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harm, but he was killed by a mistletoe-tipped arrow",1,{"id":37,"data":38,"type":39,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":35},"cc7c8e3b-cb85-4600-bbee-cc5949ca59ff",{"type":39,"intro":40},10,[41,42],"Who were the main Æsir gods?","How did belief in the Æsir influence Norse society?",[44,91,108,134],{"id":45,"data":46,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":49},"1c632709-8dd2-479f-8a4a-a80c9f586b65",{"type":35,"markdownContent":47,"audioMediaId":48},"Odin was one of the most prominent gods in Norse mythology, receiving mentions in almost every poem in the *Poetic Edda*, as well as the *Prose Edda* and a number of sagas. His presentation in these sources is not always consistent, but he is generally depicted as an old, bearded man with a missing eye. According to legend, he removed this eye himself, exchanging it for a drink from a well of knowledge.\n\nAs a member of the Æsir, Odin was a god of war, and his halls at Valhalla were an afterlife for fallen heroes. He was also heavily affiliated with wisdom and learning. One poem in the *Poetic Edda*, known as *Hávamál*, or ‘Sayings of the Old One,’ is entirely made up of words of wisdom attributed to Odin: 'no worse provision can he carry with him / than too deep a draught of ale.'\n\nOdin was also the god of poetry, which means the anonymous poets who wrote the *Poetic Edda* would probably have idolized him. This is a potential problem for modern historians, because Odin’s prominence in these texts might be a result of this bias. If a farmer or fisherman had been asked their opinion, they might not have said that the god of poetry was quite so central to their lives, but, unlike the poets, they never wrote these opinions down.\n\n![Graph](image://5db06d1a-603a-41ef-a8b6-55a5f598102b \"A depiction of Odin. Image: Public domain\")","c5905e06-268e-4046-bb61-7cc7d3d17d07",[50,71,84],{"id":51,"data":52,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},"e373fd5e-b127-4413-b717-9de64d85caa1",{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":35,"collapsingSiblings":54,"multiChoiceQuestion":58,"multiChoiceCorrect":60,"multiChoiceIncorrect":62,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":66,"matchPairsPairs":68},11,[55,56,57],"e338bdaf-8c1b-4a9b-b9b9-d79c26e238cd","c7b86b79-d927-4d95-9401-98c8b6ffbc2b","680ea1c3-de74-41b0-94ac-586bdb4e9f53",[59],"Who was the Norse god of war, wisdom, and poetry?",[61],"Odin",[63,64,65],"Frigg","Thor","Baldur",[67],"Match the pairs below:",[69],{"left":61,"right":70,"direction":19},"God of war, wisdom, poetry",{"id":72,"data":73,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},"2512c89e-46fa-4be0-8e9d-22e5fbbfb17a",{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":35,"multiChoiceQuestion":74,"multiChoiceCorrect":76,"multiChoiceIncorrect":80,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":83,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[75],"How is Odin generally depicted in Norse sources?",[77,78,79],"Old man","Bearded","One eyed",[81,82],"Golden helmet","Wooden leg",true,{"id":85,"data":86,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},"f22e45d7-7c73-4eb0-9873-51ee683689f1",{"type":53,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":35,"activeRecallQuestion":87,"activeRecallAnswers":89},[88],"One poem in the Poetic Edda, known as Hávamál, is entirely made up of what?",[90],"Words of wisdom attributed to Odin",{"id":92,"data":93,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":96},"b1e0c05a-ac03-48e5-b7fe-ba11ff85f662",{"type":35,"markdownContent":94,"audioMediaId":95},"Frigg was the wife of Odin, and, according to the *Prose Edda*, most of the other Æsir were her descendants. This gave her a high position within the hierarchy of the gods, as mother or wife to all the rest. Despite this, neither the *Poetic Edda* nor the *Prose Edda* talk much about her personality or accomplishments, and the main thing that modern historians know about her is that she had the power to see into the future.\n\n![Graph](image://9457df21-0544-4284-9a9e-890d6778c377 \"A depiction of Frigg. Image: Public domain\")\n\nThis lack of coverage may be linked to gender. Norse women actually had a lot of freedom and responsibility compared to other cultures of the time, and in families where the men spent time away, raiding and trading, the women were empowered to run the household and engage with the politics of the local community.