeRecallAnswers":161},[160],"What was Tyrian purple made from?",[162],"The mucus of a snail",{"id":164,"data":165,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"d3a05c2a-6997-4d97-b286-fb7f7eda289c",{"type":70,"reviewType":22,"spacingBehaviour":30,"binaryQuestion":166,"binaryCorrect":168,"binaryIncorrect":170},[167],"Which of these more accurately describes Phoenician motivations for exploration?",[169],"They wanted to set up trade routes",[171],"They wanted more land for settlement",{"id":173,"data":174,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"004e8d1c-eba2-4886-a07e-819882824280",{"type":70,"reviewType":175,"spacingBehaviour":30,"matchPairsQuestion":176,"matchPairsPairs":178,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},6,[177],"Match each word to a definition.",[179,181,184,187],{"left":122,"right":180,"direction":21},"Phoenician invention",{"left":182,"right":183,"direction":21},"Carthage","Phoenician colony",{"left":185,"right":186,"direction":21},"Assyria","Phoenician enemy",{"left":188,"right":189,"direction":21},"Levant","Phoenician home",{"id":191,"data":192,"type":22,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"summaryPage":194,"introPage":203,"pages":210},"68f0b2eb-baaa-4705-ac48-91d6ec87c684",{"type":22,"title":193},"The Polynesians",{"id":195,"data":196,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"7296fc23-ff00-489f-92a3-98139b9192a3",{"type":21,"title":197,"summary":198},"The Polynesians summary",[199,200,201,202],"Polynesians explored the Pacific Ocean between 3000 BCE and 1000 BCE.","They traveled to New Zealand, Hawaii, and Easter Island.","Polynesians used crab-claw sails and catamarans for exploration.","They introduced crops and animals to the islands they settled.",{"id":204,"data":205,"type":48,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"ec8884f9-b09d-4a48-8586-325b66c28466",{"type":48,"title":206,"intro":207},"The Polynesians intro",[208,209],"What drove the Polynesians to explore and settle on distant islands?","How did the innovations of the crab-claw sail and catamaran contribute to the Polynesians' exploration success?",[211,229,243,257,275],{"id":212,"data":213,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":217},"117cf8d5-a921-4b57-8634-c1335d232ecf",{"type":30,"title":214,"markdownContent":215,"audioMediaId":216},"The Polynesians page 1","The Phoenicians weren't the only explorers of the ancient world. On the other side of the planet – in the Pacific Ocean – another seafaring civilization spread across the seas.\n\nThe **Polynesians** originated in Southeast Asia. Nobody knows quite when it happened, but at some point between 3000 BCE and 1000 BCE, they started to send exploratory boats out across the Pacific.\n\n![Graph](image://3745e9ba-9273-4d08-b64f-00008166b9e7 \"Two Polynesians. Image: S. Springsgoth, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nWherever they went, they found islands: white sands, blue seas, palm trees swaying in the wind. On these islands, they built settlements, one by one. Then they continued to sail outwards.\n\nThe Polynesians explored a massive area – significantly more than the Phoenicians. Over hundreds of years, they traveled as far as **New Zealand**, **Hawaii** and **Easter Island** (as you can see on the map below).\n\n![Graph](image://9c7540f9-35bb-462f-94d5-158959b94fde \"Map of Polynesian exploration. Image: David Eccles (Gringer (talk)), CC BY 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nMost of these places had never been visited by human beings before. Not until the Polynesians showed up there, and started to lay down homes.\n","e6941c93-70f5-4a53-b12c-7f6b90b649d9",[218],{"id":219,"data":220,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"581b6135-f46e-4a6a-aff3-27dbfa146199",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":221,"multiChoiceCorrect":223,"multiChoiceIncorrect":227,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[222],"Which of these did the Polynesians visit?",[224,225,226],"New Zealand","Hawaii","Easter Island:multi",[228],"Tasmania",{"id":230,"data":231,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":235},"98348146-349f-4693-b89e-839bc146976a",{"type":30,"title":232,"markdownContent":233,"audioMediaId":234},"The Polynesians page 2","\nPolynesian exploration (unlike the Phoenicians) wasn’t driven by a desire to trade. Instead, they wanted **more living space** – they explored whenever they seemed to be running out of land.\n\nImagine building a village on a Pacific island. The sun is shining, the trees are green, you feed on fish and fruit. But the island is small, and as your village grows, the resources start to stretch thin.\n\n![Graph](image://e4bd0c97-5a25-4f6d-9478-fc084c285dbd \"Polynesian village. Image: William Allan Bollard (1869-1941), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThat’s when the Polynesians sent out ships. They would explore until they found another island – then set up a brand new village there, transporting some of the original villagers over.\n\nThat’s what drove them to New Zealand. That’s what drove them to Hawaii and Easter Island. The desire for space. The desire for resources. They pushed outwards as their population grew.\n","1ed7c368-a8b2-430e-8b71-4ee9e2bd271c",[236],{"id":237,"data":238,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"0fa2a0ac-479e-4718-b25b-8fbe6c7f5d3a",{"type":70,"reviewType":22,"spacingBehaviour":30,"binaryQuestion":239,"binaryCorrect":241,"binaryIncorrect":242},[240],"Which of these more accurately describes Polynesian motivations for exploration?",[171],[169],{"id":244,"data":245,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":249},"ae3ad247-1ee4-47e2-b90b-dd0818e846f7",{"type":30,"title":246,"markdownContent":247,"audioMediaId":248},"The Polynesians page 3","\nJust like the Phoenicians, the Polynesians were innovative shipbuilders. Otherwise, they would never have been able to explore so far.\n\nWhere the Phoenicians innovated with double-oared biremes, the Polynesians took a different approach: they invented the **crab-claw sail**.\n\n![Graph](image://0e526266-1eb1-47a9-a911-c419b66d1653 \"Crab-claw sail. Image: John Webber (1751-1793). From: Cook, J. A voyage to the Pacific Ocean ...(London, Strahan, 1784). Atlas. Plate 61, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe innovative shape of a crab-claw sail allowed it to catch wind from a **range of different angles**. This was very different to a traditional square sail, which could only catch wind from behind.\n\nThis difference was pretty important. A square-sailed ship could only travel in the rough direction of the wind. If you wanted to travel east, but the wind was blowing south… there was nothing much you could do.\n\nBut a crab-claw sail could harness a gust of south-blowing wind, and use it to propel a boat eastward. This allowed the Polynesians to travel where they wanted, instead of constantly relying on the whims of changing winds.\n\n![Graph](image://cc823e94-61f0-47b1-9042-f439ccbe2dd6 \"Crab-claw sail (right) versus square sail (left). Image: Bcebul, KDS4444, self, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n","0b2405ea-f653-4a54-8245-9cf17abe5557",[250],{"id":251,"data":252,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"af09dcce-f1b9-41b2-a3a4-b20a2815e926",{"type":70,"reviewType":30,"spacingBehaviour":30,"activeRecallQuestion":253,"activeRecallAnswers":255},[254],"What made crab-claw sails so innovative?",[256],"They caught wind from a range of different angles, making them more versatile",{"id":258,"data":259,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":263},"817280bc-cd6f-4cb2-acbe-779a72fac032",{"type":30,"title":260,"markdownContent":261,"audioMediaId":262},"The Polynesians page 4","\nCrab-claw sails weren’t the only Polynesian innovation. They also pioneered **catamarans**: a specialized ship with two separate hulls, as opposed to the traditional one.\n\n![Graph](image://d7041edc-96b1-4e30-8599-34b24052b193 \"Model-sized catamaran. Image: Szilas, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe double hull of a catamaran created a wider base on the water. This helped to counter the rolling and tipping of a turbulent ocean. It’s like standing on two legs instead of standing on one – it feels a lot more stable.\n\nThe Polynesians would put a platform between the hulls, as you can see in the image above. This platform could be used to carry more cargo and passengers. This made it easier to transport supplies to distant islands, and set up new villages when they got there.\n\nIn other words: the double hull of the catamaran was a pretty major deal. Theses boats were more stable, and could carry more supplies – perfect for exploration.\n","236329c9-3440-4549-a1f6-c0370d24d5ef",[264],{"id":88,"data":265,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"collapsingSiblings":266,"multiChoiceQuestion":267,"multiChoiceCorrect":269,"multiChoiceIncorrect":270,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":271,"matchPairsPairs":272},[85,89,90],[268],"Which of these describes catamarans?",[96],[94,97,98],[100],[273],{"left":274,"right":96,"direction":21},"Catamarans",{"id":276,"data":277,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":281},"020fa752-313d-4723-9da4-625eb111269a",{"type":30,"title":278,"markdownContent":279,"audioMediaId":280},"The Polynesians page 5","\nStanding tall on the backs of their catamarans, tugged forward by crab-claw sails, the Polynesians spread far and wide. They ended up with countless villages, many of them thousands of kilometers apart.\n\nWherever they went, they brought a spirit of exploration – and they brought other things with them too. They introduced crops like **taro**, and domesticated animals like **chickens** and **pigs**, to islands throughout the Pacific.\n\n![Graph](image://329ec7eb-ee11-4aeb-8869-d74087dbaae2 \"Taro, chicken, pig. Images: Kostka Martin, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons; Bernard Spragg. NZ from Christchurch, New Zealand, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons; Johan Spaedtke, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nOver time, the far-flung Polynesian settlements developed local traditions. On Easter Island, for example, they built the famous **Moai heads**: giant statues that can still be visited today.\n\n![Graph](image://63a55779-04f0-4028-939c-619e0ec6b376 \"Moai heads. Image: Aurbina, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nIn some ways, the Moai are a symbol of ancient exploration. If the Polynesian people had never pushed outwards, all the way to places like Easter Island, then these giant statues wouldn’t be there today.\n","c27ca84e-ac38-487a-acfb-223081123f31",[282,291,307],{"id":283,"data":284,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"3383eb50-a640-4cd2-80a6-e62a3127d602",{"type":70,"reviewType":22,"spacingBehaviour":30,"binaryQuestion":285,"binaryCorrect":287,"binaryIncorrect":289},[286],"Where did the Polynesians build giant stone heads?",[288],"Easter Island",[290],"Christmas Island",{"id":292,"data":293,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"0bc5fff7-d56b-415b-98a0-837a98647bab",{"type":70,"reviewType":175,"spacingBehaviour":30,"matchPairsQuestion":294,"matchPairsPairs":295,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},[177],[296,299,302,305],{"left":297,"right":298,"direction":21},"Moai","Giant stone head",{"left":300,"right":301,"direction":21},"Taro","Polynesian crop",{"left":303,"right":304,"direction":21},"Catamaran","Two-hulled ship",{"left":182,"right":306,"direction":21},"None of these",{"id":108,"data":308,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"collapsingSiblings":309,"multiChoiceQuestion":310,"multiChoiceCorrect":312,"multiChoiceIncorrect":313,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":314,"matchPairsPairs":315},[105,109,110],[311],"Which of the below applies to the crab-claw sail?",[116],[114,117,118],[100],[316],{"left":317,"right":116,"direction":21},"Crab-claw sail",{"id":319,"data":320,"type":22,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"summaryPage":322,"introPage":331,"pages":338},"b3e547d0-15c0-491c-b759-bba3f1cfefa8",{"type":22,"title":321},"Navigational Tools",{"id":323,"data":324,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"1a4e35cc-6b7a-4c8e-9d21-60f7b386b656",{"type":21,"title":325,"summary":326},"Navigational Tools summary",[327,328,329,330],"Phoenicians navigated using celestial bodies like the sun and stars.","Greeks invented the astrolabe for accurate star measurements.","Islamic world improved astrolabes and compasses for navigation.","Dead reckoning combined astrolabe readings and compass angles for accurate navigation.",{"id":332,"data":333,"type":48,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"3222e87f-8028-4590-9fc9-8205a8630af1",{"type":48,"title":334,"intro":335},"Navigational Tools intro",[336,337],"What was the original purpose of the astrolabe and compass before they were used for navigation?","How did the method of dead reckoning revolutionize long-distance navigation?",[339,355,369,387,410],{"id":340,"data":341,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":345},"b90032e7-641c-450d-be79-79d2f7a246e5",{"type":30,"title":342,"markdownContent":343,"audioMediaId":344},"Navigational Tools page 1","For ancient explorers, like the Phoenicians and the Polynesians, navigation was one of the biggest challenges. In an open ocean, with no visible landmasses, how does an explorer make sure that their ship is moving in the right direction?\n\n![Graph](image://7d946afa-eb0f-480d-a3b5-35f161569929 \"Setting sun. Image: Pexels\")\n\nIn general, ancient seafarers navigated the sea by looking at **celestial bodies**. They oriented themselves using the sun during the day, or the stars during the night.\n\nFor example, if a Phoenician wanted to travel west from the Levant, they could keep their bireme pointed in the direction of the setting sun. If they reached the Atlantic, and wanted to travel north to Britain, they could turn their bireme in the direction of the North Star.\n\nIn reality, things were more complex than this. Ancient explorers could triangulate all kinds of angles and directions using the stars. But the general principle remained the same: look at the position of celestial bodies, then steer your ship accordingly.\n","4c3dbe47-9d8f-4420-a8c7-42dbbcecae2d",[346],{"id":347,"data":348,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"ca7788bf-0ff1-44ab-9779-1f46fd188c5f",{"type":70,"reviewType":22,"spacingBehaviour":30,"binaryQuestion":349,"binaryCorrect":351,"binaryIncorrect":353},[350],"What did ancient seafarers rely on for navigation?",[352],"Celestial bodies",[354],"Global winds",{"id":356,"data":357,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":361},"cfddadff-b9ff-41ae-be4c-59718b9e1bfd",{"type":30,"title":358,"markdownContent":359,"audioMediaId":360},"Navigational Tools page 2","\nSeveral centuries after the fall of the Phoenicians, in approximately 300 BCE, the **Ancient Greeks** were a major power in the Mediterranean region.\n\nThe Greeks weren’t big on exploration, but they were pioneering scientists and inventors. At some point, they developed **astrolabes** – an instrument that could be used to take accurate measurements of the stars.\n\nAn astrolabe consisted of a disk with a movable pointer. The user could aim the pointer at a star, then use the disk to measure the angle between the star and the horizon.\n\n![Graph](image://b15dd525-2b22-45cd-bd6b-224c5988cd76 \"Astrolabe in use. Image: Pearson Scott Foresman, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nBefore astrolabes, people had to rely on their own eyes to measure the position of celestial objects. Now, there was a way to measure them much more accurately.\n\nIt’s the difference between measuring a liter of water using your eyes, versus a liter of water using a measuring jug. Astrolabes were like measuring jugs for the skies.\n","66466cec-2eab-46c4-b8ff-81b77ff9a82f",[362],{"id":363,"data":364,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"edf51012-4c66-47c7-9e87-16ee70804db0",{"type":70,"reviewType":30,"spacingBehaviour":30,"activeRecallQuestion":365,"activeRecallAnswers":367},[366],"The Greeks invented a tool for measuring the stars. What was it called?",[368],"Astrolabe",{"id":370,"data":371,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":375},"62627e1f-599f-461c-b167-c0c85bddc70e",{"type":30,"title":372,"markdownContent":373,"audioMediaId":374},"Navigational Tools page 3","\nWhen the Greeks first invented astrolabes, they were large, heavy, and unwieldy. Too heavy, in fact, for an explorer to carry on a ship.\n\nAs we already said: the Greeks weren’t particularly interested in exploration. Their astrolabes were designed for astronomical observations from the safety of land, not for long-distance navigation at sea.\n\n![Graph](image://33d7454e-9070-4a88-8373-f2031f78887e \"This astrolabe is heavy. Image: Paolo Veronese, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nIt took almost a thousand years for this to change. And the Greeks weren’t the ones who changed it. Instead, a new-and-improved astrolabe was invented by the **Islamic world**.\n\n![Graph](image://b3e3dff2-dd74-4985-b7d3-e48b9a7567be \"This astrolabe is light. Image: Metropolitan Museum of Art, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nWhen Islamic inventors designed these smaller, lighter astrolabes, they weren't thinking about long-distance navigation. They wanted people to use these tools to determine **the direction of Mecca**.\n\nBut sailors and explorers quickly adopted this new, pocket-sized technology. It improved navigation in open waters, and made exploration easier.\n","f3b3131e-430f-4ed5-bb34-5198e0e888af",[376],{"id":377,"data":378,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"4b0e1a03-2c55-43b0-98b2-96f56a4b77a0",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":379,"multiChoiceCorrect":381,"multiChoiceIncorrect":383,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[380],"Who invented a lighter version of the Greek astrolabe?",[382],"Islamic inventors",[384,385,386],"Christian inventors","Chinese inventors","Roman inventors",{"id":388,"data":389,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":393},"f1efc68a-adf2-476e-9525-8531769cbf06",{"type":30,"title":390,"markdownContent":391,"audioMediaId":392},"Navigational Tools page 4","\nAnother important navigational tool is a **compass**. You’ve probably used one at some point in your life: it’s just a magnetized needle that points north.\n\nIt was actually invented in **Ancient China**, about a century later than the Greeks invented the astrolabe. Again, the compass wasn’t invented with navigation in mind. It was originally used as a tool for divination.\n\nBut a thousand years later, the Islamic world got hold of the compass. Just like the astrolabes, they improved the compass, cleverly updating the design.\n\n![Graph](image://c0583847-23d4-4235-b0fb-28b86349cda3 \"Chinese compass. Image: Victoria C, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nCompasses became the perfect tool for long-distance navigation – and by 1200 CE, almost every ship was carrying a compass on board.\n","ea5b1c51-93b4-40ad-b68e-f425f9d51a0f",[394,403],{"id":395,"data":396,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"7275eb41-a85e-44db-87d7-bc08dd0905d4",{"type":70,"reviewType":22,"spacingBehaviour":30,"binaryQuestion":397,"binaryCorrect":399,"binaryIncorrect":401},[398],"When Ancient China invented the compass, what was it used for?",[400],"Divination",[402],"Navigation",{"id":404,"data":405,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"97991625-9e83-447a-b716-bb675e02dd28",{"type":70,"reviewType":22,"spacingBehaviour":30,"binaryQuestion":406,"binaryCorrect":408,"binaryIncorrect":409},[407],"When Islamic inventors improved the compass, what was it used for?",[402],[400],{"id":411,"data":412,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":416},"caf6a1d3-a8a1-4868-86a2-96b6204a45e8",{"type":30,"title":413,"markdownContent":414,"audioMediaId":415},"Navigational Tools page 5","\nThe introduction of astrolabes and compasses was a revolution in long-distance navigation. And it wasn’t long before explorers found a way to use them both together.\n\nThe compass and astrolabe worked together along with a method of navigation called “dead reckoning”, which formed the backbone of navigation until the advent of modern navigational aids in the 18th century.\n\nThis method was called **dead reckoning**. It combined astrolabe readings with compass angles to calculate an accurate course. This method was extremely complex – we won’t try to explain it here – and it was a massive improvement on traditional navigational methods.\n\n![Graph](image://7ae7941c-649a-42f5-8bde-64573ef5e288 \"The complexity of dead reckoning. Image: Korektor, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nIn terms of technological advancements, dead reckoning was right up there with earlier innovations like crab-claw sails, catamarans, and biremes. By making navigation more accurate and reliable, it changed the nature of long-distance navigation forever.\n\n![Graph](image://302600d3-1daa-49a4-b1cb-80378040310d \"Exploratory ship. Image: Rijksmuseum, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n","e996b974-da0a-485f-a36e-3c6930f578fc",[417,425],{"id":418,"data":419,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"d1fdd0f6-d514-4833-9787-e89c0492402d",{"type":70,"reviewType":420,"spacingBehaviour":30,"clozeQuestion":421,"clozeWords":423},4,[422],"Dead reckoning combined astrolabe readings with compass angles to calculate an accurate course.",[424],"Dead reckoning",{"id":426,"data":427,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"5ff9cbbe-9df4-4c76-b2d5-680f0c67b6cc",{"type":70,"reviewType":175,"spacingBehaviour":30,"matchPairsQuestion":428,"matchPairsPairs":430,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},[429],"Match each tool to its inventor.",[431,434,437],{"left":432,"right":433,"direction":21},"Heavy astrolabes","Ancient Greece",{"left":435,"right":436,"direction":21},"Light astrolabes","Islamic World",{"left":438,"right":439,"direction":21},"Divination compasses","Ancient China",{"id":441,"data":442,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"orbs":444},"d1d77861-b645-4b9b-aae0-494868476378",{"type":27,"title":443,"tagline":443},"Beyond the Silk Road",[445,574,726,812],{"id":446,"data":447,"type":22,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"summaryPage":449,"introPage":458,"pages":465},"73ce67c3-dd38-4b94-b8e5-13c0bfb84715",{"type":22,"title":448},"Marco Polo",{"id":450,"data":451,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"9e525fe1-be63-499d-897a-b3ce8f360dcc",{"type":21,"title":452,"summary":453},"Marco Polo summary",[454,455,456,457],"Marco Polo traveled the entire length of the Silk Road to China.","Marco Polo was welcomed by Kublai Khan and worked as an advisor at the royal Mongol court.","Marco Polo's journey was documented in his book *Il Milione*.","Marco Polo's exploration was one of the most remarkable in history.",{"id":459,"data":460,"type":48,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"c156e823-7d06-4ade-a4d4-4bb3ffb84d05",{"type":48,"title":461,"intro":462},"Marco Polo intro",[463,464],"What made Marco Polo's journey along the Silk Road so unique compared to other merchants of his time?","What role did Marco Polo play in the court of Kublai Khan?",[466,480,496,514,542],{"id":467,"data":468,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":472},"e3d820ef-9ef3-45bb-96a0-5d422f8969b4",{"type":30,"title":469,"markdownContent":470,"audioMediaId":471},"Marco Polo page 1","So far, we’ve talked in general terms about civilizations like the Phoenicians and the Polynesians. But we haven’t looked at individual explorers: specific people who set out on quests to discover the wider world.\n\nOne of history’s most famous explorers grew up in the Middle Ages – that’s around the same time that dead reckoning was first being used on ships. During this period, the Eurasian continent was home to something called the **Silk Road**.\n\nIt was a sprawling network of overland trade routes, which stretched all the way from China in the east, to North Africa and Europe in the west. Merchants used the Silk Road to transport goods, especially **metals**, **spices** and **silks**.\n\n![Graph](image://e0b6ab67-b34c-450c-aadc-dc6c6a857b59 \"Map of the Silk Road. Image: User:Kelvin CaseUser:Turkish FlameUser:SmallJarsWithGreenLabels, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe Silk Road passed through sun-baked deserts, where sandstorms swirled on the horizon. It passed through mountain passes with frozen walls, and grasslands full of rough-maned stallions. It hugged the edges of inland seas, it wound through patches of damp-smelling forest.\n\nDoesn’t that sound like an interesting place to explore?\n\n![Graph](image://1163a0eb-cef4-4373-b627-607c8f9a5d46 \"Mountains and steeds. Image: Sigrid van Roode, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n","cc33dead-f56f-49d9-b26f-9f76be48de54",[473],{"id":474,"data":475,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"22177e64-e046-440a-aaa5-ea6519c0ea65",{"type":70,"reviewType":420,"spacingBehaviour":30,"clozeQuestion":476,"clozeWords":478},[477],"The Silk Road stretched from China in the east, to North Africa and Europe in the west.",[479],"China",{"id":481,"data":482,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":486},"5a214a5a-2288-4990-91f6-a2f8e04ad2a6",{"type":30,"title":483,"markdownContent":484,"audioMediaId":485},"Marco Polo page 2","\nIn general, merchants didn’t bother to travel the entire length of the Silk Road. Instead, any trade was typically conducted through relayed, segmented journeys.\n\nOne merchant would travel a hundred kilometers, and then sell his goods to a second merchant. That second merchant would travel another hundred kilometers… and so on.\n\nIt was never an easy journey. The merchants had to deal with storms, landslides, bandits, wolves… but there wasn’t any other option. In theory, a merchant could have sailed their goods from Asia to Europe around the African continent, but no one had ever made that journey. They didn’t know if it was possible.\n\n![Graph](image://d5890531-bb38-40d4-a987-c0d10651bbbe \"Could anyone sail around Africa? Image: Colohisto, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nSo merchants used the overland Silk Road. And to make up for all the dangers they faced, they charged staggering prices for their goods. Some Asian spices, like nutmeg and cinnamon, cost more in Europe than the **equivalent weight in gold**.\n","7480e42a-e820-4e0d-bec2-ab9969b9412f",[487],{"id":488,"data":489,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"a1d8834f-5eac-4d26-8ba7-4b71db18d050",{"type":70,"reviewType":22,"spacingBehaviour":30,"binaryQuestion":490,"binaryCorrect":492,"binaryIncorrect":494},[491],"In general, did Silk Road merchants charge high or low prices?",[493],"High prices - to compensate for the dangerous journey",[495],"Low prices - to offset any damaged goods",{"id":497,"data":498,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":502},"f48858ad-7ad0-4016-80fb-ee14adbd074d",{"type":30,"title":499,"markdownContent":500,"audioMediaId":501},"Marco Polo page 3","\nA lot of the goods that traveled along the Silk Road found themselves in **Venice**. This famous city was perfectly located: for anyone traveling in from the east, Venice was the gateway to Europe.\n\n![Graph](image://251f5154-a1cf-45cb-b36f-9ace92a67634 \"Map of the Silk Road. Image: User:Kelvin CaseUser:Turkish FlameUser:SmallJarsWithGreenLabels, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nWith all the silks and spices passing through the city, Venice became rich and powerful. If a European wanted cinnamon? They could get it in Venice. If a European wanted nutmeg? They could get it there as well.\n\nThe city was a sight to behold. Foreign merchants walked the streets, cloaks billowing like sails behind them. Canal boats swept past, piled high with spices: they smelled rich, foreign, sweet.\n\n![Graph](image://012d1e0a-f8e8-4187-a5c7-bde873326073 \"Venice in the Middle Ages. Image: James Holland, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nFor hundreds of years, other Europeans scrambled for alliances and trade deals. If Venice decided to cut them off, they’d lose access to the Silk Road, and all the goods coming in from Asia.\n","bb3ffbf9-ea42-47fa-874f-57f0d1fd9c60",[503],{"id":504,"data":505,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"b34a7d0f-afc6-48cc-9a0a-9648a48b7875",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":506,"multiChoiceCorrect":508,"multiChoiceIncorrect":510,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[507],"Which of these cities grew rich because of the Silk Road?",[509],"Venice",[511,512,513],"Paris","Lisbon","Moscow",{"id":515,"data":516,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":520},"d231c238-a1e2-4a7a-ac3c-7317c4e11159",{"type":30,"title":517,"markdownContent":518,"audioMediaId":519},"Marco Polo page 4","\nAt the height of Venetian wealth and power, a little boy was born in the city. He grew up on stories of the Silk Road. He grew up on the smell of spices.\n\nHis name was **Marco Polo**. And he grew up to be one of the most famous explorers the world has ever seen.\n\n![Graph](image://30cde456-9e42-4430-a924-123ee3c9b063 \"Marco Polo. Image: Salviati, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nAs we’ve already mentioned, merchants rarely (if ever) traveled the whole length of the Silk Road. Instead, they relied on a relay system. Traveling 6000 kilometers in a single journey was surely too much to take.\n\nMarco Polo disagreed with this. In 1271, at seventeen years of age, he set out from Venice with one goal in mind: to travel the entire length of the Silk Road, and make it all the way to China.\n","27341bcf-c61e-436b-9abf-e99cfb02c2ba",[521],{"id":522,"data":523,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"5424f60e-ad67-4b2d-8a2a-a5527e272d26",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"collapsingSiblings":524,"multiChoiceQuestion":528,"multiChoiceCorrect":530,"multiChoiceIncorrect":532,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":536,"orderQuestion":537,"orderItems":539},[525,526,527],"efaec144-1ed1-4acc-8830-040c4363ceae","d9018f7a-9335-4877-b8f6-cda6817eb70c","fd8ca483-9fa5-4b83-9674-4c0f71ab0069",[529],"What is the approximate length of the Silk Road?",[531],"3,700 miles (6000 km)",[533,534,535],"11,000 miles (17,700 km)","2,400 miles (3,900 km)","800 miles (1,300 km)",15,[538],"Put the following in order:",[540],{"label":541,"reveal":531,"sortOrder":22},"Approximate length of the Silk Road",{"id":543,"data":544,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":548},"227abb9c-36d6-48e2-b865-04ae995d90f0",{"type":30,"title":545,"markdownContent":546,"audioMediaId":547},"Marco Polo page 5","\nMarco Polo’s journey east unfolded over several years. He traveled through Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, before finally reaching China. Along the way, he battled illness, fought off bandits, saw crocodiles…\n\n![Graph](image://ae6278e2-11c8-479d-b9b1-6428b9488088 \"Map of Marco Polo's route. Image: SY, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nHe continued through China, and eventually arrived in the capital city of **Shangdu**. There, he was greeted by **Kublai Khan** – the Mongol emperor of China. Kublai Khan was a powerful man with a booming voice and a long, dark beard.\n\n![Graph](image://4e7cbf43-cd72-41bb-9729-4ae569c1536a \"Kublai Khan. Image: Anige of Nepal - an astronomer, engineer, painter and confidant of Kublai Khan., Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nKublai Khan was impressed by Marco Polo. He offered him the chance to work as an **advisor** at the royal Mongol court. Marco Polo stayed there for seventeen years, before traveling back to Europe.\n\nHe wrote an account of his travels: *Il Milione*. In the history of long-distance exploration, there aren’t many individual people who have been on a journey as long and remarkable as this one.\n","b53c75e5-2bff-4b45-811f-26fecbe00a72",[549,556],{"id":550,"data":551,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"2d73f406-d643-40fd-aeed-10d23b333a37",{"type":70,"reviewType":30,"spacingBehaviour":30,"activeRecallQuestion":552,"activeRecallAnswers":554},[553],"What was the name of Kublai Khan's capital, where Marco Polo worked as an advisor?",[555],"Shangdu",{"id":557,"data":558,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"a3c01b6b-63d2-47d6-8dbe-c7024c22001a",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"collapsingSiblings":559,"multiChoiceQuestion":563,"multiChoiceCorrect":565,"multiChoiceIncorrect":566,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":570,"matchPairsPairs":571},[560,561,562],"0e79b51c-7f7f-4b3f-9f8b-7df2ef1c1d37","05b95b7e-fad7-4478-a253-dab1440c33dd","9a9a5f74-fe15-4e10-8d63-0bc2c3311017",[564],"Who was the advisor to Kublai Khan?",[448],[567,568,569],"Bartolomeu Dias","Metacomet","Vasco da Gama",[100],[572],{"left":448,"right":573,"direction":21},"Advisor to Kublai Khan",{"id":575,"data":576,"type":22,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"summaryPage":578,"introPage":587,"pages":594},"5cd523c9-baff-41c6-b2c3-80431680f645",{"type":22,"title":577},"Prince Henry",{"id":579,"data":580,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"bc825af0-af8a-40ba-b737-676fcc53d929",{"type":21,"title":581,"summary":582},"Prince Henry summary",[583,584,585,586],"Venice was a rich city in the 15th century due to the Silk Road.","Prince Henry the Navigator was obsessed with exploring the west coast of Africa.","Henry invented the caravel, a fast and nimble ship for exploration.","He established a navigational school at Sagres to train the best navigators.",{"id":588,"data":589,"type":48,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"9fd9ab11-2a78-4e13-aab8-8cc3aa2405e3",{"type":48,"title":590,"intro":591},"Prince Henry intro",[592,593],"What was Prince Henry's innovative system for exploiting the coast of West Africa?","Why was the location of Sagres significant for Prince Henry's navigational school?",[595,601,619,648,675,700],{"id":596,"data":597,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"5b87ab36-e0ef-42f3-91ad-3808b60a7ec1",{"type":30,"title":598,"markdownContent":599,"audioMediaId":600},"Prince Henry page 1","In the early 15th century, Venice was still one of the richest cities in Europe. For centuries, they had lived off the spoils of the Silk Road – and it didn’t look as though the situation was ever going to change.