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with alternating iambic tetrameter and trimeter.","Ballads often include refrains that repeat key themes.",1,{"id":36,"data":37,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"42556346-0197-42ac-ad63-798ee9f683e2",{"type":38,"intro":39},10,[40,41],"What is an epic simile?","What is the rhyme scheme of a typical ballad?",[43,69,86],{"id":44,"data":45,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":48},"2788b476-5139-417f-ac3c-6ef8678a582c",{"type":34,"markdownContent":46,"audioMediaId":47},"**Epic** is an ancient genre of poetry, typically a lengthy narrative with grand themes, significant events, or actions that have a profound impact on their society or humanity - for example, founding a city, or achieving victory in war.\n\n![Graph](image://b52e7246-48b8-474f-8552-768e56ccf8f5 \"An illustration of Odysseus standing on the shores of Ithaca\")\n\nCommon features of epic include:\n\n**Invocation of a Muse**: Epics often begin with an invocation or a request for divine inspiration and guidance from a Muse or deity.\n\n“**In Media Res**”: Latin for \"in the middle of things\", denoting a convention where the narrative starts in the middle of the action, with the backstory revealed gradually through flashbacks or dialogue.\n\n**Epic hero**: The protagonist of an epic poem is typically a larger-than-life hero of extraordinary abilities or divine lineage, who embodies the values and ideals of the society from which the poem originates.\n\n**Vast setting**: Epics typically span a broad geographical scope, and may also include supernatural realms, such as the underworld or the realm of the gods.\n\n**Divine intervention**: Gods and supernatural beings often intervene to aid or hinder the protagonist and other characters.","5d38d6ed-6dda-44d6-9038-e033e9a380be",[49],{"id":50,"data":51,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":19},"952c53ab-d35c-4be1-bdd4-5b58531372a3",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"collapsingSiblings":53,"multiChoiceQuestion":56,"multiChoiceCorrect":58,"multiChoiceIncorrect":60,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":64,"matchPairsPairs":66},11,[54,55],"e445ca43-d26a-4fab-8076-f37a64fe1df8","3d496a32-edb7-403f-ae5b-ac2f3cef2eb3",[57],"Which of the following most applies to poems described as 'In Media Res'?",[59],"Begins in the middle of the action",[61,62,63],"Creates a sense of balance, emphasizes a word or phrase, adds variation to rhythm","Has six stanzas, six lines each, followed by a three-line tercet","Borrows and adapts from classical authors",[65],"Match the pairs below:",[67],{"left":68,"right":61,"direction":19},"Caesura",{"id":70,"data":71,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":74},"ecd304c8-0c37-4a50-be0a-b155f0f94304",{"type":34,"markdownContent":72,"audioMediaId":73},"In addition to those previously listed, Homeric epics, as well as works influenced by Homer, such as Virgil's *Aeneid,* Dante's *Divine Comedy,* and John Milton's *Paradise Lost,* make use of a distinctive poetic device known as an “epic simile”.\n\nEpic similes are detailed, elaborate comparisons that extend over several lines in an epic poem. They often compare heroic or extraordinary events, actions, or characters to more familiar, everyday occurrences, helping the reader to better understand and visualize larger-than-life elements.\n\nFor example, Book 2 of the *Iliad* compares the army to a swarm of flies:\n\n*Like flies swarming around shepherds’ pens in spring,\\\nwhen pails fill up with milk, so the Achaeans,\\\na huge long-haired host, marched out onto that plain\\\nagainst the Trojans, eager to destroy them.*","9d8fd2df-6bfe-4274-ad21-fb1185fb8535",[75],{"id":76,"data":77,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"faaba4aa-1579-40a8-b103-b3d8650d88f2",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":78,"multiChoiceCorrect":80,"multiChoiceIncorrect":82,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[79],"What do epic similes often compare?",[81],"Heroic events to everyday occurrences",[83,84,85],"Abstract ideas to concrete objects","Everyday occurrances to heroic events","Violent gore to spirituality",{"id":87,"data":88,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":91},"d6f288f0-4ff1-4fd6-acc9-7fadcd90f353",{"type":34,"markdownContent":89,"audioMediaId":90},"A ballad is a type of narrative poem or song that tells a story, often involving romance, adventure, or tragedy. They are typically composed of quatrains (four-line stanzas), usually with a rhyme scheme ABAB or ABCB, and with alternating lines of iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter.\n\nTake for example, this stanza from the folk ballad \"Barbara Allen\":\n\n*In Scarlet town, where I was born,* \\[A\\]\\\n*There was a fair maid dwellin’* \\[B\\]\\\n*Made every youth cry, \"Well-a-way!\"* \\[C\\]\\\n*Her name was Barbara Allen.* \\[B\\]\n\nIn this quatrain, you can see alternating lines of iambic tetrameter (lines 1 and 3), which are composed of four metrical feet, and iambic trimeter (lines 2 and 4), with only three.\n\nBallads also frequently feature refrains: a repeated line or group of lines that appear at regular intervals, usually after each stanza or verse, similar to a chorus. These often contain a memorable phrase or key idea that encapsulates the theme or message of the ballad.","7bc34aff-b61e-49aa-921a-a12952ef38e2",[92],{"id":93,"data":94,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"c3680354-3a87-4a4e-b932-accc2eec247c",{"type":52,"reviewType":34,"spacingBehaviour":34,"activeRecallQuestion":95,"activeRecallAnswers":97},[96],"Which genre of poem or song tells a story, often involving romance, adventure, or tragedy?",[98],"A ballad",{"id":100,"data":101,"type":24,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":103,"introPage":111,"pages":117},"dd7a958e-3450-4010-ad53-c2bf003088a5",{"type":24,"title":102},"Sonnet Forms",{"id":104,"data":105,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"0d8276be-569e-4463-93db-6f2c8c9f6e49",{"type":19,"summary":106},[107,108,109,110],"Sonnets are 14-line poems in iambic pentameter.","Petrarchan sonnets have an octave and sestet with a \"volta\" at line 9.","Shakespearean sonnets have three quatrains and a final couplet.","The \"volta\" in Shakespearean sonnets happens before the final couplet.",{"id":112,"data":113,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"152b7e43-39f6-44ef-a2bc-9f716bda926c",{"type":38,"intro":114},[115,116],"What is the rhyme scheme of a Petrarchan sonnet's octave?","Where does the volta occur in a Shakespearean sonnet?",[118,157],{"id":119,"data":120,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":123},"6a831923-fe04-42bd-abc3-50f7f82b58d3",{"type":34,"markdownContent":121,"audioMediaId":122},"A sonnet is a form of poem consisting of 14 lines, typically written in iambic pentameter (each line with five pairs of syllables, with the first syllable unstressed and the second stressed). Sonnets often treat themes of love.\n\nThis form of poem was invented in Italy and popularized by the Italian poet Petrarch. His style of sonnet is divided into an octave (the first eight lines) and a sestet (the last six lines). The octave usually follows a rhyme scheme of ABBAABBA, while the sestet can vary, often having a rhyme scheme of CDECDE or CDCDCD.\n\n![Graph](image://73539280-66d1-40f5-b3f6-7cbb0deec006 \"An illustration of a medieval Italian scholar.\")\n\nAnother feature of a Petrarchan sonnet is known as a “volta” (meaning “turn” in Italian) which occurs following the octave, between the 8th and 9th lines.