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characters like \"Reason\" and \"Jealousy.\"","Chaucer's *The Canterbury Tales* was inspired by Boccaccio's *The Decameron*.","Dante's *Divine Comedy* uses terza rima and explores the soul's quest for redemption.",1,{"id":36,"data":37,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"23794a28-e0f2-46b1-965c-369133c0a5b2",{"type":38,"intro":39},10,[40,41],"What is the central symbol in The Roman de la Rose?","How does Dante's Divine Comedy connect to classical literature?",[43,57,71,86],{"id":44,"data":45,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":48},"ac326c56-6ba5-4853-8626-80bf0429ae69",{"type":34,"markdownContent":46,"audioMediaId":47},"Medieval poetry constitutes a rich and diverse body of literature, spanning roughly from the 5th to the 15th century. In Europe, many poems were written in Latin, the language of the Church, while vernacular languages like Old English and Old French came into more frequent literary use over time.\n\nA notable feature of poetry in Medieval Europe is the use of allegory, in which stories or characters convey symbolic meanings of moral, religious, or philosophical significance.\n\nFor example, the 13th-century French poem, *The Roman de la Rose*, describes a dream vision set in a walled garden, in which characters named, for example, “Reason” and “Jealousy” (representing those abstract qualities) play out a narrative intended to impart a moral lesson about courtly love. The central symbol is the rose itself - an emblem of romantic pursuit and ultimate fulfillment.\n\nThis poem’s focus on chivalry and romance is highly characteristic of poetry of this era, which frequently celebrated the virtues of knights and their devotion to a lady, who is typically portrayed as unattainable or distant.\n\n![Graph](image://7d747cb9-71af-4716-8f39-caa9a4e819fa \"An illustration of a medieval monk in moonlight\")","dde12ed0-ee1b-4e75-ad87-80680ab1f979",[49],{"id":50,"data":51,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"0972b70b-4437-4530-a047-aae9ab262f2a",{"type":52,"reviewType":34,"spacingBehaviour":34,"activeRecallQuestion":53,"activeRecallAnswers":55},11,[54],"What is the literary device in which stories or characters convey symbolic meanings, often of moral, religious, or philosophical significance",[56],"Allegory",{"id":58,"data":59,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":62},"193f38fc-693a-4e59-a158-6403f959f729",{"type":34,"markdownContent":60,"audioMediaId":61},"During the medieval period, numerous poets were drawn to refashioning the literature of Classical Greece and Rome according to the stylistic conventions and thematic interests of the time.\n\nOne such poet was the Italian writer Giovanni Boccaccio, a prominent writer of the 14th century. Though best known for his influential work, *The Decameron*, it is his poem *Il Filostrato*, published in 1338, that exemplifies this form of synthesis, intertwining themes of medieval courtly love with ancient epic.\n\n*Il Filostrato* follows the story of Troilus, a Trojan prince who, though a relatively minor character in Homer's *Iliad*, becomes the focal point of Boccaccio's narrative. As the Trojan War rages on, Troilus falls passionately in love with Criseida against the epic backdrop of war and tragedy. Boccaccio’s focus is not, however, upon martial valor, but rather on courtship, unrequited desire, and emotional turmoil.\n\n![Graph](image://096adb3d-eb6e-44f4-8488-068c8c4899f9 \"An illustration of a courtly love scene in a classical courtyard\")","2ef2efd1-c189-4164-83c6-1723165fffd2",[63],{"id":64,"data":65,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"1f1ee57f-2125-4fc5-bf06-7fa24f594692",{"type":52,"reviewType":66,"spacingBehaviour":34,"clozeQuestion":67,"clozeWords":69},4,[68],"Giovanni Boccaccio, a 14th-century Italian writer, wrote Il Filostrato, which intertwines themes of medieval courtly love with ancient epic.",[70],"Boccaccio",{"id":72,"data":73,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":76},"b07bb608-1f44-41aa-b527-320f14721b1a",{"type":34,"markdownContent":74,"audioMediaId":75},"Italian poets like Boccaccio were considerably influential to literary developments in England. For example, the most famous work of Geoffrey Chaucer, *The Canterbury Tales,* draws inspiration from Boccaccio's *The Decameron* in its use of a frame narrative, in which a group of characters come together to share stories with each other.\n\n![Graph](image://e9d88741-561c-4ac0-ac82-1c448d9e57d7 \"An illustration of a group of medieval men sitting around a table\")\n\nIn *The Decameron,* a group of people retreat to a villa to escape the plague-ridden city of Florence, entertaining themselves by telling 100 tales. Similarly, in *The Canterbury Tales,* a diverse group of pilgrims journey to the shrine of St. Thomas Becket in Canterbury, sharing tales with each other to pass the time - ranging from courtly romance and bawdy fabliau to saintly hagiography and chivalric adventure.\n\nWhile Chaucer was inspired by Boccaccio's narrative structure, he departs from *The Decameron* in using poetic verse, rather than prose. *The Canterbury Tales*, composed in Middle English, also marked a departure from the traditional use of Latin or French in English literature, elevating the status of the English language.","aedc9272-014e-498e-a597-9e6ef849b51c",[77],{"id":78,"data":79,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"f469085c-75f4-4658-86a1-46f4f9ba6487",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":34,"binaryQuestion":80,"binaryCorrect":82,"binaryIncorrect":84},[81],"Which Italian work influenced the frame narrative in Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales?",[83],"Boccaccio's Decameron",[85],"Dante's Divine Comedy",{"id":87,"data":88,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":91},"29390867-3901-4b2f-8ba2-b27a57ff9743",{"type":34,"markdownContent":89,"audioMediaId":90},"Italian medieval poetry not only integrated classical influences with themes of chivalry and courtly romance but also took on deeply Christian ideas.