\n\nOther European powers were jealous. Other European powers were angry. And some of them decided to send out ships, in the hope of finding new sources of income of their own.\n\n![Graph](image://aa06851b-52d7-42a1-9fe2-56b6b387cdc2 \"European ships. Image: Charles Bevalet, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThis period of history is sometimes referred to as the **Age of Exploration**. It saw European nations striking outwards, following in the footsteps of the Phoenicians and the Polynesians – those ancient seafarers who explored the world before them.\n","84788ffe-16c7-49b4-ba08-eac8847a46d2",{"id":602,"data":603,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":607},"e5217b1f-85d0-4b9b-8e01-a63fb04ce4e9",{"type":30,"title":604,"markdownContent":605,"audioMediaId":606},"Prince Henry page 2","\nAt the heart of Europe’s Age of Exploration was a man named **Henry the Navigator**. He was a Portuguese prince, with three older brothers, and little hope of becoming king.\n\nBut Henry the Navigator didn’t need to be king. He was too busy changing the world.\n\n![Graph](image://71d42845-9841-40bc-b2f4-5f24de5615be \"Prince Henry. Image: Nuno Gonçalves, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nPrince Henry the Navigator was obsessed with the idea of long-distance exploration. He was particularly interested in the **west coast of Africa**, which spread out to the south of Portugal.\n\n![Graph](image://73c119b4-773e-4b99-af3f-afed71bed40e \"Map of Portugal and West Africa. Image: FranciscoCPPEW, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nHenry viewed Africa as a glittering jewel, just waiting to be exploited. He didn’t care about the people who lived in Africa. He wanted to claim the continent’s riches for Portugal.\n","d064a049-a4a1-4b50-9a85-0676b6fc15c7",[608],{"id":609,"data":610,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"d3db6963-b292-4cf2-8d62-e364f1000888",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":611,"multiChoiceCorrect":613,"multiChoiceIncorrect":615,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[612],"Which area of the world did Prince Henry want to exploit?",[614],"West coast of Africa",[616,617,618],"East coast of Africa","West coast of Asia","East coast of Asia",{"id":620,"data":621,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":625},"df8aa072-5492-4d11-b341-1c75e9630b1a",{"type":30,"title":622,"markdownContent":623,"audioMediaId":624},"Prince Henry page 3","\nPrince Henry knew that it wouldn’t be easy to exploit the coast of West Africa. The Atlantic Ocean was rough and unpredictable, and European ships were too slow and cumbersome to safely make the journey.\n\nSo what did he do? He invented a new type of ship. Just like the Phoenicians with their biremes, and the Polynesians with their catamarans, Portugal entered the field of maritime innovation.\n\nHenry built a boat called a **caravel**. It was small and light and quick across the water, with triangular sails that were capable of sailing directly into the wind. These sails were basically a new-and-improved version of Polynesian crab-claw sails.\n\n![Graph](image://707e4631-0a1b-40c7-8faf-c367c197a8fc \"Caravel. Image: AnonymousUnknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nExplorers loved the caravel. It didn’t have much space for crew and cargo – but for a small team of sailors, there was no better way to travel.\n","8591033a-34e0-450f-b917-ef23284f65c8",[626,637],{"id":110,"data":627,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"collapsingSiblings":628,"multiChoiceQuestion":629,"multiChoiceCorrect":631,"multiChoiceIncorrect":632,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":633,"matchPairsPairs":634},[105,108,109],[630],"Which of the following applies to Caravels?",[118],[114,116,117],[100],[635],{"left":636,"right":118,"direction":21},"Caravel",{"id":638,"data":639,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"7482fc0e-90d4-4ae8-9902-d128d98cc7d9",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":640,"multiChoiceCorrect":642,"multiChoiceIncorrect":645,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[641],"Why were caravels popular with explorers?",[643,644],"They were quick and nimble","They could sail against the wind:multi",[646,647],"They had lots of space for cargo","They were solid and sturdy",{"id":649,"data":650,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":654},"1f45293d-8c4f-43c6-959d-25ceeaa5ac24",{"type":30,"title":651,"markdownContent":652,"audioMediaId":653},"Prince Henry page 4","\nPrince Henry also invested heavily in a type of ship called a **carrack**. These traditional vessels were large and square-sailed – they weren’t as nimble as caravels, but they were stable and reliable in choppy seas, and had a lot more space for cargo.\n\n![Graph](image://97ecec5b-ca35-4477-90d6-25d978a3f94c \"Carrack. Image: Militärhistorikern, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nPrince Henry planned to use caravels and carracks in combination. First, the caravels would whip along the coast of West Africa, searching for sources of gold and other tradable goods.\n\nIf they found any, the carracks would be sent to the location, where they could be loaded up, then sent back up the coast to Portugal.\n\n![Graph](image://1d4d7ad7-84fe-4484-8521-f26313da6885 \"Carrack (left) and caravel (right). Images: Akigka, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/>, via Wikimedia Commons; Akigka, CC BY 2.5 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nIt was a simple system, but an innovative one. Henry the Navigator was changing the way that Europeans thought about exploration.\n","3b6d0fdf-0309-4893-b795-a502535ff333",[655,666],{"id":109,"data":656,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"collapsingSiblings":657,"multiChoiceQuestion":658,"multiChoiceCorrect":660,"multiChoiceIncorrect":661,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":662,"matchPairsPairs":663},[105,108,110],[659],"Which of the below applies to Carracks?",[117],[114,116,118],[100],[664],{"left":665,"right":117,"direction":21},"Carrack",{"id":667,"data":668,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"27a9e27c-d8d2-4ea6-b3ab-b7cd830fd91a",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":669,"multiChoiceCorrect":671,"multiChoiceIncorrect":673,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[670],"Why were carracks popular with explorers?",[646,672],"They were solid and sturdy:multi",[643,674],"They could sail against the wind",{"id":676,"data":677,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":681},"15367225-2e53-49c8-a95d-f0f5626630e6",{"type":30,"title":678,"markdownContent":679,"audioMediaId":680},"Prince Henry page 5","\nPrince Henry didn’t stop at shipbuilding. He also established a navigational school, where he funded research into navigation techniques, as well as astronomy, geography, and cartography.\n\nHe set up this school at **Sagres**: a little spit of land at the southernmost tip of Portugal.\n\n![Graph](image://e112e863-6d3c-416c-9e5a-733b713a3add \"Map of Portugal. Image: FranciscoCPPEW, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nFrom the school, Prince Henry could gaze across the ocean, out in the direction of Africa. Behind him, his researchers were hard at work, writing maps, planning routes, testing compasses and astrolabes.\n\n![Graph](image://c21f41d3-91c0-40b5-a19b-45db2f1d8afe \"Sagres. Image: Rui Glória, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n","11a81bef-46b6-4a63-a575-c976984fe259",[682],{"id":683,"data":684,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"7d08eb67-c244-4c4b-a94a-c9877fb72111",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"collapsingSiblings":685,"multiChoiceQuestion":689,"multiChoiceCorrect":691,"multiChoiceIncorrect":692,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":696,"matchPairsPairs":697},[686,687,688],"4ac2b695-d5e7-4dea-98e3-0abdd3106417","0ccc7247-196c-49fc-96c0-e3945a531686","8bcc4a88-f896-46c1-860a-b13a1a991315",[690],"Who was the founder of a navigation school?",[577],[693,694,695],"King Manuel I of Portugal","King Henry VIII","Catherine of Aragon",[100],[698],{"left":577,"right":699,"direction":21},"Founded a navigation school",{"id":701,"data":702,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":706},"262e7a0a-9e49-48cf-b158-29c32b6e079a",{"type":30,"title":703,"markdownContent":704,"audioMediaId":705},"Prince Henry page 6","\nWith the nimble caravels, and the stable carracks, Portugal now had the very best ships in Europe. With the school at Sagres, they also had the very best navigators.\n\nPrince Henry had created the perfect set-up: now, he just had to send out his ships and see what they managed to find.\n\nHis first ships quickly explored the coast of Morocco, heading down towards modern-day Mauritania.\n\nBut this was only the beginning of new era of much more ambitious voyages to come.\n","78182078-1afd-46c2-8d4d-7c399482ab49",[707],{"id":708,"data":709,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"90c320d9-6125-4dc7-8655-d438d95618e2",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"collapsingSiblings":710,"multiChoiceQuestion":714,"multiChoiceCorrect":716,"multiChoiceIncorrect":718,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":722,"matchPairsPairs":723},[711,712,713],"0505549c-b098-459c-ada3-80192d483c71","9a097179-1384-49fe-8f95-392723538bb9","f227aa62-d568-4d30-94c9-fdd9d18a5bba",[715],"Which of these applies to Sagres?",[717],"Location of Prince Henry's navigational school",[719,720,721],"Known for spices like nutmeg and cloves","Columbus's landing site","Uninhabited islands used for sugar plantations",[100],[724],{"left":725,"right":717,"direction":21},"Sagres",{"id":727,"data":728,"type":22,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"summaryPage":730,"introPage":739,"pages":746},"2eedfbf1-5b96-462a-8f66-ead0d3091740",{"type":22,"title":729},"The Fall of Constantinople",{"id":731,"data":732,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"9ef71cd5-0c6e-4b5f-a44a-f5e4cb39385a",{"type":21,"title":733,"summary":734},"The Fall of Constantinople summary",[735,736,737,738],"Constantinople fell to the Ottomans in 1453, changing European trade routes.","The fall of Constantinople led to increased Portuguese exploration.","Portuguese caravels reached modern-day Ghana by 1482.","Elmina Castle was established as a trading outpost for gold.",{"id":740,"data":741,"type":48,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"b060022b-394f-4fe9-8e92-52e82f2a7943",{"type":48,"title":742,"intro":743},"The Fall of Constantinople intro",[744,745],"What significant event in 1453 marked a turning point in European history?","Why was the fall of Constantinople a catalyst for Portuguese exploration?",[747,753,798],{"id":748,"data":749,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"eb02823b-9843-46a9-b2ea-0fd3d9f35c7a",{"type":30,"title":750,"markdownContent":751,"audioMediaId":752},"The Fall of Constantinople page 1","All the while the Republic of Venice had been dominating the Mediterranean, and Prince Henry setting up the foundations of Portuguese exploration, a force from the east had been gaining power, and putting pressure on important hubs of trade and transport: the Ottoman empire.\n\nBetween the 4th century and 15th century CE, eastern Europe was dominated by the Byzantine Empire, a continuation of the Roman Empire that existed in the eastern Mediterranean.\n\nIt was founded by the Roman Emperor Constantine, who made the city of Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) the new capital of the Roman Empire.\n\nBecause of its location on the edge of Asia and the Mediterranean Sea, the city was a major hub of trade and an entry point to the Silk Road. It connected Europe to the markets of the East.\n","20323c6e-7c20-4139-9716-696339e26db3",{"id":754,"data":755,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":759},"700f7e89-e6cb-47da-8ee6-9db738d7f826",{"type":30,"title":756,"markdownContent":757,"audioMediaId":758},"The Fall of Constantinople page 2","\nYet from the 13th century, Byzantium came under pressure from the increasingly powerful Ottoman empire, led by a series of Turkish-speaking “Sultans”.\n\nAnd in 1453, the City of Constantinople finally fell to the Ottomans, marking a significant turning point in the history of Europe with far-reaching implications for trade.\n\nEuropean states – now used to access to exotic goods from across the globe, had explored new options not via land, but by sea.\n\nTherefore, although Prince Henry died in 1460, the motivation for further-flung exploration only increased.\n\nWith every passing year, Portuguese caravels followed the African coastline further south. And an exciting idea started to crop up: what if they could reach the end of Africa, and find a way to sail around it?\n\nThe Silk Road was still the only link between Asia and Europe. But if Portugal managed to sail around Africa, they could establish an alternative route. It was a staggering idea and something that even Henry the Navigator might never have dared to imagine.\n\n![Graph](image://a9505f86-2475-4634-9f2c-5090e7bac5fc \"The Cape of Good Hope. Image: Zaian (talk) at en.wikipedia, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n","7d35c492-5d3e-4dae-9839-6512eeeabccb",[760,779],{"id":761,"data":762,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"217bcd88-768b-418a-b70d-55cfd0cae557",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"collapsingSiblings":763,"multiChoiceQuestion":767,"multiChoiceCorrect":769,"multiChoiceIncorrect":771,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":30,"orderQuestion":775,"orderItems":776},[764,765,766],"68d2f148-525b-4883-8ba7-f0e7913d5b7c","983fa0a1-73a9-4e71-a234-3bcde9d81fe9","40b48035-2dae-4cc8-a0e8-631e604d23a0",[768],"In which year did the fall of Constantinople occur?",[770],"1453",[772,773,774],"1479","1492","1498",[538],[777],{"label":778,"reveal":770,"sortOrder":4},"Year of the fall of Constantinople",{"id":780,"data":781,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"12305577-db07-4718-a9bc-fa51b9c0bbdb",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"collapsingSiblings":782,"multiChoiceQuestion":786,"multiChoiceCorrect":788,"multiChoiceIncorrect":790,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":794,"matchPairsPairs":795},[783,784,785],"97ee0bc0-86b7-4942-b9d6-c1dab0dacc5a","be2030ec-99ac-42a3-ac01-475e9195b30a","6797331b-0aab-43ab-bc19-9b5fc14108d0",[787],"Which of these was a consequence of the fall of Constantinople?",[789],"End of European access to Silk Road",[791,792,793],"Unification of Aragon and Castile.","End of the Reconquista","End of the Aztec Empire.",[100],[796],{"left":797,"right":789,"direction":21},"Fall of Constantinople",{"id":799,"data":800,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":804},"072d1930-9abd-4242-8d9a-4eefdbcf5447",{"type":30,"title":801,"markdownContent":802,"audioMediaId":803},"The Fall of Constantinople page 3","\nBy 1482, the Portuguese caravels had made it all the way to modern-day Ghana. It was an incredible voyage that no European had managed to make before. When they got there, they set up a trading outpost, and called it **Elmina Castle**.\n\n![Graph](image://5333d19d-2381-4617-944e-e4593b3b541f \"Map of route to Elmina Castle. Image: FranciscoCPPEW, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nElmina Castle was originally built as a hub for trading gold. There was plenty of it in the region – square-sailed carracks came to port, then sailed away, creaking beneath the weight of those glittering riches.\n\n![Graph](image://a2d98597-d776-45b7-993c-8f0e401c7b5e \"Elmina Castle today. Image: Francisco Anzola, CC BY 2.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n","d16ce9ec-f10c-4faf-b4da-7d74688dbeff",[805],{"id":806,"data":807,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"60b5dbc4-c5b2-4132-a918-6cbeade1efe5",{"type":70,"reviewType":30,"spacingBehaviour":30,"activeRecallQuestion":808,"activeRecallAnswers":810},[809],"What was the name of the first Portuguese outpost in Ghana?",[811],"Elmina Castle",{"id":813,"data":814,"type":22,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"summaryPage":815,"introPage":824,"pages":831},"22a72540-b5f7-4afe-95b9-4c126274b61b",{"type":22,"title":569},{"id":816,"data":817,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"dc2fe35c-e301-4cf8-a7c9-2e5818059714",{"type":21,"title":818,"summary":819},"Vasco da Gama summary",[820,821,822,823],"Bartolomeu Dias sailed around the Cape of Good Hope in 1488.","Vasco da Gama reached the coast of Asia in 1498.","Portuguese trading posts challenged the Silk Road.","The Portuguese established a post in the Spice Islands in 1511.",{"id":825,"data":826,"type":48,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"2ea7bf1d-ee84-4d5f-9176-f92871bc5a22",{"type":48,"title":827,"intro":828},"Vasco da Gama intro",[829,830],"Who was the first explorer to establish a sea route between Europe and Asia?","Why were the Moluccas, also known as the Spice Islands, significant to the Portuguese explorers?",[832,838,856,874],{"id":833,"data":834,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"020b3e0b-1eda-4632-b18c-3e3a750aed9e",{"type":30,"title":835,"markdownContent":836,"audioMediaId":837},"Vasco da Gama page 1","With powerful trading posts like Elmina Castle where ships could stop to restock, repair, and get to know the local waters, the Portuguese were within reach of their dream to bypass the Silk Road.\n\nIn 1488, a convoy of ships, led by a noble explorer named **Bartolomeu Dias**, set off from southern Portugal. They sailed all the way down the coast of Africa – then looped around the Cape of Good Hope, right at the southern tip.\n\n![Graph](image://9ed4354c-33bb-4002-89da-496f9a06e5fc \"Map of the Dias voyage. Image: Francisco CPPEW, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThey didn’t continue to Asia. That day would have to wait. Instead, they traveled back to Portugal.\n","35c551ba-c65f-4051-9c6b-d0d52f12b258",{"id":839,"data":840,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":844},"9ba8def7-eece-4113-b3f8-f1d9a6861f04",{"type":30,"title":841,"markdownContent":842,"audioMediaId":843},"Vasco da Gama page 2","\nTen years after Bartolomeu Dias made his famous trip around the Cape of Good Hope, another Portuguese explorer went one step further. His name was **Vasco da Gama**.\n\n![Graph](image://28c84e77-1333-4e5f-ba7f-1ade4ab39b93 \"Vasco da Gama. Image: António Manuel da Fonseca, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nVasco da Gama was tall and impressive – the son of a royal knight. He set off from Portugal in 1497 at the head of a powerful carrack. Three other ships came with him, including a second carrack and a caravel.\n\nAfter a three-month journey, they reached the Cape of Good Hope. They sailed around it – then started to continue upwards. In 1498, a full year after originally departing Portugal, they managed the impossible: they touched down on the coast of Asia.\n\n![Graph](image://651a9134-bb59-4e8b-9ef0-f913bc5d88b7 \"Map of the Da Gama voyage. Image: Francisco CPPEW, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nHistorians view Vasco da Gama’s voyage as a landmark in the history of exploration. Nobody had ever made such a journey – and by establishing a sea route between Europe and Asia, this moment changed the course of history forever.\n","eaa97cdd-0dc8-4b20-9f9c-8fc620e364b3",[845],{"id":766,"data":846,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"collapsingSiblings":847,"multiChoiceQuestion":848,"multiChoiceCorrect":850,"multiChoiceIncorrect":851,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":30,"orderQuestion":852,"orderItems":853},[761,764,765],[849],"In which year did Vasco da Gama reach Asia?",[774],[770,772,773],[538],[854],{"label":855,"reveal":774,"sortOrder":21},"Year Vasco da Gama reached Asia",{"id":857,"data":858,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":862},"4aa3f185-ad9b-494a-937b-04dbc5dbae22",{"type":30,"title":859,"markdownContent":860,"audioMediaId":861},"Vasco da Gama page 3","\nIn the first few years of the 16th century, following in Vasco da Gama’s footsteps, Portuguese ships made further voyages to Asia.\n\nWhen they got there, they set up **trading posts**, just as they had done along the coast of Africa, in places like Elmina Castle. It was a similar approach to Phoenician explorers hundreds of years earlier.\n\nThese trading posts were strategically chosen to help the Portuguese gain a foothold in Asia, and start to challenge the Silk Road.\n\n![Graph](image://2d36e891-61c5-46bb-a1b0-0f7a1d9e5026 \"Map of Portuguese outposts (marked red). Image: Gabriel Ziegler, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n","43671552-2230-4de0-a974-361eb7af4e43",[863],{"id":561,"data":864,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"collapsingSiblings":865,"multiChoiceQuestion":866,"multiChoiceCorrect":868,"multiChoiceIncorrect":869,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":870,"matchPairsPairs":871},[560,557,562],[867],"Who was the first European to sail around the Cape of Good Hope?",[567],[568,448,569],[100],[872],{"left":567,"right":873,"direction":21},"First European to sail around the Cape of Good Hope",{"id":875,"data":876,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":880},"bc4fb249-c424-403d-8f03-786a30068f5c",{"type":30,"title":877,"markdownContent":878,"audioMediaId":879},"Vasco da Gama page 4","\nIn the summer of 1511, they established a post in the **Moluccas**: a cluster of islands which were also known as the Spice Islands. These islands were one of the only places in the entire world where spices like nutmeg and cloves could properly grow.\n\n![Graph](image://03b9008a-7b39-4e65-a968-3713f3a0043a \"Raw nutmeg. Image: Terrence Coombes, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nWhen they carried these spices home from the Moluccas, the Portuguese ended the old monopoly of the Silk Road. For hundreds of years, that famous route had lived its life unchallenged. But the Portuguese managed to change that. They ushered in a brand new age of European maritime exploration – one that\n\n![Graph](image://5ab5931b-84da-49e7-9b45-489664f9146e \"Map of Portuguese sea route. Image: Colohisto, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n","c7f5893c-956f-4f21-bbba-d8cecd3a63d7",[881,894],{"id":711,"data":882,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"collapsingSiblings":883,"multiChoiceQuestion":884,"multiChoiceCorrect":886,"multiChoiceIncorrect":888,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":890,"matchPairsPairs":891},[708,712,713],[885],"Which of the following applies to the Moluccas?",[887],"Known for spices like nutmeg and cloves.",[717,889,721],"Columbus's landing site.",[100],[892],{"left":893,"right":887,"direction":21},"Moluccas",{"id":562,"data":895,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"collapsingSiblings":896,"multiChoiceQuestion":897,"multiChoiceCorrect":899,"multiChoiceIncorrect":900,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":901,"matchPairsPairs":902},[560,561,557],[898],"Who was the first European to reach India by sea?",[569],[567,568,448],[100],[903],{"left":569,"right":904,"direction":21},"First European to reach India by sea",{"id":906,"data":907,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"orbs":909},"0c05c65b-eb05-4990-ac19-20e222f88d61",{"type":27,"title":908,"tagline":908},"The Americas",[910,1146,1259],{"id":911,"data":912,"type":22,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"summaryPage":914,"introPage":923,"pages":930},"1314c48f-3a43-4a25-9640-a64d5034708d",{"type":22,"title":913},"Christopher Columbus",{"id":915,"data":916,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"b43d5135-c078-48d9-831d-816178f1403c",{"type":21,"title":917,"summary":918},"Christopher Columbus summary",[919,920,921,922],"Columbus believed he had reached Asia, but actually discovered a new continent.","Leif Eriksson was the first European to set foot in America.","Columbus was born in Italy, worked for Portugal, and eventually gained support from Spain.","Columbus landed in the Bahamas, established the first European settlement in the Americas.",{"id":924,"data":925,"type":48,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"8f36cde5-d808-4892-99e5-963327c67336",{"type":48,"title":926,"intro":927},"Christopher Columbus intro",[928,929],"What was the daring plan Columbus proposed to the Portuguese royal family in 1484?","Why did Columbus name the first European settlement on the American continent La Navidad?",[931,960,993,1022,1070],{"id":932,"data":933,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":937},"0406082e-ab55-42c4-95a4-670427c20326",{"type":30,"title":934,"markdownContent":935,"audioMediaId":936},"Christopher Columbus page 1","On an autumn morning in 1492, Christopher Columbus first set foot on what he believed to be Asia. His long and difficult voyage had been for the purpose of finding a new route to India.\n\n!\\[Graph\\](image://fc863a1c-c152-411f-a63e-9c6969bd70b3 \"Christopher Columbus\")\n\nPrevious routes had been forced to sail east around the whole continent of Africa. But Columbus had instead journeyed west, across the vast expanse of the Atlantic Ocean.\n\nStanding finally on land, Columbus assumed his mission had succeeded.\n\n![Graph](image://c7e596ba-1746-4a32-861d-2de76fe51008 \"An illustration of Columbus making landfall\")\n\nWhat no one yet knew was that an entire continent stood between Europe and East Asia.\n\nThis realization would begin a new era of European exploration and, eventually, almost total colonization of the Americas.","449c2177-36c5-41f0-b385-0f0efcb10a65",[938,949],{"id":765,"data":939,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"collapsingSiblings":940,"multiChoiceQuestion":941,"multiChoiceCorrect":943,"multiChoiceIncorrect":944,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":30,"orderQuestion":945,"orderItems":946},[761,764,766],[942],"In which year did Columbus embark on his first voyage?",[773],[770,772,774],[538],[947],{"label":948,"reveal":773,"sortOrder":22},"Year of Columbus's first voyage",{"id":950,"data":951,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"c54738b5-d3e8-46ff-845f-2ee4fe3d1a90",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":952,"multiChoiceCorrect":954,"multiChoiceIncorrect":956,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[953],"What was Columbus's main aim when he set sail across the Atlantic?",[955],"To find an alternative route to India",[957,958,959],"To discover a new continent","To claim new lands for Spain","To circumnavigate the globe",{"id":961,"data":962,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":966},"d40156b6-e981-437b-a431-5258c4f65914",{"type":30,"title":963,"markdownContent":964,"audioMediaId":965},"Christopher Columbus page 2","\nThe first transatlantic voyages were undertaken by the Norsemen, who sailed from Scandinavia to North America in the 11th century.\n\n![Graph](image://c55c251b-0847-405a-b462-58d49ac91f4d “Leif Eriksson”)\n\nLeif Eriksson is credited with being the first European to set foot on American soil, and his journey was documented in Icelandic sagas such as The Saga of Erik the Red. These stories tell of a land called Vinland which was discovered by Eriksson and his crew during their voyage.\n\nIt is believed that this land may have been located somewhere along the coast of Newfoundland or Labrador in Canada.\n\nThese early voyages did not lead to any permanent settlements, with colonization beginning with the famous voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1492.\n","f49534e6-9d96-4199-95b4-aff78352d09e",[967,982],{"id":968,"data":969,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"569debec-a545-4ae5-b544-279e0b05e86b",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":970,"multiChoiceCorrect":972,"multiChoiceIncorrect":974,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":978,"matchPairsPairs":979},[971],"Who was the initial European explorer to land on American soil?",[973],"Leif Eriksson",[975,976,977],"Willem Janszoon","Abel Tasman","Francis Bacon",[100],[980],{"left":973,"right":981,"direction":21},"Was the first European to set foot on America",{"id":983,"data":984,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"64e5aff8-dc79-4a5c-8d6f-751e1b54d946",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":985,"multiChoiceCorrect":987,"multiChoiceIncorrect":989,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[986],"In which century did the Norsemen undertake their first transatlantic voyages?",[988],"11th century",[990,991,992],"10th century","12th century","13th century",{"id":994,"data":995,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":999},"603978fe-5c9d-4160-b2df-34756aa3108b",{"type":30,"title":996,"markdownContent":997,"audioMediaId":998},"Christopher Columbus page 3","\nSo who was Christopher Columbus, and how did he come to take the voyage that would change the world forever?\n\n![Graph](image://4eefd6a2-37d4-47ac-9fbc-efd485b94ef2 \"A portrait of Christopher Columbus\")\n\nBorn in Genoa, Italy in 1451, Columbus had a passion for the sea from an early age. He worked as a sailor on merchant ships before joining the Portuguese Navy – at that time, one of the most powerful navies on earth.\n\nIn this role, he developed his navigational skills and knowledge of geography, as well as an itching desire to explore.\n\nIn 1484, Columbus presented a daring plan to the Portuguese royal family: to reach Asia by sailing westward across the Atlantic Ocean\n\nKing John II of Portugal, however, was sceptical.\n\nThe King believed that Columbus had vastly underestimated the distance of his voyage, and so promptly rejected the proposal.\n\nUndeterred, Columbus continued searching for support, and finally received the backing of Portugal’s major rival: Spain.\n","0dd7e364-1c86-4406-958e-0cac9f41bbd1",[1000,1011],{"id":1001,"data":1002,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"29619fdf-7fa0-4792-a527-8d25abef19a1",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1003,"multiChoiceCorrect":1005,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1007,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1004],"What nationality was Christopher Columbus?",[1006],"Italian",[1008,1009,1010],"Portuguese","Spanish","French",{"id":1012,"data":1013,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"ca477b52-ad0c-4f6f-b6a2-187ae1a949d0",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1014,"multiChoiceCorrect":1016,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1018,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1015],"Why did the King of Portugal reject Columbus' proposal?",[1017],"Columbus underestimated the distance",[1019,1020,1021],"Columbus was too inexperienced","Columbus was not Portuguese","The plan was too expensive",{"id":1023,"data":1024,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":1028},"e6f968cd-69a8-4182-904d-09902d83d3a2",{"type":30,"title":1025,"markdownContent":1026,"audioMediaId":1027},"Christopher Columbus page 4","\nThe Spanish court shared King John II of Portugal’s doubts. But keen to gain a competitive edge over the Portuguese, during a time of frenzied exploration, they were willing to take the risk.\n\nThe recent historical context sheds light on their decision. In 1479, 4 years before Columbus’s first proposal in Portugal, the marriage of two new Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand II and Isabella, unified the formerly separate Spanish regions of Aragon and Castile.\n\n![Graph](image://d2d6fec5-8090-4ce1-96ae-e358eb82a20c \"A portrait of Ferdinand and Isabella\")\n\nTheir rule also oversaw the end of the “Reconquista”, a centuries-long struggle between Christian and Muslim forces in the Iberian Peninsula. The fall of the Islamic city of Granada in 1492 marked the end of Islamic rule in Spain.\n\nThe new Spanish monarchs were eager to capitalize on their newfound freedom and provided Columbus with money, three ships, supplies, and crew members for his journey.\n\nIn return, Ferdinand and Isabella expected to gain access to new lands that could be colonized or used as trading posts.\n","5e9e97e7-9cd6-486f-a6b1-8706cee5d606",[1029,1039,1050,1060],{"id":764,"data":1030,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1031,"multiChoiceCorrect":1033,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1034,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":30,"orderQuestion":1035,"orderItems":1036},[1032],"In which year did Ferdinand II and Isabella get married?",[772],[770,773,774],[538],[1037],{"label":1038,"reveal":772,"sortOrder":30},"Year of the marriage of Ferdinand II and Isabella",{"id":1040,"data":1041,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"71178ff5-4a65-42e3-8264-49393337f0c2",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1042,"multiChoiceCorrect":1044,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1048,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1043],"Why did the Spanish court accept Columbus' proposal?",[1045,1046,1047],"Capitalizing on new freedom following the Reconquista","They hoped to colonize land","Competition with Portugal:multi",[1049],"Competition with Britain",{"id":784,"data":1051,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1052,"multiChoiceCorrect":1054,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1055,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1056,"matchPairsPairs":1057},[1053],"Which of these was a consequence of the fall of the Islamic city of Granada?",[792],[791,793,789],[100],[1058],{"left":1059,"right":792,"direction":21},"Fall of Islamic city of Granada",{"id":783,"data":1061,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1062,"multiChoiceCorrect":1064,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1065,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1066,"matchPairsPairs":1067},[1063],"Which of these was a consequence of the marriage of Ferdinand II and Isabella?",[791],[792,793,789],[100],[1068],{"left":1069,"right":791,"direction":21},"Marriage of Ferdinand II and Isabella",{"id":1071,"data":1072,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":1076},"82456f57-3c1d-4e7c-aab8-ab982b2bf629",{"type":30,"title":1073,"markdownContent":1074,"audioMediaId":1075},"Christopher Columbus page 5","\nAfter a long journey across the Atlantic, with three ships (named the Niña, Pinta, and Santa Maria) in October 1492, Columbus and his crew of 100 men spotted land.