\n\nHowever, the vast majority of the gods were men, and poets of the time did not show much interest in female deities like Frigg. She may have been valued by certain Norse communities, but not by the writers of the sources which survive today.","faf48766-9e96-4578-9af5-bddfa4aae9c3",[97],{"id":55,"data":98,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":35,"collapsingSiblings":99,"multiChoiceQuestion":100,"multiChoiceCorrect":102,"multiChoiceIncorrect":103,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":104,"matchPairsPairs":105},[51,56,57],[101],"Which of these Norse gods can see into the future?",[63],[61,64,65],[67],[106],{"left":63,"right":107,"direction":19},"Can see into the future",{"id":109,"data":110,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":113},"989eba6c-54a5-46ba-b537-af7c45481f2a",{"type":35,"markdownContent":111,"audioMediaId":112},"Thor, the god of thunder, was the firstborn son of Odin, and a jötunn named Jörð. His hammer, Mjölnir, was forged by dwarves, and had the power to return to his hand after he threw it. The *Poetic Edda* describes a battle between Thor and a group of jötnar, where 'Mjöllnir hurled forth towards the savage crew, / and slew all the mountain-giants.'\n\n![Graph](image://116247de-7d57-4f06-9b05-61462fdc11d3 \"A depiction of Thor. Image: Public domain\")\n\nThor was an Æsir, like his father, and wildly popular among Viking warriors. They tried to replicate his strength and bravery when they took to the battlefield, although there is no evidence to suggest that a Viking ever used a hammer as a weapon, with archaeological evidence suggesting that swords and axes were preferred.\n\nThor was not only popular amongst Viking warriors. Adam of Bremen, the German chronicler who spent time in Sweden during the 11th century, wrote a description of the temple of Uppsala: 'the mightiest of them, Thor, occupies a throne in the middle of the chamber.' As well as this, hammers have been found in a number of Norse graves, including the graves of women, who may have thought of Thor as a protective, patriarchal figure.","d8a59f86-dddd-4823-992f-9f4d075e7b53",[114,125],{"id":56,"data":115,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":35,"collapsingSiblings":116,"multiChoiceQuestion":117,"multiChoiceCorrect":119,"multiChoiceIncorrect":120,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":121,"matchPairsPairs":122},[51,55,57],[118],"Who was the firstborn son of Odin?",[64],[61,63,65],[67],[123],{"left":64,"right":124,"direction":19},"God of thunder",{"id":126,"data":127,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},"d4e8df02-8ccd-4f29-a07a-096cf862259c",{"type":53,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":35,"binaryQuestion":128,"binaryCorrect":130,"binaryIncorrect":132},[129],"What was the name of Thor's magical hammer?",[131],"Mjöllnir",[133],"Gleipnir",{"id":135,"data":136,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":139},"aad69de2-a67e-486f-918a-c8fad851ed42",{"type":35,"markdownContent":137,"audioMediaId":138},"Baldur was the brother of Thor, and another son of Odin and Jörð. He was beautiful and princely, and invulnerable to physical harm. According to the *Prose Edda*, 'He is best, and all praise him; he is so fair of feature, and so bright, that light shines from him.'\n\n![Graph](image://2f810889-43a0-4f93-b07c-4dbb0cd8bc7c \"A depiction of Baldur. Image: Public domain\")\n\nAccording to Norse stories, the other gods used to amuse themselves by throwing rocks and shooting arrows at Baldur, enjoying how the projectiles bounced off his invulnerable skin.\n\nUnfortunately, this game had dire consequences, after Loki, the god of chaos, discovered that mistletoe had the power to damage Baldur in a way that nothing else could. A mistletoe-tipped arrow proved fatal for Baldur, although the *Poetic Edda* does suggest that he will be resurrected again in the future.\n\nWith themes of goodness, suffering and resurrection, some historians believe that the mythology of Baldur was inspired by stories of Jesus Christ. Before Christian ideas arrived in Scandinavia, at some point in the 8th century, Baldur might have been a very different god, one whose nature has since been lost.","691ac915-05c0-4bc8-90d1-d07149f2b690",[140,151,160],{"id":57,"data":141,"type":53,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":19},{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":35,"collapsingSiblings":142,"multiChoiceQuestion":143,"multiChoiceCorrect":145,"multiChoiceIncorrect":146,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":147,"matchPairsPairs":148},[51,55,56],[144],"Which Norse god of light and courage was supposedly invulnerable to harm?",[65],[61,63,64],[67],[149],{"left":65,"right":150,"direction":19},"Invulnerable