\n\nIn Dante Alighieri's *Divine Comedy* (completed around 1321), for example, the protagonist is guided by the ancient Roman poet Virgil, who serves not only as a symbol of human reason and wisdom but also as a link to the classical past.\n\n![Graph](image://d8564bba-a497-4772-a185-ce450fc2ba9a \"An illustration of Dante and Virgil standing at the gates of Hell\")\n\nThe poem is, however, profoundly Catholic. Divided into three parts - Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso, it chronicles Dante's journey through realms of the afterlife: Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven. Each part of the journey embodies a specific moral lesson, with the overarching allegory representing the soul's quest for redemption and divine grace.\n\n*The Divine Comedy* is distinctive for its use of terza rima: stanzas of three lines, with a rhyme scheme of \"aba bcb cdc ded\" etc. (the middle line of each stanza rhyming with the first and third lines of the following). This creates a chain-like effect throughout the poem.","8fd12d32-751a-4cdc-825c-1e59baaadb33",[92,99],{"id":93,"data":94,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"c17bafc2-ad53-4a74-af58-6ea86873cfd6",{"type":52,"reviewType":34,"spacingBehaviour":34,"activeRecallQuestion":95,"activeRecallAnswers":97},[96],"What is the name of the rhyme scheme used in Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy?",[98],"Terza rima",{"id":100,"data":101,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"e4ef74ec-cc09-41e8-b117-10fd634820b9",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":102,"multiChoiceCorrect":104,"multiChoiceIncorrect":106,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[103],"What is the rhyme scheme of terza rima?",[105],"ABA BCB CDC DED",[107,108,109],"AABB CCDD","ABAB CDCD","AA BB CC DD",{"id":111,"data":112,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":114,"introPage":122,"pages":128},"93aac858-edf9-4139-b704-11bae08f134a",{"type":24,"title":113},"The Evolution of the Sonnet",{"id":115,"data":116,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"867f8fbd-adb3-4b9a-ae4a-47fe642e8dff",{"type":19,"summary":117},[118,119,120,121],"Petrarch's Canzoniere popularized the sonnet sequence in the 14th century.","Sidney's Astrophil and Stella features 108 sonnets about unrequited love.","Shakespeare's sonnets often satirize clichéd love poetry.","Shakespeare's sonnets explore poetry's relationship to time and mortality.",{"id":123,"data":124,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"44f3c409-3071-4f57-bb5a-b194729a37df",{"type":38,"intro":125},[126,127],"What is the name of Petrarch's collection of sonnets dedicated to Laura?","How does Shakespeare's Sonnet 130 challenge traditional love poetry?",[129,155],{"id":130,"data":131,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":134},"3f6cd725-1cc2-4ec0-ab80-c89b47ae5ba6",{"type":34,"markdownContent":132,"audioMediaId":133},"A sonnet sequence, also known as a sonnet cycle, is a collection of interconnected sonnets that share a common theme, narrative, or subject, and its origins can be traced back to the 14th century, with the Italian poet Petrarch's *Canzoniere.*\n\n*The Canzoniere*, or “Songs,” are a collection of 366 poems, the majority of which are sonnets dedicated to his idealized love, Laura. This work not only popularized the sonnet form but also introduced the concept of a cohesive series of individual poems that delve into the complexities of love, desire, and the poet's own emotions.\n\nThe sonnet sequence became particularly popular in 16th-century England. For example, Sir Philip Sidney's *Astrophil and Stella* comprises 108 sonnets and 11 songs that recount the story of Astrophil's unrequited love for Stella. Other notable English sonnet sequences include Edmund Spenser's *Amoretti*, and Shakespeare's sequence of 154 sonnets, which explore themes of love, beauty, mortality, and the passage of time.\n\n![Graph](image://a1bc439c-f7fc-4e4e-b49a-044afe70121d \"An illustration of a medieval scholar.\")","febf36a6-b9b3-4b4d-aa38-ad6d717bc069",[135,146],{"id":136,"data":137,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"61fb3ee0-2282-49a0-af68-b8cef7fd1290",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":138,"multiChoiceCorrect":140,"multiChoiceIncorrect":142,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[139],"Which 16th-century English poet wrote the sonnet sequence Astrophil and Stella?",[141],"Sir Philip Sidney",[143,144,145],"Edmund Spenser","William Shakespeare","Christopher Marlowe",{"id":147,"data":148,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"e24ea7d5-3417-455b-9eac-5b03164f6983",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":34,"binaryQuestion":149,"binaryCorrect":151,"binaryIncorrect":153},[150],"Which Italian poet's work popularized the sonnet form and introduced the concept of a cohesive series of individual poems?",[152],"Petrarch",[154],"Dante Alighieri",{"id":156,"data":157,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":160},"6c69d304-a05b-4a7b-982e-2ade6475f739",{"type":34,"markdownContent":158,"audioMediaId":159},"Beyond his achievements in theater, the playwright William Shakespeare’s contribution to poetry extends to his collection of 154 sonnets (1609), as well as his long narrative poems based on classical mythology: *Venus and Adonis* and *The Rape of Lucrece*, both published in the 1590s.\n\nShakespeare’s sonnets, as earlier explained, differed from Petrarch’s in several formal ways, but also in their often satirical angle. For example, Sonnet 130, beginning “My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun”, deliberately undermines the clichéd comparisons used in other love poetry, such as the beloved's breath being like perfume or her voice like music.