\n\nThey had landed on an island in the Bahamas, which Columbus named San Salvador (‘Holy Savior’), and began to explore several other islands in the Caribbean, including Cuba and Hispaniola (present-day Haiti and the Dominican Republic), encountering the indigenous Taíno people.\n\n![Graph](image://762120a6-5d7f-4e24-aa92-d0605dc6e0f3 \"A map showing Hispaniola (today's Dominican Republic and Haiti), Cuba, and the Bahamas\")\n\nOn December 25, 1492, the Santa María ran aground on a reef off the coast of Hispaniola. Columbus ordered the ship to be dismantled, and he left behind a group of men to establish a settlement, which he named La Navidad (“The Nativity” or “Christmas”).\n\nLa Navidad was the first European settlement on the American continent.\n","1dc61b5a-43ad-4c4b-a456-aaaf9b10e4b3",[1077,1089,1104,1120,1129],{"id":1078,"data":1079,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"bbb7d86f-7929-4d63-a201-75af60f22ea3",{"type":70,"reviewType":175,"spacingBehaviour":30,"matchPairsQuestion":1080,"matchPairsPairs":1082,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},[1081],"Match the islands named by Columbus with their modern nations.",[1083,1086],{"left":1084,"right":1085,"direction":21},"San Salvador","Bahamas",{"left":1087,"right":1088,"direction":21},"Hispaniola","Haiti and Dominican Republic",{"id":1090,"data":1091,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"a5ab93a1-bb73-454c-b43e-bf0a1c250482",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1092,"multiChoiceCorrect":1094,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1096,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1100,"matchPairsPairs":1101},[1093],"What was a consequence of the grounding of the Santa María?",[1095],"Establishment of La Navidad",[1097,1098,1099],"Led to the realization of a new continent","Claiming of Brazil for Portugal","Observed transit of Venus",[100],[1102],{"left":1103,"right":1095,"direction":21},"Grounding of the Santa María",{"id":1105,"data":1106,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"ac4006d7-26d6-490d-9270-7ebd7f2c40e1",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1107,"multiChoiceCorrect":1109,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1111,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1115,"matchPairsPairs":1116},[1108],"What was 'La Navidad'?",[1110],"First European settlement on the American continent",[1112,1113,1114],"Puritan ideal for New England","Island of Greek Mythology later linked to Bermuda","Platos mythical island",[100],[1117],{"left":1118,"right":1119,"direction":21},"La Navidad","First European settlement on the American continent.",{"id":712,"data":1121,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1122,"multiChoiceCorrect":1124,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1125,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1126,"matchPairsPairs":1127},[1123],"Which of the following applies to the Bahamas?",[720],[717,719,721],[100],[1128],{"left":1085,"right":889,"direction":21},{"id":1130,"data":1131,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"efbd41eb-ec1b-4ab3-b68f-798070d2f4f2",{"type":70,"reviewType":175,"spacingBehaviour":30,"matchPairsQuestion":1132,"matchPairsPairs":1134,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},[1133],"Match the decision with its causal factor:",[1135,1138,1140,1143],{"left":1136,"right":1137,"direction":21},"King of Portugal rejects Columbus","Underestimated distance",{"left":1139,"right":792,"direction":21},"The Spanish hire Columbus",{"left":1141,"right":1142,"direction":21},"Founding La Navidad","Ran aground on Hispaniola",{"left":1144,"right":1145,"direction":21},"Portuguese hire Columbus","Did not occur",{"id":1147,"data":1148,"type":22,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"summaryPage":1150,"introPage":1159,"pages":1166},"f5fc67df-e117-4e76-b14a-ba3a5b09c528",{"type":22,"title":1149},"The Iberian Rivalry",{"id":1151,"data":1152,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"5c71f498-026f-4da3-9643-7c681b306367",{"type":21,"title":1153,"summary":1154},"The Iberian Rivalry summary",[1155,1156,1157,1158],"The Treaty of Tordesillas divided the world between Spain and Portugal in 1494.","Portuguese explorers reached Brazil in 1500, mistaking it for an island.","The Aztec Empire fell to Spanish conquistadors in 1521.","The Portuguese exploited natural resources in Brazil and brought enslaved Africans to work on plantations.",{"id":1160,"data":1161,"type":48,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"683e3b1c-6e6c-47fd-b5fc-ed7af9ddadb6",{"type":48,"title":1162,"intro":1163},"The Iberian Rivalry intro",[1164,1165],"What was the significance of the Treaty of Tordesillas in the Iberian rivalry?","How did the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors lead to the fall of the Aztec Empire?",[1167,1204,1222,1228],{"id":1168,"data":1169,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":1173},"dc03b697-0172-4ee9-bf6d-db7a345abafd",{"type":30,"title":1170,"markdownContent":1171,"audioMediaId":1172},"The Iberian Rivalry page 1","The Portuguese had perceived Columbus' voyages west to 'India' to encroach on their empire, and it became necessary to agree upon how to divide the world.\n\nThe Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in 1494 between Spain and Portugal, did just that, giving Portugal exclusive rights to explore and colonize lands east of a line drawn 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands.\n\nAs a result, Portuguese explorers began to venture further south along the African coast. In 1500, Pedro Álvares Cabral reached Brazil after being blown off course to India.\n\nClaiming this land for Portugal, mistaking it for an island which he named it 'Ilha de Vera Cruz' (meaning 'true cross').\n","dd40fca5-4d05-4494-85c6-e48c5834a2b9",[1174,1189],{"id":1175,"data":1176,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"d0038f41-da57-48bd-a9a0-d06f46129dd8",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1177,"multiChoiceCorrect":1179,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1181,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1185,"matchPairsPairs":1186},[1178],"Which of the below applies to the Treaty of Tordesillas?",[1180],"Divided the world between Spain and Portugal",[1182,1183,1184],"Granted a monopoly on English trade with the East Indies.","Established principles of self-governance","Concept used to justify colonization",[100],[1187],{"left":1188,"right":1180,"direction":21},"Treaty of Tordesillas",{"id":1190,"data":1191,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"861789cc-151e-4874-b1af-05f353116849",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1192,"multiChoiceCorrect":1194,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1196,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":30,"orderQuestion":1200,"orderItems":1201},[1193],"In which year was the Treaty of Tordesillas signed?",[1195],"1494",[1197,1198,1199],"1526","1608","1620",[538],[1202],{"label":1203,"reveal":1195,"sortOrder":4},"Treaty of Tordesillas was signed",{"id":1205,"data":1206,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":1210},"12a13e97-b6c5-49f9-be4c-8cfc841b16e1",{"type":30,"title":1207,"markdownContent":1208,"audioMediaId":1209},"The Iberian Rivalry page 2","\nThe Portuguese quickly settled here and exploited natural resources, setting up trading posts for the Brazilian timber tree.\n\nThey also brought enslaved Africans over from Africa to work on their plantations which would become an integral part of Brazilian society for centuries.\n\nBy 1532 they had founded São Vincente, south of today’s São Paulo.\n","93c75918-2154-44a9-b72b-4daea2ee5e46",[1211],{"id":1212,"data":1213,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"6af8a7aa-1229-4db6-b80e-a190bf7f76da",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1214,"multiChoiceCorrect":1216,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1217,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1218,"matchPairsPairs":1219},[1215],"What was a consequence of Pedro Álvares Cabral being blown off course?",[1098],[1095,1097,1099],[100],[1220],{"left":1221,"right":1098,"direction":21},"Pedro Álvares Cabral blown off course",{"id":1223,"data":1224,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"d705b86f-67bd-4657-ae73-682126c7b8a8",{"type":30,"title":1225,"markdownContent":1226,"audioMediaId":1227},"The Iberian Rivalry page 3","\nWhile the Spanish and Portuguese began to wield great power in the Americas, they did not do so without resistance. Nor were the Americas lacking indigenous empires of their own.\n\nOne such empire was the Aztec Empire, an alliance of three states from the region of the Valley of Mexico which existed in central Mexico during the 15th and early 16th centuries.\n\nThe 'Mexica', as the empire's people were termed, had gained a reputation as fierce warriors in the 14th century. Under the leadership of rulers like Moctezuma I, the Aztecs expanded their empire through conquest, forming alliances with other city-states, and demanding tribute from subjugated peoples.\n","181cdf0c-d3a1-4314-b4c1-213ef81cfa1d",{"id":1229,"data":1230,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":1234},"db4a39ef-48ef-4441-a4d1-19dd0731dc6d",{"type":30,"title":1231,"markdownContent":1232,"audioMediaId":1233},"The Iberian Rivalry page 4","\nDespite their military prowess, the Aztecs were ultimately brought to an end by the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors in 1519 - both on account of military defeat and through contracting European diseases.\n\nThe Spaniards, led by Hernan Cortes, allied themselves with enemies of the Aztecs and mounted a campaign of conquest that ultimately led to the fall of Tenochtitlan, the empire's capital, in 1521.\n\n![Graph](image://7f136486-fa41-483e-a493-9437c8973967 \"Moctezuma I\")\n","eb5af8b1-90ab-4080-9018-9538e2b226a3",[1235,1245],{"id":785,"data":1236,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1237,"multiChoiceCorrect":1239,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1240,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1241,"matchPairsPairs":1242},[1238],"What was a consequence of the fall of Tenochtitlan?",[793],[791,792,789],[100],[1243],{"left":1244,"right":793,"direction":21},"Fall of Tenochtitlan",{"id":1246,"data":1247,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"bd0a6bc0-08e8-4714-b8d7-d3fc298f40d4",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1248,"multiChoiceCorrect":1250,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1252,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":30,"orderQuestion":1256,"orderItems":1257},[1249],"In which year did the fall of Tenochtitlan occur?",[1251],"1521",[1253,1254,1255],"1507","1516","1518",[538],[1258],{"label":1244,"reveal":1251,"sortOrder":21},{"id":1260,"data":1261,"type":22,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"summaryPage":1263,"introPage":1272,"pages":1279},"693374fa-68bb-4d99-a0e0-0f28c72ce6d4",{"type":22,"title":1262},"A New Continent",{"id":1264,"data":1265,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"fab9ee19-02e1-4bbb-951c-94ed16749432",{"type":21,"title":1266,"summary":1267},"A New Continent summary",[1268,1269,1270,1271],"Columbus mistakenly believed he had reached Asia, leading to the misnaming of the native Taino people as \"Indians\".","Amerigo Vespucci realized he had discovered a new continent, which he named 'Mundus Novus'.","Vespucci's detailed observations and absence of Asian-like riches led him to the realization that he was on a separate continent.","The term \"America\" first appeared in 1507 on a world map, named in honor of Amerigo Vespucci.",{"id":1273,"data":1274,"type":48,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"41a75197-5460-481c-a559-c8a7529af9d0",{"type":48,"title":1275,"intro":1276},"A New Continent intro",[1277,1278],"What led Amerigo Vespucci to realize he was on a new continent, not Asia?","How did the name 'America' come to be used for the new continent?",[1280,1307,1346,1385],{"id":1281,"data":1282,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":1286},"9ab66e99-c1d8-487f-b579-c1fc0d8b61a6",{"type":30,"title":1283,"markdownContent":1284,"audioMediaId":1285},"A New Continent page 1","Although Columbus has gone down in history for his discovery of ‘America’, On his subsequent voyages across the Atlantic, he continued to believe that he had reached an uncharted eastern edge of Asia.\n\nPart of the problem was that Columbus had miscalculated the size of the earth, believing it to be considerably smaller than it actually is, while at the same time. overestimating the size of the Eurasian continent.\n\n![Graph](image://f81e0228-b01f-42fd-9dd9-cd48b7a14190 \"The world as known in Christian Europe before 1492\")\n\nIn this sense, the King of Portugal had been right to doubt Columbus’s plans.\n\nBy Columbus's calculations, the distance from Spain to Japan, sailing westwards, was only around 2,400 miles. In reality, the distance was closer to 11,000.\n\nIt is for this reason that, believing he was in Asia, and when encountering the native Taino peoples, it made sense for Columbus to refer to them as “Indians” – a name that would mistakenly persist for centuries to come.\n\nIt wasn't until the voyages and studies of other explorers over the next few decades that an understanding of the lands Columbus described as an entirely separate continent began to form.\n","b13957ec-6fa9-4d10-8dfd-e8fb891ef7f8",[1287,1297],{"id":526,"data":1288,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1289,"multiChoiceCorrect":1291,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1292,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":536,"orderQuestion":1293,"orderItems":1294},[1290],"What was the distance from Spain to Japan according to Columbus's calculations?",[534],[533,531,535],[538],[1295],{"label":1296,"reveal":534,"sortOrder":30},"Columbus's calculated distance from Spain to Japan",{"id":525,"data":1298,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1299,"multiChoiceCorrect":1301,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1302,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":536,"orderQuestion":1303,"orderItems":1304},[1300],"What is the actual distance from Spain to Japan?",[533],[534,531,535],[538],[1305],{"label":1306,"reveal":533,"sortOrder":21},"Actual distance from Spain to Japan",{"id":1308,"data":1309,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":1313},"a2a239df-89ab-4a69-b12a-94acbdf214a7",{"type":30,"title":1310,"markdownContent":1311,"audioMediaId":1312},"A New Continent page 2","\nAmerigo Vespucci, an Italian explorer, is often credited with the realization that explorers had stumbled upon an entirely new continent.\n\nBorn in Florence, Italy, in 1451, Vespucci came from a prominent family and received an education that included geography and astronomy, crucial for his future career as an explorer.\n\n![Graph](image://44f7edb7-fef1-425b-9838-7f0d6ed21eda \"A statue of Amerigo Vespucci\")\n\nHis first voyage on behalf of Spain was in 1499, setting sail from Cadiz and reaching the northeastern coast of South America, before venturing south to coastal Brazil.\n\nVespucci's journey took him along the coast of Venezuela and then south to Brazil, where he made detailed observations of the diverse flora and fauna and the indigenous tribes he encountered.\n\nHe incorrectly thought he had found the Ganges River, which turned out to be the mouth of the Amazon River​​​​.\n","26f29547-8c1e-4639-8358-9f9c77dda4b7",[1314,1326,1337],{"id":1315,"data":1316,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"3848f1d3-4e2d-464c-9500-3114384b2d7e",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1317,"multiChoiceCorrect":1319,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1323,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1318],"Which of these applied to Columbus's miscalculations?",[1320,1321,1322],"He underestimated the distance from Spain to Japan","He was off by 8,600 miles","He overestimated the size of Eurasia:multi",[1324,1325],"He was off by 86,000 miles","He underestimated the size of Eurasia",{"id":1327,"data":1328,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"44eb0bf2-8453-46bd-9191-e068255ec31e",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1329,"multiChoiceCorrect":1331,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1333,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1330],"Who first comissioned Amerigo Vespucci to sail from Cadiz to South America?",[1332],"Spain",[1334,1335,1336],"Portugal","Italy","Britain",{"id":1338,"data":1339,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"1cf0e3ea-fea2-46c9-8133-ff298e90840e",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1340,"multiChoiceCorrect":1342,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1344,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1341],"In what year did Vespucci undertake his first voyage?",[1343],"1499",[773,1195,1345],"1501",{"id":1347,"data":1348,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":1352},"8a1259af-1ca7-4a97-9bc7-5233f4caa9c0",{"type":30,"title":1349,"markdownContent":1350,"audioMediaId":1351},"A New Continent page 3","\nIn a letter recounting his journey, Vespucci expressed wonder at the exotic flora and fauna and described his experience as entering an earthly paradise.\n\nHe made note that the nature he witnessed was starkly different from anything he had read about in his research of Asian sea voyages.\n\n[Graph](image://3053f0b2-b101-4c33-865b-8d9c92ada228 \"Vespucci inspecting the constellations using an astrolabe\")\n\nVespucci undertook another long voyage in 1501 under the patronage of King Manuel I of Portugal.\n\nHe explored further along the Brazilian and Argentinian coasts, venturing as far south as present-day Rio de Janeiro and the La Plata River.\n\nIt was here that Vepspucci encountered unfamiliar constellations in the night sky – unlike any ever recorded – as well as unusual equatorial currents.\n","88f71f53-4a0c-450d-a0f8-555476ffa3ae",[1353,1364,1374],{"id":1354,"data":1355,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"58b1843d-b6d0-47ae-a2a3-bf6113d8597e",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1356,"multiChoiceCorrect":1358,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1360,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1357],"Which river did Vespucci mistake the Amazon for?",[1359],"The Ganges",[1361,1362,1363],"The Yangtze","The Mekong","The Indus",{"id":686,"data":1365,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1366,"multiChoiceCorrect":1368,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1369,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1370,"matchPairsPairs":1371},[1367],"Who was the patron of Vespucci's voyage in 1501?",[693],[577,694,695],[100],[1372],{"left":693,"right":1373,"direction":21},"Patronized Vespucci's voyage in 1501",{"id":1375,"data":1376,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"235d7d00-cdcf-4cb8-9c27-850a16e4b76b",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1377,"multiChoiceCorrect":1379,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1383,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1378],"Which of the following indicated to Vespucci that he was not on the continent of Asia?",[1380,1381,1382],"Unfamiliar constellations","Unusual equatorial currents","Unfamiliar plants and animals:multi",[1384],"Unfamiliar indigenous languages",{"id":1386,"data":1387,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":1391},"dbcc0df2-e32c-4ef2-b4cb-6a6b1efd1592",{"type":30,"title":1388,"markdownContent":1389,"audioMediaId":1390},"A New Continent page 4","\nVespucci became convinced that he was not in Asia at all.\n\nHis detailed observations and the absence of Asian-like riches led him to the realization that he was on a separate continent across the Atlantic Ocean, which he called ‘Mundus Novus’: Latin for ‘New World​’.\n\nThe term \"America\" first appeared in 1507 when German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller labeled the newly recognized continent \"Americus\" in Amerigo’s Vespucci's honor on a world map.\n\n![Graph](image://857ec47e-9314-41f1-b5c6-d75fc80c2169 \"The first mention of America on the map of Martin Waldseemüller, published 1507\")\n\n![Graph](image://b4f38fea-bad0-4311-a483-bf65c90d3ed1 \"A zoomed out image of the Martin Waldseemüller's map\")\n","3b146f09-656f-43c5-8aaf-74c80e0e2a66",[1392,1403,1414],{"id":1393,"data":1394,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"d180f4f4-449c-47bd-aaff-b969dbd07f03",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1395,"multiChoiceCorrect":1397,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1398,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1399,"matchPairsPairs":1400},[1396],"Which of the following was a consequence of Vespucci's voyages?",[1097],[1095,1098,1099],[100],[1401],{"left":1402,"right":1097,"direction":21},"Vespucci's voyages",{"id":1404,"data":1405,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"95ab2677-bce8-44ac-b7d8-1c6fd5cd7f55",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1406,"multiChoiceCorrect":1408,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1409,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":30,"orderQuestion":1410,"orderItems":1411},[1407],"In which year did the term 'America' first appear on a map?",[1253],[1254,1255,1251],[538],[1412],{"label":1413,"reveal":1253,"sortOrder":4},"The term 'America' first appeared on a map",{"id":1415,"data":1416,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"f92826ac-3ea1-4a00-8cbb-9ef4c8b47501",{"type":70,"reviewType":175,"spacingBehaviour":30,"matchPairsQuestion":1417,"matchPairsPairs":1419,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},[1418],"Match the event to its year:",[1420,1422,1424,1426],{"left":1421,"right":1343,"direction":21},"Vespucci's first voyage",{"left":1423,"right":1345,"direction":21},"Vespucci's second voyage",{"left":1425,"right":1253,"direction":21},"The term 'Americus' first appears on a German map",{"left":1427,"right":773,"direction":21},"Not a notable year for Vespucci",{"id":1429,"data":1430,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"orbs":1432},"fbdf99bd-7e1b-4e27-b348-3041cb237303",{"type":27,"title":1431,"tagline":1431},"European Rivals",[1433,1522,1611],{"id":1434,"data":1435,"type":22,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"summaryPage":1437,"introPage":1446,"pages":1453},"4bf188bd-c9d1-4cf9-ab92-ba504056e167",{"type":22,"title":1436},"Religious Conflict",{"id":1438,"data":1439,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"871f9a8d-aa0d-4f74-99c7-1853e7430bdb",{"type":21,"title":1440,"summary":1441},"Religious Conflict summary",[1442,1443,1444,1445],"Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of Aragon led to England adopting Protestantism and souring relations with Spain.","Queen Elizabeth I supported piracy against Spain to weaken their colonial power.","Sir Francis Drake circumnavigated the globe and attacked Spanish settlements, earning a knighthood.","John Cabot, sponsored by King Henry VII, was the first European to reach North America since the Vikings.",{"id":1447,"data":1448,"type":48,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"dc1d4d2e-6f00-4494-8a71-0dd278485399",{"type":48,"title":1449,"intro":1450},"Religious Conflict intro",[1451,1452],"How did King Henry VIII's divorce influence England's rivalry with Spain in exploration and colonization?","What role did Queen Elizabeth I's support of piracy play in undermining Spain's colonial power?",[1454,1471,1488,1494],{"id":1455,"data":1456,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":1460},"9511f717-ff11-4bf4-9ac3-df340dd65d95",{"type":30,"title":1457,"markdownContent":1458,"audioMediaId":1459},"Religious Conflict page 1","So when did other European nations, outside the Iberian peninsula, join the race to explore and colonize “America”?\n\n![Graph](image://2a2c80d1-ce9c-463b-816f-aebac7ff682b \"Catherine of Aragon\")\n\nFor northern European nations such as England and Holland, rivalry with Spain and Portugal was compounded with political feuds that stemmed from the Reformation.\n\nDuring the upheaval of the reformation in the 16th century many Christians broke away from the Catholic Church and formed new Protestant denominations.\n\nIn England, this process was driven by King Henry VIII's desire to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, daughter of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile - a request that the pope denied.\n\nWith the marriage a matter of political and dynastic importance, Henry’s divorce, and England’s adoption of Protestant religion along with it, soured diplomatic relations with Spain.\n","2372dda1-906a-486a-b968-0ff127af06d0",[1461],{"id":687,"data":1462,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1463,"multiChoiceCorrect":1465,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1466,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1467,"matchPairsPairs":1468},[1464],"Who was the king that adopted the Protestant religion?",[694],[577,693,695],[100],[1469],{"left":694,"right":1470,"direction":21},"Adopted Protestant religion",{"id":1472,"data":1473,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":1477},"6692be5d-3ae5-40d5-9f1b-17f07cfad33c",{"type":30,"title":1474,"markdownContent":1475,"audioMediaId":1476},"Religious Conflict page 2","\nThis hostility, caused by Henry VIII’s divorce of a Spanish princess, manifested itself in a number of ways, and extending to the nations’ respective imperial ambitions.\n\nQueen Elizabeth I, for example, supported piracy against the Spanish as a way to weaken Spain without engaging in a direct war - interrupting their trade and undermining their colonial power.\n\n'Privateers' like Sir Francis Drake and John Hawkins were issued royal letters of marque, which gave free reign to attack Spanish ships and settlements.\n\n![Graph](image://dc2b4c04-e1fc-4dfa-af54-67a0e300e9b6 \"Sir Francis Drake\")\n","3e798b9d-7fad-45bc-b762-7f829b089f49",[1478],{"id":688,"data":1479,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1480,"multiChoiceCorrect":1482,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1483,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1484,"matchPairsPairs":1485},[1481],"Who of the below was the offspring of Ferdinand and Isabella?",[695],[577,693,694],[100],[1486],{"left":695,"right":1487,"direction":21},"Child of Ferdinand and Isabella",{"id":1489,"data":1490,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"66af706b-a4bd-4bd0-9ed7-5351640ac9b2",{"type":30,"title":1491,"markdownContent":1492,"audioMediaId":1493},"Religious Conflict page 3","\nBetween 1577 and 1580, Drake became the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe while attacking settlements along the Pacific coast of South America, and capturing vessels of gold and silver. His exploits earned him a knighthood.\n\nThe rivalry between England and Spain came to a head in 1588, when the Spanish Armada, a fleet of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain, attempted to invade England.\n\nThis was successfully repelled by Drake and other naval commanders, marking a major victory for Protestant England over Catholic Spain.\n","74aabd08-7d38-4658-8e88-a1eb582cd572",{"id":1495,"data":1496,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":1500},"95746107-aed5-43fe-a48f-c9516f0a2ead",{"type":30,"title":1497,"markdownContent":1498,"audioMediaId":1499},"Religious Conflict page 4","\nMyths of transatlantic voyages circulated in Britain during this period. A British legend, later used to argue priority over Spain’s discovery, claimed that North America was explored by a Welsh prince, 'Madoc', in the 12th century.\n\nA sixth century monk, known as 'Brendan the Navigator', was also said to have found land in the Atlantic in his search for Paradise, but there is no solid evidence to suggest that either voyage took place.\n\nIn May 1497, it was John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto), an Italian explorer sponsored by the English King, Henry VII, who became the first European to reach North America since the Vikings. He set sail from Bristol, England, with a small crew and one ship, the Matthew.\n\nAfter a voyage of about six weeks, Cabot reached the coast of Newfoundland, Canada. He claimed the land for England and planted the English flag.\n","2384dde9-417a-4e01-87f4-fb9f50a7065d",[1501,1511],{"id":1502,"data":1503,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"d695b5aa-a4a2-4304-a8e5-30c2d87b389d",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1504,"multiChoiceCorrect":1506,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1508,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1505],"Who was the first European to reach North America since the Vikings?",[1507],"John Cabot",[913,1509,1510],"Brendan the Navigator","Henry VII",{"id":1512,"data":1513,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"a8550c01-6bb2-4de6-a7e6-3c1f12bfd267",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1514,"multiChoiceCorrect":1516,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1518,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1515],"Who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe?",[1517],"Sir Francis Drake",[1519,1520,1521],"Sir Walter Raleigh","John Hawkins","King Philip II",{"id":1523,"data":1524,"type":22,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"summaryPage":1526,"introPage":1535,"pages":1542},"7dba71bf-c042-47e6-ac6d-464fd8b17739",{"type":22,"title":1525},"The Northwest Passage",{"id":1527,"data":1528,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"700249b6-fd81-4860-82d8-0efdde4e9e30",{"type":21,"title":1529,"summary":1530},"The Northwest Passage summary",[1531,1532,1533,1534],"French explorers like Jacques Cartier and Samuel de Champlain searched for a Northwest Passage in Canada.","Fur-trading posts were established by the French in Canada to profit from resources like beaver pelts.","English explorers like Martin Frobisher and John Davis also sought a Northwest Passage over the Americas.","These attempts at exploration by the French and English demonstrated their competition with Spain and Portugal for global trade routes.",{"id":1536,"data":1537,"type":48,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"4e0fc05b-d3aa-4da3-8326-d5d1f8e7464b",{"type":48,"title":1538,"intro":1539},"The Northwest Passage intro",[1540,1541],"Who was Jacques Cartier and what was his mission for King Francis I of France?","What did Martin Frobisher discover during his voyage for a Northwest Passage?",[1543,1549,1582],{"id":1544,"data":1545,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"d8f1aba9-2bdf-458f-934b-0c633323a456",{"type":30,"title":1546,"markdownContent":1547,"audioMediaId":1548},"The Northwest Passage page 1","Other European efforts to challenge Iberian dominance in the Age of Exploration, focused on finding passage from Europe to Asia by travelling north around the continent.\n\nThis is often referred to as a search for a “Northwest passage”, which would ultimately prove impossible due to the iciness of the water.\n\nBefore this was known, however, many voyages were taken to reach the north of the continent.\n","2ca02ab5-6f2d-45c8-8bc4-8760b2e7f427",{"id":1550,"data":1551,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":1555},"73efb41d-8745-4647-9b49-e8fa77014a3e",{"type":30,"title":1552,"markdownContent":1553,"audioMediaId":1554},"The Northwest Passage page 2","\nAmong the first to attempt a northwest passage were the French, when, in the early 16th century, Jacques Cartier ventured to lands that are now part of Canada.\n\nSent by King Francis I of France to find a route to Asia through North America (a ‘northwest passage’), Cartier led three voyages to the region for this purpose between 1534 and 1542.\n\nBut instead of a route to Asia, he discovered the St Lawrence River and claimed much of what is now eastern Canada for France.\n\nÉtienne Brûlé took these explorations further inland, traveling as far west as Lake Ontario and trading with local Indigenous peoples.\n\nAnd in 1608 Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec City on an island at the mouth of the St Lawrence River.\n\n![Graph](image://9211ab3a-f407-4a66-a034-b95df4e36b87 \"Samuel de Champlain\")\n\nA high priority for the French was the creation of fur-trading posts throughout what is now Canada, which allowed valuable resources like beaver pelts to be sold back in Europe for a profit.\n\nThis helped fund further exploration efforts while also providing them with a foothold in this new land they had claimed for themselves.\n","58bf8006-9df5-4a6f-bf33-f20f004cb875",[1556,1571],{"id":1557,"data":1558,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"5e875f83-bcb3-4cfa-ac48-a74a8ccd8cbe",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1559,"multiChoiceCorrect":1561,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1563,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1567,"matchPairsPairs":1568},[1560],"Which of the following was a consequence of Jacques Cartier's voyages?",[1562],"Discovery of St Lawrence River in Canada",[1564,1565,1566],"Discovery of Baffin Island, false gold discovery","Discovery of New Zealand, Fiji, and Van Diemen's Land","Discovery of Hawaii",[100],[1569],{"left":1570,"right":1562,"direction":21},"Jacques Cartier's voyages",{"id":1572,"data":1573,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"3a122809-bcac-4438-b33d-40586e5d017a",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1574,"multiChoiceCorrect":1576,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1578,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1575],"Who founded Quebec City in 1608?",[1577],"Samuel de Champlain",[1579,1580,1581],"Jacques Cartier","Étienne Brûlé","King Francis I",{"id":1583,"data":1584,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":1588},"ccc80863-0464-401f-a540-570135cd5a46",{"type":30,"title":1585,"markdownContent":1586,"audioMediaId":1587},"The Northwest Passage page 3","\n![Graph](image://a5c68652-cb3e-4330-beac-893eb2c6062d \"Baffin Island\")\n\nThe English, too, attempted to find a ‘northwest passage’ over the Americas.\n\nIn 1576, during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, a former privateer, Martin Frobisher, set sail with three ships in search of this route but instead discovered Baffin Island off the coast of Canada.