\n\nThe “volta” marks a shift or change in thought, perspective, or argument within the sonnet, redirecting the emotional or logical progression of the poem or offering a resolution to the issue presented earlier in the poem.","9eb64f7f-d337-4d07-ae01-164e786cdd72",[124,135,146],{"id":125,"data":126,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"6d07a6d5-7047-47d3-8313-c714a2b210ac",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":127,"multiChoiceCorrect":129,"multiChoiceIncorrect":131,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[128],"How many lines does a sonnet have?",[130],"14 lines",[132,133,134],"13 lines","12 lines","16 lines",{"id":136,"data":137,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"5b099625-2fce-421b-9cc0-058b4323da7d",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":138,"multiChoiceCorrect":140,"multiChoiceIncorrect":142,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[139],"What is the 'volta' in a Petrarchan sonnet?",[141],"A shift or change in thought, perspective, or argument",[143,144,145],"A specific rhyme scheme","A repetition of the first line","An additional stanza",{"id":147,"data":148,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"1147de31-508e-4e14-ab48-b0f68c004288",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":149,"multiChoiceCorrect":151,"multiChoiceIncorrect":153,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[150],"What is the typical meter of a sonnet?",[152],"Iambic pentameter",[154,155,156],"Trochaic tetrameter","Dactylic hexameter","Anapestic trimeter",{"id":158,"data":159,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":162},"bd62d5c6-f8c6-4aea-b467-fa2b59fad44b",{"type":34,"markdownContent":160,"audioMediaId":161},"The English playwright William Shakespeare adapted the form of the Petrarchan Sonnet, and this adapted form became a popular form of sonnet in England thereafter.\n\n![Graph](image://31253f98-4418-4a3d-801f-3dbb9c94ee25 \"An illustration of William Shakespeare, quill in hand\")\n\nThe English sonnet also consists of 14 lines in iambic pentameter, however, instead of an initial octave, it consists of three quatrains (four-line stanzas) and a final rhymed couplet, with a rhyme scheme of ABAB CDCD EFEF GG.\n\nThe “volta” here occurs before the final couplet. For example, in Shakespeare’s Sonnet 130, the quatrains begin with seemingly critical remarks about the speaker’s lover:\n\n*My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun;* \\[A\\]\\\n*Coral is far more red than her lips' red;* \\[B\\]\\\n*If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun;* \\[A\\]\\\n*If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head.* \\[B\\]\n\nThe final couplet, however, shifts to the speaker’s reflection that his love for her is far beyond such cliched comparisons:\n\n*And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare* \\[G\\]\\\n*As any she belied with false compare.* \\[G\\]","0870932f-a84a-4792-9cd6-984c90bc0d9e",[163,174,183],{"id":164,"data":165,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"a511c577-cc21-4165-ba70-f5cc17f640cb",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":166,"multiChoiceCorrect":168,"multiChoiceIncorrect":170,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[167],"Where does the 'volta' typically occur in an Shakespearian sonnet?",[169],"Before the final couplet",[171,172,173],"After the first quatrain","In the middle of the third quatrain","At the end of the second quatrain",{"id":175,"data":176,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"c555279a-41e2-4729-819f-c2764ae103f8",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":34,"binaryQuestion":177,"binaryCorrect":179,"binaryIncorrect":181},[178],"What is the structure of an English sonnet?",[180],"Three quatrains and a final rhymed couplet",[182],"An initial octave followed by a sestet",{"id":184,"data":185,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"954b3855-516d-4d5c-8c2a-4f44dffef1af",{"type":52,"reviewType":186,"spacingBehaviour":34,"clozeQuestion":187,"clozeWords":189},4,[188],"The rhyme scheme of an English sonnet, as adapted by William Shakespeare, is ABAB CDCD EFEF GG.",[190],"CDCD",{"id":192,"data":193,"type":24,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":195,"introPage":203,"pages":209},"8dbbefe3-497c-4c39-b2f5-4da81078438e",{"type":24,"title":194},"Highly Structured Forms",{"id":196,"data":197,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"6eace3ae-96dd-4a33-a889-6911035beac9",{"type":19,"summary":198},[199,200,201,202],"Villanelles have 19 lines with a repeating ABA rhyme scheme.","Sestinas use six repeating end words in a specific order.","Haikus are three-line poems with a 5-7-5 syllable structure.","Limericks are five-line poems with an AABBA rhyme scheme.",{"id":204,"data":205,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"bfd4d82c-7cec-4061-b8f3-3774549db289",{"type":38,"intro":206},[207,208],"What is the rhyme scheme of a villanelle?","How many lines are in a traditional haiku?",[210,238,268,285],{"id":211,"data":212,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":215},"0b26274c-7485-4c2f-8345-1719113ab8ab",{"type":34,"markdownContent":213,"audioMediaId":214},"Many poetic forms are highly structured, meaning they prescribe a certain number of lines arranged in a certain way, often in a specified meter. We're going to explore several of these highly structured forms: villanelles, sestinas, haikus, and limericks.\n\n**Villanelles** are structured poems consisting of 19 lines and a distinctive pattern of repetition and rhyme. They comprise five tercets (three-line stanzas) followed by a quatrain (four-line stanza). The rhyme scheme is typically ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABAA.\n\nThe first and last lines of the opening tercet are used as refrains that are repeated alternately as the final lines of the following stanzas (tercets). Both then appear together as the final two lines of the quatrain.\n\nA famous example is \"Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night\" by Dylan Thomas. Note its pattern of refrains, which plea for resistance against death’s inevitability:\n\n*Do not go gentle into that good night,\\\nOld age should burn and rave at close of day;\\\nRage, rage against the dying of the light.*\n\n*Though wise men at their end know dark is right,\\\nBecause their words had forked no lightning they\\\nDo not go gentle into that good night.*\n\n*Good men, the last wave by, crying how bright\\\nTheir frail deeds might have danced in a green bay,\\\nRage, rage against the dying of the light.*","c5c69d2c-969f-4db8-ac8a-782553a6cbbc",[216,227],{"id":217,"data":218,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"ad10c432-3d28-4062-a8e1-bbc700aa4ec3",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":219,"multiChoiceCorrect":221,"multiChoiceIncorrect":223,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[220],"What is the structure of a Villanelle?",[222],"19 lines with five tercets and a quatrain",[224,225,226],"14 lines with three quatrains and a couplet","12 lines with three quatrains","16 lines with four quatrains",{"id":228,"data":229,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"f5ff2140-d11d-4b4a-8329-ca2c3704968c",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":230,"multiChoiceCorrect":232,"multiChoiceIncorrect":234,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[231],"Which poet wrote the Villanelle 'Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night'?",[233],"Dylan Thomas",[235,236,237],"W.H. Auden","Robert Frost","T.S. Eliot",{"id":239,"data":240,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":243},"b8de1b42-c911-4fae-a21f-6bc4927085e5",{"type":34,"markdownContent":241,"audioMediaId":242},"A **sestina** is a complex poetic form consisting of six stanzas, each with six lines, followed by a three-line tercet known as an “envoi”.\n\n**Sestinas** follow an intricate pattern of word repetition rather than rhyme: the end words of the first stanza are repeated in a specific order throughout the remaining five stanzas, and then all six words appear in the envoi.\n\nA famous example of a sestina is Ezra Pound’s \"Sestina: Altaforte”, which explores the persona of the warlike 12th-century troubadour Bertran de Born. The first stanza is as follows:\n\n*Damn it all! all this our South stinks peace.