\n\nShakespeare's sonnets are also distinctive in their frequent meditations on the nature of poetry itself, and its relationship to time and mortality. Take, for instance, Sonnet 55:\n\n*Not marble nor the gilded monuments\\\nOf princes shall outlive this powerful rhyme,\\\nBut you shall shine more bright in these contents\\\nThan unswept stone besmeared with sluttish time.*","e21237e9-4021-437e-b38d-eac7226a52b9",[161,170],{"id":162,"data":163,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"3e874169-6b49-43c7-b80c-f33aa911aece",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":34,"binaryQuestion":164,"binaryCorrect":166,"binaryIncorrect":168},[165],"What is the number of sonnets in Shakespeare's collection?",[167],"154",[169],"162",{"id":171,"data":172,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"fb58424d-93dd-4619-ba6a-1ef109dde945",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"collapsingSiblings":173,"multiChoiceQuestion":176,"multiChoiceCorrect":178,"multiChoiceIncorrect":180,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":34,"orderQuestion":183,"orderItems":185},[174,175],"17e688ca-4dff-4fdf-917c-d1126322b3f7","86de04d3-834f-4ad2-9249-a4a07dd08c55",[177],"When was Shakespeare's collection of sonnets was published?",[179],"1609",[181,182],"1667","1798",[184],"Put the following in order:",[186],{"label":187,"reveal":179,"sortOrder":4},"Shakespeare's Sonnets published",{"id":189,"data":190,"type":24,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":192,"introPage":200,"pages":206,"reviews":302},"276eee90-ec7e-42ba-83d3-1f4d105626e4",{"type":24,"title":191},"The Renaissance and Epic Poetry",{"id":193,"data":194,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"5ab36946-b202-486a-8712-7fb97937a159",{"type":19,"summary":195},[196,197,198,199],"The Renaissance revived classical learning and art from the late 14th to 17th centuries.","Milton's Paradise Lost uses blank verse and imitates classical epic conventions.","Imitatio involves borrowing themes or styles from classical or contemporary works.","Metaphysical poets used conceits to explore complex philosophical themes.",{"id":201,"data":202,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"4a57131e-6765-4851-a274-d166448107ac",{"type":38,"intro":203},[204,205],"What makes Milton's invocation of the muse in Paradise Lost ironic?","How does John Donne's The Flea use a conceit to explore love?",[207,224,250,277],{"id":208,"data":209,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":212},"7ea35df1-dfe7-4831-aef0-7dfe880d238c",{"type":34,"markdownContent":210,"audioMediaId":211},"The period that we call the “Renaissance” (literally meaning “rebirth”), spanning roughly between the late 14th and 17th centuries, is named as such due to the resurgence of classical learning and classical art.\n\n![Graph](image://ab845adb-1ef1-46ae-83b6-ef450cfd7709 \"An illustration of a Renaissance man of learning, surrounded by books and papers\")\n\nWhile, as earlier explored, medieval writers incorporated classical themes and characters into their work (such as Bocaccio’s Troilus or Dante’s Virgil), renaissance poets demonstrated greater interest in emulating the styles and forms of classical literature, particularly the epic tradition. Some significant examples include:\n\nLudovico Ariosto's *Orlando Furioso* (completed 1532): An Italian epic poem that narrates the adventures of Orlando, Charlemagne's chief paladin, and his companions.\n\nTorquato Tasso's *Jerusalem Delivered* (1581): Another Italian epic poem, this work tells the story of the First Crusade and the siege of Jerusalem.\n\nLuís de Camões's *The Lusiads* (1572): A Portuguese epic poem that celebrates the 16th-century Portuguese voyages of Vasco da Gama to India.","236fdd51-11ea-4491-af3d-76007e3abf25",[213],{"id":214,"data":215,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"b3f48bf0-1a84-42bc-8749-d6ad92dd0f04",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":216,"multiChoiceCorrect":218,"multiChoiceIncorrect":220,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[217],"Which epic poem celebrates Vasco da Gama's voyages to India?",[219],"The Lusiads",[221,222,223],"Orlando Furioso","Jerusalem Delivered","Divine Comedy",{"id":225,"data":226,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34,"reviews":229},"0d0a17cb-957b-4f6d-ac11-95fbd8c4376b",{"type":34,"markdownContent":227,"audioMediaId":228},"John Milton's *Paradise Lost*, published in 1667, is often considered the greatest masterpiece of the epic revival, radical in the way it retells the story of the temptation of Adam and Eve and the Fall of Man: the biting of an apple is magnified to epic proportions, and Satan is portrayed as a complex character reminiscent of an epic hero.\n\n![Graph](image://990fbca7-6ac9-4fcf-93f1-3743ba7ddfb6 \"Satan the serpent in the Garden of Eden, while Adam holds the forbidden fruit\")\n\nMilton’s use of blank verse was a departure from traditionally rhyming long-form English poems. Its first lines showcase a traditional “invocation of the muse”, emulating Homer:\n\n*Of Mans First Disobedience, and the Fruit\\\nOf that Forbidden Tree, whose mortal taste\\\nBrought Death into the World, and all our woe,\\\nWith loss of Eden, till one greater Man\\\nRestore us, and regain the blissful Seat,\\\nSing Heav'nly Muse,*","f31a73b3-3976-40a0-ac9e-b98f5beb821d",[230,239],{"id":231,"data":232,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"1c8bf69c-3718-4c4e-9ee0-08b17fb69c0f",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":34,"binaryQuestion":233,"binaryCorrect":235,"binaryIncorrect":237},[234],"What type of verse did Milton use in Paradise Lost?",[236],"Blank verse",[238],"Rhyming couplets",{"id":174,"data":240,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"collapsingSiblings":241,"multiChoiceQuestion":242,"multiChoiceCorrect":244,"multiChoiceIncorrect":245,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":34,"orderQuestion":246,"orderItems":247},[171,175],[243],"In which year was 'Paradise Lost' published?",[181],[179,182],[184],[248],{"label":249,"reveal":181,"sortOrder":34},"Paradise Lost published",{"id":251,"data":252,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":255},"346f2a5c-6487-45dd-b6f4-c3976e9cb82b",{"type":34,"markdownContent":253,"audioMediaId":254},"The rhetorical practice of “Imitatio”, commonly employed in literature of this era - involved borrowing and adapting ideas, themes, or styles from classical or contemporary authors to create new works of art.