\n\nHe returned with samples of ore which he believed was gold, though it turned out to be worthless mineral rock. John Davis followed suit in 1585 when he sailed around Greenland and explored its icy coastline before heading south towards Newfoundland and Labrador.\n\nHis expedition also failed to discover a Northwest Passage but did provide valuable information about Arctic geography that would later prove useful for other explorers such as Henry Hudson who attempted similar voyages during the early 17th century.\n\nThese attempts at trans-Atlantic exploration demonstrated England’s determination to compete with Spain and Portugal for control over global trade routes during this period.\n","9112e596-b412-49ad-b3fa-cd0f13777284",[1589,1600],{"id":1590,"data":1591,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"58835f93-c490-4e1d-b402-3e70b7f2de55",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1592,"multiChoiceCorrect":1594,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1595,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1596,"matchPairsPairs":1597},[1593],"Which of the following was a consequence of Martin Frobisher's voyage?",[1564],[1562,1565,1566],[100],[1598],{"left":1599,"right":1564,"direction":21},"Martin Frobisher's voyage",{"id":1601,"data":1602,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"08180304-e095-42e3-8a0b-43effbd6cd33",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1603,"multiChoiceCorrect":1605,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1607,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1604],"Who was the first English explorer to set sail in search of a Northwest Passage in 1576?",[1606],"Martin Frobisher",[1608,1609,1610],"John Davis","Henry Hudson","Queen Elizabeth I",{"id":1612,"data":1613,"type":22,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"summaryPage":1615,"introPage":1624,"pages":1631},"79de89ce-5c7b-4920-ae76-59fc42966f90",{"type":22,"title":1614},"The East India Companies",{"id":1616,"data":1617,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"87105419-bd50-481e-bc43-f86699ae7cb3",{"type":21,"title":1618,"summary":1619},"The East India Companies summary",[1620,1621,1622,1623],"The English East India Company was founded in 1600 by merchants with a charter from Queen Elizabeth I.","The Dutch East India Company, or VOC, was formed in 1602 with a 21-year trade monopoly.","Willem Janszoon landed on Australian soil in 1606, while Abel Tasman reached New Zealand in 1642.","The Dutch East India Company sparked Dutch exploration in search of the 'Terra Australis'.",{"id":1625,"data":1626,"type":48,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"90923fd5-8628-47d8-ba29-c595dab7acb0",{"type":48,"title":1627,"intro":1628},"The East India Companies intro",[1629,1630],"What sparked the formation of the English and Dutch East India Companies?","Who were the key explorers in the Dutch East India Company's search for the 'Terra Australis'?",[1632,1659],{"id":1633,"data":1634,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":1638},"4f5c53a2-1e71-469b-876a-f85395841496",{"type":30,"title":1635,"markdownContent":1636,"audioMediaId":1637},"The East India Companies page 1","![Graph](image://1c6ec909-3e5e-4e38-a41c-c14cf01a4c58 \"Queen Elizabeth I\")\n\nThe turn of the 17th century marked the emergence of two powerful trading companies for Northern Europe, founded during a period of intense competition for control of the lucrative trade routes to Asia.\n\nThe English East India Company was founded in 1600 by a group of merchants who received a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting them a monopoly on English trade with the East Indies. It quickly established trading posts in India and Southeast Asia, becoming a major player in the global trade of spices and textiles, and luxury commodities. This was matched in Holland.\n\nIn 1595, following in the footsteps of the rest of Europe, the Dutch set out for the East Indies in 1595 - an enormously profitable venture for spices that paved the way for further private expeditions.\n\nThese competing companies would soon form an alliance to form, in 1602, the Dutch East India Company or 'VOC' (Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie). This company was granted a 21-year monopoly on all trade between Europe and Asia.\n","9bead0be-e4d7-4702-ba85-b515b8851a84",[1639,1648],{"id":1640,"data":1641,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"8668a621-e608-4a39-971c-76cf655b8c5b",{"type":70,"reviewType":22,"spacingBehaviour":30,"binaryQuestion":1642,"binaryCorrect":1644,"binaryIncorrect":1646},[1643],"When was the English East India Company founded?",[1645],"1600",[1647],"1650",{"id":1649,"data":1650,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"af731c4f-6b92-48fc-86aa-d3445e809804",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1651,"multiChoiceCorrect":1653,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1654,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1655,"matchPairsPairs":1656},[1652],"Which of the following applies to the charter from Queen Elizabeth I?'",[1182],[1183,1184,1180],[100],[1657],{"left":1658,"right":1182,"direction":21},"Charter from Queen Elizabeth I",{"id":1660,"data":1661,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"a5d0fac0-4355-4509-bcc0-8fb425ed596f",{"type":30,"title":1662,"markdownContent":1663,"audioMediaId":1664},"The East India Companies page 2","\n![Graph](image://a2438b0d-95ef-47b4-a3d9-21f1e5b22956 \"Willem Janszoon. Image: Jeremias Falck, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe founding of the Dutch East India Company instigated a period of Dutch exploration in Southeast Asia for new lands, particularly in search of the 'Terra Australis' or a 'southern continent'.\n\nThis hypothesized continent can be traced back to ancient Greek geographers and philosophers, who believed that the earth needed to be balanced by a large southern landmass to counterbalance the known northern continents. Such a land promised new wealth and land equivalent to that in America.\n\nIn the search for this continent, two merchants in the service of the VOC made significant new discoveries in the region. In 1606, Willem Janszoon set foot on Australian soil when he landed on the Cape York Peninsula.\n\nAnd in 1642, merchant Abel Tasman reached New Zealand, the islands of Fiji, and Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania). Despite these ventures, little attempt at this time was made to colonize this land, since they deemed it unfit for cultivation.\n","2badfc98-7ef3-454f-bafb-1cd428efbb15",{"id":1666,"data":1667,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"orbs":1669},"5aaded7e-c1ba-45b2-9970-600eddcb2b7a",{"type":27,"title":1668,"tagline":1668},"Ideals of Colonization",[1670,1857,2012,2198],{"id":1671,"data":1672,"type":22,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"summaryPage":1674,"introPage":1683,"pages":1690},"0986cd64-8e83-4515-b861-ec1d196d7579",{"type":22,"title":1673},"Utopia",{"id":1675,"data":1676,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"44a917af-51ed-4af4-9504-c8b00578ea9c",{"type":21,"title":1677,"summary":1678},"Utopia summary",[1679,1680,1681,1682],"Europeans believed the Atlantic Ocean was inaccessible before the discovery of America.","Ancient myths of paradise islands influenced European exploration of new lands.","Utopian writing imagined ideal societies free from traditional restrictions.","Francis Bacon's \"New Atlantis\" proposed a society focused on scientific knowledge.",{"id":1684,"data":1685,"type":48,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"21e6d837-4f40-4877-b6d3-1c3f5459018b",{"type":48,"title":1686,"intro":1687},"Utopia intro",[1688,1689],"What ancient myths influenced the European perception of newly discovered lands?","How did the concept of Utopia shape the ideals of European colonization?",[1691,1697,1738,1756,1784,1813],{"id":1692,"data":1693,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"8ad95625-e29c-4614-a0bc-53278bf9be5a",{"type":30,"title":1694,"markdownContent":1695,"audioMediaId":1696},"Utopia page 1","It did not take long, following the so-called ‘discovery’ of America, for dreams of new and profitable European colonies to emerge.\n\nBut in order to understand these desires fully, it is worth exploring what the idea of a ‘New World’ meant for Europeans, once news of its discovery reached their shores.\n\nWhat, before this ‘discovery’, did Europeans believe about the world?\n\nDid they ever imagine that so much was yet to be explored?\n","e24d0ccd-cf22-4f97-a4bb-84a71539fd9a",{"id":1698,"data":1699,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":1703},"9b598a90-9104-4108-91e2-3631e1d39f52",{"type":30,"title":1700,"markdownContent":1701,"audioMediaId":1702},"Utopia page 2","\nBack in Ancient Greece, the Atlantic Ocean had been considered literally out of bounds.\n\nNamed after the colossal Greek titan ‘Atlas’, the Atlantic was thought to be accessible only by passing through the Pillars of Hercules (the modern Strait of Gibraltar).\n\nAccording to the later Romans, these pillars were said to be carved with the warning \"Non Plus Ultra\" (nothing further beyond), designed by the God’s to be seen by adventurous sailors.\n\n[Graph](image://b330ea66-3623-4e5f-9902-67a72433f5f0 \"An illustration of the Pillars of Hercules\")\n\nAnd yet Greek mythology did imagine lands beyond this horizon.\n\nThe Greeks told tales of the \"Fortunate Isles,\": Atlantic islands, described by the Ancient poet Hesiod, said to be an earthly paradise.\n\nFormer heroes would come to dwell here in peace and happiness after death.\n\n![Graph](image://16cb808a-fea9-4a6d-adf0-a963e811bcdd \"1493 woodcut depicting the 'Insule Fortunate' (Fortunate Islands) in the Atlantic Ocean (indicated in the red oval).\")\n\nOn the Fortunate Isles of the Atlantic, the season was always spring, and food grew in abundance.\n","824d4755-add8-4ff4-9d61-1b0a7043ec68",[1704,1715,1726],{"id":1705,"data":1706,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"a6a7a95f-dc2d-4ffc-a31a-bd208d42f461",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1707,"multiChoiceCorrect":1709,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1711,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1708],"Where, geographically, were the 'Pillars of Hercules' supposed to be located?",[1710],"Where Spain and North Africa almost touch",[1712,1713,1714],"Where the Mediterranean meets the Black Sea","In the Atlas mountains of North Africa","At the narrowest point of English Channel",{"id":1716,"data":1717,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"8777705c-de8c-4787-a95c-7f0157b14b79",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1718,"multiChoiceCorrect":1720,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1722,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1719],"What was supposedly carved on the Pillars of Hercules?",[1721],"Non Plus Ultra ('nothing further beyond')",[1723,1724,1725],"Ne Ultra Naviges ('sail no further')","Non Terrae Plus Ultra ('no land further beyond')","Ultra Finem Mundi ('beyond the end of the world')",{"id":1727,"data":1728,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"93463820-4ec3-4c8a-8497-227cdcb67f9e",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1729,"multiChoiceCorrect":1731,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1735,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1730],"Which of the following were features of the 'Fortunate Isles'?",[1732,1733,1734],"Eternal spring","Located in the Atlantic Ocean","Dwelling place for Greek heroes:multi",[1736,1737],"Location of the Pillars of Hercules","Named after the titan 'Atlas'",{"id":1739,"data":1740,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":1744},"f898e7eb-cab3-4124-a6b5-02c85e1710ff",{"type":30,"title":1741,"markdownContent":1742,"audioMediaId":1743},"Utopia page 3","\nAnother mythical Atlantic Island was described by the Greek philosopher Plato.\n\nIn two of his philosophical dialogues ('Timaeus' and 'Critias'), Plato told of an advanced island civilization named Atlantis, which supposedly existed about 9,000 years before his time.\n\n![Graph](image://226bbcdd-79c9-4ffc-95b3-469af928602c \"A map of Atlantis, placing it in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, published in 'Mundus Subterraneus' by Athanasius Kircher (1669).\")\n\nAccording to Plato, Atlantis was located beyond the 'Pillars of Hercules', and was a powerful and technologically advanced maritime power.\n\nThis civilization was said to have conquered many parts of Western Europe and Africa but eventually fell out of favor with the gods.\n\nAccording to the legend, Atlantis faced a catastrophic downfall, sinking into the ocean in a single day and night of misfortune.\n","1a9e407c-f6bb-45df-9ba8-2fdc8f37818a",[1745],{"id":1746,"data":1747,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"a3a6ed9d-48df-4da9-9222-c2af67c9550e",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1748,"multiChoiceCorrect":1750,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1752,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1749],"Why did Plato's city of Atlantis undergo its downfall?",[1751],"The civilization fell out of favour with the gods",[1753,1754,1755],"It sank into the ocean","Due to a natural disaster","Colonized by a more powerful civilization",{"id":1757,"data":1758,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":1762},"01b8d60a-5a12-483e-a4b0-f26a5caa8c7f",{"type":30,"title":1759,"markdownContent":1760,"audioMediaId":1761},"Utopia page 4","\nFor many Europeans of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the discovery of the continent of America had a dramatic effect on how they thought about the world and its wealth of possibilities.\n\nSome began to wonder if ancient myths of Atlantic paradises had a grounding in reality.\n\nFor example, the Fortunate Isles, with its lush landscapes and relative isolation in the Atlantic, began to be associated with the island of Bermuda, discovered by the Portuguese in 1505.\n\nFueled by ancient, mythic imagination, colonizing newly discovered lands gradually became seen as a means to live out fantasies. Particularly fantasies of building new, ideal civilizations.\n\nThe Spanish even created a new motto, ‘Plus Ultra’ (Further beyond), echoing (but crucially altering) the ‘Non Plus Ultra’ inscribed on the mythic Pillars of Hercules.\n\n![Graph](image://e3a78970-5a36-4bf4-bd8a-09c8f6ed0d37 \"The Heraldry of Spain, showing their motto. Heralder, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThis motto signaled to the world that Spanish exploration was the fulfillment of a kind of mythic prophecy.\n","3225b8a5-2475-4cf5-a57f-4ab4e8e2d617",[1763,1775],{"id":1764,"data":1765,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"882bd573-f591-4c3e-8fae-78d7257aec4a",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1766,"multiChoiceCorrect":1768,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1769,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1770,"matchPairsPairs":1771},[1767],"Which of the following applies to the Fortunate Isles?'",[1113],[1112,1114,1119],[100],[1772],{"left":1773,"right":1774,"direction":21},"Fortunate Isles","Island of Greek Mythology later linked to Bermuda ",{"id":1776,"data":1777,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"a2e0cd0e-e9ee-407d-99ea-666a15e16073",{"type":70,"reviewType":22,"spacingBehaviour":30,"binaryQuestion":1778,"binaryCorrect":1780,"binaryIncorrect":1782},[1779],"What was the motto of Spain?",[1781],"Plus Ultra (Further beyond)",[1783],"Non Plus Ultra (Nothing further beyond)",{"id":1785,"data":1786,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":1790},"a823b767-3ebc-457e-84a2-b016c9756f33",{"type":30,"title":1787,"markdownContent":1788,"audioMediaId":1789},"Utopia page 5","\nThe discovery of new lands in the 1500s gave rise to a new genre of fantasy: ‘Utopian’\n\n‘Utopian’ writing made use of semi-mythical places like the ‘Fortunate Isles’ not just for pure fantasy, but as settings for a form of ‘thought experiment’.\n\nThe thought experiment went something like this: “If we could set up a society from scratch, what political or intellectual structure would be the most ideal?”\n\nThe word ‘Utopia’ was first used as the title of a 1516 work by Sir Thomas More. More depicted an idealized island society, isolated from the rest of the world, built on principles of communal ownership, religious tolerance, and rational thought.\n\n![Graph](image://6624645f-61c6-4fd6-89f2-5c46bafed7c6 \"Thomas More's Utopia\")\n\nMore's work was at heart a critique of contemporary European society and a proposal for a better way of living.\n\nThe title itself was a pun: It combines \"topos\" meaning \"place,\" with the prefix “u”, which translates to either “ou” (“no”) or “eu” (“good”). In other words, it is both a good place and a non-existent place. It is perhaps too good to be true.\n","568245cf-4feb-4d8c-8ceb-558a28c2605d",[1791,1802],{"id":1792,"data":1793,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"9aeee3cb-a355-4664-91a4-c24b5934169f",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1794,"multiChoiceCorrect":1796,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1799,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1795],"Which of these are legitimate translations of the word 'Utopia'?",[1797,1798],"No place","Good place:multi",[1800,1801],"Bad place","Distant place",{"id":1803,"data":1804,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"bba80e0d-57b5-406c-b4bc-b0a982a3249d",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1805,"multiChoiceCorrect":1807,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1808,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":30,"orderQuestion":1809,"orderItems":1810},[1806],"In which year was 'Utopia' by Sir Thomas More published?",[1254],[1253,1255,1251],[538],[1811],{"label":1812,"reveal":1254,"sortOrder":30},"Publication of 'Utopia' by Sir Thomas More",{"id":1814,"data":1815,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":1819},"db288958-5c40-4480-ada4-5223793a0f79",{"type":30,"title":1816,"markdownContent":1817,"audioMediaId":1818},"Utopia page 6","\n‘Utopias’ imagined societies free from the restrictions of traditional European life, that could be structured around new, more modern ideas and interests.\n\nAnother key example of ‘utopian’ writing came from the English philosopher Francis Bacon, who is often credited as the inventor of the scientific method.\n\nBacon published his \"New Atlantis\" in 1626, describing an island society inspired by the fictional island described by Plato.\n\nThis island was radically free from the old traditions of education and church authority that dominated 17th-century England.\n\nInstead, the island functioned exactly according to Bacon’s interests: the islanders were devoted purely to the pursuit of scientific knowledge and discovery.\n\n![Graph](image://8268de9f-a703-4ffb-b752-94fca64b08e3 \"The Frontispiece of Francis Bacon's New Atlantis\")\n","58f1af3e-4157-4a7d-b4c8-48d6953f3877",[1820,1831,1842],{"id":1821,"data":1822,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"8853406c-136d-4928-8c13-77164b5d912c",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1823,"multiChoiceCorrect":1825,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1826,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1827,"matchPairsPairs":1828},[1824],"Who is the author of the scientific utopia, 'New Atlantis'?",[977],[973,975,976],[100],[1829],{"left":975,"right":1830,"direction":21},"Set foot on Australian soil in 1606.",{"id":1832,"data":1833,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"aa0084c0-2b55-48b4-895e-8d0663676748",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1834,"multiChoiceCorrect":1836,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1837,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1838,"matchPairsPairs":1839},[1835],"Which of the following most closely applies to Atlantis?",[1114],[1112,1774,1119],[100],[1840],{"left":1841,"right":1114,"direction":21},"Atlantis ",{"id":1843,"data":1844,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"8fba7772-016f-4a66-a9c8-68ad9154701e",{"type":70,"reviewType":175,"spacingBehaviour":30,"matchPairsQuestion":1845,"matchPairsPairs":1846,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},[100],[1847,1849,1851,1854],{"left":1848,"right":1673,"direction":21},"Thomas More",{"left":1850,"right":1773,"direction":21},"Hesiod",{"left":1852,"right":1853,"direction":21},"Pillars of Hercules","Non Plus Ultra",{"left":1855,"right":1856,"direction":21},"Motto of Spain","Plus Ultra",{"id":1858,"data":1859,"type":22,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"summaryPage":1861,"introPage":1870,"pages":1877},"4572d906-0b33-4955-a56a-3d53a0910a95",{"type":22,"title":1860},"Puritanism",{"id":1862,"data":1863,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"7ad8b987-12d2-4293-aa36-bd97f5424fd4",{"type":21,"title":1864,"summary":1865},"Puritanism summary",[1866,1867,1868,1869],"Protestantism challenged the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th century.","Puritans sought to purify the Church of England from Catholic elements.","Separatists faced persecution for breaking away from the Church of England.","Pilgrims envisioned America as a new Garden of Eden.",{"id":1871,"data":1872,"type":48,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"f0b6e4c8-3adf-4172-b3a0-15f732f05a76",{"type":48,"title":1873,"intro":1874},"Puritanism intro",[1875,1876],"What sparked the Puritans' desire to purify the Church of England?","Why did the Pilgrims view America as a 'holy' place?",[1878,1898,1923,1941],{"id":1879,"data":1880,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":1884},"ab9f991d-d137-4c26-abc1-b118bf018518",{"type":30,"title":1881,"markdownContent":1882,"audioMediaId":1883},"Puritanism page 1","Perhaps the strongest motivation for colonization came not from political or intellectual ‘utopias’, but from those centered on religion.\n\nThe concept of a Christian utopia gained prominence due to the huge religious divisions that emerged in the 16th century, particularly in England.\n\nThis period saw the rise of Protestantism, a new branch of Christianity that challenged the long-established Roman Catholic Church.\n\nProtestantism advocated for reforms in the Church, emphasizing practices such as using Bibles in local languages (like English) instead of Latin and allowing divorce, which were not accepted in Catholicism.\n\nIn England, these religious changes led to the creation of the Church of England, a Protestant church, under the reign of King Henry VIII.\n\n![Graph](image://5c967833-a2a0-4422-99e1-950d2eba60dd \"Henry VIII\")\n","89f14104-c204-4528-ac10-f79a3228e9d2",[1885],{"id":1886,"data":1887,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"82687ad8-795c-488a-aa23-784644e6d53e",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1888,"multiChoiceCorrect":1890,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1894,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1889],"Which of these describe features or beliefs of 'Protestantism'?",[1891,1892,1893],"Advocated for using English Bibles","Was adopted as state religion by Henry VIII","Challenged the Roman Catholic Church:multi",[1895,1896,1897],"Did not allow divorce","Was a branch of Roman Catholicism","Advocated for continued use of Latin",{"id":1899,"data":1900,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":1904},"287f0e6a-d81f-4a4d-b7c8-029249b4815e",{"type":30,"title":1901,"markdownContent":1902,"audioMediaId":1903},"Puritanism page 2","\nThis new church marked a departure from Roman Catholicism, yet it retained some Catholic practices.\n\nThis half-way reform was not sufficient for a group of Protestants called the \"Puritans.\" They sought to purify the Church of England of all Catholic elements, pushing for more radical changes.\n\nA subgroup within the Puritans, known as the \"Separatists,\" took an even more extreme stance. They believed the Church of England was so corrupt that they needed to break away from it completely.\n\nHowever, this view was controversial and led to persecution and harassment by the government and the Anglican Church (the Church of England), as their beliefs were seen as a threat to the established social and religious order.\n","fe01fa05-8783-42e9-8523-b6a329b449e3",[1905,1914],{"id":1906,"data":1907,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"d66c9e46-0f20-4577-9473-c7447610c160",{"type":70,"reviewType":22,"spacingBehaviour":30,"binaryQuestion":1908,"binaryCorrect":1910,"binaryIncorrect":1912},[1909],"Which of these applies to the 'Puritans'?",[1911],"They wanted to purge the Church of England ('C of E') of Catholic remnants",[1913],"They wanted to radically reintroduce Catholic elements",{"id":1915,"data":1916,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"29e6ceec-46e9-49f3-aa31-dd525103e537",{"type":70,"reviewType":22,"spacingBehaviour":30,"binaryQuestion":1917,"binaryCorrect":1919,"binaryIncorrect":1921},[1918],"What singled out 'Separatists' from other Puritans?",[1920],"They wanted to break away from the C of E (Church of England)",[1922],"They wanted to break away from The Catholic Church",{"id":1924,"data":1925,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":1929},"82c5a674-eca2-40b4-854a-943ae8bd7eac",{"type":30,"title":1926,"markdownContent":1927,"audioMediaId":1928},"Puritanism page 3","\nIn search of religious freedom and a place to practice their faith without persecution, many of these Separatists fled to the Netherlands, a country known for its religious tolerance.\n\nHowever, even in the Netherlands, they faced economic hardships and social limitations.\n\nSo, in 1620, a group of these Separatists, known as the Pilgrims, who had been living in the Dutch city of Leiden for over a decade, decided to embark on a journey to North America.\n\n![Graph](image://f4b859f7-2d13-4e9b-9e4e-e398f985f585 \"The Netherlands in 1609, including the city of 'Leyden' (Leiden)\")\n\nOnce in North America, specifically in what is now New England, these Puritans aimed to build what they called a \"city upon a hill\" .\n\nThe phrase ‘\"city upon a hill\" is from the Bible's Sermon on the Mount.\n\nIt implies that the Puritans' new society would be an elevated moral example for others. A beacon of righteousness the world would look up to.\n","f1433e42-b8ca-47b4-b022-d0bd07eb323a",[1930],{"id":1931,"data":1932,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"4285f550-24a1-46f5-8eac-a649e73204ab",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1933,"multiChoiceCorrect":1935,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1936,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1937,"matchPairsPairs":1938},[1934],"Which of the following most closely applies to the concept of 'City upon a Hill'?",[1112],[1774,1114,1119],[100],[1939],{"left":1940,"right":1112,"direction":21},"City upon a hill",{"id":1942,"data":1943,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":1947},"efa534e9-3525-4b7e-a0d4-07c5b202c35d",{"type":30,"title":1944,"markdownContent":1945,"audioMediaId":1946},"Puritanism page 4","\nWhen the Separatists sailed for America, they called themself the ‘Pilgrims’ – a traditional title for someone who journeys to a sacred place for religious reasons.\n\nFor them, America counted as a ‘holy’ place because they envisioned it as a new Garden of Eden – an uncorrupted paradise where they could live according to their strict religious principles.\n\nWe can see this attitude in the English poem “Bermudas”, written in the mid-17th century by a Puritan poet, Andrew Marvell.\n\n[Graph](image://e07d391a-66a2-44c1-bc41-c63f80d99b26 \"Andrew Marvell\")\n\nThe poem begins:\n\n![Graph](image://44d436f2-642e-4362-bf11-101d6f2f5f16 \"\")\n\nHere, 'his praise' acknowledges God's guidance to the fruitful Bermudas, akin to the Greek's Fortunate Isles, full of eternal spring:\n\n![Graph](image://95908640-8ba6-4cf1-a578-13cf45e76706 \"\")\n\nIn the minds of many, America was a Puritan utopia.\n","a3b45135-2870-4970-bc06-ca7d446bdf5a",[1948,1960,1975,1992],{"id":1949,"data":1950,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"16668ea4-6ce4-420d-bdf0-73a801f48faf",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1951,"multiChoiceCorrect":1953,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1957,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1952],"Why did the Separatists that sailed for America call themselves 'Pilgrims'?",[1954,1955,1956],"They saw their journey as a 'holy voyage'","They viewed America as a Garden of Eden","They foresaw being able to live strict religious lives upon arrival:multi",[1958,1959],"Believed they'd find religious artifacts","They aimed for religious conquest",{"id":1961,"data":1962,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"61130bcb-230c-4a94-afda-c83381e1f2c3",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":1963,"multiChoiceCorrect":1965,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1967,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1971,"matchPairsPairs":1972},[1964],"Who is the Puritan poet known for writing works such as 'Bermudas'?",[1966],"Andrew Marvell",[1968,1969,1970],"John White","Alfred Crosby","John Rolfe",[100],[1973],{"left":1966,"right":1974,"direction":21},"Wrote puritan poetry, e.g. 'Bermudas'",{"id":1976,"data":1977,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"963ae49d-5be2-48e1-8e24-5acbf912aa3c",{"type":70,"reviewType":175,"spacingBehaviour":30,"matchPairsQuestion":1978,"matchPairsPairs":1979,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},[100],[1980,1983,1986,1989],{"left":1981,"right":1982,"direction":21},"Leiden","City where the Separatists lived",{"left":1984,"right":1985,"direction":21},"Amsterdam","Not associated with any of these",{"left":1987,"right":1988,"direction":21},"New England","Future location of \"city upon a hill\"",{"left":1990,"right":1991,"direction":21},"England","First to establish a protestant state Church",{"id":1993,"data":1994,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"2d03b4a8-1fce-4ff1-bbd0-095f6b85d251",{"type":70,"reviewType":175,"spacingBehaviour":30,"matchPairsQuestion":1995,"matchPairsPairs":1996,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},[100],[1997,2000,2003,2006,2009],{"left":1998,"right":1999,"direction":21},"Puritans","Purge C of E of Catholic remnants",{"left":2001,"right":2002,"direction":21},"Separatists","Break away from C of E",{"left":2004,"right":2005,"direction":21},"Pilgrims","Found a City on a Hill",{"left":2007,"right":2008,"direction":21},"Catholics","Ban English Bibles and Divorce",{"left":2010,"right":2011,"direction":21},"Protestant","Religion of Henry VIII",{"id":2013,"data":2014,"type":22,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"summaryPage":2016,"introPage":2025,"pages":2032},"48e25972-bbb5-40df-9c43-0d594b1c06c7",{"type":22,"title":2015},"The Pilgrims",{"id":2017,"data":2018,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"8055b026-5f17-45d2-b0f9-93c0831237d5",{"type":21,"title":2019,"summary":2020},"The Pilgrims summary",[2021,2022,2023,2024],"The Pilgrims set sail on the Mayflower in 1620 to establish a new colony in the New World.","The Mayflower Compact established principles of self-governance for the Pilgrims.","The Massachusetts Bay Colony thrived and outpaced the original Plymouth Colony.","Harvard College was founded in 1636 to train future leaders and ministers in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.",{"id":2026,"data":2027,"type":48,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"e99474fc-75d5-47dd-bafd-1a08a1415ea3",{"type":48,"title":2028,"intro":2029},"The Pilgrims intro",[2030,2031],"What was the Mayflower Compact and why was it significant?","How did the Massachusetts Bay Colony outpace the Plymouth Colony in growth and development?",[2033,2064,2095,2144,2192],{"id":2034,"data":2035,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":2039},"d1d5db7b-b464-4752-b20b-f4159da18825",{"type":30,"title":2036,"markdownContent":2037,"audioMediaId":2038},"The Pilgrims page 1","In the year 1620, a group of English settlers, known as Pilgrims, obtained permission to live and establish a new colony under the authority of the Virginia Company.\n\n![Graph](image://36a71a17-5276-467d-b9cc-f49804d31fd3 \"The Mayflower colonists aboard the ship\")\n\nThis company was managed by English investors who had the right to establish colonies in Virginia, which was a vast region along the eastern coast of North America claimed by England, roughly stretching from New Jersey to North Carolina.\n\n![Graph](image://f13fa619-648a-4ac6-8f68-4227c4019043 \"Virginia Company Land\")\n\nThe Pilgrims originally planned to use two ships for their journey, named the Speedwell and the Mayflower. Unfortunately, the Speedwell turned out to be leaky and unsafe for the long voyage.\n\nLeft with no choice, the Pilgrims packed into the Mayflower, leaving from a port in Plymouth, England. They embarked on their perilous journey across the Atlantic on September 16, 1620.\n\nThe ocean crossing was grueling, with over two long months at sea facing stormy weather and high waves.\n","360df3ef-2f3d-44b4-8118-e182851c912c",[2040,2051],{"id":2041,"data":2042,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"4833237a-38dd-4840-b8c8-7afadf5c0def",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2043,"multiChoiceCorrect":2045,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2046,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":30,"orderQuestion":2047,"orderItems":2048},[2044],"In which year did the Pilgrims arrive in New England?",[1199],[1195,1197,1198],[538],[2049],{"label":2050,"reveal":1199,"sortOrder":21},"Pilgrims arrived in New England",{"id":2052,"data":2053,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"36740c86-3db8-4d54-9296-f0d9bdca6b18",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2054,"multiChoiceCorrect":2056,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2060,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2055],"Which of these is true of the 'Virginia Company', who gave a settlement permit to the Separatists?",[2057,2058,2059],"It was an English Company","They were a company of investors","Their land stretched from North Carolina to New Jersey:multi",[2061,2062,2063],"They were a religious organisation","It was a Dutch company","Its land stretched from New Jersey to Massachusetts",{"id":2065,"data":2066,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":2070},"b6c44f75-0c60-454b-bf09-06b71a1d1a1b",{"type":30,"title":2067,"markdownContent":2068,"audioMediaId":2069},"The Pilgrims page 2","\nAfter a long and difficult journey, the Mayflower glimpsed the shores of the New World on November 21, 1620.