to harm",{"id":152,"data":153,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},"74e5fb45-bece-4dd8-9076-bfa3f2e56b41",{"type":53,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":35,"binaryQuestion":154,"binaryCorrect":156,"binaryIncorrect":158},[155],"What tribe of gods did Thor, Odin and Frigg belong to?",[157],"Æsir",[159],"Vanir",{"id":161,"data":162,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},"4dd39c6b-846e-49e1-8f1f-a24e319a5a93",{"type":53,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":35,"activeRecallQuestion":163,"activeRecallAnswers":165},[164],"What substance did Loki discover to be Baldur's weakness?",[166],"Mistletoe",{"id":168,"data":169,"type":25,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":171,"introPage":178,"pages":184},"8b83ec8f-d10c-4412-b4b4-06097f5fc4fe",{"type":25,"title":170},"The Vanir",{"id":172,"data":173,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":35},"79ca4c0f-41f3-48d3-9074-9eb9049d4595",{"type":19,"summary":174},[175,176,177],"Freya, a Vanir goddess, traveled in a cat-drawn chariot and could shapeshift into a falcon","Freyr (Freya's brother) was another Vanir god who controlled rain, sun, and the earth's fertility","Freyr was widely worshiped by farmers, and sometimes depicted with a fertility symbol like a large phallus",{"id":179,"data":180,"type":39,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":35},"9c8f2eb3-0203-4a2a-84b9-9c580ba4a07d",{"type":39,"intro":181},[182,183],"Who were the main Vanir gods?","How did belief in the Vanir influence Norse society?",[185,216],{"id":186,"data":187,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":190},"01d84155-a36d-46b3-a81c-438624b5b1ef",{"type":35,"markdownContent":188,"audioMediaId":189},"Freya was a member of the Vanir, and the most prominent of all the Norse goddesses. Like the rest of the Vanir, she had a close affinity with the natural world, and was said to travel in a chariot pulled by cats. She could see into the future, and had the power to shapeshift into a falcon.\n\n![Graph](image://47fc0c94-bf53-4866-b5fc-3cbeb54ceecc \"A depiction of Freya. Image: Public domain\")\n\nFreya was also presented as a sexual, erotic being. One story describes her having sex with four dwarves in return for a beautiful, golden necklace, while she may also have been Odin’s concubine. However, in later years, and probably following Christian influence, Freya’s sexual promiscuity was reframed in terms of love and relationships. The *Prose Edda*, for example, says: 'It is good to pray to her concerning love affairs.'\n\nSome scholars have argued that Freya and Frigg are actually the same person, or at the very least that they are both derived from a single, older god. There are certainly similarities between them: both can see into the future, have relations with Odin, and there is also a mention of Frigg being able to turn into a falcon, just like Freya.","ca2f6dd1-ca77-42ff-9db1-1c6e3332f85b",[191,209],{"id":192,"data":193,"type":53,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":19},"56d7e5f4-2c06-4b29-8a5f-ca744e904cdf",{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":35,"collapsingSiblings":194,"multiChoiceQuestion":198,"multiChoiceCorrect":200,"multiChoiceIncorrect":202,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":205,"matchPairsPairs":206},[195,196,197],"acaca025-1b45-47f5-a696-ebb6ddb41505","b9610d7b-226b-4b1b-82c9-e96b4dd02f10","a32e24fb-e628-45c4-94db-48ffc1be8a30",[199],"Which Norse god was associated with love and nature?",[201],"Freya",[203,63,204],"Loki","Týr",[67],[207],{"left":201,"right":208,"direction":19},"Love and nature",{"id":210,"data":211,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},"730053b0-69e6-4231-8337-4907869de8e8",{"type":53,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":35,"clozeQuestion":212,"clozeWords":214},[213],"In Norse mythology, Freya travelled in a chariot pulled by cats.",[215],"cats",{"id":217,"data":218,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":221},"00800e41-5e47-41a8-86a2-6a0e4a906ac2",{"type":35,"markdownContent":219,"audioMediaId":220},"Freyr was the brother of Freya. The *Prose Edda* describes how 'he rules over the rain and the shining of the sun, and therewithal the fruit of the earth.' He was a member of the Vanir, but also an honorary member of Æsir, after joining them at the end of a war between the two tribes.\n\nFreyr was one of the most widely worshiped of the Norse gods, especially amongst farming communities, whose lives were so reliant on favorable weather conditions. Harvest festivals would be held in his name, and an animal, such as a boar, would be sacrificed in his honor.