\n\nMilton’s poem is exemplary in the way that it underscores the complex relationship between imitation and originality in Renaissance poetry.\n\nFor example, his invocation of the muse in Book 1 - a convention of epic, claims that the poem will pursue “Things unattempted yet in Prose or Rhime”.\n\nThis line is in fact a direct quotation from Ludivico Ariosto’s epic of 1532, *Orlando Furioso*: \"Cosa non detta in prosa mai, né in rima\" (Canto I, stanza 2, line 8).\n\nThis form of “Imitatio” therefore introduces irony into Milton’s work. This line claims to be the first to attempt a work of this kind - yet it is itself a borrowed phrase.","71d7a0c1-d4d0-4b23-963e-b928939b03c7",[256,267],{"id":257,"data":258,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"5c1e5bd3-28d1-47e4-9b50-04ba7750a22e",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":259,"multiChoiceCorrect":261,"multiChoiceIncorrect":263,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[260],"What Latin rhetorical term decribes the practice of borrowing and adapting ideas, themes, or styles from classical authors?",[262],"Imitatio",[264,265,266],"Exemplum","Allusio","Chiasmus",{"id":268,"data":269,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"eb1e6160-a8f4-4b0a-aea1-b8883757b39d",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":270,"multiChoiceCorrect":272,"multiChoiceIncorrect":274,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[271],"What is the source of Milton's line 'Things unattempted yet in Prose or Rhime'?",[273],"Ludovico Ariosto's Orlando Furioso",[85,275,276],"Shakespeare's Sonnets","Chaucer's Canterbury Tales",{"id":278,"data":279,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":282},"93351dae-9dae-4d91-83ff-f2bd89e2d836",{"type":34,"markdownContent":280,"audioMediaId":281},"“Metaphysical poetry” is a term used to describe a movement of the 17th century associated with the British poets John Donne, George Herbert, and Andrew Marvell. Their work is characterized by elaborate and intricate metaphors, complex wordplay, and knotty philosophical themes, exploring ideas related to love, religion, and the body.\n\nIn order to work through paradoxes, and often to explore the relationship between material and spiritual realms, metaphysical poets made use of \"conceits\": extended and elaborate metaphors that draw unexpected and often surprising connections between non-intuitively similar subjects.\n\nFor example, John Donne’s \"The Flea,\" compares a flea bite to the act of lovemaking. The flea, having bitten both the speaker and his beloved, becomes a symbol of their intimate connection.\n\n![Graph](image://90de9370-3b43-445d-8ebc-7301f8035802 \"An illustration of John Donne in a romantic scene\")","a6e2f321-066e-41bc-a0ce-e0c6daf5291a",[283,294],{"id":284,"data":285,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"cc20c4dd-7a7a-461c-abdc-924b096db8cc",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":286,"multiChoiceCorrect":288,"multiChoiceIncorrect":290,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[287],"Which century is metaphysical poetry associated with?",[289],"17th century",[291,292,293],"16th century","18th century","19th century",{"id":295,"data":296,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"d387c605-8eaa-4dd5-b0d1-211e2f3f3332",{"type":52,"reviewType":66,"spacingBehaviour":34,"clozeQuestion":297,"clozeWords":299},[298],"Metaphysical poets, like John Donne, used 'conceits' to explore complex themes and draw surprising connections between non-intuitively similar subjects.",[300,301],"Metaphysical","conceits",[303],{"id":304,"data":305,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"3d496a32-edb7-403f-ae5b-ac2f3cef2eb3",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"collapsingSiblings":306,"multiChoiceQuestion":309,"multiChoiceCorrect":311,"multiChoiceIncorrect":313,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":317,"matchPairsPairs":319},[307,308],"952c53ab-d35c-4be1-bdd4-5b58531372a3","e445ca43-d26a-4fab-8076-f37a64fe1df8",[310],"Which of the following most closely applies to Imitatio?",[312],"Borrowing and adapting from classical authors",[314,315,316],"Creates a sense of balance, emphasizes a word or phrase, adds variation to rhythm","Six stanzas, six lines each, followed by a three-line tercet","Begins in the middle of the action",[318],"Match the pairs below:",[320],{"left":262,"right":312,"direction":19},[322,545,663],{"id":22,"data":23,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":26,"introPage":35,"pages":323},[324,374,429,499],{"id":44,"data":45,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":48,"parsed":325},{"data":326,"body":329,"toc":372},{"title":327,"description":328},"","Medieval poetry constitutes a rich and diverse body of literature, spanning roughly from the 5th to the 15th century. In Europe, many poems were written in Latin, the language of the Church, while vernacular languages like Old English and Old French came into more frequent literary use over