\n\nThe Pilgrims had aimed for the Virginia territory, yet the storms had pushed them to a northern shore, far from their intended destination.\n\n![Graph](image://dc2c551d-1ab3-4826-ac8d-483b4ec9a0f8 \"The landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth, Mass. Dec. 22nd 1620\")\n\nThis place was part of what is now known as Massachusetts.\n\nWhen they landed, they found a region with dense forests and an abundance of natural resources. The area was home to the Wampanoag people, who had cleared several sections of land that the Pilgrims used for their initial settlement.\n\nThe name \"Massachusetts\" is believed to come from \"Massachusett,\" a Wampanoag word that roughly translates to \"near the great hill, referring to a specific area that is today known as the Blue Hills region south of Boston.\n\nWhen the Pilgrims began seriously to build their own settlement, they named it Plymouth after the English port from which they’d departed.\n","662c2001-92e5-4dd5-ab55-8dbe20408abb",[2071,2080],{"id":2072,"data":2073,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"eda930b0-8726-44fc-b783-a3ff82a80349",{"type":70,"reviewType":22,"spacingBehaviour":30,"binaryQuestion":2074,"binaryCorrect":2076,"binaryIncorrect":2078},[2075],"Why did the Pilgrims name their Massachusetts settlement 'Plymouth Harbour'?",[2077],"That was the port they had departed from in England",[2079],"That was the name of the English company that gave them a permit",{"id":2081,"data":2082,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"183abf16-14aa-420f-8ca6-7de4fd81af9c",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2083,"multiChoiceCorrect":2085,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2087,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2091,"matchPairsPairs":2092},[2084],"Which of the following applies to Wampanoag?",[2086],"Indigenous people, inhabitants of Massachusetts.",[2088,2089,2090],"Name of the sweeter variety of tobacco cultivated by John Rolfe","Tahitian priest, navigator, and interpreter for James Cook","Hit hard by diseases including smallpox just before the Pilgrims' arrival",[100],[2093],{"left":2094,"right":2086,"direction":21},"Wampanoag",{"id":2096,"data":2097,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":2101},"34176462-c637-4640-8667-09a66c4c338d",{"type":30,"title":2098,"markdownContent":2099,"audioMediaId":2100},"The Pilgrims page 3","\nWhen the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth in 1620, they faced a daunting task: building a new society from scratch. They needed more than buildings; they needed a blueprint for a functioning community.\n\nTheir solution? — a written agreement, \"The Mayflower Compact\", which was drafted and signed while still aboard the ship.\n\n![Graph](image://dd61bd14-9b45-4c18-994d-35ca14f4f7e5 \"Page from William Bradford's Of Plimoth Plantation containing the text of the Mayflower Compact\")\n\nThough fairly short, at only around 200 words, this was no trivial document.\n\nAt a time when Europe was mostly ruled by hereditary, all-powerful monarchs, the Compact established principles of self-governance.\n\nIt set out how they should elect their own leaders, and enact their own laws.\n\nEvery adult man on the Mayflower (41 in total) signed it, committing to a government based on the majority's will.\n\nThis revolutionary, democratic ideal served as a model for later American colonies – and would eventually form the ideals of government in the United States as it still exists today.\n","6544963e-c0db-49f0-8450-89a58a5767d2",[2102,2113,2129],{"id":2103,"data":2104,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"5d380f3b-eccb-44fb-9ff0-6304dee92389",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2105,"multiChoiceCorrect":2107,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2108,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2109,"matchPairsPairs":2110},[2106],"Which of the following applies to the Mayflower Compact?'",[1183],[1182,1184,1180],[100],[2111],{"left":2112,"right":1183,"direction":21},"The Mayflower Compact",{"id":2114,"data":2115,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"0b5bb777-f3a1-491e-9c68-7d48bb91e985",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2116,"multiChoiceCorrect":2118,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2120,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":2124,"orderQuestion":2125,"orderItems":2126},[2117],"How many adult men on the Mayflower signed the Compact?",[2119],"41",[2121,2122,2123],"123","300","100",12,[538],[2127],{"label":2128,"reveal":2119,"sortOrder":4},"Number of Adult men on the Mayflower who signed the Compact",{"id":2130,"data":2131,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"933d668e-53ff-4b8a-9384-75d7e7e9a511",{"type":70,"reviewType":175,"spacingBehaviour":30,"matchPairsQuestion":2132,"matchPairsPairs":2133,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},[100],[2134,2137,2140,2143],{"left":2135,"right":2136,"direction":21},"Wampanoag land","Massachusetts",{"left":2138,"right":2139,"direction":21},"Intended destination of Pilgrims","Virginia",{"left":2141,"right":2142,"direction":21},"English port from which the Pilgrims set off","Plymouth",{"left":306,"right":1981,"direction":21},{"id":2145,"data":2146,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":2150},"27bbca13-b9dd-4a38-8952-dc2842f80ba1",{"type":30,"title":2147,"markdownContent":2148,"audioMediaId":2149},"The Pilgrims page 4","\nNew England grew sharply in the following decades, though not only in Plymouth harbour.\n\nIn 1630, a new settlement took root: the Massachusetts Bay Colony. A fresh wave of English Puritans came, seeking the same religious freedom the Pilgrims had sought just 10 years earlier.\n\n![Graph](image://36b21367-4b65-4946-8e1d-c9807865fee2 \"Image of Massachusetts Bay Colony stamp, 2-cents\")\n\nThis new colony didn't just grow; it thrived and soon outpaced the original Pilgrims. Why?\n\nFirstly, it was significantly bigger than its counterpart in Plymouth harbor.\n","4955c298-2f73-4ece-80e8-54f6f91b6f99",[2151,2162,2177],{"id":2152,"data":2153,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"8cd0962c-bd04-4c81-9d86-48820f003754",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2154,"multiChoiceCorrect":2156,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2159,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2155],"What factors contributed to the Massachusetts Bay Colony's success?",[2157,2158],"Larger size","Emphasis on education:multi",[2160,2161],"Backing from the Church of England","Smaller size",{"id":2163,"data":2164,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"3a11816c-438e-41fe-ab28-376853cc1dd0",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2165,"multiChoiceCorrect":2167,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2169,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2173,"matchPairsPairs":2174},[2166],"Which of the following was a consequence of the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630?",[2168],"Fresh wave of English Puritans seek religious freedom.",[2170,2171,2172],"Led to shift in Wampanoag policies, ignited conflict","Struggles with disease, lack of supplies, and famine","Kidnapping of Pocahontas",[100],[2175],{"left":2176,"right":2168,"direction":21},"Establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630)",{"id":2178,"data":2179,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"6631ebd1-345a-4e60-9faa-116cc12b7888",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2180,"multiChoiceCorrect":2182,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2184,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":30,"orderQuestion":2188,"orderItems":2189},[2181],"In which year was Harvard College founded (for the purpose of training clergymen)?",[2183],"1636",[2185,2186,2187],"1657","1660","1675",[538],[2190],{"label":2191,"reveal":2183,"sortOrder":4},"Harvard College was founded",{"id":2193,"data":2194,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"6004d548-7a4c-43a5-a938-c630ad18c908",{"type":30,"title":2195,"markdownContent":2196,"audioMediaId":2197},"The Pilgrims page 5","\nBy 1640, 20 years after its founding, Plymouth Colony had a population of just over 1,000 people. In contrast, the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1640, just ten years after its founding, had a population of nearly 9,000 people.\n\n![Graph](image://ede06107-0b74-406c-842b-d42b8fc0da8f \"Puritans drinking from pewter mugs in colonial Massachusetts. Hand-colored woodcut of a 19th-century illustration\")\n\nIt therefore had more skills and more hands for labor.\n\nSecondly, it had a strong, well-ordered system. They put a high value on working together and on learning.\n\nOut of these values came Harvard College in 1636. Named for John Harvard, a clergyman, the college aimed to train the colony's future leaders and ministers.\n\n![Graph](image://3216ba5e-493a-4dd6-bdfe-0b6d146bda57 \"The first buildings of Harvard College\")\n","b9a28e2d-3625-4f3d-aaef-d26760d2776d",{"id":2199,"data":2200,"type":22,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"summaryPage":2202,"introPage":2211,"pages":2218},"8b287b01-9449-4a77-9470-97bd10c5f69b",{"type":22,"title":2201},"Harsh Realities",{"id":2203,"data":2204,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"b2aaf630-5f82-402c-ad65-0496a0b8d8dd",{"type":21,"title":2205,"summary":2206},"Harsh Realities summary",[2207,2208,2209,2210],"Spanish colonies like La Navidad and Roanoke were short-lived and faced mysterious disappearances.","The London Company's settlements in Bermuda and Jamestown struggled with disease, famine, and high mortality rates.","Early colonies faced harsh realities such as conflicts with local populations and difficulties in farming.","The Lost Colony of Roanoke and the failed settlements of La Navidad and Bermuda highlight the challenges early colonizers faced in the New World.",{"id":2212,"data":2213,"type":48,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"9ece1ce2-3cd1-4750-9580-599e2ff1b75a",{"type":48,"title":2214,"intro":2215},"Harsh Realities intro",[2216,2217],"What led to the downfall of the La Navidad settlement?","What was behind the mysterious disappearance of the Roanoke Colony?",[2219,2250,2270],{"id":2220,"data":2221,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":2225},"79a58f90-e8e1-4fd2-a287-8e19e5e27838",{"type":30,"title":2222,"markdownContent":2223,"audioMediaId":2224},"Harsh Realities page 1","The reality of early colonies was far from utopian, and the majority of Spanish settlements were short-lived.\n\nLa Navidad was founded back in 1492, during Columbus’ first voyage\n\nIt was located on the northeast coast of Hispaniola (present-day Haiti), where Columbus's ship, the Santa María, ran aground.\n\n![Graph](image://b095ea6e-2475-422d-83f7-83fc9883e453 \"A fantasy etching of Columbus aboard the Santa Maria\")\n\nSeeing an opportunity, Columbus decided to leave a group of his men on the island to establish a settlement and gather gold, using the materials from the wrecked ship to build a fort.\n\nWhen Columbus returned on his second voyage in 1493, however, he found the settlement destroyed.\n\nThe men he had left behind had been killed, possibly due to conflicts with the local Taíno people.\n","a23aae4a-3918-432f-86f0-c36b9fc245b4",[2226,2235],{"id":2227,"data":2228,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"988cc215-0176-4970-8579-f8aad2731165",{"type":70,"reviewType":22,"spacingBehaviour":30,"binaryQuestion":2229,"binaryCorrect":2231,"binaryIncorrect":2233},[2230],"After how long did Columbus return to find La Navidad had failed?",[2232],"1 year",[2234],"2 years",{"id":2236,"data":2237,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"67bbdb6f-b96b-423f-98bc-ceff98f34cf2",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2238,"multiChoiceCorrect":2240,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2242,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2246,"matchPairsPairs":2247},[2239],"Which of the following applies to 'Taíno'?",[2241],"Local people of Hispaniola",[2243,2244,2245],"Cultivated a strong and harsh variety of tobacco","Leader known as 'King Philip'","Indigenous people of New Zealand",[100],[2248],{"left":2249,"right":2241,"direction":21},"Taíno",{"id":2251,"data":2252,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":2256},"d5c14593-b288-44b7-a26d-c21113d351dd",{"type":30,"title":2253,"markdownContent":2254,"audioMediaId":2255},"Harsh Realities page 2","\nOther early attempts followed similar patterns, for example, the Roanoke Colony, established by English explorer Sir Walter Raleigh in 1587.\n\nLocated on an island off the coast of present-day North Carolina, this settlement is famously known as the \"Lost Colony.\"\n\nJust like La Navidad, by 1590 when Raleigh returned to the island, the colony had mysteriously disappeared, with no trace of the settlers.\n\nThis disappearance gave rise to various theories and speculations, including the possibility of a massacre or assimilation into local Native American tribes.\n\n![Graph](image://edf0c7ee-c420-42fd-a837-bb121dc30431 \"The Lost Colony, design by William Ludwell Sheppard, engraving by William James Linton. This image depicts John White returning to the Roanoke Colony in 1590 to discover the settlement abandoned.\")\n","171a2fa5-84be-43a7-a9ce-7bf69b54bc99",[2257],{"id":2258,"data":2259,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"60054ed9-6997-4cb0-bb80-69c807aab642",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2260,"multiChoiceCorrect":2262,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2264,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2261],"Who established the Roanoke Colony and what nickname was it given?",[1519,2263]," \"The Lost Colony\"",[2265,2266,1968,2267,2268,2269],"John Smith","\"The Lost Colony\""," \"The Vanishing Settlement\""," Sir Francis Drake","\"The Vanishing Settlement\"",{"id":2271,"data":2272,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":2276},"ce55af7f-b5aa-4326-8eed-4a3c0b3dda4b",{"type":30,"title":2273,"markdownContent":2274,"audioMediaId":2275},"Harsh Realities page 3","\nThough less shrouded in mystery, a similar ill fate shadowed the early London Company, a joint-stock company that hoped to profit from the natural resources of the New World.\n\nTheir settlement in Bermuda of 1609 was abandoned after just one year.\n\n“Jamestown”, founded in 1607 by the London Company along the banks of the James River, Virginia, proved initially difficult to farm. Settlers struggled with disease, lack of supplies, and famine.\n\n![Graph](image://f13fa619-648a-4ac6-8f68-4227c4019043 \"Virginia Company Land\")\n\nThough later successful, the first years of the Jamestown settlement were marked by a high mortality rate. In 1608, two-thirds of settlers had died.\n","095db468-fc8c-45d9-8283-cec41b035648",[2277,2289,2304],{"id":2278,"data":2279,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"6d45dbce-4876-4d1c-9728-8e5a8de6ad40",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2280,"multiChoiceCorrect":2282,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2283,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2285,"matchPairsPairs":2286},[2281],"Which of the following was a consequence of the founding of Jamestown?",[2171],[2168,2284,2172],"Shift in Wampanoag policies, ignited conflict",[100],[2287],{"left":2288,"right":2171,"direction":21},"Founding of Jamestown",{"id":2290,"data":2291,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"843284b7-6cd8-45cf-abc4-472b8173875a",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2292,"multiChoiceCorrect":2294,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2296,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":2124,"orderQuestion":2300,"orderItems":2301},[2293],"What percentage of Jamestown settlers died in 1608?",[2295],"66%",[2297,2298,2299],"33%","40%","10-20%",[538],[2302],{"label":2303,"reveal":2295,"sortOrder":21},"Proportion of Jamestown settlers who died in 1608",{"id":2305,"data":2306,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"227478cf-0bb5-4b7c-9633-905a71eae59a",{"type":70,"reviewType":175,"spacingBehaviour":30,"matchPairsQuestion":2307,"matchPairsPairs":2308,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},[100],[2309,2312,2315],{"left":2310,"right":2311,"direction":21},"The London Company","Failed settlement in Bermuda",{"left":2313,"right":2314,"direction":21},"Jamestown","Founded in 1607",{"left":2316,"right":2317,"direction":21},"Roanoak","Located near North Carolina",{"id":2319,"data":2320,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"orbs":2322},"ebe28515-22d2-49d4-9cb9-a1871ade575d",{"type":27,"title":2321,"tagline":2321},"Effects of Colonization",[2323,2441,2510,2603,2717],{"id":2324,"data":2325,"type":22,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"summaryPage":2327,"introPage":2336,"pages":2343},"44f2cb84-613b-4dc8-9ea8-4ed65c340468",{"type":22,"title":2326},"Terra Nullius",{"id":2328,"data":2329,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"05563a3a-c76a-4e5b-a051-f0d227cc7aa1",{"type":21,"title":2330,"summary":2331},"Terra Nullius summary",[2332,2333,2334,2335],"Europeans justified land dispossession in the Americas by treating it as Terra Nullius.","Pre-Columbian America was far from empty, with a diverse population and complex communities.","Medieval travel narratives influenced European perceptions of indigenous Americans.","John White's illustrations of Native Americans perpetuated stereotypes of their primitive nature.",{"id":2337,"data":2338,"type":48,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"40516c11-7050-491c-8463-d80a55e6ccbb",{"type":48,"title":2339,"intro":2340},"Terra Nullius intro",[2341,2342],"What's the connection between Roman law's \"res nullius\" and the European concept of Terra Nullius?","How did the illustrations of John White shape European perceptions of Native Americans?",[2344,2378,2396,2412],{"id":2345,"data":2346,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":2350},"df8bd93e-a440-412d-8d8d-c1f942f99419",{"type":30,"title":2347,"markdownContent":2348,"audioMediaId":2349},"Terra Nullius page 1","To justify the dispossession of native land, Europeans widely treated the Americas as a Terra Nullius - a Latin phrase meaning “nobody’s land”.\n\nThe roots of this concept can be traced back to Roman law's \"res nullius,\" meaning \"nobody's thing,\" where things like wild animals or abandoned property could be claimed by anyone who seized them.\n\nEuropeans, guided by this concept, operated under the belief that lands not already claimed by Christian nations were empty and could be rightfully claimed.\n\n[Graph](image://b299a6de-6016-4b32-a6fa-c2744f8feb55 \"Diagram of the Antarctic, showing a portion that is technically a 'Terra Nullius\")\n","ad3d44de-4953-434f-af83-9fab923343b2",[2351,2367],{"id":2352,"data":2353,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"9661a681-c1c7-44be-a2a9-e6448ee4dd36",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2354,"multiChoiceCorrect":2356,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2358,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2362,"matchPairsPairs":2363},[2355],"What did 'res nullius' refer to?",[2357],"Property without current ownership",[2359,2360,2361],"Hypothetical continent first posited in antiquity","Land belonging to no one","Hypothetical region of the Arctic Ocean",[100],[2364],{"left":2365,"right":2366,"direction":21},"Northwest Passage","Hypothetical region of the Arctic Ocean.",{"id":2368,"data":2369,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"37455659-a959-4b86-a1a9-cd4addb26814",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2370,"multiChoiceCorrect":2372,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2373,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2374,"matchPairsPairs":2375},[2371],"What did 'Terra Nullius' refer to?",[2360],[2359,2361,2357],[100],[2376],{"left":2377,"right":2359,"direction":21},"Terra Australis",{"id":2379,"data":2380,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":2384},"f66672c7-b943-4fe5-b6fb-83308491a4b7",{"type":30,"title":2381,"markdownContent":2382,"audioMediaId":2383},"Terra Nullius page 2","\nThat America was “nobody’s land” was far from the truth. Pre-Columbian population figures range from 8–112 million, and the diversity of Native American communities was vast - including both agricultural and nomadic.\n\nOne example of a Native American community with a complex agricultural system was the American Mississippian culture, which flourished in the midwestern and southeastern region of North America between the 9th and 16th centuries CE.\n\nThe Mississippian people were skilled farmers of maize, who built large earthwork mounds and plazas that served as centers of political, religious, and social activity.\n\nThey had a distinctive method of crafting ceramics, which utilized river shells for tempering.\n","5ed45856-65ac-47bb-9a4a-83c82ae4079d",[2385],{"id":2386,"data":2387,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"af3e8f8a-1bc4-485e-a676-c032d763b147",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2388,"multiChoiceCorrect":2390,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2393,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2389],"Which characteristics were true of Native American communities pre-Columbian contact?",[2391,2392],"Diverse cultures","Complex agricultural systems:multi",[2394,2395],"Predominantly nomadic lifestyles","Advanced technology",{"id":2397,"data":2398,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":2402},"6a768ccd-79b3-4ce2-92c7-d77929167914",{"type":30,"title":2399,"markdownContent":2400,"audioMediaId":2401},"Terra Nullius page 3","\nJust like the European imagination of ‘Atlantic’ lands was shaped by ancient myths, so too were perceptions of indigenous Americans.\n\nMedieval travel narratives in particular were known for their fantastical and exaggerated descriptions of remote regions and their inhabitants.\n\nOne influential source of these myths was \"The Travels of Sir John Mandeville,\" a book written around 1356–57.\n\nIt is a collection of travelers' tales, embellished with Mandeville's additions, describing mythical lands and peoples, including fantastical creatures like the \"Blemmyes,\" a tribe of headless men supposedly from Africa.\n\n[Graph](image://fc4bd2e0-d0f5-4b73-998e-b275ac3af9fd \"Sebastian Münster, Illustrations of monstrous humans from Cosmographia (1544)\")\n\nFollowing Columbus’ voyage, such tales provided a model for depicting the inhabitants of America.\n","4ed34952-3491-4713-aae6-c0fe4b48e675",[2403],{"id":2404,"data":2405,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"31c22af4-3aec-4a08-9389-58a43e7db01d",{"type":70,"reviewType":22,"spacingBehaviour":30,"binaryQuestion":2406,"binaryCorrect":2408,"binaryIncorrect":2410},[2407],"How did \"The Travels of Sir John Mandeville\" influence European perceptions of the New World?",[2409],"By providing exaggerated and fantastical descriptions",[2411],"By suggesting the presence of rich resources",{"id":2413,"data":2414,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":2418},"918511a8-1da4-45c8-9524-469565da7cad",{"type":30,"title":2415,"markdownContent":2416,"audioMediaId":2417},"Terra Nullius page 4","\nAmong the first naturalistic depictions of Native Americans to reach Europe were the illustrations of John White, a member of the Roanoke expedition led by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1585, tasked with surveying the land and recording its natural history.\n\nWhite composed a series of watercolor paintings of Algonquian Indians - the tribe, its chiefs, and ceremonial activities - according to the conventions of Elizabethan portraiture.\n\nAt times, White seems to imitate figures of Greek and Roman art.\n\nWhile these images were far from Madeville’s monsters, his account nevertheless suggested the natives’ primitive and heathen nature, wearing little clothes and communicating with devils. These associations were to dominate European perceptions for centuries.\n","10ec95b8-723e-4e1a-950e-83cdd1d0ce78",[2419,2430],{"id":2420,"data":2421,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"f9cf97fc-49f2-4397-ad20-37dcf9404c7c",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2422,"multiChoiceCorrect":2424,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2425,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2426,"matchPairsPairs":2427},[2423],"Who was the illustrator of the natives during the Roanoke expedition?",[1968],[1966,1969,1970],[100],[2428],{"left":1968,"right":2429,"direction":21},"Illustrated natives on Roanoke expedition",{"id":2431,"data":2432,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"8964bbb6-e60e-4945-8e91-72f1d0ce259e",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2433,"multiChoiceCorrect":2435,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2437,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2434],"John White's illustrations of Native Americans were significant for their:",[2436],"Blend of realism and European artistic conventions",[2438,2439,2440],"Accurate botanical details","Depiction of advanced technology","Focus on peaceful interactions",{"id":2442,"data":2443,"type":22,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"summaryPage":2445,"introPage":2454,"pages":2461},"f561ac50-566d-4053-aa14-5005a485426d",{"type":22,"title":2444},"Smallpox",{"id":2446,"data":2447,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"354350d7-0325-4bd3-902d-3595744105e9",{"type":21,"title":2448,"summary":2449},"Smallpox summary",[2450,2451,2452,2453],"Smallpox devastated Native American populations with death rates up to 90%.","Europeans had immunity to smallpox, while Native Americans had none.","Smallpox spread through trade networks, devastating communities before settlers arrived.","Smallpox forever changed the demographic and cultural landscape of indigenous peoples in North America.",{"id":2455,"data":2456,"type":48,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"6e4fbbae-f3af-4059-9ba2-6d514d837013",{"type":48,"title":2457,"intro":2458},"Smallpox intro",[2459,2460],"What invisible killers decimated the Wampanoag population before the Pilgrims' arrival?","How did smallpox contribute to the myth of America as a \"Terra Nullius\"?",[2462,2468,2474],{"id":2463,"data":2464,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"73c22ef8-7190-4ddc-b663-1e9ce5f2e112",{"type":30,"title":2465,"markdownContent":2466,"audioMediaId":2467},"Smallpox page 1","In 1620, when the Pilgrims made landfall in in the place that would be named ‘Plymouth Harbor’, they found the remains of a Native American village. But it was eerily quiet. The Wampanoag, the land's original stewards, had mostly disappeared.\n\nWhat happened to the Wampanoag was not a tale of simple migration but a tragic encounter with invisible killers.\n\nDiseases from Europe, such as smallpox, measles, and influenza, had raced ahead of the settlers, reaching the Native Americans through trade, exploration, and warfare.\n\nThese were new illnesses to the Native Americans, who had no immunity against such diseases.\n\n![Graph](image://f4d3ab83-d644-45fb-8069-c6d68ef70c25 \"16th-century Aztec drawing of smallpox victims\")\n","caf265c5-13bd-44b0-aa4c-170fe6f22ebd",{"id":2469,"data":2470,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"8bf14442-80a0-47ee-9b00-0f5436275bbe",{"type":30,"title":2471,"markdownContent":2472,"audioMediaId":2473},"Smallpox page 2","\nSmallpox, a devastating disease caused by the variola virus, had been rife in Europe for centuries, particularly in the 1800s, claiming approximately 400,000 lives annually.\n\nThe disease was characterized by fever, a distinctive rash, and pustules. Survivors often suffered long-term effects, including blindness. In the Americas, the impact was even more catastrophic.\n\n![Graph](image://85599f46-737d-49c8-8642-8784d3187552 \"A comparison between smallpox and cowpox pustules on the 14th and 15th days of the disease. G Kirtland, 1896 via Wellcome Collection. Licence: CC BY 4.0\")\n\nEuropeans had been exposed to smallpox for centuries, leading to a level of herd immunity within these populations. This exposure meant that although individuals might still become sick, the overall mortality rate was lower due to some level of pre-existing immunity and previous exposure to similar viruses.\n\nIn contrast, Native American populations had no prior exposure to smallpox before the arrival of Europeans. As a result, they lacked any form of immunity against the disease.\n\nBecause of this, Native populations at first suffered death rates up to 90% in some communities, as seen with the Massachusetts Bay Indians.\nIt forever changed the demographic and cultural landscape of the indigenous peoples in North America.\n","fb776ea7-9242-4463-b2bd-9b1d68d369c1",{"id":2475,"data":2476,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":2480},"3a7ea007-143b-4c62-bd6f-d28bce07b982",{"type":30,"title":2477,"markdownContent":2478,"audioMediaId":2479},"Smallpox page 3","\nThe diseases brought by Europeans played a significant role in the myth that America was a “Terra Nullius” (land of no one).\n\nThis is because the diseases traveled faster than the people themselves, carried through native trade networks.\n\nThe colonists, arriving later, saw this emptiness, not realizing it was the aftermath of epidemic devastation\n\nAs early as 1518, smallpox had already begun ravaging the indigenous populations in Hispaniola, later spreading to the mainland.\n\nIn the years between 1617 and 1619 especially, diseases including smallpox hit the Algonquin people of Massachusetts hard, just before the Pilgrims' arrival, leading to the deserted villages the settlers found.\n\n![Graph](image://0a4f53a6-4744-45b5-a3e5-ff2ea40c5b92 \"A graph showing the Native American Population Collapse in Mexico\")\n","1b7eccb6-7540-447f-b871-3a9396cc8bc8",[2481,2492,2503],{"id":2482,"data":2483,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"e7f94b43-955c-41ca-a2de-65f3e4b4bb0b",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2484,"multiChoiceCorrect":2486,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2487,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2488,"matchPairsPairs":2489},[2485],"Which of the following applies to Algonquin?",[2090],[2086,2088,2089],[100],[2490],{"left":2491,"right":2090,"direction":21},"Algonquin",{"id":2493,"data":2494,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"8cb84524-7e69-4ade-9c2a-8eb97d5f4b45",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2495,"multiChoiceCorrect":2497,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2498,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":30,"orderQuestion":2499,"orderItems":2500},[2496],"When did smallpox begin to rage in Hispaniola?",[1255],[1253,1254,1251],[538],[2501],{"label":2502,"reveal":1255,"sortOrder":22},"Smallpox rages in Hispaniola",{"id":2504,"data":2505,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"f037b3c3-ac1c-48de-b093-4197d593b1f6",{"type":70,"reviewType":30,"spacingBehaviour":30,"activeRecallQuestion":2506,"activeRecallAnswers":2508},[2507],"What was the role of native trade networks in making the 'Terra Nullius' perspective more believable?",[2509],"They were disease transmission routes, wiping out villages before Europeans actually arrived",{"id":2511,"data":2512,"type":22,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"summaryPage":2514,"introPage":2523,"pages":2530},"e1e06a4c-15a1-451a-9fa1-c4b02c217456",{"type":22,"title":2513},"The Columbian Exchange",{"id":2515,"data":2516,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"7be4778f-21a0-4399-a115-f2c086dff465",{"type":21,"title":2517,"summary":2518},"The Columbian Exchange summary",[2519,2520,2521,2522],"Europeans introduced new crops and animals to the Americas, changing the landscape and lifestyle.","Indigenous American crops like potatoes and maize spread to Europe, Africa, and Asia, becoming vital staples.","Tomatoes were initially distrusted in Europe but eventually became a key ingredient in Italian cuisine.","The Columbian Exchange had a profound impact on agriculture and culture worldwide.",{"id":2524,"data":2525,"type":48,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"3705a395-af84-451e-ae49-9dea5f694fce",{"type":48,"title":2526,"intro":2527},"The Columbian Exchange intro",[2528,2529],"What were some of the key crops and animals Europeans introduced to the Americas during the Columbian Exchange?","How did the introduction of potatoes and maize from the Americas impact Europe and Asia?",[2531,2549,2571,2585],{"id":2532,"data":2533,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":2537},"4206c67e-d599-42e8-9a48-45c7944e8c4a",{"type":30,"title":2534,"markdownContent":2535,"audioMediaId":2536},"The Columbian Exchange page 1","The “Columbian Exchange” is a term coined by historian Alfred W. Crosby that refers to the widespread exchange of plants, animals, and ideas that occurred between the Americas, Europe, Africa, and Asia following Columbus's arrival in the Americas.\n\nBefore the Columbian Exchange, the Americas were largely isolated from the rest of the world and had their own unique set of plants, animals, and cultural practices.\n\nThe arrival of European explorers and colonists in the Americas marked the beginning of significant ecological transformations on multiple continents.\n\nCrosby argued that this exchange had a profound impact on the world, shaping everything from agriculture to culture.\n\n![Graph](image://f1fe0ca3-d4df-4a32-a785-2f1708aee61f \"Diagram of the Columbian Exchange. Image: C.Hwa via Flickr. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 2.0\")\n","36d547e3-fb1e-4ae7-878c-8d64999f983a",[2538],{"id":2539,"data":2540,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"b485f75e-ea3f-4ff7-a10c-560d4648764d",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2541,"multiChoiceCorrect":2543,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2544,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2545,"matchPairsPairs":2546},[2542],"Who is credited with coining the term 'Columbian Exchange'?",[1969],[1966,1968,1970],[100],[2547],{"left":1969,"right":2548,"direction":21},"Coined the term 'Columbian Exchange'",{"id":2550,"data":2551,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":2555},"0777ac6a-72a6-4bf2-9e4d-d8f5d6af2655",{"type":30,"title":2552,"markdownContent":2553,"audioMediaId":2554},"The Columbian Exchange page 2","\nEuropeans brought a variety of crops to the Americas, including wheat, rice, and sugarcane, which were not native to the New World.