\\\nYou whoreson dog, Papiols, come! Let's to music!\\\nI have no life save when the swords clash.\\\nBut ah! when I see the standards gold, vair, purple, opposing\\\nAnd the broad fields beneath them turn crimson,\\\nThen howl I my heart nigh mad with rejoicing.*\n\nIn subsequent stanzas, each of these end words (peace, music, etc.) are repeated in the codified order, finally re-appearing together in the envoi.","7fd61ec1-fedc-48c5-9992-77eb71f2befd",[244,255],{"id":245,"data":246,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"801dff65-1999-455d-b1a4-7bc04697a22a",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":247,"multiChoiceCorrect":249,"multiChoiceIncorrect":251,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[248],"What must a sestina include?",[250],"Structured word repetition",[252,253,254],"Rhyming couplets","Structured alliteration","Structured assonance",{"id":54,"data":256,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"collapsingSiblings":257,"multiChoiceQuestion":258,"multiChoiceCorrect":260,"multiChoiceIncorrect":262,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":264,"matchPairsPairs":265},[50,55],[259],"Which of the following most closely applies to a Sestina?",[261],"Six stanzas, six lines each, followed by a three-line tercet",[61,59,263],"Borrowing and adapting from classical authors",[65],[266],{"left":267,"right":261,"direction":19},"Sestina",{"id":269,"data":270,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":273},"6e797a8b-5bd2-4f03-903a-8064df5fdda1",{"type":34,"markdownContent":271,"audioMediaId":272},"A **Haiku** is a poetic form originating in Japan during the 17th century, notable for its extreme simplicity and brevity.\n\n![Graph](image://6de388fe-00a5-4ce1-9122-ffdf20cd416c \"An illustration of cherry blossom trees in full bloom\")\n\nHaikus are unrhymed and traditionally consist of only three lines, with each line containing a set number of syllables: 5, then 7, then 5.\n\nHaikus are often used to capture a single moment in time and to express a feeling of connectedness with the natural world. For example, a well-known haiku by the famous 17th-century poet, Matsuo Basho's reads:\n\n*An old silent pond\\\nA frog jumps into the pond—\\\nSplash! Silence again.*\n\nIn modern adaptations, strict adherence to syllable count may vary; however, the focus on imagery and concision remains central.","3213e16c-0c05-4109-a1eb-dda035633ccc",[274],{"id":275,"data":276,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"1d050eb3-95a5-4ccb-bff8-79d816b9b5a7",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":277,"multiChoiceCorrect":279,"multiChoiceIncorrect":281,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[278],"What is the traditional structure of a Haiku?",[280],"Three lines with 5, 7, and 5 syllables",[282,283,284],"Four lines with 4, 6, 4, and 6 syllables","Two lines with 8 and 6 syllables","Five lines with 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 syllables",{"id":286,"data":287,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":290},"5f2ce471-7727-42b6-9326-a58489e3a792",{"type":34,"markdownContent":288,"audioMediaId":289},"A **Limerick** is a playful and humorous poetic form, originating in Ireland, that often features nonsensical, absurd, or whimsical content.\n\nCharacterized by its five-line structure with an AABBA rhyme scheme, the Limerick typically follows a strict meter consisting of “anapestic” metrical feet (i.e. two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable, as in \"in-ter-**rupt**\").\n\nFor example, consider the following limerick by Victorian poet Edward Lear:\n\n*There was an Old Man with a beard\\\nWho said 'It is just as I feared!\\\nTwo Owls and a Hen\\\nFour Larks and a Wren\\\nHave all built their nests in my beard!*\n\n![Graph](image://b03c835c-953b-4ea5-b04c-d66047727149 \"An illustration of an old man surrounded by birds\")","12b5b001-095d-4fe7-bdd1-b79cefacdb2d",[291,300,309],{"id":292,"data":293,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"ff5cc912-2647-444e-9fc5-c6b3744c1ce2",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":34,"binaryQuestion":294,"binaryCorrect":296,"binaryIncorrect":298},[295],"What type of metrical feet does a Limerick use?",[297],"Anapestic",[299],"Iambic",{"id":301,"data":302,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"a41fb1ca-3f9d-419e-8c65-d80eb4e8333f",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":34,"binaryQuestion":303,"binaryCorrect":305,"binaryIncorrect":307},[304],"What is the rhyme scheme of a Limerick?",[306],"AABBA",[308],"ABAB",{"id":310,"data":311,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"70c56df5-4ff7-4cc2-90c4-0e4f1b3d729d",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":34,"binaryQuestion":312,"binaryCorrect":314,"binaryIncorrect":316},[313],"Where do Limericks originate?",[315],"Ireland",[317],"England",{"id":319,"data":320,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":322,"introPage":330,"pages":336},"7e501c54-ca81-4f9c-a34b-dd97b1b4191b",{"type":24,"title":321},"Unstructured Forms",{"id":323,"data":324,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"ff1ef61a-ea7a-4070-8bd7-409ad8554316",{"type":19,"summary":325},[326,327,328,329],"Odes celebrate or praise a person, place, thing, or idea.","Elegies express sorrow or mourning for someone who has passed away.","Blank verse uses a consistent metrical pattern without rhyme.","Free verse has no specific metrical pattern or rhyme scheme.",{"id":331,"data":332,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"37f74e78-be19-44fe-89a9-d704aea0b028",{"type":38,"intro":333},[334,335],"What does the nightingale symbolize in Keats' \"Ode to a Nightingale\"?","How does Whitman use the metaphor of a ship's captain in \"O Captain! My Captain!\"?",[337,354,386,399],{"id":338,"data":339,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":342},"9c5b8c44-f7c9-4a14-aa1b-e9738ecc1677",{"type":34,"markdownContent":340,"audioMediaId":341},"Other kinds of poetic forms are closer to the concept of \"genre\" in novels. For example, a \"detective\" novel is a genre of book. But that genre is not bound by precise technical rules.\n\nSome poetic forms are also like this. They indicate the mood and purpose of the poem, but not necessarily the number of lines or meter.\\\n\\\nAn **ode** is a type of lyrical poem, usually written in a formal or elevated style, designed to celebrate or praise a person, place, thing, or idea, to which that poem is addressed.\n\nThe term \"ode\" comes from the Greek word \"oide,\" which means \"song\" or \"chant.\" Though traditional Greek Odes follow a specific formula (with sections termed the strophe, the antistrophe, and the epode), later odes are characterized by varying lengths of line, meter, and complexity of stanza forms.\n\nOne of the most famous examples of an ode is \"Ode to a Nightingale\" by John Keats, which begins by addressing the nightingale directly:\n\n*Thou wast not born for death, immortal Bird!*\n\nThe poem is a reflection on the transience of life and the inevitability of death, which is contrasted with the nightingale's song, which seems to promise an escape from mortality.","1048ce10-753a-4ecf-816b-572572f60071",[343],{"id":344,"data":345,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"651cfe01-6ab8-475e-be05-93ff8b2ed647",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":346,"multiChoiceCorrect":348,"multiChoiceIncorrect":350,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[347],"Which famous poet wrote 'Ode to a Nightingale'?",[349],"John Keats",[351,352,353],"William Wordsworth","Percy Bysshe Shelley","Samuel Taylor Coleridge",{"id":355,"data":356,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":359},"b5b152b1-c73d-41c7-a4c7-8a9dc9bef607",{"type":34,"markdownContent":357,"audioMediaId":358},"An elegy is a type of poem that expresses sorrow or mourning, usually for someone who has passed away or for a significant loss. Elegies often reflect on the life and achievements of the person being mourned, paying tribute to their memory while expressing grief over their absence. The tone of an elegy can range from somber and reflective to nostalgic.