time.",{"type":330,"children":331},"root",[332,339,344,357,362],{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":335,"children":336},"element","p",{},[337],{"type":338,"value":328},"text",{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":340,"children":341},{},[342],{"type":338,"value":343},"A notable feature of poetry in Medieval Europe is the use of allegory, in which stories or characters convey symbolic meanings of moral, religious, or philosophical significance.",{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":345,"children":346},{},[347,349,355],{"type":338,"value":348},"For example, the 13th-century French poem, ",{"type":333,"tag":350,"props":351,"children":352},"em",{},[353],{"type":338,"value":354},"The Roman de la Rose",{"type":338,"value":356},", describes a dream vision set in a walled garden, in which characters named, for example, “Reason” and “Jealousy” (representing those abstract qualities) play out a narrative intended to impart a moral lesson about courtly love. The central symbol is the rose itself - an emblem of romantic pursuit and ultimate fulfillment.",{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":358,"children":359},{},[360],{"type":338,"value":361},"This poem’s focus on chivalry and romance is highly characteristic of poetry of this era, which frequently celebrated the virtues of knights and their devotion to a lady, who is typically portrayed as unattainable or distant.",{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":363,"children":364},{},[365],{"type":333,"tag":366,"props":367,"children":371},"img",{"alt":368,"src":369,"title":370},"Graph","image://7d747cb9-71af-4716-8f39-caa9a4e819fa","An illustration of a medieval monk in moonlight",[],{"title":327,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":373},[],{"id":58,"data":59,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":62,"parsed":375},{"data":376,"body":378,"toc":427},{"title":327,"description":377},"During the medieval period, numerous poets were drawn to refashioning the literature of Classical Greece and Rome according to the stylistic conventions and thematic interests of the time.",{"type":330,"children":379},[380,384,403,419],{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":381,"children":382},{},[383],{"type":338,"value":377},{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":385,"children":386},{},[387,389,394,396,401],{"type":338,"value":388},"One such poet was the Italian writer Giovanni Boccaccio, a prominent writer of the 14th century. Though best known for his influential work, ",{"type":333,"tag":350,"props":390,"children":391},{},[392],{"type":338,"value":393},"The Decameron",{"type":338,"value":395},", it is his poem ",{"type":333,"tag":350,"props":397,"children":398},{},[399],{"type":338,"value":400},"Il Filostrato",{"type":338,"value":402},", published in 1338, that exemplifies this form of synthesis, intertwining themes of medieval courtly love with ancient epic.",{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":404,"children":405},{},[406,410,412,417],{"type":333,"tag":350,"props":407,"children":408},{},[409],{"type":338,"value":400},{"type":338,"value":411}," follows the story of Troilus, a Trojan prince who, though a relatively minor character in Homer's ",{"type":333,"tag":350,"props":413,"children":414},{},[415],{"type":338,"value":416},"Iliad",{"type":338,"value":418},", becomes the focal point of Boccaccio's narrative. As the Trojan War rages on, Troilus falls passionately in love with Criseida against the epic backdrop of war and tragedy. Boccaccio’s focus is not, however, upon martial valor, but rather on courtship, unrequited desire, and emotional turmoil.",{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":420,"children":421},{},[422],{"type":333,"tag":366,"props":423,"children":426},{"alt":368,"src":424,"title":425},"image://096adb3d-eb6e-44f4-8488-068c8c4899f9","An illustration of a courtly love scene in a classical courtyard",[],{"title":327,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":428},[],{"id":72,"data":73,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":76,"parsed":430},{"data":431,"body":433,"toc":497},{"title":327,"description":432},"Italian poets like Boccaccio were considerably influential to literary developments in England. For example, the most famous work of Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, draws inspiration from Boccaccio's The Decameron in its use of a frame narrative, in which a group of characters come together to share stories with each other.",{"type":330,"children":434},[435,453,461,479],{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":436,"children":437},{},[438,440,445,447,451],{"type":338,"value":439},"Italian poets like Boccaccio were considerably influential to literary developments in England. For example, the most famous work of Geoffrey Chaucer, ",{"type":333,"tag":350,"props":441,"children":442},{},[443],{"type":338,"value":444},"The Canterbury Tales,",{"type":338,"value":446}," draws inspiration from Boccaccio's ",{"type":333,"tag":350,"props":448,"children":449},{},[450],{"type":338,"value":393},{"type":338,"value":452}," in its use of a frame narrative, in which a group of characters come together to share stories with each other.",{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":454,"children":455},{},[456],{"type":333,"tag":366,"props":457,"children":460},{"alt":368,"src":458,"title":459},"image://e9d88741-561c-4ac0-ac82-1c448d9e57d7","An illustration of a group of medieval men sitting around a table",[],{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":462,"children":463},{},[464,466,471,473,477],{"type":338,"value":465},"In ",{"type":333,"tag":350,"props":467,"children":468},{},[469],{"type":338,"value":470},"The Decameron,",{"type":338,"value":472}," a group of people retreat to a villa to escape the plague-ridden city of Florence, entertaining themselves by telling 100 tales. Similarly, in ",{"type":333,"tag":350,"props":474,"children":475},{},[476],{"type":338,"value":444},{"type":338,"value":478}," a diverse group of pilgrims journey to the shrine of St. Thomas Becket in Canterbury, sharing tales with each other to pass the time - ranging from courtly romance and bawdy fabliau to saintly hagiography and chivalric adventure.",{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":480,"children":481},{},[482,484,488,490,495],{"type":338,"value":483},"While Chaucer was inspired by Boccaccio's narrative structure, he departs from ",{"type":333,"tag":350,"props":485,"children":486},{},[487],{"type":338,"value":393},{"type":338,"value":489}," in using poetic verse, rather than prose. ",{"type":333,"tag":350,"props":491,"children":492},{},[493],{"type":338,"value":494},"The Canterbury Tales",{"type":338,"value":496},", composed in Middle English, also marked a departure from the traditional use of Latin or French in English literature, elevating the status of the English language.",{"title":327,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":498},[],{"id":87,"data":88,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":91,"parsed":500},{"data":501,"body":503,"toc":543},{"title":327,"description":502},"Italian medieval poetry not only integrated classical influences with themes of chivalry and courtly romance but also took on deeply Christian ideas.",{"type":330,"children":504},[505,509,520,528,533],{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":506,"children":507},{},[508],{"type":338,"value":502},{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":510,"children":511},{},[512,514,518],{"type":338,"value":513},"In Dante Alighieri's ",{"type":333,"tag":350,"props":515,"children":516},{},[517],{"type":338,"value":223},{"type":338,"value":519}," (completed around 1321), for example, the protagonist is guided by the ancient Roman poet Virgil, who serves not only as a symbol of human reason and wisdom but also as a link to the classical past.",{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":521,"children":522},{},[523],{"type":333,"tag":366,"props":524,"children":527},{"alt":368,"src":525,"title":526},"image://d8564bba-a497-4772-a185-ce450fc2ba9a","An illustration of Dante and Virgil standing at the gates of Hell",[],{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":529,"children":530},{},[531],{"type":338,"value":532},"The poem is, however, profoundly Catholic. Divided into three parts - Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso, it chronicles Dante's journey through realms of the afterlife: Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven. Each part of the journey embodies a specific moral lesson, with the overarching allegory representing the soul's quest for redemption and divine grace.",{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":534,"children":535},{},[536,541],{"type":333,"tag":350,"props":537,"children":538},{},[539],{"type":338,"value":540},"The Divine Comedy",{"type":338,"value":542}," is distinctive for its use of terza rima: stanzas of three lines, with a rhyme scheme of \"aba bcb cdc ded\" etc. (the middle line of each stanza rhyming with the first and third lines of the following). This creates a chain-like effect throughout the poem.",{"title":327,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":544},[],{"id":111,"data":112,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":114,"introPage":122,"pages":546},[547,602],{"id":130,"data":131,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":134,"parsed":548},{"data":549,"body":551,"toc":600},{"title":327,"description":550},"A sonnet sequence, also known as a sonnet cycle, is a collection of interconnected sonnets that share a common theme, narrative, or subject, and its origins can be traced back to the 14th century, with the Italian poet Petrarch's Canzoniere.",{"type":330,"children":552},[553,563,573,592],{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":554,"children":555},{},[556,558],{"type":338,"value":557},"A sonnet sequence, also known as a sonnet cycle, is a collection of interconnected sonnets that share a common theme, narrative, or subject, and its origins can be traced back to the 14th century, with the Italian poet Petrarch's ",{"type":333,"tag":350,"props":559,"children":560},{},[561],{"type":338,"value":562},"Canzoniere.",{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":564,"children":565},{},[566,571],{"type":333,"tag":350,"props":567,"children":568},{},[569],{"type":338,"value":570},"The Canzoniere",{"type":338,"value":572},", or “Songs,” are a collection of 366 poems, the majority of which are sonnets dedicated to his idealized love, Laura. This work not only popularized the sonnet form but also introduced the concept of a cohesive series of individual poems that delve into the complexities of love, desire, and the poet's own emotions.",{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":574,"children":575},{},[576,578,583,585,590],{"type":338,"value":577},"The sonnet sequence became particularly popular in 16th-century England. For example, Sir Philip Sidney's ",{"type":333,"tag":350,"props":579,"children":580},{},[581],{"type":338,"value":582},"Astrophil and Stella",{"type":338,"value":584}," comprises 108 sonnets and 11 songs that recount the story of Astrophil's unrequited love for Stella. Other notable English sonnet sequences include Edmund Spenser's ",{"type":333,"tag":350,"props":586,"children":587},{},[588],{"type":338,"value":589},"Amoretti",{"type":338,"value":591},", and Shakespeare's sequence of 154 sonnets, which explore themes of love, beauty, mortality, and the passage of time.",{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":593,"children":594},{},[595],{"type":333,"tag":366,"props":596,"children":599},{"alt":368,"src":597,"title":598},"image://a1bc439c-f7fc-4e4e-b49a-044afe70121d","An illustration of a medieval