\n\nThey also introduced domesticated animals like horses, cattle, and pigs. These animals adapted well to the American environments, particularly in regions like the Pampas and the Great Plains, where cattle and horses thrived and reproduced prolifically.\n\nThe introduction of these animals had economic consequences, providing new sources of hides, wool, and protein, and also changed the way of life for many Native Americans. For example, the acquisition of horses transformed the lifestyle of Plains Indians, enabling them to hunt bison more efficiently and altering their political structures.\n","9a11eeb5-f49c-4674-a29a-74d24d89614b",[2556],{"id":2557,"data":2558,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"594b1706-e605-4645-95f7-e5657fc1356c",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2559,"multiChoiceCorrect":2561,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2567,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2560],"Which of the following were introduced to the Americas by Europeans?",[2562,2563,2564,2565,2566],"Horses","Wheat","Rice","Sugarcane","Pigs:multi",[2568,2569,2570],"Corn","Tomatoes","Potatoes",{"id":2572,"data":2573,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":2577},"2e3f3ba3-7b04-46a5-a67c-5349ed5eab73",{"type":30,"title":2574,"markdownContent":2575,"audioMediaId":2576},"The Columbian Exchange page 3","\nConversely, indigenous American crops like potatoes, maize (corn), and tomatoes were introduced to Europe, Africa, and Asia, where they became important staples.\n\n![Graph](image://6305a5d5-4498-4e97-a50c-ae20e80c161f \"A maize farm\")\n\nThe potato, originating from the Andes, was particularly significant in Europe, especially in Ireland and parts of northern Europe, due to its ability to grow in poor soil conditions.\n\nIts introduction contributed to population growth and industrialization in these regions.\n\nMaize, too, spread rapidly across different continents and became a vital crop, not just for food but also as animal feed and for alcohol production.\n\n![Graph](image://f1fe0ca3-d4df-4a32-a785-2f1708aee61f \"Diagram of the Columbian Exchange. Image: C.Hwa via Flickr. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 2.0\")\n","e19a7ee6-c176-406e-bdc9-00ad713122ae",[2578],{"id":2579,"data":2580,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"f823aabb-adbf-40ca-a7de-82ea3a3341e9",{"type":70,"reviewType":30,"spacingBehaviour":30,"activeRecallQuestion":2581,"activeRecallAnswers":2583},[2582],"Why was the potato a valuable crop in Europe?",[2584],"It was hardy and able to grow in poor soil",{"id":2586,"data":2587,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":2591},"8319919c-5241-43d1-9a55-34a0cb7161e5",{"type":30,"title":2588,"markdownContent":2589,"audioMediaId":2590},"The Columbian Exchange page 4","\nTomatoes, meanwhile, were initially viewed with suspicion by Europeans, since they belong to a family of plants called “nightshades”, which can sometimes be poisonous.\n\nIt was not until the 18th century that they began to be widely cultivated and consumed in Europe, particularly in Italy where they became a key ingredient in Italian cuisine.\n","56acde12-6bab-4a70-a69a-f83a7085b2e3",[2592],{"id":2593,"data":2594,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"40f813fb-f6a9-46d8-97db-d79e9107468b",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2595,"multiChoiceCorrect":2597,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2599,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2596],"What family of plants do tomatoes come from, many of which are poisonous?",[2598],"Nightshades",[2600,2601,2602],"Legumes","Gourds","Orchids",{"id":2604,"data":2605,"type":22,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"summaryPage":2607,"introPage":2616,"pages":2623},"8226d101-0d32-4553-92af-78b8b0a36448",{"type":22,"title":2606},"Tobacco",{"id":2608,"data":2609,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"b6de9c40-2f8e-47b8-959d-0b301029a3d2",{"type":21,"title":2610,"summary":2611},"Tobacco summary",[2612,2613,2614,2615],"English colonizers valued Indigenous knowledge of tobacco cultivation","John Rolfe played a key role in making Virginia economically viable through tobacco","Pocahontas's marriage to Rolfe secured peace for tobacco trade","Pocahontas's trip to England was a marketing strategy for the Virginia Company",{"id":2617,"data":2618,"type":48,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"0e4726a2-a3e4-49f3-9189-3073c477b79a",{"type":48,"title":2619,"intro":2620},"Tobacco intro",[2621,2622],"What role did John Rolfe play in the tobacco trade in early Virginia?","How did Pocahontas's marriage to John Rolfe impact the cultivation and trade of tobacco?",[2624,2630,2659,2699],{"id":2625,"data":2626,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"8e98aa55-2c08-4ebc-8e83-24e369f498a7",{"type":30,"title":2627,"markdownContent":2628,"audioMediaId":2629},"Tobacco page 1","In the early years of English colonization in the Americas, interactions with Indigenous peoples were primarily shaped by the dynamics of trade.\n\nThe English colonizers, eager for new commodities to trade abroad, valued Indigenous knowledge of local natural resources and agriculture.\nThe English were particularly interested in tobacco, a crop native to the Americas and used by Indigenous people for various purposes, including ceremonial and medicinal, long before European arrival.\n\nRecognizing tobacco's trade potential, the English were desperate to learn about its traditional cultivation and preparation from local tribes.\n\n![Graph](image://192e225f-4e9d-4aad-bd8d-1eefba9aa33c \"Indigenous Americans\")\n","99c7e5e5-8609-4501-a08d-08168ba8eedc",{"id":2631,"data":2632,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":2636},"fa4700c7-f367-4801-ac3a-de59d11739d2",{"type":30,"title":2633,"markdownContent":2634,"audioMediaId":2635},"Tobacco page 2","\nJohn Rolfe, an early English settler in Jamestown, Virginia, played a pivotal role in the tobacco trade.\n\nVirginia was the land of the powerful Powhatan Confederacy: an alliance of tribes led by Chief Wahunsonacock, known as Powhatan.\n\nSkilled in agriculture, the Powhatan cultivated a strong and harsh variety of tobacco. And Rolfe, recognizing its commercial potential in Europe, learned what he could from their culture.\n\nIn 1612, seeking to cultivate a milder strain of Tobacco more suitable to European tastes, Rolfe, found seeds of a sweeter variety, likely from the Caribbean, which he began to plant in Virginia\n\nHis success in cultivating this sweeter tobacco, known as \"Orinoco,\" was crucial in making the Virginia colony economically viable, becoming its most profitable export to Europe.\n","9042c9e8-b562-4237-975e-2bfe4b2dd5f2",[2637,2648],{"id":2638,"data":2639,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"71f63fab-8adb-4b3e-b01e-a573d97cea9c",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2640,"multiChoiceCorrect":2642,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2643,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2644,"matchPairsPairs":2645},[2641],"Who was the person responsible for cultivating tobacco in Jamestown?",[1970],[1966,1968,1969],[100],[2646],{"left":1970,"right":2647,"direction":21},"Cultivated tobacco in Jamestown",{"id":2649,"data":2650,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"c9e9ec1a-70a9-4971-b91b-e9b7012595bb",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2651,"multiChoiceCorrect":2653,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2656,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2652],"John Rolfe's role in the early tobacco trade involved:",[2654,2655],"Importing tobacco seeds from the Caribbean","Importing tobacco to Europe:multi",[2657,2658],"Introducing tobacco to the Americas","Importing tobacco from Asia",{"id":2660,"data":2661,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":2665},"f4626220-7667-47a0-994a-0d3aae332af1",{"type":30,"title":2662,"markdownContent":2663,"audioMediaId":2664},"Tobacco page 3","\nRolfe's financial success was further reinforced by his diplomatic alliance with the Powhatans through Chief Powhatan's daughter: Pocahontas,\n\nIn 1613, Pocahontas was kidnapped by Captain Samuel Argall during the First Anglo-Powhatan War, a move intended to leverage her for negotiations with Powhatan.\n\nDespite her father's partial compliance with the ransom, Pocahontas stayed in English custody, eventually converting to Christianity and being baptized as Rebecca. In 1614, she was married off to John Rolph.\n\nYou may be familiar with “Pocahontas” from a 1995 Disney movie of that name, in which a native american girl falls in love with an English colonizer.\n\nThis, however, is very far from the true story of Pocahontas.\n\nIn reality, her marriage with Rolfe was a forced, strategic alliance for purely economic and political gain.\n","012c17b8-5b3c-4253-a668-469fa537127e",[2666,2677,2688],{"id":2667,"data":2668,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"e56558cc-a8af-4017-9d4b-1fb34fa81f87",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2669,"multiChoiceCorrect":2671,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2672,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2673,"matchPairsPairs":2674},[2670],"What was a consequence of the First Anglo-Powhatan War?",[2172],[2168,2284,2171],[100],[2675],{"left":2676,"right":2172,"direction":21},"First Anglo-Powhatan War",{"id":2678,"data":2679,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"75c6865d-c4d1-4160-832a-24ee8f2fb5e2",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2680,"multiChoiceCorrect":2682,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2683,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2684,"matchPairsPairs":2685},[2681],"Which applies to Powhatan?",[2243],[2241,2244,2245],[100],[2686],{"left":2687,"right":2243,"direction":21},"Powhatan",{"id":2689,"data":2690,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"4c3dcf93-4fbf-4666-a739-2f12fe4b1a89",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2691,"multiChoiceCorrect":2693,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2694,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2695,"matchPairsPairs":2696},[2692],"Which of the following applies to Orinoco?",[2088],[2086,2089,2090],[100],[2697],{"left":2698,"right":2088,"direction":21},"Orinoco",{"id":2700,"data":2701,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":2705},"3206ae5f-0178-4a55-bb50-54ff242e44a6",{"type":30,"title":2702,"markdownContent":2703,"audioMediaId":2704},"Tobacco page 4","\nPocahontas's 1614 marriage to Rolfe, though far from a love story, secured a period of political peace between the English settlers and the Powhatan nation.\n\nThis peace was crucial for the continued cultivation and trade of tobacco in the region.\n\nTheir marriage was also a useful marketing strategy back in Europe.\n\nIn 1616, the Virginia Company sent Rolfe and Pocahontas to England, in order to showcase a successful conversion of Native Americans to Christianity.\n\nIn England, Pocahontas was displayed as a symbol of the colonial mission's triumph, treated like visiting royalty.\n\nYet this mission would end in tragedy. Pocahontas fell ill shortly before her return to America, dying on the south coast in 1617, at the age of just 21.\n","cfe4c759-8d69-4aef-97ad-b51ac53068cb",[2706],{"id":2707,"data":2708,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"c9a1d184-f25e-47a8-93f1-25273e976ea0",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2709,"multiChoiceCorrect":2711,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2714,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2710],"Why was Pocahontas taken to England in 1616?",[2712,2713],"To exhibit Christian conversion success","To promote colonial achievements:multi",[2715,2716],"To discuss trade negotiations","To assimilate her to English society",{"id":2718,"data":2719,"type":22,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"summaryPage":2721,"introPage":2730,"pages":2737},"bd30e0e1-adfe-4088-b71c-5f89f2d3e9a4",{"type":22,"title":2720},"King Philip’s War",{"id":2722,"data":2723,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"bd09dc28-18f0-4611-a722-74e6a53c1c33",{"type":21,"title":2724,"summary":2725},"King Philip’s War summary",[2726,2727,2728,2729],"The Pilgrims and Wampanoag formed an alliance in the early years of colonization.","King Philip's War was sparked by tensions over land rights and cultural misunderstandings.","Metacomet, also known as King Philip, led a united front of tribes against English settlers.","The war ended with Metacomet's death and a significant shift in power to the English settlers.",{"id":2731,"data":2732,"type":48,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"7810b4fd-2ed4-4956-8896-a8977b42a105",{"type":48,"title":2733,"intro":2734},"King Philip’s War intro",[2735,2736],"What sparked the shift from peaceful coexistence to conflict between the Pilgrims and the Wampanoag?","How did King Philip's War alter the fate of Native American tribes in New England?",[2738,2755,2794,2822],{"id":2739,"data":2740,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":2744},"e0bbbd33-10ba-498b-a730-7f181d606c1e",{"type":30,"title":2741,"markdownContent":2742,"audioMediaId":2743},"King Philip’s War page 1","The Pilgrims of New England, like the Jamestown settlers in Virginia, created a fragile alliance with the local indigenous communities.\n\nThe Wampanoag, led by Chief Massasoit, initially welcomed the Pilgrims after they arrived in 1620 with a blend of curiosity and cautious diplomacy.\n\nThis relationship was critical for the Pilgrims’ survival. In the winter of 1621, when half of the Pilgrims died due to harsh conditions, Massasoit's tribe offered essential aid.\n\nThey taught the Pilgrims how to cultivate corn and identify native plants for food and medicine.\n\nIn the harvest of 1621, as thanks for sharing their knowledge and resources, the Pilgrims invited the Wampanoag to a “Thanksgiving” feast, still celebrated to this day in the United States.\n\n![Graph](image://23d87613-28ba-4059-bcf1-b6855e31a787 \"Jennie Augusta Brownscombe's 1914 portrait, The First Thanksgiving at Plymouth.\")\n\nYet the Pilgrims and Wampanoag would eventually come to bloody conflict.\n","0943294f-05e4-4bac-aaf3-56bef05c0ec3",[2745],{"id":2746,"data":2747,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"e21bc7fa-27e9-4fc4-bbef-f09d5955327a",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2748,"multiChoiceCorrect":2750,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2752,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2749],"Who was the leader of the Wampanoag tribe when the Pilgrims arrived in New England?",[2751],"Massasoit",[2753,2754,568],"King Philip","Sassamon",{"id":2756,"data":2757,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":2761},"efbf511a-6063-4015-b31a-8e7d15760403",{"type":30,"title":2758,"markdownContent":2759,"audioMediaId":2760},"King Philip’s War page 2","\nFor several decades, this alliance facilitated a period of relative peace, trade, and cultural exchange.\n\nHowever, as more English settlers poured into New England, their expanding settlements began encroaching on Wampanoag territories.\n\nThis expansion ignited tensions over land rights, access to resources, and deep cultural misunderstandings. The once-fragile peace, carefully nurtured by the first generation of settlers and natives, started to fray at the seams.\n\nThe conflict's catalyst was the ascension of Massasoit's son, Metacomet, known to the English as King Philip. Unlike his father, Metacomet harbored deep-seated suspicions towards the settlers.\n\nObserving the steady erosion of his people's lands and rights, he became a symbol of native resistance.\n","35d4a071-03f1-4acb-8e7d-385834446d84",[2762,2773,2784],{"id":2763,"data":2764,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"3eab083b-3158-4be2-ace6-d80dca5d1a2b",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2765,"multiChoiceCorrect":2767,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2768,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2769,"matchPairsPairs":2770},[2766],"What was a consequence of the ascension of Metacomet?",[2284],[2168,2171,2172],[100],[2771],{"left":2772,"right":2170,"direction":21},"Ascension of Metacomet",{"id":2774,"data":2775,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"cd16b447-de51-4388-a5f8-bb8fe3459238",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2776,"multiChoiceCorrect":2778,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2781,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2777],"What factors led to King Philip's War in 1675?",[2779,2780],"Disputes over land and resources","Expansion of English settlements:multi",[2782,2783],"Political alliances between different tribes","Religious conflicts",{"id":2785,"data":2786,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"a8ca79ae-8781-44ab-aaad-8b7ae0bfe094",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2787,"multiChoiceCorrect":2789,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2790,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2791,"matchPairsPairs":2792},[2788],"Which of the following applies to Metacomet?",[2244],[2241,2243,2245],[100],[2793],{"left":568,"right":2244,"direction":21},{"id":2795,"data":2796,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":2800},"742be65a-3bb8-4941-9816-0dc1e3413bd1",{"type":30,"title":2797,"markdownContent":2798,"audioMediaId":2799},"King Philip’s War page 3","\nIn 1675, the simmering tensions erupted into full-blown warfare with the outbreak of King Philip's War.\n\n![Graph](image://086d08ba-c67f-41fe-8408-d9242492deaa \"Hand-colored woodcut from the 19th century, depicting scenes from King Philip's War, 1675-1676.\")\n\nMetacomet rallied various tribes in a united front against the encroaching English settlers, marking a dramatic shift from his father's policies of cautious engagement.\n\nKing Philip's War, spanning over three years, was characterized by its ferocity and merciless tactics. Both sides engaged in savage acts of violence, including village raids, ambushes, and brutal massacres.\n","fb681b42-993b-4035-b9ab-4fa0a8f245a4",[2801,2812],{"id":2802,"data":2803,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"f560c107-d8c4-464f-bef8-e54f8db20666",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2804,"multiChoiceCorrect":2806,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2807,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":30,"orderQuestion":2808,"orderItems":2809},[2805],"In which year did King Philip's War begin?",[2187],[2183,2185,2186],[538],[2810],{"label":2811,"reveal":2187,"sortOrder":21},"King Philip's War began",{"id":560,"data":2813,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2814,"multiChoiceCorrect":2816,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2817,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2818,"matchPairsPairs":2819},[2815],"Who was the leader of the native resistance against the English settlers?",[568],[567,448,569],[100],[2820],{"left":568,"right":2821,"direction":21},"Led native resistance against English settlers",{"id":2823,"data":2824,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":2828},"1c8e72f0-13f2-4246-bbf1-68d4fa9559df",{"type":30,"title":2825,"markdownContent":2826,"audioMediaId":2827},"King Philip’s War page 4","\nThe war reached its grim conclusion with the death of Metacomet in 1678.\n\n![Graph](image://78f04c48-3f35-46b1-aef7-ec2f0d94c6e6 \"The site of King Philip's death in Misery Swamp on Mount Hope (Rhode Island)\")\n\nIts end was devastating to the Wampanoag, resulting in a significant shift in the balance of power, decisively tilted in favor of the English settlers.\n\nThe conflict resulted in a dramatic decrease in the Native American population in the region, with as many as 40 percent of the Indians in southern New England ending up in English households as indentured servants or slaves.\n\nThis pattern of conflict, displacement, and subjugation of Native American tribes was a recurring theme as European colonization expanded across the continent.\n\nAs colonization accelerated into the 18th century, countless indigenous communities would face a similar fate.\n","4ce3f687-ad68-4141-8781-2c3036abf262",[2829,2847],{"id":2830,"data":2831,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"a112902c-a7d8-4304-8e55-00880bef1c07",{"type":70,"reviewType":175,"spacingBehaviour":30,"matchPairsQuestion":2832,"matchPairsPairs":2833,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},[100],[2834,2837,2840,2842,2844],{"left":2835,"right":2836,"direction":21},"King Philip's War","Conflict starting in 1675",{"left":2838,"right":2839,"direction":21},"Metacom","Leader known as King Philip",{"left":2751,"right":2841,"direction":21},"King Philip's father",{"left":2094,"right":2843,"direction":21},"Tribe involved in war and alliance",{"left":2845,"right":2846,"direction":21},"Thanksgiving","Historic celebration with the English",{"id":2848,"data":2849,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"1ec8741a-9f09-4bbe-8002-8873d62ff0d8",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2850,"multiChoiceCorrect":2852,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2853,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":2124,"orderQuestion":2854,"orderItems":2855},[2851],"What proportion of Native Americans in southern New England were enslaved?",[2298],[2297,2299,2295],[538],[2856],{"label":2857,"reveal":2298,"sortOrder":22},"Proportion of Native Americans in New England enslaved",{"id":2859,"data":2860,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"orbs":2862},"08cc23cd-c7fd-4730-a85a-10a8a249734b",{"type":27,"title":2861,"tagline":2861},"The Transatlantic Slave Trade",[2863,3009,3126],{"id":2864,"data":2865,"type":22,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"summaryPage":2867,"introPage":2876,"pages":2883},"bededa06-d91f-4c96-aeff-6f0904693458",{"type":22,"title":2866},"Origins and Development in Africa",{"id":2868,"data":2869,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"6fec0b87-c2a2-4df2-8989-c9fe32e91e2f",{"type":21,"title":2870,"summary":2871},"Origins and Development in Africa summary",[2872,2873,2874,2875],"Portuguese traders in Africa initially sought gold and other commodities.","The transatlantic slave trade transformed slavery in Africa on a massive scale.","The Triangular Trade involved three trading routes between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.","The 'middle passage' was the horrific journey of African slaves across the Atlantic Ocean.",{"id":2877,"data":2878,"type":48,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"6394afbb-7056-4963-896f-46d0c67feee4",{"type":48,"title":2879,"intro":2880},"Origins and Development in Africa intro",[2881,2882],"Who kickstarted the European trade in African slaves and why?","Under what horrific conditions did slaves undertake the 'middle passage' journey?",[2884,2912,2941,2959],{"id":2885,"data":2886,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":2890},"503440da-76c6-4ecf-9ffe-de06e1167124",{"type":30,"title":2887,"markdownContent":2888,"audioMediaId":2889},"Origins and Development in Africa page 1","When the Portuguese first began to establish trading posts in Africa in the 15th century, their primary objective was to obtain gold and other valuable commodities, such as ivory and spices.\n\nBut as these trading ventures progressed, merchants soon became aware of the extreme profits that could be extracted from trade in human lives.\n\nIn 1441 AD, a man named Antão Gonçalves became one of the first recorded Europeans to buy an enslaved African, transported from the coast of Guinea, for the purpose of laboring on sugar plantations in the uninhabited São Tomé islands.\n\nSoon, Elmina Castle on the Gold Coast, present-day Ghana, was transformed into a depot for slaves. This trafficking would eventually be extended to the Americas by the Spanish.\n","5a834424-5a00-4787-a010-f2d0e6a59a63",[2891,2902],{"id":2892,"data":2893,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"18126905-18c4-46f8-a7d0-454c3027b0f6",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2894,"multiChoiceCorrect":2896,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2898,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2895],"In which year was Antão Gonçalves recorded as the first European to buy an enslaved African?",[2897],"1441 AD",[2899,2900,2901],"1451 AD","1431 AD","1461 AD",{"id":713,"data":2903,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2904,"multiChoiceCorrect":2906,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2907,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2908,"matchPairsPairs":2909},[2905],"Which of the following applies to the São Tomé Islands?'",[721],[717,887,889],[100],[2910],{"left":2911,"right":721,"direction":21},"São Tomé Islands",{"id":2913,"data":2914,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":2918},"dbf7f315-17c9-4e5f-9e69-545da709b5f5",{"type":30,"title":2915,"markdownContent":2916,"audioMediaId":2917},"Origins and Development in Africa page 2","\nThe transatlantic slave trade relied upon an existing practice of slavery and servitude.\n\nLike much of Asia and Europe, enforced labor had been present in Africa throughout its history in diverse forms. Populated by regional empires and tribes, slavery in Central and West Africa was frequently the consequence of conflict, with prisoners of war exploited for labor, and sometimes profitably traded.\n\nTrade occurred both domestically and as part of the trans-Saharan slave trade, which had transported Africans to Europe and the Middle East as far back as the 3rd millennium BC.\n\n![Graph](image://7d949528-89db-4f56-99df-a1e07e0b5dd6 \"A depiction of the Ashanti Empire\")\n\nYet the emergence of the transatlantic trade was on a totally different scale, It transformed slavery in Africa beyond recognition.\n\nFaced with surging demand from European traders, African elites were increasingly incentivised to use warfare or raids against neighboring tribes to acquire slaves who would then be exported abroad via coastal ports like Elmina Castle.\n\nAt its peak, the Ashanti Empire in modern-day Ghana is believed to have enslaved up to one-third of its population.\n","e457431f-9f49-4fe8-8cac-d42a83d8a141",[2919,2930],{"id":2920,"data":2921,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"a1fdb442-3ff0-410d-b0e0-de102c507331",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2922,"multiChoiceCorrect":2924,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2926,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2923],"How far back does the trans-Saharan slave trade date?",[2925],"3rd millennium BC",[2927,2928,2929],"4th millennium BC","2nd millennium BC","1st millennium BC",{"id":2931,"data":2932,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"e5f02a0d-bb28-4bfc-aed1-bad6387b6db3",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2933,"multiChoiceCorrect":2935,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2936,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":2124,"orderQuestion":2937,"orderItems":2938},[2934],"What proportion of the Ashanti Empire's population was enslaved?",[2297],[2298,2299,2295],[538],[2939],{"label":2940,"reveal":2297,"sortOrder":30},"Enslaved proportion of Ashanti Empire's population",{"id":2942,"data":2943,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":2947},"c3a17fe1-1ab1-44ae-bbec-d6ea8f3602ad",{"type":30,"title":2944,"markdownContent":2945,"audioMediaId":2946},"Origins and Development in Africa page 3","\nThe system that emerged for the sale of African slaves is often called Triangular Trade, which describes the three trading routes between three continents.\n\n![Graph](image://563ae4cb-19a3-438e-a10d-7e3070379500 \"A map showing the Triangular Trade. Image: SimonP at en.wikipedia, CC BY-SA 2.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons.\")\n\nThe first route was from Europe to Africa, where European traders would exchange goods such as cloth, guns, and alcohol for African slaves.\n\nThese slaves were captured by African slave traders, who then sold them to European traders in exchange for European goods.\n\nThe second route involved the transportation of African slaves to the Americas, where they were sold to plantation owners in exchange for cash crops such as sugar, tobacco, and cotton. These crops were then transported back to Europe to be sold.\n\nThe third and final route involved the transportation of European goods back to Europe, where they were sold for a profit. This cycle of trade continued for several centuries and was responsible for the enslavement of millions of Africans.\n","ed8127fd-0ab7-4875-a919-a250c184c14c",[2948],{"id":2949,"data":2950,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"960d7144-bf31-4b85-9f8b-dc3388b03a91",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2951,"multiChoiceCorrect":2953,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2955,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[2952],"What type of trading system involved the exchange of goods such as cloth, guns, and alcohol for African slaves?",[2954],"Triangular Trade",[2956,2957,2958],"Circular Trade","Square Trade","Pentagonal Trade",{"id":2960,"data":2961,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":2965},"8b7c22a7-42fc-470f-9d57-b74474ba6bbd",{"type":30,"title":2962,"markdownContent":2963,"audioMediaId":2964},"Origins and Development in Africa page 4","\n![Graph](image://b23f3450-409f-465b-a1a6-97e699b0c8d8 \"Guineamen ships\")\n\nThe journey for slaves from Africa to America across the Atlantic is historically known as the 'middle passage', and describes the middle leg of the triangular trade route. Weather dependent, it could take between one and six months.\n\nThe journey was carried out in large cargo ships known as 'Guineamen', and conditions were often horrific. A typical ship contained around 100 captives, chained in pairs using cuffs known as 'bilboes', and tightly into small spaces and subjected to extreme temperatures.\n\nIt is estimated that between 10 and 20 percent of captive passengers died from disease or malnutrition during the long voyages across the Atlantic Ocean, with mortality rate increasing depending on the voyage’s length.\n","e14b1b08-ecf9-46a4-a79e-e820e15a13b2",[2966,2977,2988,2998],{"id":2967,"data":2968,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"a719d1f3-a7a2-4ede-aaee-aa62a8c5952d",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2969,"multiChoiceCorrect":2971,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2972,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":2124,"orderQuestion":2973,"orderItems":2974},[2970],"What was the mortality rate of slaves during the Middle Passage?",[2299],[2297,2298,2295],[538],[2975],{"label":2976,"reveal":2299,"sortOrder":4},"Mortality rate of slaves during the 'middle passage'",{"id":90,"data":2978,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2979,"multiChoiceCorrect":2981,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2983,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2984,"matchPairsPairs":2985},[2980],"Which of the following describes bilboes?",[2982],"Cuffs used to chain captives in pairs",[94,96,97],[100],[2986],{"left":2987,"right":98,"direction":21},"Bilboes",{"id":89,"data":2989,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":2990,"multiChoiceCorrect":2992,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2993,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2994,"matchPairsPairs":2995},[2991],"Which of the following describes Guineamen?",[97],[94,96,98],[100],[2996],{"left":2997,"right":97,"direction":21},"Guineamen",{"id":2999,"data":3000,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"fd936f40-9bca-42d6-ad4a-2f748b0916c0",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":3001,"multiChoiceCorrect":3003,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3004,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":2124,"orderQuestion":3005,"orderItems":3006},[3002],"What is the typical number of captives in a Guineamen ship?",[2123],[2119,2121,2122],[538],[3007],{"label":3008,"reveal":2123,"sortOrder":30},"Typical number of captives in a Guineamen ship",{"id":3010,"data":3011,"type":22,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"summaryPage":3013,"introPage":3022,"pages":3029},"0aa37c7f-2f12-4418-a52c-0e101d2099f5",{"type":22,"title":3012},"The First Plantations",{"id":3014,"data":3015,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"01011cd0-8a9d-4eb8-bb97-f5ace2cb93ea",{"type":21,"title":3016,"summary":3017},"The First Plantations summary",[3018,3019,3020,3021],"Portuguese established the first slave plantations in the Americas in the early 16th century.","Spanish colonies in the Caribbean and Mexico relied heavily on African slaves for labor.","British and French colonizers followed suit in establishing slavery-based economies in the Caribbean.","Slaves were initially classified as 'indentured servants' before transitioning to 'chattel slavery'.",{"id":3023,"data":3024,"type":48,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"54503d33-cac9-4bda-b8f5-c4f26f84bb56",{"type":48,"title":3025,"intro":3026},"The First Plantations intro",[3027,3028],"What was the Treaty of Tordesillas and how did it impact the establishment of the first slave plantations in the Americas?","How did the transition from 'indentured servitude' to 'chattel slavery' change the nature of slavery in the English colonies?",[3030,3048,3066,3093],{"id":3031,"data":3032,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":3036},"25421e43-4e74-4d7b-8b10-53d9d8d16a75",{"type":30,"title":3033,"markdownContent":3034,"audioMediaId":3035},"The First Plantations page 1","The first slave plantations in the Americas were established in the early 16th century by the Portuguese, bringing the first African slaves to their colonies in Brazil in 1526.\n\nThe Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in 1494 between Portugal and Spain, gave Portugal the rights to colonize and trade in Africa, giving them a monopoly on the African slave trade and the ability to establish sugar plantations in Brazil using enslaved labor.