\n\nWalt Whitman’s 1865 \"O Captain! My Captain!\" is a well-known elegy. The poem mourns the death of President Abraham Lincoln, who was assassinated shortly after the end of the American Civil War.\n\nIn the poem, Whitman uses the metaphor of a ship's captain to represent Lincoln, with the ship symbolizing the United States. The poem is distinctive for its frequent exclamations of sorrow, exemplified in the following lines:\n\n*But O heart! heart! heart!\\\nO the bleeding drops of red,\\\nWhere on the deck my Captain lies,\\\nFallen cold and dead.*\n\n![Graph](image://b837d3f1-d7a7-475a-a892-b29ef8e0db43 \"An illustration of a 19th century funeral procession\")","4d5abcd0-9f6e-448e-b78c-ea87071f1248",[360,371,379],{"id":361,"data":362,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":19},"30ebbdf0-05e1-4dde-9d32-028a1dff0965",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":363,"multiChoiceCorrect":365,"multiChoiceIncorrect":367,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[364],"What does the ship's captain symbolize in 'O Captain! My Captain!'?",[366],"Abraham Lincoln",[368,369,370],"Walt Whitman","George Washington","Christopher Columbus",{"id":372,"data":373,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"fddfc8da-81ec-401b-9bb6-1720ac6c64d1",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":374,"multiChoiceCorrect":376,"multiChoiceIncorrect":377,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[375],"Who wrote the elegy 'O Captain! My Captain!'?",[368],[378,236,237],"Emily Dickinson",{"id":380,"data":381,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"5637c83a-9a25-491a-9bcf-5eb239d70d8b",{"type":52,"reviewType":186,"spacingBehaviour":34,"clozeQuestion":382,"clozeWords":384},[383],"An elegy is a poem expressing sorrow for someone who has passed away or a significant loss.",[385],"elegy",{"id":387,"data":388,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":391},"4a7e5ede-d8f1-4a72-878d-4aaf33d2ef7c",{"type":34,"markdownContent":389,"audioMediaId":390},"**Blank verse** is a form of poetry that does not use rhyme but instead relies on a consistent metrical pattern, usually iambic pentameter.\n\nThe origin of blank verse can be traced back to Italy in the 16th century, with the works of Italian Renaissance poets like Ludovico Ariosto and Torquato Tasso.\n\nEnglish poet Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, is often credited with introducing blank verse to English literature in the early 16th century. He used this form in his translation of Books II and IV of the *Aeneid* by the Roman poet Virgil, seeking a way to emulate the structure and dignity of Latin poetry, which (unlike English poetry) did not use rhyme, and relied only upon quantitative meter, which is based on the length of syllables (long and short).\n\nThough quantitative meter does not work well in the English language, the stress-based meter of blank verse was able to capture something of the rhythm and flow of Virgil's epic without relying on rhyme\n\nBlank verse became a popular form in English, and was the favored verse form of William Shakespeare.","4afb85ee-34f8-42e1-ab78-8b06a34d0724",[392],{"id":393,"data":394,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"14373170-ee9c-40fb-a1c6-192ed9b27ca4",{"type":52,"reviewType":34,"spacingBehaviour":34,"activeRecallQuestion":395,"activeRecallAnswers":397},[396],"Which form of poetry uses a consistent metrical pattern, usually iambic pentameter, but does not rely on rhyme?",[398],"Blank verse",{"id":400,"data":401,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":404},"18f4ecc2-d768-45f0-9493-d4f38e9bfaa0",{"type":34,"markdownContent":402,"audioMediaId":403},"**Free verse**, which gained popularity in the 19th and 20th centuries, is a type of poetry that does not adhere to a specific metrical pattern or rhyme scheme. It allows poets greater freedom in their choice of words, rhythm, and structure, and captures the spontaneity and fluidity of spoken language, focusing on the poet's thoughts and emotions rather than on strict poetic conventions.\n\nWalt Whitman, an American poet, was one of the pioneers of free verse in English literature, as featured in his groundbreaking collection, *Leaves of Grass* (1855).\n\n![Graph](image://e5fa51d1-f1bb-4dee-87de-d1ae97d68c72 \"A portrait of Walt Whitman. Image: Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.\")\n\nPoems of Whitman's collection often employ long lines, enjambment, and unconventional punctuation to create a rhythm that is both fluid and dynamic. One of the most famous poems from the collection is \"Song of Myself.\" Here are the opening lines:\n\n*I celebrate myself, and sing myself,\\\nAnd what I assume you shall assume,\\\nFor every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.*","2f7ce821-e2aa-4e0c-b972-ec5ebc9574a9",[405],{"id":406,"data":407,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"90cd91de-52c0-4e96-b5a5-f41d637b0efd",{"type":52,"reviewType":186,"spacingBehaviour":34,"clozeQuestion":408,"clozeWords":410},[409],"Free verse does not adhere to a specific metrical pattern or rhyme scheme and gained popularity in the 19th and 20th centuries.",[411],"Free",[413,648,775,1067],{"id":22,"data":23,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":26,"introPage":35,"pages":414},[415,506,582],{"id":44,"data":45,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":48,"parsed":416},{"data":417,"body":420,"toc":504},{"title":418,"description":419},"","Epic is an ancient genre of poetry, typically a lengthy narrative with grand themes, significant events, or actions that have a profound impact on their society or humanity - for example, founding a city, or achieving victory in war.",{"type":421,"children":422},"root",[423,437,447,452,462,474,484,494],{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":426,"children":427},"element","p",{},[428,435],{"type":424,"tag":429,"props":430,"children":431},"strong",{},[432],{"type":433,"value":434},"text","Epic",{"type":433,"value":436}," is an ancient genre of poetry, typically a lengthy narrative with grand themes, significant events, or actions that have a profound impact on their society or humanity - for example, founding a city, or achieving victory in war.",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":438,"children":439},{},[440],{"type":424,"tag":441,"props":442,"children":446},"img",{"alt":443,"src":444,"title":445},"Graph","image://b52e7246-48b8-474f-8552-768e56ccf8f5","An illustration of Odysseus standing on the shores of Ithaca",[],{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":448,"children":449},{},[450],{"type":433,"value":451},"Common features of epic include:",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":453,"children":454},{},[455,460],{"type":424,"tag":429,"props":456,"children":457},{},[458],{"type":433,"value":459},"Invocation of a Muse",{"type":433,"value":461},": Epics often begin with an invocation or a request for divine inspiration and guidance from a Muse or deity.",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":463,"children":464},{},[465,467,472],{"type":433,"value":466},"“",{"type":424,"tag":429,"props":468,"children":469},{},[470],{"type":433,"value":471},"In Media Res",{"type":433,"value":473},"”: Latin for \"in the middle of things\", denoting a convention where the narrative starts in the middle of the action, with the backstory revealed gradually through flashbacks or dialogue.",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":475,"children":476},{},[477,482],{"type":424,"tag":429,"props":478,"children":479},{},[480],{"type":433,"value":481},"Epic hero",{"type":433,"value":483},": The protagonist of an epic poem is typically a larger-than-life hero of extraordinary abilities or divine lineage, who embodies the values and ideals of the society from which the poem