scholar.",[],{"title":327,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":601},[],{"id":156,"data":157,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":160,"parsed":603},{"data":604,"body":606,"toc":661},{"title":327,"description":605},"Beyond his achievements in theater, the playwright William Shakespeare’s contribution to poetry extends to his collection of 154 sonnets (1609), as well as his long narrative poems based on classical mythology: Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece, both published in the 1590s.",{"type":330,"children":607},[608,627,632,637],{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":609,"children":610},{},[611,613,618,620,625],{"type":338,"value":612},"Beyond his achievements in theater, the playwright William Shakespeare’s contribution to poetry extends to his collection of 154 sonnets (1609), as well as his long narrative poems based on classical mythology: ",{"type":333,"tag":350,"props":614,"children":615},{},[616],{"type":338,"value":617},"Venus and Adonis",{"type":338,"value":619}," and ",{"type":333,"tag":350,"props":621,"children":622},{},[623],{"type":338,"value":624},"The Rape of Lucrece",{"type":338,"value":626},", both published in the 1590s.",{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":628,"children":629},{},[630],{"type":338,"value":631},"Shakespeare’s sonnets, as earlier explained, differed from Petrarch’s in several formal ways, but also in their often satirical angle. For example, Sonnet 130, beginning “My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun”, deliberately undermines the clichéd comparisons used in other love poetry, such as the beloved's breath being like perfume or her voice like music.",{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":633,"children":634},{},[635],{"type":338,"value":636},"Shakespeare's sonnets are also distinctive in their frequent meditations on the nature of poetry itself, and its relationship to time and mortality. Take, for instance, Sonnet 55:",{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":638,"children":639},{},[640],{"type":333,"tag":350,"props":641,"children":642},{},[643,645,649,651,654,656,659],{"type":338,"value":644},"Not marble nor the gilded monuments",{"type":333,"tag":646,"props":647,"children":648},"br",{},[],{"type":338,"value":650},"\nOf princes shall outlive this powerful rhyme,",{"type":333,"tag":646,"props":652,"children":653},{},[],{"type":338,"value":655},"\nBut you shall shine more bright in these contents",{"type":333,"tag":646,"props":657,"children":658},{},[],{"type":338,"value":660},"\nThan unswept stone besmeared with sluttish time.",{"title":327,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":662},[],{"id":189,"data":190,"type":24,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":192,"introPage":200,"pages":664,"reviews":302},[665,723,789,827],{"id":208,"data":209,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":212,"parsed":666},{"data":667,"body":669,"toc":721},{"title":327,"description":668},"The period that we call the “Renaissance” (literally meaning “rebirth”), spanning roughly between the late 14th and 17th centuries, is named as such due to the resurgence of classical learning and classical art.",{"type":330,"children":670},[671,675,683,688,699,710],{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":672,"children":673},{},[674],{"type":338,"value":668},{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":676,"children":677},{},[678],{"type":333,"tag":366,"props":679,"children":682},{"alt":368,"src":680,"title":681},"image://ab845adb-1ef1-46ae-83b6-ef450cfd7709","An illustration of a Renaissance man of learning, surrounded by books and papers",[],{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":684,"children":685},{},[686],{"type":338,"value":687},"While, as earlier explored, medieval writers incorporated classical themes and characters into their work (such as Bocaccio’s Troilus or Dante’s Virgil), renaissance poets demonstrated greater interest in emulating the styles and forms of classical literature, particularly the epic tradition. Some significant examples include:",{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":689,"children":690},{},[691,693,697],{"type":338,"value":692},"Ludovico Ariosto's ",{"type":333,"tag":350,"props":694,"children":695},{},[696],{"type":338,"value":221},{"type":338,"value":698}," (completed 1532): An Italian epic poem that narrates the adventures of Orlando, Charlemagne's chief paladin, and his companions.",{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":700,"children":701},{},[702,704,708],{"type":338,"value":703},"Torquato Tasso's ",{"type":333,"tag":350,"props":705,"children":706},{},[707],{"type":338,"value":222},{"type":338,"value":709}," (1581): Another Italian epic poem, this work tells the story of the First Crusade and the siege of Jerusalem.",{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":711,"children":712},{},[713,715,719],{"type":338,"value":714},"Luís de Camões's ",{"type":333,"tag":350,"props":716,"children":717},{},[718],{"type":338,"value":219},{"type":338,"value":720}," (1572): A Portuguese epic poem that celebrates the 16th-century Portuguese voyages of Vasco da Gama to India.",{"title":327,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":722},[],{"id":225,"data":226,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34,"reviews":229,"parsed":724},{"data":725,"body":727,"toc":787},{"title":327,"description":726},"John Milton's Paradise Lost, published in 1667, is often considered the greatest masterpiece of the epic revival, radical in the way it retells the story of the temptation of Adam and Eve and the Fall of Man: the biting of an apple is magnified to epic proportions, and Satan is portrayed as a complex character reminiscent of an epic