\n\n![Graph](image://92b81bd4-93b7-4e86-bb44-b39b26348c26 \"A cotton plantation\")\n\nOver the course of the slave trade, an estimated 4.9 million enslaved Africans were brought to Brazil alone.\n","edce3e1b-815f-4b91-b5bb-eedbeee2260f",[3037],{"id":3038,"data":3039,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"38061eb0-98b3-4467-b483-1bfdd2208283",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":3040,"multiChoiceCorrect":3042,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3043,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":30,"orderQuestion":3044,"orderItems":3045},[3041],"In which year were the first African slaves brought to Brazil?",[1197],[1195,1198,1199],[538],[3046],{"label":3047,"reveal":1197,"sortOrder":30},"First African slaves brought to Brazil",{"id":3049,"data":3050,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":3054},"e49c3a6c-e8f0-48fc-bd61-c140f65bf095",{"type":30,"title":3051,"markdownContent":3052,"audioMediaId":3053},"The First Plantations page 2","\nThe Spanish, who had established colonies in the Caribbean and Mexico, also relied heavily on African slaves for labor.\n\nIn the Caribbean, sugar plantations were established on islands such as Cuba, Jamaica, and Hispaniola. Slave labor was used for a variety of purposes: from the cultivation of sugar, coffee, rice, and cotton, construction and timber production, and the mining of silver.\n\n![Graph](image://fb2c8855-789a-46e3-b66a-4c0cec2985aa Slaves working on a plantation. Image: James Richard Barfoot, CC BY 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n","58b90efb-01a7-4add-9ce0-4d55cbc4f110",[3055],{"id":3056,"data":3057,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"3c5e9965-7453-4392-a65f-223a37378ebd",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":3058,"multiChoiceCorrect":3060,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3062,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[3059],"What treaty gave Portugal a monopoly on the African slave trade and the ability to establish sugar plantations in Brazil?",[3061],"The Treaty of Tordesillas",[3063,3064,3065],"The Treaty of Madrid","The Treaty of Lisbon","The Treaty of Paris",{"id":3067,"data":3068,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":3072},"e248ee0b-c3b0-4ea5-a832-5327a6ad3c39",{"type":30,"title":3069,"markdownContent":3070,"audioMediaId":3071},"The First Plantations page 3","\nIn the 17th century, British and French colonizers followed in establishing slavery-based economies in the Caribbean, bringing slaves to work on sugar, tobacco, and other cash crop plantations.\n\nA central player in the trade was the Royal African Company. Established in 1660 to trade in West Africa, including gold and ivory, the Company quickly focused exclusively on the far more profitable Slave trade.\n\nBy the 1680s, the Royal African Company was transporting around 5,000 slaves a year across the Atlantic. Over a period of 6 decades, this amounted to almost 200,000, around 40,000 of which died during the journey.\n","43596731-6116-4352-96f8-326d31bead9c",[3073,3084],{"id":3074,"data":3075,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"0670a278-4f13-42f4-b871-2321bf31f30f",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":3076,"multiChoiceCorrect":3078,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3079,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":30,"orderQuestion":3080,"orderItems":3081},[3077],"In what year was the Royal African Company established?",[2186],[2183,2185,2187],[538],[3082],{"label":3083,"reveal":2186,"sortOrder":22},"Royal African Company was established",{"id":3085,"data":3086,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"b7f7d281-66ae-49b4-8d49-f66d3e5cb911",{"type":70,"reviewType":22,"spacingBehaviour":30,"binaryQuestion":3087,"binaryCorrect":3089,"binaryIncorrect":3091},[3088],"How many slaves did the Royal African Company transport across the Atlantic each year in the 1680s?",[3090],"5,000",[3092],"10,000",{"id":3094,"data":3095,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":3099},"7cd3ecf3-c874-4784-a205-e84df943ac3b",{"type":30,"title":3096,"markdownContent":3097,"audioMediaId":3098},"The First Plantations page 4","\nThe first slaves to arrive in English colonies were initially classified as 'indentured servants'. In other words, they were contracted to labor for a certain number of years without pay. This included not only Africans, but Europeans - particularly prisoners.\n\nBy the mid-17th century, this system started to give way to 'chattel slavery', largely racially exclusive to Africans, in which individuals were considered the permanent property of their owners.\n\n![Graph](image://c1aafc37-5cd3-4fe1-bd62-d93644efd013 \"A tobacco plantation\")\n\nThese slaves were traded in hubs including Charleston, South Carolina, and New Orleans, Louisiana.\n\nSlaves were brought to these cities from Africa and other parts of the Americas and sold at auction to plantation owners throughout the region.\n","82482631-0995-4161-b452-6d10b160bbae",[3100,3115],{"id":3101,"data":3102,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"4888e33f-28d0-4d07-a677-5420f8032d8a",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":3103,"multiChoiceCorrect":3105,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3107,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":3111,"matchPairsPairs":3112},[3104],"What is 'indentured servitude?",[3106],"System where individuals work to repay a debt",[3108,3109,3110],"System where individuals are bought, sold, and owned forever","System where enslaved mothers' children also considered slaves","System established by British government in Australia.",[100],[3113],{"left":3114,"right":3106,"direction":21},"Indentured servitude",{"id":3116,"data":3117,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"7b5306f4-eb38-431b-844a-075d0ca83129",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":3118,"multiChoiceCorrect":3120,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3121,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":3122,"matchPairsPairs":3123},[3119],"What is 'chattel slavery'?",[3108],[3106,3109,3110],[100],[3124],{"left":3125,"right":3108,"direction":21},"Chattel slavery",{"id":3127,"data":3128,"type":22,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"summaryPage":3130,"introPage":3139,"pages":3146},"a6bed1f7-6977-4c37-92dd-bf483ddd99c6",{"type":22,"title":3129},"Slavery ownership and Abolitionism",{"id":3131,"data":3132,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"ac59b365-fe02-4a2b-848b-d64f139a2678",{"type":21,"title":3133,"summary":3134},"Slavery ownership and Abolitionism summary",[3135,3136,3137,3138],"Children born to enslaved mothers were automatically considered slaves.","Slave owners used corporal punishment and threats of family separation to control slaves.","Abolition of slavery gained momentum in the 18th century due to ethical, political, and economic reasons.","The British abolitionist movement led to the banning of the slave trade in 1808.",{"id":3140,"data":3141,"type":48,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"41067e88-cfcf-463a-95de-14a6445bc381",{"type":48,"title":3142,"intro":3143},"Slavery ownership and Abolitionism intro",[3144,3145],"What was the 'partus sequitur ventrem' law and how did it impact the system of slavery in America?","Who was William Wilberforce and what role did he play in the abolition of the slave trade?",[3147,3165,3171],{"id":3148,"data":3149,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":3153},"14ff7506-4566-46da-b361-6a72a41aea55",{"type":30,"title":3150,"markdownContent":3151,"audioMediaId":3152},"Slavery ownership and Abolitionism page 1","![Graph](image://33a6be4c-edaa-4dab-a254-bd047aac8a40 'A slave being beaten')\n\nThe system of slave ownership in America upheld the legal principle of 'partus sequitur ventrem', first passed in Virginia in 1662, meaning that children born to an enslaved mother would also be considered slaves.\n\nThis meant that even if the father was free, their children were still subject to enslavement.\n\nThe law of 'partus sequitur ventrem' was adopted by many states in the US and remained in place until 1865 when it was abolished with the passing of the Thirteenth Amendment.\n","88f03ee8-0c71-4a39-b2c1-9737dcb87aaf",[3154],{"id":3155,"data":3156,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"16b0e04b-8a4c-4db1-bacd-154266a89dbe",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":3157,"multiChoiceCorrect":3159,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3160,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":3161,"matchPairsPairs":3162},[3158],"What was 'Partus sequitur ventrem'?",[3109],[3106,3108,3110],[100],[3163],{"left":3164,"right":3109,"direction":21},"Partus sequitur ventrem",{"id":3166,"data":3167,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"3251e67e-7c5b-4f48-bfc6-7af66a0df980",{"type":30,"title":3168,"markdownContent":3169,"audioMediaId":3170},"Slavery ownership and Abolitionism page 2","\nIn addition to this legal framework, there were other methods used by slave owners to control their slaves.\n\nCorporal punishment was common, as was the threat of separation from family members through sale if they did not comply with orders.\n\nThese tactics combined created an oppressive environment where resistance against slavery became increasingly difficult for those subjected to it.\n","8a209acd-76a4-4303-8ab4-1654ca042162",{"id":3172,"data":3173,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":3177},"6583f91a-2def-4aba-8435-0df8d445e087",{"type":30,"title":3174,"markdownContent":3175,"audioMediaId":3176},"Slavery ownership and Abolitionism page 3","\n![Graph](image://f48aa4eb-8694-405f-aa29-1f888ce9e091 \"William Wilberforce\")\n\nIn the eighteenth century, slavery in America was faced with increasing support for abolition. This emerged both as an ethical impulse following religious belief and Enlightenment principles of liberty and for political reasons: the northern states were keenly aware of the south’s economic reliance on slavery.\n\nAbolition would therefore tip the balance of power in the north’s favor.\n\nA milestone in the British abolitionist movement was the founding of the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade in 1787. This group sought to end slavery through public education, lobbying, and providing financial incentives to those who freed their slaves.\n\nWilliam Wilberforce led a successful campaign which resulted in Parliament passing legislation banning the slave trade, which came into effect on 1 May 1808.\n\nOther countries followed suit over time: France abolished its own slavery in its territories in 1794, followed a year later by Denmark and Norway. In the United States, this culminated in the 13th Amendment to the Constitution, abolishing slavery, in late 1865.\n","99e3d89f-6ff3-4361-806f-c9cdb736a5bd",[3178,3193],{"id":3179,"data":3180,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"dae08716-aeb4-47e5-9612-3625eab534fc",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":3181,"multiChoiceCorrect":3183,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3185,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":30,"orderQuestion":3189,"orderItems":3190},[3182],"In what year was the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade founded?",[3184],"1787",[3186,3187,3188],"1714","1759","1770",[538],[3191],{"label":3192,"reveal":3184,"sortOrder":21},"Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade founded",{"id":3194,"data":3195,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"447d1096-e583-4015-b78a-7dd745a6ea60",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":3196,"multiChoiceCorrect":3198,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3200,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[3197],"When did the British Parliament pass legislation banning the slave trade?",[3199],"1808",[3201,3184,3202],"1794","1865",{"id":3204,"data":3205,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"orbs":3207},"cc2fa3d4-6006-4fd2-8340-93b1cdf80067",{"type":27,"title":3206,"tagline":3206},"Developments in Navigation",[3208,3288],{"id":3209,"data":3210,"type":22,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"summaryPage":3212,"introPage":3221,"pages":3228},"c1221da6-0613-4ba2-a142-a094deacb956",{"type":22,"title":3211},"Telescopes and Cartography",{"id":3213,"data":3214,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"e702e887-5dea-4e05-9f40-6a609fbc74a9",{"type":21,"title":3215,"summary":3216},"Telescopes and Cartography summary",[3217,3218,3219,3220],"Telescopes revolutionized navigation by allowing sailors to see distant objects more clearly.","The reflecting quadrant improved accuracy in measuring angles between the horizon and celestial objects.","Portolan charts provided detailed coastlines and landmarks for sailors to navigate.","The Mercator projection allowed sailors to plot straight-line courses on maps.",{"id":3222,"data":3223,"type":48,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"a4863592-c51c-465b-bf81-27d87bf23e66",{"type":48,"title":3224,"intro":3225},"Telescopes and Cartography intro",[3226,3227],"Who invented the telescope and how did it revolutionize navigation?","What is a portolan chart and how did it enhance precision in navigation?",[3229,3235,3268,3274],{"id":3230,"data":3231,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"09d0e632-e789-4455-b06a-9b6b5e40ee46",{"type":30,"title":3232,"markdownContent":3233,"audioMediaId":3234},"Telescopes and Cartography page 1","Earlier in the pathway, we explored some of the early advancements in tools for navigation: the astrolabe, the compass, and “dead reckoning”.\n\nThese would form the backbone of navigation up to the 18th century.\n\nBut that doesn’t mean that no important progress was made during the height of the age of exploration.\n\nThis orb details some of the innovations and challenges that dominated the 17th and 18th centuries.\n","ae0c511e-e934-4473-810c-b08cb9cd39c0",{"id":3236,"data":3237,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":3241},"640cafc1-c01b-4604-8a32-648207d58980",{"type":30,"title":3238,"markdownContent":3239,"audioMediaId":3240},"Telescopes and Cartography page 2","\nA new invention of vital importance to navigation was the telescope, usually credited to Dutch eyeglass maker Hans Lippershey in 1608.\n\nBefore the telescope, sailors were limited in their ability to navigate by the naked eye alone. They could only estimate their position based on the stars and other natural landmarks, by which ships could easily go off course or run aground.\n\nWith a telescope, sailors see land masses and other ships on the horizon in much greater detail, allowing them to chart their course with accuracy, and avoiding hazards.\n\nThe telescope was later aided by the 'reflecting quadrant', also known as Octant, invented by John Hadley in the 1730s, used for accurately measuring the angle between the horizon and a celestial object such as the sun, moon, or stars.\n","d6d09c8e-0f7b-49a9-a2d7-c432508de7f2",[3242,3257],{"id":3243,"data":3244,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"b5cf09c2-41fd-40c5-a800-4003dbd6f0c9",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":3245,"multiChoiceCorrect":3247,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3249,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":3253,"matchPairsPairs":3254},[3246],"Who is credited with the invention of the telescope?",[3248],"Hans Lippershey",[3250,3251,3252],"Christiaan Huygens","Isaac Newton","John Harrison",[100],[3255],{"left":3248,"right":3256,"direction":21},"Invented the telescope",{"id":3258,"data":3259,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"7d1b88ae-c245-46f1-95e2-681ac713f478",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":3260,"multiChoiceCorrect":3262,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3263,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":30,"orderQuestion":3264,"orderItems":3265},[3261],"In which year was the telescope invented?",[1198],[1195,1197,1199],[538],[3266],{"label":3267,"reveal":1198,"sortOrder":22},"Telescope was invented",{"id":3269,"data":3270,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"dd8e28f6-5bd1-4966-aaea-8a40fe8ccfc3",{"type":30,"title":3271,"markdownContent":3272,"audioMediaId":3273},"Telescopes and Cartography page 3","\n![Graph](image://fa2ccd71-397c-42e4-a851-70b2547710ee \"An Early attempt at a map of the world\")\n\nSome of the most significant technological developments both leading up to and during the Age of Exploration occurred in cartography.\n\nOne such invention was the portolan chart (from the italian ‘portolano’ or 'pilot's book'), used by European sailors beginning in the thirteenth century.\n\nThese charts depicted coastlines, landmarks, and ports of call, along with rhumb lines, as lines corresponding to a constant compass direction, allowed navigation along coastlines and between ports with a degree of precision that was not previously possible.\n","f7f6e7dd-93d3-4868-95a1-ddaaea1012b7",{"id":3275,"data":3276,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":3280},"97d28e57-2537-4d8f-bef2-69ec9d4dcf76",{"type":30,"title":3277,"markdownContent":3278,"audioMediaId":3279},"Telescopes and Cartography page 4","\nAnother significant development was the creation of the Mercator projection by Gerardus Mercator in the sixteenth century.\n\nThe Mercator projection is a type of map that shows the world on a flat surface while preserving the shape and angle of lines of longitude and latitude.\n\nThis would allow sailors to plot a straight-line course between two points on the map, which was particularly useful for long-distance navigation.\n","95aa6789-73a7-49ac-94ed-25ea45b3c7be",[3281],{"id":3282,"data":3283,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"15c5030d-4ee3-4995-9af5-cef60eee7671",{"type":70,"reviewType":30,"spacingBehaviour":30,"activeRecallQuestion":3284,"activeRecallAnswers":3286},[3285],"What was Gerardus Mercator's break through?",[3287],"Created a system for representing the globe on a rectangular map",{"id":3289,"data":3290,"type":22,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"summaryPage":3292,"introPage":3301,"pages":3308},"363e0b5f-0ac3-4747-b7e4-08fae4dc036b",{"type":22,"title":3291},"Finding Longitude",{"id":3293,"data":3294,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"59043d3f-30cd-4cb6-b98f-44434e9e41e9",{"type":21,"title":3295,"summary":3296},"Finding Longitude summary",[3297,3298,3299,3300],"Longitude was difficult to calculate at sea due to limitations in timekeeping.","The Age of Exploration spurred interest in mathematical education for navigation.","The British government established the Board of Longitude to encourage invention.","John Harrison revolutionized navigation with his marine chronometer.",{"id":3302,"data":3303,"type":48,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"f342e93f-4356-4a05-8cf1-8f060c37daca",{"type":48,"title":3304,"intro":3305},"Finding Longitude intro",[3306,3307],"Who first proposed the method of comparing clocks at sea to calculate longitude, and why was it not immediately practical?","How did John Harrison's marine chronometer revolutionize navigation?",[3309,3327,3365,3394],{"id":3310,"data":3311,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":3315},"b4d0a6a2-8f31-462b-a9f1-37942928ba41",{"type":30,"title":3312,"markdownContent":3313,"audioMediaId":3314},"Finding Longitude page 1","Although a major breakthrough in cartography, the Mercator Projection could not be used in practice for many years to come, due to the difficulties in calculating longitude at sea.\n\nWhile latitude (ones’ position north or south) could be determined by measuring the angle of the sun or stars relative to the horizon, longitude (one’s position east or west) presented far more of a challenge, and finding an accurate method would take centuries.\n\nThis was in part due to limitations in timekeeping, since longitude was eventually reliably established by comparing the time across distances.\n\n![Graph](image://f9c729fb-26d7-4f2b-9ba8-b4e9b1b7bb5a \"The Mercator projection. Strebe, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons.\")\n\nFor example, consider that the earth is divided into 24 time zones, each separated by 15 degrees of longitude.\n\nIf it's noon in London and the local time on a ship at sea is 1 p.m. the ship is one hour ahead of London time, which corresponds to a difference in longitude of 15 degrees. Therefore, the ship's longitude can be calculated as the longitude of London plus 15 degrees.\n","e3a9db57-e2d2-4874-9530-576c120d5c95",[3316],{"id":3317,"data":3318,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"768dac5c-1220-4b7d-bd2f-23dff0d6614c",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":3319,"multiChoiceCorrect":3321,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3323,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[3320],"How many degrees of longitude is a ship located if it is one hour ahead of London time?",[3322],"15 degrees",[3324,3325,3326],"5 degrees","10 degrees","20 degrees",{"id":3328,"data":3329,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":3333},"88e26f04-fa90-4795-b6bc-0e764120c7a0",{"type":30,"title":3330,"markdownContent":3331,"audioMediaId":3332},"Finding Longitude page 2","\nWhile the first to propose the method of comparing clocks at sea was Gemma Frisius in 1530, timekeeping technology was far too inaccurate to make this method practical - particularly true at sea, when the temperatures, salt, and motion of the ship easily interfered with mechanisms.\n\nChristiaan Huygens patented the pendulum clock in 1657, which revolutionized timekeeping. However, the motion of the pendulum was still susceptible to interference from the motion of the ship, rendering it useless for timekeeping at sea.\n\nAs such, maps suitable for the 'dead reckoning', along with maps suitable to this technique, remained in use beyond the invention of the Mercator Projection.\n\nSo too did other methods of calculating longitude, such as the method of lunar measurement first proposed by Amerigo Vespucci in 1499 - a serviceable, though imperfect solution that required complex measurements and charts.\n","800b32cf-4efa-4c9a-9ae1-ea6383276d23",[3334,3343,3354],{"id":3335,"data":3336,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"31679a3a-c520-4a39-a0bb-7cae6efa7d61",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":3337,"multiChoiceCorrect":3339,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3341,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[3338],"Who was the first to propose the method of comparing clocks at sea?",[3340],"Gemma Frisius",[3342,3251,3252],"Galileo Galilei",{"id":3344,"data":3345,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"b4dd0d1f-b975-492c-af39-dfaf8c420fdd",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":3346,"multiChoiceCorrect":3348,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3349,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":3350,"matchPairsPairs":3351},[3347],"Who was the inventor who patented the pendulum clock?",[3250],[3248,3251,3252],[100],[3352],{"left":3250,"right":3353,"direction":21},"Patented the pendulum clock in 1657",{"id":3355,"data":3356,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"dc91e4fb-3087-414b-8855-09422b204f36",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":3357,"multiChoiceCorrect":3359,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3360,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":30,"orderQuestion":3361,"orderItems":3362},[3358],"In which year was the pendulum clock patented?",[2185],[2183,2186,2187],[538],[3363],{"label":3364,"reveal":2185,"sortOrder":30},"Christiaan Huygens patented the pendulum clock",{"id":3366,"data":3367,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":3371},"e4a8ec74-279f-4e01-a9c5-d65017569f66",{"type":30,"title":3368,"markdownContent":3369,"audioMediaId":3370},"Finding Longitude page 3","\nWith the complexity of calculations required for accurate navigation, the Age of Exploration gave rise to a practical interest in mathematical education.\n\nFor example, a Mathematical School at Christ’s Hospital in London was founded by King Edward VI in 1673 in order to teach potential sailors, selected around age 11, preparing them for careers in the Royal Navy.\n\nTo this end, the school provided instruction on topics such as geometry, trigonometry and astronomy - all essential skills for undertaking long voyages across unknown waters.\n\nThis was a savvy investment during a time of fierce competition in navigation. Many, including Isaac Newton, suspected that longitude would be solved through mathematics.\n\nAnd whichever state was to succeed in calculating longitude could expect a significant global advantage.\n\n![Graph](image://87ff0970-3fa9-44d8-a70d-5c89c547154e \"The Mathematical School at Christ's Hospital\")\n","28715878-2705-427f-9485-822b242d4842",[3372,3383],{"id":3373,"data":3374,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"ddb11caf-e277-4f24-b668-8cc68ac50d7a",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":3375,"multiChoiceCorrect":3377,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3379,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[3376],"What did King Charles II found in 1673 to prepare potential sailors for careers in the Royal Navy?",[3378],"A Mathematical School at Christ’s Hospital in London",[3380,3381,3382],"A Naval School in Portsmouth","A Scientific School in Canterbury","A Military School at Sandhurst",{"id":3384,"data":3385,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"f213aa19-956e-49bd-979b-208a279615f5",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":3386,"multiChoiceCorrect":3388,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3389,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":3390,"matchPairsPairs":3391},[3387],"Who was the person who suspected that the problem of longitude could be solved through mathematics?",[3251],[3248,3250,3252],[100],[3392],{"left":3251,"right":3393,"direction":21},"Suspected that longitude would be solved through mathematics",{"id":3395,"data":3396,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":3400},"9a0e7675-a751-4be3-82c2-a3bef00968ca",{"type":30,"title":3397,"markdownContent":3398,"audioMediaId":3399},"Finding Longitude page 4","\nIn 1714, the British government established the Board of Longitude, with the aim of encouraging invention and competition among scientists and navigators.\n\nThe board offered rewards for anyone who could devise an accurate method for determining longitude at sea, offering up to £20,000 - a huge sum at that time - as incentive.\n\nThe eventual victor was a humble carpenter named John Harrison.\n\nHis 1759 marine chronometer - his fourth prototype - used a novel system of counterbalanced springs, rather than gravity, and was therefore unaffected by motion.\n\nIt was accepted as sufficiently accurate by the Board of Longitude in 1762 after rigorous testing. The Board, however, withheld the prize until 1773, offering less than half promised, and only two years prior to Harrison’s death.\n\nNevertheless, Harrison has been remembered in history for revolutionizing the art of navigation.\n\n![Graph](image://948d65a0-ad1d-45eb-b80e-21a6a846cc02 \"John Harrison\")\n","6d77e3fc-3113-4040-8151-06db89b29e4d",[3401,3412,3423],{"id":3402,"data":3403,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"ad32947b-4888-4cd8-bc2c-d4866d64af0c",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":3404,"multiChoiceCorrect":3406,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3407,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":30,"orderQuestion":3408,"orderItems":3409},[3405],"In which year did the British government establish the Board of Longitude?",[3186],[3187,3188,3184],[538],[3410],{"label":3411,"reveal":3186,"sortOrder":4},"British government established Board of Longitude",{"id":3413,"data":3414,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"effa9192-3d0e-4593-a60f-3472d248c39a",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":3415,"multiChoiceCorrect":3417,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3418,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":3419,"matchPairsPairs":3420},[3416],"Who was the carpenter and inventor of the marine chronometer?",[3252],[3248,3250,3251],[100],[3421],{"left":3252,"right":3422,"direction":21},"Carpenter and inventor of marine chronometer",{"id":3424,"data":3425,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"678cb02d-ad34-4034-865c-f0c0f7823b9f",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":3426,"multiChoiceCorrect":3428,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3429,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":30,"orderQuestion":3430,"orderItems":3431},[3427],"In which year did John Harrison create his marine chronometer?",[3187],[3186,3188,3184],[538],[3432],{"label":3433,"reveal":3187,"sortOrder":30},"John Harrison created marine chronometer",{"id":3435,"data":3436,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"orbs":3438},"04fe1fe5-7e4e-4410-963b-fd8caf33c24c",{"type":27,"title":3437,"tagline":3437},"The Explorations of James Cook",[3439,3577],{"id":3440,"data":3441,"type":22,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"summaryPage":3443,"introPage":3452,"pages":3459},"9be4b363-5fbd-47ea-a68e-42c933b0b936",{"type":22,"title":3442},"The First Voyages",{"id":3444,"data":3445,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"f094275a-37db-4a6a-95ce-2fa63910d8f0",{"type":21,"title":3446,"summary":3447},"The First Voyages summary",[3448,3449,3450,3451],"Captain James Cook led a scientific voyage to the Pacific Ocean in 1768.","Cook's first voyage aimed to measure the solar system and explore the rumored 'southern continent'.","Joseph Banks collected plant specimens in Botany Bay during Cook's first voyage.","Cook's second voyage disproved the existence of Terra Australis.",{"id":3453,"data":3454,"type":48,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"68742679-4d58-4985-bcf9-707e87ca8534",{"type":48,"title":3455,"intro":3456},"The First Voyages intro",[3457,3458],"What was the secret mission Captain Cook was tasked with during his first voyage?","How did the observations made during Cook's first voyage contribute to the field of astronomy and navigation?",[3460,3466,3495,3501,3531,3560],{"id":3461,"data":3462,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"ca9f7180-6467-4053-889a-1a605469e7ac",{"type":30,"title":3463,"markdownContent":3464,"audioMediaId":3465},"The First Voyages page 1","Captain James Cook was born in 1728 in the small village of Marton, England. He began his career as a merchant seaman and later joined the Royal Navy.\n\n![Graph](image://6c9f2b86-6bbc-4cac-ae87-965c6c2f8127 \"Captain James Cook\")\n\nDuring the French and Indian War between 1754 and 1763, Cook served as a naval master in Newfoundland, mapping its jagged coast and developing a reputation as a skilled cartographer and able astronomical observer - work that was sent to the Royal Society in 1767.\n","a33b6e34-3498-41b6-8a27-59fe2142f6d3",{"id":3467,"data":3468,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":3472},"68256f3c-21e6-43b2-9643-208a2535ec68",{"type":30,"title":3469,"markdownContent":3470,"audioMediaId":3471},"The First Voyages page 2","\nCook’s significance to history came in the following year, being selected by the Admiralty to captain a scientific voyage to the Pacific Ocean. He set sail on a refitted collier, HMS Endeavour, in August 1768, rounding Cape Horn, before reaching Tahiti in 1769.\n\nThe public purpose of the voyage was in the service of The Royal Society, Britain's oldest scientific institution, which sought to use the journey to measure the solar system.\n\n1769 was the year in which the planet Venus was due to pass between the earth and the sun, which presented a special opportunity for astronomical calculations, known as the 'solar parallax'.\n\nThe solar parallax is a measure of the apparent shift in the position of a star against the background of more distant stars as viewed from two different locations on Earth. This measurement is important in astronomy because it allows scientists to determine the distance between the Earth and the sun.\n\nBy observing the transit of Venus from the strategic position of Tahiti, the Society hoped to draw a celestial map of unprecedented accuracy - of great value to navigation.\n","fa365ba1-618c-4070-905f-a63c4c85acee",[3473,3484],{"id":3474,"data":3475,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"495756a1-4833-4ccf-9251-96e008b031a7",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":3476,"multiChoiceCorrect":3478,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3480,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[3477],"What opportunity for astronomical calculations presented itself in 1769?",[3479],"Solar parallax",[3481,3482,3483],"Lunar eclipse","Solar eclipse","Planetary alignment",{"id":3485,"data":3486,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"d326d025-f88a-425c-bbea-a56ea10745ff",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":3487,"multiChoiceCorrect":3489,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3490,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":3491,"matchPairsPairs":3492},[3488],"Which of these was a consequence of Cook's scientific voyage to the Pacific?",[1099],[1095,1097,1098],[100],[3493],{"left":3494,"right":1099,"direction":21},"Cook's Scientific Voyage to the Pacific Ocean (1768-1771)",{"id":3496,"data":3497,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"33c49b97-a3e8-4605-9005-e0aff4d428a9",{"type":30,"title":3498,"markdownContent":3499,"audioMediaId":3500},"The First Voyages page 3","\n![Graph](image://1144d5be-7060-4bd1-9ac9-fb8024d93420 \"The Botany Bay\")\n\nCook’s employment, however, had a second, secret mission, communicated in a sealed envelope: to seek out the still rumored 'southern continent' (Terra Australis), and scope out its potential for British exploitation.\n\nTherefore, after observing the transit in June 1769 - largely considered a failure due to inaccurate timing, the Endeavour sailed further afield to New Zealand.\n\nThe Endeavour’s route around New Zealand was a crucial part of Cook’s first voyage. He charted the coastline and mapped out harbors, bays and inlets with great accuracy.