originates.",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":485,"children":486},{},[487,492],{"type":424,"tag":429,"props":488,"children":489},{},[490],{"type":433,"value":491},"Vast setting",{"type":433,"value":493},": Epics typically span a broad geographical scope, and may also include supernatural realms, such as the underworld or the realm of the gods.",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":495,"children":496},{},[497,502],{"type":424,"tag":429,"props":498,"children":499},{},[500],{"type":433,"value":501},"Divine intervention",{"type":433,"value":503},": Gods and supernatural beings often intervene to aid or hinder the protagonist and other characters.",{"title":418,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":505},[],{"id":70,"data":71,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":74,"parsed":507},{"data":508,"body":510,"toc":580},{"title":418,"description":509},"In addition to those previously listed, Homeric epics, as well as works influenced by Homer, such as Virgil's Aeneid, Dante's Divine Comedy, and John Milton's Paradise Lost, make use of a distinctive poetic device known as an “epic simile”.",{"type":421,"children":511},[512,539,544,556],{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":513,"children":514},{},[515,517,523,525,530,532,537],{"type":433,"value":516},"In addition to those previously listed, Homeric epics, as well as works influenced by Homer, such as Virgil's ",{"type":424,"tag":518,"props":519,"children":520},"em",{},[521],{"type":433,"value":522},"Aeneid,",{"type":433,"value":524}," Dante's ",{"type":424,"tag":518,"props":526,"children":527},{},[528],{"type":433,"value":529},"Divine Comedy,",{"type":433,"value":531}," and John Milton's ",{"type":424,"tag":518,"props":533,"children":534},{},[535],{"type":433,"value":536},"Paradise Lost,",{"type":433,"value":538}," make use of a distinctive poetic device known as an “epic simile”.",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":540,"children":541},{},[542],{"type":433,"value":543},"Epic similes are detailed, elaborate comparisons that extend over several lines in an epic poem. They often compare heroic or extraordinary events, actions, or characters to more familiar, everyday occurrences, helping the reader to better understand and visualize larger-than-life elements.",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":545,"children":546},{},[547,549,554],{"type":433,"value":548},"For example, Book 2 of the ",{"type":424,"tag":518,"props":550,"children":551},{},[552],{"type":433,"value":553},"Iliad",{"type":433,"value":555}," compares the army to a swarm of flies:",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":557,"children":558},{},[559],{"type":424,"tag":518,"props":560,"children":561},{},[562,564,568,570,573,575,578],{"type":433,"value":563},"Like flies swarming around shepherds’ pens in spring,",{"type":424,"tag":565,"props":566,"children":567},"br",{},[],{"type":433,"value":569},"\nwhen pails fill up with milk, so the Achaeans,",{"type":424,"tag":565,"props":571,"children":572},{},[],{"type":433,"value":574},"\na huge long-haired host, marched out onto that plain",{"type":424,"tag":565,"props":576,"children":577},{},[],{"type":433,"value":579},"\nagainst the Trojans, eager to destroy them.",{"title":418,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":581},[],{"id":87,"data":88,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":91,"parsed":583},{"data":584,"body":586,"toc":646},{"title":418,"description":585},"A ballad is a type of narrative poem or song that tells a story, often involving romance, adventure, or tragedy. They are typically composed of quatrains (four-line stanzas), usually with a rhyme scheme ABAB or ABCB, and with alternating lines of iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter.",{"type":421,"children":587},[588,592,597,636,641],{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":589,"children":590},{},[591],{"type":433,"value":585},{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":593,"children":594},{},[595],{"type":433,"value":596},"Take for example, this stanza from the folk ballad \"Barbara Allen\":",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":598,"children":599},{},[600,605,607,610,615,617,620,625,627,630,635],{"type":424,"tag":518,"props":601,"children":602},{},[603],{"type":433,"value":604},"In Scarlet town, where I was born,",{"type":433,"value":606}," [A]",{"type":424,"tag":565,"props":608,"children":609},{},[],{"type":424,"tag":518,"props":611,"children":612},{},[613],{"type":433,"value":614},"There was a fair maid dwellin’",{"type":433,"value":616}," [B]",{"type":424,"tag":565,"props":618,"children":619},{},[],{"type":424,"tag":518,"props":621,"children":622},{},[623],{"type":433,"value":624},"Made every youth cry, \"Well-a-way!\"",{"type":433,"value":626}," [C]",{"type":424,"tag":565,"props":628,"children":629},{},[],{"type":424,"tag":518,"props":631,"children":632},{},[633],{"type":433,"value":634},"Her name was Barbara Allen.",{"type":433,"value":616},{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":637,"children":638},{},[639],{"type":433,"value":640},"In this quatrain, you can see alternating lines of iambic tetrameter (lines 1 and 3), which are composed of four metrical feet, and iambic trimeter (lines 2 and 4), with only three.",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":642,"children":643},{},[644],{"type":433,"value":645},"Ballads also frequently feature refrains: a repeated line or group of lines that appear at regular intervals, usually after each stanza or verse, similar to a chorus. These often contain a memorable phrase or key idea that encapsulates the theme or message of the ballad.",{"title":418,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":647},[],{"id":100,"data":101,"type":24,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":103,"introPage":111,"pages":649},[650,685],{"id":119,"data":120,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":123,"parsed":651},{"data":652,"body":654,"toc":683},{"title":418,"description":653},"A sonnet is a form of poem consisting of 14 lines, typically written in iambic pentameter (each line with five pairs of syllables, with the first syllable unstressed and the second stressed). Sonnets often treat themes of love.",{"type":421,"children":655},[656,660,665,673,678],{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":657,"children":658},{},[659],{"type":433,"value":653},{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":661,"children":662},{},[663],{"type":433,"value":664},"This form of poem was invented in Italy and popularized by the Italian poet Petrarch. His style of sonnet is divided into an octave (the first eight lines) and a sestet (the last six lines). The octave usually follows a rhyme scheme of ABBAABBA, while the sestet can vary, often having a rhyme scheme of CDECDE or CDCDCD.",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":666,"children":667},{},[668],{"type":424,"tag":441,"props":669,"children":672},{"alt":443,"src":670,"title":671},"image://73539280-66d1-40f5-b3f6-7cbb0deec006","An illustration of a medieval Italian scholar.",[],{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":674,"children":675},{},[676],{"type":433,"value":677},"Another feature of a Petrarchan sonnet is known as a “volta” (meaning “turn” in Italian) which occurs following the octave, between the 8th and 9th lines.",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":679,"children":680},{},[681],{"type":433,"value":682},"The “volta” marks a shift or change in thought, perspective, or argument within the sonnet, redirecting the emotional or logical progression of the poem or offering a resolution to the issue presented earlier in the poem.",{"title":418,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":684},[],{"id":158,"data":159,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":162,"parsed":686},{"data":687,"body":689,"toc":773},{"title":418,"description":688},"The English playwright William Shakespeare adapted