hero.",{"type":330,"children":728},[729,741,749,754],{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":730,"children":731},{},[732,734,739],{"type":338,"value":733},"John Milton's ",{"type":333,"tag":350,"props":735,"children":736},{},[737],{"type":338,"value":738},"Paradise Lost",{"type":338,"value":740},", published in 1667, is often considered the greatest masterpiece of the epic revival, radical in the way it retells the story of the temptation of Adam and Eve and the Fall of Man: the biting of an apple is magnified to epic proportions, and Satan is portrayed as a complex character reminiscent of an epic hero.",{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":742,"children":743},{},[744],{"type":333,"tag":366,"props":745,"children":748},{"alt":368,"src":746,"title":747},"image://990fbca7-6ac9-4fcf-93f1-3743ba7ddfb6","Satan the serpent in the Garden of Eden, while Adam holds the forbidden fruit",[],{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":750,"children":751},{},[752],{"type":338,"value":753},"Milton’s use of blank verse was a departure from traditionally rhyming long-form English poems. Its first lines showcase a traditional “invocation of the muse”, emulating Homer:",{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":755,"children":756},{},[757],{"type":333,"tag":350,"props":758,"children":759},{},[760,762,765,767,770,772,775,777,780,782,785],{"type":338,"value":761},"Of Mans First Disobedience, and the Fruit",{"type":333,"tag":646,"props":763,"children":764},{},[],{"type":338,"value":766},"\nOf that Forbidden Tree, whose mortal taste",{"type":333,"tag":646,"props":768,"children":769},{},[],{"type":338,"value":771},"\nBrought Death into the World, and all our woe,",{"type":333,"tag":646,"props":773,"children":774},{},[],{"type":338,"value":776},"\nWith loss of Eden, till one greater Man",{"type":333,"tag":646,"props":778,"children":779},{},[],{"type":338,"value":781},"\nRestore us, and regain the blissful Seat,",{"type":333,"tag":646,"props":783,"children":784},{},[],{"type":338,"value":786},"\nSing Heav'nly Muse,",{"title":327,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":788},[],{"id":251,"data":252,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":255,"parsed":790},{"data":791,"body":793,"toc":825},{"title":327,"description":792},"The rhetorical practice of “Imitatio”, commonly employed in literature of this era - involved borrowing and adapting ideas, themes, or styles from classical or contemporary authors to create new works of art.",{"type":330,"children":794},[795,799,804,809,820],{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":796,"children":797},{},[798],{"type":338,"value":792},{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":800,"children":801},{},[802],{"type":338,"value":803},"Milton’s poem is exemplary in the way that it underscores the complex relationship between imitation and originality in Renaissance poetry.",{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":805,"children":806},{},[807],{"type":338,"value":808},"For example, his invocation of the muse in Book 1 - a convention of epic, claims that the poem will pursue “Things unattempted yet in Prose or Rhime”.",{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":810,"children":811},{},[812,814,818],{"type":338,"value":813},"This line is in fact a direct quotation from Ludivico Ariosto’s epic of 1532, ",{"type":333,"tag":350,"props":815,"children":816},{},[817],{"type":338,"value":221},{"type":338,"value":819},": \"Cosa non detta in prosa mai, né in rima\" (Canto I, stanza 2, line 8).",{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":821,"children":822},{},[823],{"type":338,"value":824},"This form of “Imitatio” therefore introduces irony into Milton’s work. This line claims to be the first to attempt a work of this kind - yet it is itself a borrowed phrase.",{"title":327,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":826},[],{"id":278,"data":279,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":282,"parsed":828},{"data":829,"body":831,"toc":855},{"title":327,"description":830},"“Metaphysical poetry” is a term used to describe a movement of the 17th century associated with the British poets John Donne, George Herbert, and Andrew Marvell. Their work is characterized by elaborate and intricate metaphors, complex wordplay, and knotty philosophical themes, exploring ideas related to love, religion, and the body.",{"type":330,"children":832},[833,837,842,847],{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":834,"children":835},{},[836],{"type":338,"value":830},{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":838,"children":839},{},[840],{"type":338,"value":841},"In order to work through paradoxes, and often to explore the relationship between material and spiritual realms, metaphysical poets made use of \"conceits\": extended and elaborate metaphors that draw unexpected and often surprising connections between non-intuitively similar subjects.",{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":843,"children":844},{},[845],{"type":338,"value":846},"For example, John Donne’s \"The Flea,\" compares a flea bite to the act of lovemaking. The flea, having bitten both the speaker and his beloved, becomes a symbol of their intimate connection.",{"type":333,"tag":334,"props":848,"children":849},{},[850],{"type":333,"tag":366,"props":851,"children":854},{"alt":368,"src":852,"title":853},"image://90de9370-3b43-445d-8ebc-7301f8035802","An illustration of John Donne in a romantic scene",[],{"title":327,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":856},[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":858,"height":858,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":859},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":858,"height":858,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":861},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M4 5h16M4 12h16M4 19h16\"/>",1778228199654]