\n","831249da-af4c-474b-8c0e-3a96532a5f29",{"id":3502,"data":3503,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":3507},"40300282-3b4a-4c02-9605-6b63f72318d3",{"type":30,"title":3504,"markdownContent":3505,"audioMediaId":3506},"The First Voyages page 4","\nIn his time there he encountered Māori people who were friendly and welcoming to him and his crew.\n\nDuring his voyage, he encountered Tupaia, a Tahitian priest with intimate knowledge of the islands in the South Pacific who was to prove able to provide invaluable assistance in navigation.\n\nFinding they shared a similar language, Tupaia also served as an interpreter between Cook and the Māori people in New Zealand, helping to establish diplomatic relations, and ensuring safe passage for Cook’s ships throughout their travels.\n","35144656-be6c-4756-a392-7613bdf9b7c2",[3508,3519],{"id":3509,"data":3510,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"a3942430-d639-4be1-a417-a70810d00a4e",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":3511,"multiChoiceCorrect":3513,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3514,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":3515,"matchPairsPairs":3516},[3512],"Which of the following describes the Māori?",[2245],[2241,2243,2244],[100],[3517],{"left":3518,"right":2245,"direction":21},"Māori",{"id":3520,"data":3521,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"9430f11a-f99e-401f-a3e8-8fdb480a02ee",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":3522,"multiChoiceCorrect":3524,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3525,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":3527,"matchPairsPairs":3528},[3523],"Which of the following applies to Tupaia?",[2089],[3526,2088,2090],"Indigenous people, inhabitants of Massachusetts",[100],[3529],{"left":3530,"right":2089,"direction":21},"Tupaia",{"id":3532,"data":3533,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":3537},"1c66a572-6dc6-4b96-8eb9-6bf74074e5ee",{"type":30,"title":3534,"markdownContent":3535,"audioMediaId":3536},"The First Voyages page 5","\nJoseph Banks, a wealthy English botanist and later President of the Royal Society, accompanied Captain Cook on his first voyage aboard the Endeavour. He was tasked with collecting specimens of plants and animals from around the world to bring back to England for scientific study.\n\nThe area where Cook landed in 1770 is now known as 'Botany Bay' after Banks’s extensive collection of plant specimens there; it has since become an iconic symbol of Australian history and identity.\n\nDuring this expedition Banks collected a vast quantity of plant specimens, describing species previously unknown to Europeans. He also recorded his sighting of a kangaroo - the indigenous name he noted in his diary being the same we use in English today.\n","3db7529f-8188-47bf-ad2f-37878322bea7",[3538,3549],{"id":3539,"data":3540,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"874ba951-4c49-435f-a4c3-8cac8a4d016b",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":3541,"multiChoiceCorrect":3543,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3544,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":30,"orderQuestion":3545,"orderItems":3546},[3542],"In which year did Cook land in Botany Bay?",[3188],[3186,3187,3184],[538],[3547],{"label":3548,"reveal":3188,"sortOrder":22},"Cook landed in Botany Bay",{"id":3550,"data":3551,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"b69a0bd7-bbfc-4379-baba-f3c626be3d68",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":3552,"multiChoiceCorrect":3554,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3556,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[3553],"Who was tasked with collecting specimens of plants and animals from around the world on Captain Cook’s first voyage?",[3555],"Joseph Banks",[3557,3558,3559],"Captain Cook","Charles Darwin","Alfred Wallace",{"id":3561,"data":3562,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":3566},"7a6aaea5-240c-48ac-b2f1-b099e03da334",{"type":30,"title":3563,"markdownContent":3564,"audioMediaId":3565},"The First Voyages page 6","\nIn 1772, Cook set sail on his second voyage aboard the HMS Resolution, set to finally prove or disprove the existence of Terra Australis, not fully established on his first voyage.\n\nDuring this expedition, Cook circumnavigated the globe via Antarctica, using a replica of John Harrison’s chronometer. His journey took him further south than any other explorer before him; he reached 71° 10' S latitude, only 800 miles from Antarctica.\n\nCook also successfully rounded Cape Horn at the tip of South America, proving, finally, that there existed no 'Terra Australis'.\n","e231c45d-803c-4fe5-906d-a853284fbb2a",[3567],{"id":527,"data":3568,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":3569,"multiChoiceCorrect":3571,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3572,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":536,"orderQuestion":3573,"orderItems":3574},[3570],"How close did Cook get to Antarctica?",[535],[533,534,531],[538],[3575],{"label":3576,"reveal":535,"sortOrder":4},"Distance from Antarctica reached by Cook",{"id":3578,"data":3579,"type":22,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"summaryPage":3581,"introPage":3590,"pages":3597},"62094a30-56fd-4a6a-b8b2-935e0976a6e8",{"type":22,"title":3580},"Cook’s Final Voyages and Legacy",{"id":3582,"data":3583,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"e82f3232-db93-450f-bcec-c01473a5cbf7",{"type":21,"title":3584,"summary":3585},"Cook’s Final Voyages and Legacy summary",[3586,3587,3588,3589],"Cook's final voyage aimed to find the Northwest Passage but ended in his death in Hawaii.","Cook's voyage to Botany Bay led to the establishment of British penal colonies in Australia.","The First Fleet sailed to New South Wales in 1788 to establish the colony of Sydney.","British penal colonies in Australia were intended to relieve overcrowding in British prisons and establish a foothold in the region.",{"id":3591,"data":3592,"type":48,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"181bf99a-de16-4c74-ae63-c776edae204b",{"type":48,"title":3593,"intro":3594},"Cook’s Final Voyages and Legacy intro",[3595,3596],"What was the main objective of Cook's final voyage and why was it significant?","What circumstances led to Cook's death in Hawaii?",[3598,3616,3642],{"id":3599,"data":3600,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":3604},"056ba23a-65f6-4ab9-8065-c6d1a2a15acb",{"type":30,"title":3601,"markdownContent":3602,"audioMediaId":3603},"Cook’s Final Voyages and Legacy page 1","In 1776, Cook set sail on his third and final voyage aboard the HMS Resolution.\n\nHis mission sought an answer to a question that had plagued explorers for centuries: the discovery of a 'Northwest Passage' between Europe and Asia via the Arctic Ocean.\n\nIn 1778 Cook became the first European to set foot on Hawaii, before setting off North in search of a potential passage.\n\nUnfortunately, he failed to find it due to thick ice blocking his way but he did manage to chart much of Canada's coastline during this journey - from the coast of Alaska to the Bering Strait.\n","2e88d810-06b4-4fc8-b179-f2fea68941b9",[3605],{"id":3606,"data":3607,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"91e64370-170f-49b1-8b0f-523366ea8ce9",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":3608,"multiChoiceCorrect":3610,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3611,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":3612,"matchPairsPairs":3613},[3609],"Which of the following was a consequence of Cook's third voyage?",[1566],[1562,1564,1565],[100],[3614],{"left":3615,"right":1565,"direction":21},"Abel Tasman's exploration",{"id":3617,"data":3618,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":3622},"e5e2432e-ca8e-4d24-a76a-71b7b8c8eb99",{"type":30,"title":3619,"markdownContent":3620,"audioMediaId":3621},"Cook’s Final Voyages and Legacy page 2","\nCook's death at the hands of native Hawaiians on the homeward stretch of his voyage has been a source of enduring mystery and historical intrigue.\n\nIt came, puzzlingly, after a month of friendly relations with the native Hawaiians, after arriving on its shores in January of 1779. This coincided with a traditional harvest festival called the Makahiki, centered on the God of fertility, Lono. From Cook’s account, historians have speculated that Cook, by several coincidences identifying him with an indigenous religious prophecy, was assumed to be Lono himself.\n\nUpon his arrival, he was showered with gifts and ceremony. Violence and hostility erupted only on his unexpected return to make repairs on his ship. This resulted in the British attempting to kidnap the Kings, and ultimately Cook’s death, possibly at the hands of the chief.\n","28c3ad17-4c9d-4e28-8c08-7d8979105f8d",[3623,3633],{"id":3624,"data":3625,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"a82dc707-73a7-47d5-9bac-2f663663c09d",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":3626,"multiChoiceCorrect":3628,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3629,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":3630,"matchPairsPairs":3631},[3627],"Which of the following best describes the Northwest Passage?'",[2366],[2359,2360,2357],[100],[3632],{"left":2326,"right":2360,"direction":21},{"id":3634,"data":3635,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"20cf271b-25e1-4c8f-a4c5-46d6c593c3f0",{"type":70,"reviewType":22,"spacingBehaviour":30,"binaryQuestion":3636,"binaryCorrect":3638,"binaryIncorrect":3640},[3637],"What traditional harvest festival was taking place when Captain Cook arrived in Hawaii in January 1779?",[3639],"Makahiki",[3641],"Hōʻikeʻike",{"id":3643,"data":3644,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":3648},"0e6dc413-2795-4b40-a5a5-32a6fd06f442",{"type":30,"title":3645,"markdownContent":3646,"audioMediaId":3647},"Cook’s Final Voyages and Legacy page 3","\nJames Cook's voyage to Botany Bay in 1770 gave rise to British settlements in Australia and New Zealand.\n\nJoseph Banks in particular saw Botany Bay as a potential penal colony (a place to transport convicts from Britain) and used his influence to lobby for this use of the land.\n\nIn 1787, the British government authorized the First Fleet to sail from Plymouth to New South Wales to establish the penal colony of Sydney in 1788. The fleet, carrying over a thousand passengers, included convicts, soldiers, and administrators. Several other penal colonies were established in Australia in the following years, including in Tasmania.\n\nThe British government saw these colonies as a way to relieve overcrowding in British prisons, extract hard labor, and establish a foothold in the region.\n\nGradually, penal colonies were joined by communities of free settlers, leading to a sharp decline in Aboriginal populations.\n","18b1b92c-0589-4de0-a5d0-8b85c4ee76c0",[3649],{"id":3650,"data":3651,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"864edf5e-c0da-442f-8f23-1d713f7098c4",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":3652,"multiChoiceCorrect":3654,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3655,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":3656,"matchPairsPairs":3657},[3653],"Which of these describes the Penal Colonies?",[3110],[3106,3108,3109],[100],[3658],{"left":3659,"right":3110,"direction":21},"Penal Colonies",{"id":3661,"data":3662,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"orbs":3664},"cb996b9c-45a0-42b5-b5ca-b70faf0d3213",{"type":27,"title":3663,"tagline":3663},"The Legacy of Exploration",[3665,3698,3784,3858],{"id":3666,"data":3667,"type":22,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"summaryPage":3669,"introPage":3678,"pages":3685},"b0d429da-8f11-416d-b875-787f7b5d9cf7",{"type":22,"title":3668},"Re-evaluating the Narrative of Discovery",{"id":3670,"data":3671,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"f4d31086-a288-4d0b-b848-0436632cd9a1",{"type":21,"title":3672,"summary":3673},"Re-evaluating the Narrative of Discovery summary",[3674,3675,3676,3677],"The Age of Exploration was marked by violent colonization and exploitation of indigenous populations.","The Spanish conquest of Latin America extracted vast amounts of gold and silver to fund European wars.","Exploitative labor practices like slavery were used to extract resources from colonies at minimal cost.","Former colonies are left with weak economies due to centuries of underdevelopment caused by colonial rule.",{"id":3679,"data":3680,"type":48,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"19e8b6d1-37ae-4c54-99e7-e079f711d6fe",{"type":48,"title":3681,"intro":3682},"Re-evaluating the Narrative of Discovery intro",[3683,3684],"How did the narrative of 'discovery' erase the history and agency of indigenous populations?","What was the impact of colonial exploitation on the current economic inequalities in the Global South?",[3686,3692],{"id":3687,"data":3688,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"d752c2ea-1fa3-4a49-9af3-40c1d0449afa",{"type":30,"title":3689,"markdownContent":3690,"audioMediaId":3691},"Re-evaluating the Narrative of Discovery page 1","The Age of Exploration has been subject to much modern historical critique, with many scholars re-evaluating the traditional Eurocentric narrative of 'discovery'.\n\nThe narrative of 'discovery' in the context of the Age of Exploration erases the fact that these lands and peoples were already known to and inhabited by indigenous populations. It also casts the event of colonization in a positive light, as a form of enlightenment, perpetuating the false idea of the 'noble savage' and the superiority of European culture.\n\nIn reality, the Age of Exploration was marked by the violent colonization and exploitation of lands of Indigenous populations, often resulting in genocide, forced labor, and cultural destruction.\n\nTherefore, it is important to use language that acknowledges the agency and history of the indigenous peoples and to approach the topic with sensitivity and critical awareness.\n","866f6a26-82a2-4f0b-8521-1760bd50057b",{"id":3693,"data":3694,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"ecb64163-4429-49f1-a33e-c8fba161053c",{"type":30,"title":3695,"markdownContent":3696,"audioMediaId":3697},"Re-evaluating the Narrative of Discovery page 2","\nThe Age of Exploration had a lasting impact on global economic inequalities, with many countries in the Global South still feeling the effects of colonial exploitation today.\n\nFor example, during the 16th-century Spanish conquest of Latin America, vast amounts of gold and silver were extracted from local populations to fund European wars.\n\nThis wealth was then used to finance further exploration and colonization efforts around the world. In addition, exploitative labor practices such as slavery and indentured servitude were employed by Europeans to extract resources from their colonies at a minimal cost. These policies created an unequal power dynamic between Europe and its colonies which persists even today.\n\nFor instance, African nations are often forced to accept unfair terms when trading with wealthier Western countries due to their lack of bargaining power. Furthermore, many former colonies have been left with weak economies due to centuries of underdevelopment caused by colonial rule.\n","4e1d72c8-303e-4c36-964d-b08ad44f1407",{"id":3699,"data":3700,"type":22,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"summaryPage":3702,"introPage":3711,"pages":3718},"c13c3f7e-b48d-4244-b13f-1505eb930323",{"type":22,"title":3701},"Cultural Assimilation",{"id":3703,"data":3704,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"b4ea73b3-66e6-4b38-8388-65aa15080fa7",{"type":21,"title":3705,"summary":3706},"Cultural Assimilation summary",[3707,3708,3709,3710],"Boarding schools in the late 19th century aimed to assimilate Native Americans into European-American culture.","Native languages and customs were suppressed in these schools, leading to a decline in indigenous cultures.","Efforts are being made to preserve endangered native languages by linguists and tribal communities.","The spread of Christianity during the Age of Exploration had a lasting impact on global religion, including in North America.",{"id":3712,"data":3713,"type":48,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"47dbc607-3cdf-4fe7-8103-5c56e94a678a",{"type":48,"title":3714,"intro":3715},"Cultural Assimilation intro",[3716,3717],"What was the purpose of the boarding schools established for Native American children in the 19th century?","How many North American native languages are considered 'critically endangered' or 'extinct' today?",[3719,3737,3766],{"id":3720,"data":3721,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":3725},"53231c37-b45c-4a25-afa9-91074cf4d9d5",{"type":30,"title":3722,"markdownContent":3723,"audioMediaId":3724},"Cultural Assimilation page 1","The legacy of the Age of Exploration in America is one of cultural genocide.\n\nIn an effort to assimilate Native Americans into European-American culture, the US government established boarding schools for indigenous children in the late 19th century.\n\n![Graph](image://4ddac3e4-1a1b-46f7-b8e3-21987655f45a \"A 19th century boarding school\")\n\nThese schools were designed to strip away native languages and customs, with students being punished for speaking their own language or practising traditional ceremonies.\n","58315efb-b37c-4119-843c-62d0107c3867",[3726],{"id":3727,"data":3728,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"a9502e5b-9528-49f9-bd7c-12b17b2080dd",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":3729,"multiChoiceCorrect":3731,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3733,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[3730],"In the late 19th century, what did the US government establish in an effort to assimilate Native Americans into European-American culture?",[3732],"Boarding schools",[3734,3735,3736],"Universities","Churches","Hospitals",{"id":3738,"data":3739,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":3743},"e3feb681-4c7c-4f3e-9fad-2ddca5f23d0b",{"type":30,"title":3740,"markdownContent":3741,"audioMediaId":3742},"Cultural Assimilation page 2","\nThis policy had a devastating effect on many tribes, leading to a sharp decline in native languages and cultures across North America.\n\nToday, of an estimated 300 North American native languages, at least 123 have no remaining native speakers. Of the 115 remaining languages surveyed in 2012, only 35 were spoken by more than 1,000 people.\n\nThe majority are therefore considered 'critically endangered' or 'extinct' according to UNESCO's Atlas of World Languages in Danger, necessitating efforts in preservation from linguists and tribal communities alike.\n","d71d30ff-2622-4829-a86c-c4a808138157",[3744,3755],{"id":3745,"data":3746,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"3d59f56e-74da-4146-a5cb-007ea7522b9a",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":3747,"multiChoiceCorrect":3749,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3750,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":2124,"orderQuestion":3751,"orderItems":3752},[3748],"What was the original number of Native American languages?",[2122],[2119,2121,2123],[538],[3753],{"label":3754,"reveal":2122,"sortOrder":21},"Number of original number of Native American languages",{"id":3756,"data":3757,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"3674810c-10e1-4fb7-a238-9e63d90df8ff",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":3758,"multiChoiceCorrect":3760,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3761,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":2124,"orderQuestion":3762,"orderItems":3763},[3759],"How many Native American languages have become extinct?",[2121],[2119,2122,2123],[538],[3764],{"label":3765,"reveal":2121,"sortOrder":22},"Number of extinct Native American languages",{"id":3767,"data":3768,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":3772},"fa6c3e67-6140-491d-9c28-5e35c2a3b4c3",{"type":30,"title":3769,"markdownContent":3770,"audioMediaId":3771},"Cultural Assimilation page 3","\nThe Age of Exploration also saw the spread of Christianity to new parts of the world, with missionaries traveling to Asia, Africa and Latin America.\n\nThe Jesuits were particularly active in this regard, establishing missions in China and Japan as early as 1549. In South America, Franciscan friars sought to convert indigenous populations while also protecting them from exploitation by Spanish colonists.\n\nMissionaries such as Bartolomé de las Casas advocated for native rights against colonial oppression.\n\nChristianity has since become a major global religion, with over 2 billion adherents worldwide today.\n\nIn North America specifically, the legacy of its early colonies’ separatist foundations can still be seen through the Protestant churches that dominate in America today, such as the Baptist, Lutheran, and Episcopal Churches.\n","3ca50520-14db-4b7f-b96e-d5fedc2e0110",[3773],{"id":3774,"data":3775,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"f6ce1a4d-1c00-47b8-a86a-759149b3a0b6",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":3776,"multiChoiceCorrect":3778,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3780,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[3777],"What religious order was particularly active in establishing missions in China and Japan in the 16th century?",[3779],"The Jesuits",[3781,3782,3783],"The Franciscans","The Dominicans","The Augustinians",{"id":3785,"data":3786,"type":22,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"summaryPage":3788,"introPage":3797,"pages":3804},"b1a5a027-85c8-4d38-b279-4ec13519e7ab",{"type":22,"title":3787},"The Global South",{"id":3789,"data":3790,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"f6225e08-f633-42cb-80d5-e595b028d3a3",{"type":21,"title":3791,"summary":3792},"The Global South summary",[3793,3794,3795,3796],"The British East India Company controlled much of India by the 19th century.","The British Raj was established after the Indian Rebellion of 1857.","Indigenous Australians face systemic racism and inequality today.","The Uluru Statement From The Heart calls for constitutional reform for Indigenous Australians.",{"id":3798,"data":3799,"type":48,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"754b7936-c8bd-4d1f-af53-27f4b91bdf4a",{"type":48,"title":3800,"intro":3801},"The Global South intro",[3802,3803],"What led to the downfall of the British East India Company and the establishment of the British Raj?","What is the Uluru Statement From The Heart and why is it significant in the fight for Indigenous Australians' rights?",[3805,3833],{"id":3806,"data":3807,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":3811},"b12c412e-d23c-4346-a638-8c556ac1e199",{"type":30,"title":3808,"markdownContent":3809,"audioMediaId":3810},"The Global South page 1","The Age of Exploration had a profound impact on India and Southeast Asia, with European colonial powers establishing trading posts in the region.\n\nThe British East India Company was particularly influential. Over time, the company grew in power and influence, and by the 19th century, it effectively controlled much of India.\n\n![Graph](image://a0319058-ef0e-4237-b8d2-13cc212dcfe5 \"Robert Clive, leader of The British East India Company\")\n\nIn 1858, following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British government abolished the East India Company and assumed direct control over India, establishing what came to be known as the British Raj.\n\nThis occupation saw an influx of new ideas and technologies from Europe, such as railways and telegraphs which modernize parts of India.\n\nHowever, it also brought about exploitation and subjugation for many local populations who were forced into servitude or denied basic rights.\n","4d009c28-8ac2-4897-87dc-1346cba999c7",[3812,3823],{"id":3813,"data":3814,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"19239e51-f215-4e5a-ab83-e45ff01b7c4b",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":3815,"multiChoiceCorrect":3817,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3819,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[3816],"By the 19th century, which company had gained control of much of India?",[3818],"The British East India Company",[3820,3821,3822],"The Dutch East India Company","The French East India Company","The Portuguese East India Company",{"id":3824,"data":3825,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"6e69df32-b2d6-4966-b7c1-d1a0625126ec",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":3826,"multiChoiceCorrect":3828,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3830,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[3827],"In 1858, what replaced the British East India Company in India?",[3829],"The British Raj",[3820,3831,3832],"The Mughals","The Indian Republic",{"id":3834,"data":3835,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":3839},"9f82852f-ee10-49fc-a7d3-0c298ba9c20f",{"type":30,"title":3836,"markdownContent":3837,"audioMediaId":3838},"The Global South page 2","\nThe arrival of Europeans brought with it devastating consequences for Indigenous Australians, including dispossession from their land and displacement from traditional lifestyles.\n\nToday, many Aboriginal people still face systemic racism and inequality in areas such as education, health care and employment opportunities.\n\nIn addition, there are ongoing political issues surrounding the recognition of native title rights over land that was taken away during colonization.\n\nThis is exemplified by the Uluru Statement From The Heart which calls for constitutional reform to recognise Indigenous Australians as First Nations peoples with a voice in parliament. Such movements call, for example, for the abolition of Australia Day, which marks the first landing of the First British fleet in 1788.\n","6e0812e4-1f3f-472e-9788-ffef550a19e2",[3840,3849],{"id":3841,"data":3842,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"1d1bbc2a-69f3-46c5-b994-05cc9eb219c0",{"type":70,"reviewType":22,"spacingBehaviour":30,"binaryQuestion":3843,"binaryCorrect":3845,"binaryIncorrect":3847},[3844],"What is the name of the document that calls for constitutional reform to recognise Indigenous Australians?",[3846],"The Uluru Statement From The Heart",[3848],"The Uluru Declaration",{"id":3850,"data":3851,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"5bea4f88-d338-4417-855b-bfb6e13831f6",{"type":70,"reviewType":22,"spacingBehaviour":30,"binaryQuestion":3852,"binaryCorrect":3854,"binaryIncorrect":3856},[3853],"What date is marked by Australia Day?",[3855],"The first landing of the First British fleet in 1788",[3857],"The first landing of the Second British fleet in 1789",{"id":3859,"data":3860,"type":22,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"summaryPage":3862,"introPage":3871,"pages":3878},"21861bb6-ea15-45ba-998a-0567137c6e93",{"type":22,"title":3861},"The Legacy of Slavery",{"id":3863,"data":3864,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"9165f1d2-7d15-439e-bfcc-653e81a27a17",{"type":21,"title":3865,"summary":3866},"The Legacy of Slavery summary",[3867,3868,3869,3870],"Creole languages in former slave colonies are hybrids of European and African tongues.","Place names were often changed by Europeans to reflect their own culture.","Economic deprivation and systemic racism have been a legacy of slavery for Black Americans.","The Slavery Compensation Act of 1837 compensated slave owners, leading to ongoing economic impacts.",{"id":3872,"data":3873,"type":48,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"a4bc7625-f78b-4940-ac70-503471a93748",{"type":48,"title":3874,"intro":3875},"The Legacy of Slavery intro",[3876,3877],"How did Trans-Atlantic slavery influence the development of Creole languages?","What was the Slavery Compensation Act of 1837 and how does it impact the argument for reparations today?",[3879,3896,3914,3931],{"id":3880,"data":3881,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":3885},"5a3c8dc0-c493-4135-8c0d-9caac10210b4",{"type":30,"title":3882,"markdownContent":3883,"audioMediaId":3884},"The Legacy of Slavery page 1","Trans-Atlantic slavery gave rise to several creole languages, still commonplace in former slave colonies, which developed as hybrids of European and African tongues.\n\nThis includes the French based Haitian Creole and Papiamento in Aruba - a Portuguese and Spanish derived language spoken in the Dutch Caribbean.\n\nAnother fraught linguistic legacy of exploration is place names; many cities, towns and geographical features were given new names by Europeans to reflect their own language and culture.\n\nIn some cases original names have survived. For instance, New York was originally called Manna-hataan by its Native American, retained in today’s 'Manhattan'.\n\n![Graph](image://b4c09dc6-9824-4fc6-b8e2-b05a2b4801fd \"A map of New York showing Manhattan. Image: User PerryPlanet, CC BY-SA 2.5 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nIn recent years there has been a global movement to reinstate Indigenous place names where possible, with some countries like Canada and New Zealand taking steps towards this goal.\n\nThis reflects a wider shift towards recognising the importance of preserving cultural heritage for future generations while also acknowledging past wrongs committed against Indigenous peoples during colonization.\n","a3a70b6b-e858-43df-958b-45a57afb5445",[3886],{"id":3887,"data":3888,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"df55eca4-b337-41f9-aeb6-73499e66ebca",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":3889,"multiChoiceCorrect":3891,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3893,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[3890],"What is the name of the French-based language spoken in Haiti?",[3892],"Haitian Creole",[3894,3895,1008],"Papiamento","Dutch Caribbean",{"id":3897,"data":3898,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":3902},"03d1ce17-2afc-4145-bf59-a9938f77a6dc",{"type":30,"title":3899,"markdownContent":3900,"audioMediaId":3901},"The Legacy of Slavery page 2","\nThe legacy of slavery for Black Americans has been one of economic deprivation and systemic racism. The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade saw millions of African people forcibly taken from their homes to be sold as slaves in the Americas.\n\nThis resulted in a long history of exploitation and discrimination against African Americans that continues to this day. In 2020, the death of George Floyd sparked a global movement with the rallying cry ‘Black Lives Matter’ highlighting ongoing issues such as police brutality and racial injustice.\n\nEconomic inequality remains rife; according to research by Brandeis University, median wealth for white households was 10 times higher than that for black households in 2016.\n\nThis disparity can be traced back to centuries-old policies such as redlining which prevented Black families from accessing mortgages or other forms of credit due to their race.\n\n![Graph](image://251fa0ea-1fbb-4faf-8d94-d054f31f383f \"A 2020 ‘Black Lives Matter’ protest. Image: Anthony Quintano, CC BY 2.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n","82a89442-4569-4ebe-9645-298f1accd86c",[3903],{"id":3904,"data":3905,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"b79e23cc-5cb4-4157-a9e1-ed6b58f03f3b",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":3906,"multiChoiceCorrect":3908,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3910,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[3907],"According to research by Brandeis University, what was the median wealth for white households in 2016 compared to that for black households?",[3909],"10 times higher",[3911,3912,3913],"5 times higher","2 times higher","Equal",{"id":3915,"data":3916,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30,"reviews":3920},"78698fb2-d9f3-47aa-8e23-c3edfe90cf47",{"type":30,"title":3917,"markdownContent":3918,"audioMediaId":3919},"The Legacy of Slavery page 3","\nThe Slavery Compensation Act of 1837 was passed by the British government to compensate slave owners for the loss of their 'property' following the abolition of slavery in the British colonies.\n\nThis act has had an ongoing economic legacy, as the compensation payments were financed by loans that were repaid by the British government through taxes on the general population.\n\nThis has led to calls for reparations to be made to the descendants of slaves, who have not benefited from the profits made by their ancestors' forced labor.\n","3834fbcf-d370-44aa-846c-6239cb4f2f33",[3921],{"id":3922,"data":3923,"type":70,"version":30,"maxContentLevel":21},"c10c7f39-be85-4d84-9770-67fcdd546a3a",{"type":70,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":30,"multiChoiceQuestion":3924,"multiChoiceCorrect":3926,"multiChoiceIncorrect":3928,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[3925],"What is the name of the British law passed in 1837 to compensate slave owners for the loss of their \"property\"?",[3927],"The Slavery Compensation Act",[3929,3930,3930],"The Slavery Abolition Act","The Slavery Reparation Act",{"id":3932,"data":3933,"type":30,"maxContentLevel":21,"version":30},"d21b0576-e9c4-4dc1-a642-091ea4ed95ce",{"type":30,"title":3934,"markdownContent":3935,"audioMediaId":3936},"The Legacy of Slavery page 4","\nThe argument for reparations is that the profits made from slavery were not only unjust, but also continue to have a lasting impact on the economic fortunes of those who were not compensated for their labor.\n\nThe institutional reckoning of profits from slavery is a complex issue, with many factors to consider, including the ongoing effects of racial inequality and discrimination.\n\nHowever, the case for reparations continues to be made, as many argue that it is a necessary step towards acknowledging the injustice of slavery and working towards a more equitable future.\n","f45ecf00-5efe-4499-9081-2a61acf1da3d",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":3938,"height":3938,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":3939},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":3938,"height":3938,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":3941},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M12.586 2.586A2 2 0 0 0 11.172 2H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v7.172a2 2 0 0 0 .586 1.414l8.704 8.704a2.426 2.426 0 0 0 3.42 0l6.58-6.58a2.426 2.426 0 0 0 0-3.42z\"/>\u003Ccircle cx=\"7.5\" cy=\"7.5\" r=\".5\" fill=\"currentColor\"/>\u003C/g>",1778228384596]