the form of the Petrarchan Sonnet, and this adapted form became a popular form of sonnet in England thereafter.",{"type":421,"children":690},[691,695,703,708,713,749,754],{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":692,"children":693},{},[694],{"type":433,"value":688},{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":696,"children":697},{},[698],{"type":424,"tag":441,"props":699,"children":702},{"alt":443,"src":700,"title":701},"image://31253f98-4418-4a3d-801f-3dbb9c94ee25","An illustration of William Shakespeare, quill in hand",[],{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":704,"children":705},{},[706],{"type":433,"value":707},"The English sonnet also consists of 14 lines in iambic pentameter, however, instead of an initial octave, it consists of three quatrains (four-line stanzas) and a final rhymed couplet, with a rhyme scheme of ABAB CDCD EFEF GG.",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":709,"children":710},{},[711],{"type":433,"value":712},"The “volta” here occurs before the final couplet. For example, in Shakespeare’s Sonnet 130, the quatrains begin with seemingly critical remarks about the speaker’s lover:",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":714,"children":715},{},[716,721,722,725,730,731,734,739,740,743,748],{"type":424,"tag":518,"props":717,"children":718},{},[719],{"type":433,"value":720},"My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun;",{"type":433,"value":606},{"type":424,"tag":565,"props":723,"children":724},{},[],{"type":424,"tag":518,"props":726,"children":727},{},[728],{"type":433,"value":729},"Coral is far more red than her lips' red;",{"type":433,"value":616},{"type":424,"tag":565,"props":732,"children":733},{},[],{"type":424,"tag":518,"props":735,"children":736},{},[737],{"type":433,"value":738},"If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun;",{"type":433,"value":606},{"type":424,"tag":565,"props":741,"children":742},{},[],{"type":424,"tag":518,"props":744,"children":745},{},[746],{"type":433,"value":747},"If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head.",{"type":433,"value":616},{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":750,"children":751},{},[752],{"type":433,"value":753},"The final couplet, however, shifts to the speaker’s reflection that his love for her is far beyond such cliched comparisons:",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":755,"children":756},{},[757,762,764,767,772],{"type":424,"tag":518,"props":758,"children":759},{},[760],{"type":433,"value":761},"And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare",{"type":433,"value":763}," [G]",{"type":424,"tag":565,"props":765,"children":766},{},[],{"type":424,"tag":518,"props":768,"children":769},{},[770],{"type":433,"value":771},"As any she belied with false compare.",{"type":433,"value":763},{"title":418,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":774},[],{"id":192,"data":193,"type":24,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":195,"introPage":203,"pages":776},[777,862,935,995],{"id":211,"data":212,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":215,"parsed":778},{"data":779,"body":781,"toc":860},{"title":418,"description":780},"Many poetic forms are highly structured, meaning they prescribe a certain number of lines arranged in a certain way, often in a specified meter. We're going to explore several of these highly structured forms: villanelles, sestinas, haikus, and limericks.",{"type":421,"children":782},[783,787,797,802,807,825,843],{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":784,"children":785},{},[786],{"type":433,"value":780},{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":788,"children":789},{},[790,795],{"type":424,"tag":429,"props":791,"children":792},{},[793],{"type":433,"value":794},"Villanelles",{"type":433,"value":796}," are structured poems consisting of 19 lines and a distinctive pattern of repetition and rhyme. They comprise five tercets (three-line stanzas) followed by a quatrain (four-line stanza). The rhyme scheme is typically ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABAA.",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":798,"children":799},{},[800],{"type":433,"value":801},"The first and last lines of the opening tercet are used as refrains that are repeated alternately as the final lines of the following stanzas (tercets). Both then appear together as the final two lines of the quatrain.",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":803,"children":804},{},[805],{"type":433,"value":806},"A famous example is \"Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night\" by Dylan Thomas. Note its pattern of refrains, which plea for resistance against death’s inevitability:",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":808,"children":809},{},[810],{"type":424,"tag":518,"props":811,"children":812},{},[813,815,818,820,823],{"type":433,"value":814},"Do not go gentle into that good night,",{"type":424,"tag":565,"props":816,"children":817},{},[],{"type":433,"value":819},"\nOld age should burn and rave at close of day;",{"type":424,"tag":565,"props":821,"children":822},{},[],{"type":433,"value":824},"\nRage, rage against the dying of the light.",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":826,"children":827},{},[828],{"type":424,"tag":518,"props":829,"children":830},{},[831,833,836,838,841],{"type":433,"value":832},"Though wise men at their end know dark is right,",{"type":424,"tag":565,"props":834,"children":835},{},[],{"type":433,"value":837},"\nBecause their words had forked no lightning they",{"type":424,"tag":565,"props":839,"children":840},{},[],{"type":433,"value":842},"\nDo not go gentle into that good night.",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":844,"children":845},{},[846],{"type":424,"tag":518,"props":847,"children":848},{},[849,851,854,856,859],{"type":433,"value":850},"Good men, the last wave by, crying how bright",{"type":424,"tag":565,"props":852,"children":853},{},[],{"type":433,"value":855},"\nTheir frail deeds might have danced in a green bay,",{"type":424,"tag":565,"props":857,"children":858},{},[],{"type":433,"value":824},{"title":418,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":861},[],{"id":239,"data":240,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":243,"parsed":863},{"data":864,"body":866,"toc":933},{"title":418,"description":865},"A sestina is a complex poetic form consisting of six stanzas, each with six lines, followed by a three-line tercet known as an “envoi”.",{"type":421,"children":867},[868,880,890,895,928],{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":869,"children":870},{},[871,873,878],{"type":433,"value":872},"A ",{"type":424,"tag":429,"props":874,"children":875},{},[876],{"type":433,"value":877},"sestina",{"type":433,"value":879}," is a complex poetic form consisting of six stanzas, each with six lines, followed by a three-line tercet known as an “envoi”.",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":881,"children":882},{},[883,888],{"type":424,"tag":429,"props":884,"children":885},{},[886],{"type":433,"value":887},"Sestinas",{"type":433,"value":889}," follow an intricate pattern of word repetition rather than rhyme: the end words of the first stanza are repeated in a specific order throughout the remaining five stanzas, and then all six words appear in the envoi.",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":891,"children":892},{},[893],{"type":433,"value":894},"A famous example of a sestina is Ezra Pound’s \"Sestina: Altaforte”, which explores the persona of the warlike 12th-century troubadour Bertran de Born. The first stanza is as follows:",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":896,"children":897},{},[898],{"type":424,"tag":518,"props":899,"children":900},{},[901,903,906,908,911,913,916,918,921,923,926],{"type":433,"value":902},"Damn it all! all this our South stinks peace.",{"type":424,"tag":565,"props":904,"children":905},{},[],{"type":433,"value":907},"\nYou whoreson dog, Papiols, come! Let's to music!",{"type":424,"tag":565,"props":909,"children":910},{},[],{"type":433,"value":912},"\nI have no life save when the swords clash.",{"type":424,"tag":565,"props":914,"children":915},{},[],{"type":433,"value":917},"\nBut ah! when I see the standards gold, vair, purple, opposing",{"type":424,"tag":565,"props":919,"children":920},{},[],{"type":433,"value":922},"\nAnd the broad fields beneath them turn crimson,",{"type":424,"tag":565,"props":924,"children":925},{},[],{"type":433,"value":927},"\nThen howl I my heart nigh mad with rejoicing.",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":929,"children":930},{},[931],{"type":433,"value":932},"In subsequent stanzas, each of these end words (peace, music, etc.) are repeated in the codified order, finally re-appearing together in the envoi.",{"title":418,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":934},[],{"id":269,"data":270,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":273,"parsed":936},{"data":937,"body":939,"toc":993},{"title":418,"description":938},"A Haiku is a poetic form originating in Japan during the 17th century, notable for its extreme simplicity and brevity.",{"type":421,"children":940},[941,952,960,965,970,988],{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":942,"children":943},{},[944,945,950],{"type":433,"value":872},{"type":424,"tag":429,"props":946,"children":947},{},[948],{"type":433,"value":949},"Haiku",{"type":433,"value":951}," is a poetic form originating in Japan during the 17th century, notable for its extreme simplicity and brevity.",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":953,"children":954},{},[955],{"type":424,"tag":441,"props":956,"children":959},{"alt":443,"src":957,"title":958},"image://6de388fe-00a5-4ce1-9122-ffdf20cd416c","An illustration of cherry blossom trees in full bloom",[],{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":961,"children":962},{},[963],{"type":433,"value":964},"Haikus are unrhymed and traditionally consist of only three lines, with each line containing a set number of syllables: 5, then 7, then 5.",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":966,"children":967},{},[968],{"type":433,"value":969},"Haikus are often used to capture a single moment in time and to express a feeling of connectedness with the natural world. For example, a well-known haiku by the famous 17th-century poet, Matsuo Basho's reads:",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":971,"children":972},{},[973],{"type":424,"tag":518,"props":974,"children":975},{},[976,978,981,983,986],{"type":433,"value":977},"An old silent pond",{"type":424,"tag":565,"props":979,"children":980},{},[],{"type":433,"value":982},"\nA frog jumps into the pond—",{"type":424,"tag":565,"props":984,"children":985},{},[],{"type":433,"value":987},"\nSplash! Silence again.",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":989,"children":990},{},[991],{"type":433,"value":992},"In modern adaptations, strict adherence to syllable count may vary; however, the focus on imagery and concision remains central.",{"title":418,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":994},[],{"id":286,"data":287,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":290,"parsed":996},{"data":997,"body":999,"toc":1065},{"title":418,"description":998},"A Limerick is a playful and humorous poetic form, originating in Ireland, that often features nonsensical, absurd, or whimsical content.",{"type":421,"children":1000},[1001,1012,1024,1029,1057],{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":1002,"children":1003},{},[1004,1005,1010],{"type":433,"value":872},{"type":424,"tag":429,"props":1006,"children":1007},{},[1008],{"type":433,"value":1009},"Limerick",{"type":433,"value":1011}," is a playful and humorous poetic form, originating in Ireland, that often features nonsensical, absurd, or whimsical content.",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":1013,"children":1014},{},[1015,1017,1022],{"type":433,"value":1016},"Characterized by its five-line structure with an AABBA rhyme scheme, the Limerick typically follows a strict meter consisting of “anapestic” metrical feet (i.e. two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable, as in \"in-ter-",{"type":424,"tag":429,"props":1018,"children":1019},{},[1020],{"type":433,"value":1021},"rupt",{"type":433,"value":1023},"\").",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":1025,"children":1026},{},[1027],{"type":433,"value":1028},"For example, consider the following limerick by Victorian poet Edward Lear:",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":1030,"children":1031},{},[1032],{"type":424,"tag":518,"props":1033,"children":1034},{},[1035,1037,1040,1042,1045,1047,1050,1052,1055],{"type":433,"value":1036},"There was an Old Man with a beard",{"type":424,"tag":565,"props":1038,"children":1039},{},[],{"type":433,"value":1041},"\nWho said 'It is just as I feared!",{"type":424,"tag":565,"props":1043,"children":1044},{},[],{"type":433,"value":1046},"\nTwo Owls and a Hen",{"type":424,"tag":565,"props":1048,"children":1049},{},[],{"type":433,"value":1051},"\nFour Larks and a Wren",{"type":424,"tag":565,"props":1053,"children":1054},{},[],{"type":433,"value":1056},"\nHave all built their nests in my beard!",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":1058,"children":1059},{},[1060],{"type":424,"tag":441,"props":1061,"children":1064},{"alt":443,"src":1062,"title":1063},"image://b03c835c-953b-4ea5-b04c-d66047727149","An illustration of an old man surrounded by birds",[],{"title":418,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":1066},[],{"id":319,"data":320,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":322,"introPage":330,"pages":1068},[1069,1124,1177,1221],{"id":338,"data":339,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":342,"parsed":1070},{"data":1071,"body":1073,"toc":1122},{"title":418,"description":1072},"Other kinds of poetic forms are closer to the concept of \"genre\" in novels. For example, a \"detective\" novel is a genre of book. But that genre is not bound by precise technical rules.",{"type":421,"children":1074},[1075,1079,1099,1104,1109,1117],{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":1076,"children":1077},{},[1078],{"type":433,"value":1072},{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":1080,"children":1081},{},[1082,1084,1087,1090,1092,1097],{"type":433,"value":1083},"Some poetic forms are also like this. They indicate the mood and purpose of the poem, but not necessarily the number of lines or meter.",{"type":424,"tag":565,"props":1085,"children":1086},{},[],{"type":424,"tag":565,"props":1088,"children":1089},{},[],{"type":433,"value":1091},"\nAn ",{"type":424,"tag":429,"props":1093,"children":1094},{},[1095],{"type":433,"value":1096},"ode",{"type":433,"value":1098}," is a type of lyrical poem, usually written in a formal or elevated style, designed to celebrate or praise a person, place, thing, or idea, to which that poem is addressed.",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":1100,"children":1101},{},[1102],{"type":433,"value":1103},"The term \"ode\" comes from the Greek word \"oide,\" which means \"song\" or \"chant.\" Though traditional Greek Odes follow a specific formula (with sections termed the strophe, the antistrophe, and the epode), later odes are characterized by varying lengths of line, meter, and complexity of stanza forms.",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":1105,"children":1106},{},[1107],{"type":433,"value":1108},"One of the most famous examples of an ode is \"Ode to a Nightingale\" by John Keats, which begins by addressing the nightingale directly:",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":1110,"children":1111},{},[1112],{"type":424,"tag":518,"props":1113,"children":1114},{},[1115],{"type":433,"value":1116},"Thou wast not born for death, immortal Bird!",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":1118,"children":1119},{},[1120],{"type":433,"value":1121},"The poem is a reflection on the transience of life and the inevitability of death, which is contrasted with the nightingale's song, which seems to promise an escape from mortality.",{"title":418,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":1123},[],{"id":355,"data":356,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":359,"parsed":1125},{"data":1126,"body":1128,"toc":1175},{"title":418,"description":1127},"An elegy is a type of poem that expresses sorrow or mourning, usually for someone who has passed away or for a significant loss. Elegies often reflect on the life and achievements of the person being mourned, paying tribute to their memory while expressing grief over their absence. The tone of an elegy can range from somber and reflective to nostalgic.",{"type":421,"children":1129},[1130,1134,1139,1144,1167],{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":1131,"children":1132},{},[1133],{"type":433,"value":1127},{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":1135,"children":1136},{},[1137],{"type":433,"value":1138},"Walt Whitman’s 1865 \"O Captain! My Captain!\" is a well-known elegy. The poem mourns the death of President Abraham Lincoln, who was assassinated shortly after the end of the American Civil War.",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":1140,"children":1141},{},[1142],{"type":433,"value":1143},"In the poem, Whitman uses the metaphor of a ship's captain to represent Lincoln, with the ship symbolizing the United States. The poem is distinctive for its frequent exclamations of sorrow, exemplified in the following lines:",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":1145,"children":1146},{},[1147],{"type":424,"tag":518,"props":1148,"children":1149},{},[1150,1152,1155,1157,1160,1162,1165],{"type":433,"value":1151},"But O heart! heart! heart!",{"type":424,"tag":565,"props":1153,"children":1154},{},[],{"type":433,"value":1156},"\nO the bleeding drops of red,",{"type":424,"tag":565,"props":1158,"children":1159},{},[],{"type":433,"value":1161},"\nWhere on the deck my Captain lies,",{"type":424,"tag":565,"props":1163,"children":1164},{},[],{"type":433,"value":1166},"\nFallen cold and dead.",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":1168,"children":1169},{},[1170],{"type":424,"tag":441,"props":1171,"children":1174},{"alt":443,"src":1172,"title":1173},"image://b837d3f1-d7a7-475a-a892-b29ef8e0db43","An illustration of a 19th century funeral procession",[],{"title":418,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":1176},[],{"id":387,"data":388,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":391,"parsed":1178},{"data":1179,"body":1181,"toc":1219},{"title":418,"description":1180},"Blank verse is a form of poetry that does not use rhyme but instead relies on a consistent metrical pattern, usually iambic pentameter.",{"type":421,"children":1182},[1183,1192,1197,1209,1214],{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":1184,"children":1185},{},[1186,1190],{"type":424,"tag":429,"props":1187,"children":1188},{},[1189],{"type":433,"value":398},{"type":433,"value":1191}," is a form of poetry that does not use rhyme but instead relies on a consistent metrical pattern, usually iambic pentameter.",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":1193,"children":1194},{},[1195],{"type":433,"value":1196},"The origin of blank verse can be traced back to Italy in the 16th century, with the works of Italian Renaissance poets like Ludovico Ariosto and Torquato Tasso.",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":1198,"children":1199},{},[1200,1202,1207],{"type":433,"value":1201},"English poet Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, is often credited with introducing blank verse to English literature in the early 16th century. He used this form in his translation of Books II and IV of the ",{"type":424,"tag":518,"props":1203,"children":1204},{},[1205],{"type":433,"value":1206},"Aeneid",{"type":433,"value":1208}," by the Roman poet Virgil, seeking a way to emulate the structure and dignity of Latin poetry, which (unlike English poetry) did not use rhyme, and relied only upon quantitative meter, which is based on the length of syllables (long and short).",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":1210,"children":1211},{},[1212],{"type":433,"value":1213},"Though quantitative meter does not work well in the English language, the stress-based meter of blank verse was able to capture something of the rhythm and flow of Virgil's epic without relying on rhyme",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":1215,"children":1216},{},[1217],{"type":433,"value":1218},"Blank verse became a popular form in English, and was the favored verse form of William Shakespeare.",{"title":418,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":1220},[],{"id":400,"data":401,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":404,"parsed":1222},{"data":1223,"body":1225,"toc":1280},{"title":418,"description":1224},"Free verse, which gained popularity in the 19th and 20th centuries, is a type of poetry that does not adhere to a specific metrical pattern or rhyme scheme. It allows poets greater freedom in their choice of words, rhythm, and structure, and captures the spontaneity and fluidity of spoken language, focusing on the poet's thoughts and emotions rather than on strict poetic conventions.",{"type":421,"children":1226},[1227,1237,1249,1257,1262],{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":1228,"children":1229},{},[1230,1235],{"type":424,"tag":429,"props":1231,"children":1232},{},[1233],{"type":433,"value":1234},"Free verse",{"type":433,"value":1236},", which gained popularity in the 19th and 20th centuries, is a type of poetry that does not adhere to a specific metrical pattern or rhyme scheme. It allows poets greater freedom in their choice of words, rhythm, and structure, and captures the spontaneity and fluidity of spoken language, focusing on the poet's thoughts and emotions rather than on strict poetic conventions.",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":1238,"children":1239},{},[1240,1242,1247],{"type":433,"value":1241},"Walt Whitman, an American poet, was one of the pioneers of free verse in English literature, as featured in his groundbreaking collection, ",{"type":424,"tag":518,"props":1243,"children":1244},{},[1245],{"type":433,"value":1246},"Leaves of Grass",{"type":433,"value":1248}," (1855).",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":1250,"children":1251},{},[1252],{"type":424,"tag":441,"props":1253,"children":1256},{"alt":443,"src":1254,"title":1255},"image://e5fa51d1-f1bb-4dee-87de-d1ae97d68c72","A portrait of Walt Whitman. Image: Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.",[],{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":1258,"children":1259},{},[1260],{"type":433,"value":1261},"Poems of Whitman's collection often employ long lines, enjambment, and unconventional punctuation to create a rhythm that is both fluid and dynamic. One of the most famous poems from the collection is \"Song of Myself.\" Here are the opening lines:",{"type":424,"tag":425,"props":1263,"children":1264},{},[1265],{"type":424,"tag":518,"props":1266,"children":1267},{},[1268,1270,1273,1275,1278],{"type":433,"value":1269},"I celebrate myself, and sing myself,",{"type":424,"tag":565,"props":1271,"children":1272},{},[],{"type":433,"value":1274},"\nAnd what I assume you shall assume,",{"type":424,"tag":565,"props":1276,"children":1277},{},[],{"type":433,"value":1279},"\nFor every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.",{"title":418,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":1281},[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":1283,"height":1283,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":1284},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":1283,"height":1283,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":1286},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M4 5h16M4 12h16M4 19h16\"/>",1778179208060]