\n\nBoars were associated with the wild, natural world, and for this reason they were believed to be sacred to Freyr. He was said to have owned a gold-bristled boar of his own, Gullinbursti, who shone in the dark and could run faster than any horse.\n\n![Graph](image://b2ed872c-97fa-445c-a830-03a4a09d0a7f \"A depiction of Freyr. Image: Public domain\")\n\nArchaeological evidence has found that Freyr was often depicted with a symbol of fertility amongst the Norse. According to Adam of Bremen, the 11th century chronicler: 'His likeness, too, they fashion with an immense phallus.'","5d6d6139-4d97-4374-a6c4-8deba6bf068d",[222,234,243],{"id":196,"data":223,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":35,"collapsingSiblings":224,"multiChoiceQuestion":225,"multiChoiceCorrect":227,"multiChoiceIncorrect":229,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":230,"matchPairsPairs":231},[195,192,197],[226],"Which Norse god was associated with weather and fertility?",[228],"Freyr",[203,201,204],[67],[232],{"left":228,"right":233,"direction":19},"Weather and fertility",{"id":235,"data":236,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},"6bc48dd1-9540-4c78-86d8-81dbac2d8b89",{"type":53,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":35,"binaryQuestion":237,"binaryCorrect":239,"binaryIncorrect":241},[238],"What was the name of Freyr's gold-bristled boar, who shone in the dark and could run faster than any horse?",[240],"Gullinbursti",[242],"Eikþyrnir",{"id":244,"data":245,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},"8ac20541-6b60-46b2-ab43-e296c6cbb264",{"type":53,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":35,"activeRecallQuestion":246,"activeRecallAnswers":248},[247],"Which two gods do some scholars believe were actually the same person, owing to the fact they can both see into the future, and both have relations with Odin?",[249],"Freya and Frigg",{"id":251,"data":252,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":254,"introPage":262,"pages":268},"b97b334c-cea1-470b-be81-260452fdf333",{"type":25,"title":253},"Other gods",{"id":255,"data":256,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":35},"dfd836c0-e0ca-4872-8d66-0ac30f6d59b7",{"type":19,"summary":257},[258,259,260,261],"Heimdall was the watchman of the gods, with the sharpest senses in the cosmos","Týr, a god of war and justice, known for his bravery when losing his hand to Fenrir","Loki, the god of chaos, could shapeshift and change gender, and often tricked the other gods","Hel, the daughter of Loki, ruled the underworld and was half black, half the color of flesh",{"id":263,"data":264,"type":39,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":35},"e1d8be2f-f0b6-4482-b6f6-c43e0c1be83d",{"type":39,"intro":265},[266,267],"Who were the some other important gods?","How did belief in these other gods influence Norse society?",[269,291,333,350],{"id":270,"data":271,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":274},"7e80872a-fb44-49eb-84b2-154eb610d440",{"type":35,"markdownContent":272,"audioMediaId":273},"Heimdall was a bright, white, glittering god, famed for his brilliant senses, which are described in the *Prose Edda*: 'He sees equally well night and day a hundred leagues from him, and hears how grass grows on the earth or wool on sheep.'\n\nOn account of these senses, he served as a watchman for the rest of the gods. The only way to enter Asgard, the realm of the Æsir, was across a rainbow bridge called the Bifröst, and Heimdall supposedly lived at the entrance, keeping watch for any enemies who might try to cross, while also drinking ample amounts of mead, a fermented honey drink which the Norse often drank at feasts. This is referenced in Grímnismál, one of the poems in the *Poetic Edda*: 'there the gods' watchman, in his tranquil home, / drinks joyful the good mead.'\n\nHeimdall carried a magical horn called the Gjallarhorn. He would blow this horn when enemies were sighted, and, according to the *Prose Edda*, 'its blast can be heard in all worlds.' When the horn was not being used as a warning, he used it as a vessel for his mead.\n\n![Graph](image://9084804e-4beb-493a-8441-d9ce4c033c71 \"A depiction of Heimdall. Image: Public domain\")","f8ecb0a1-08f1-41c2-99a3-2a29c5c8208a",[275,282],{"id":276,"data":277,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},"52941003-04ae-455e-98d9-5e01bf7b126f",{"type":53,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":35,"clozeQuestion":278,"clozeWords":280},[279],"In Norse mythology, Heimdall was the watchman of the gods.",[281],"Heimdall",{"id":283,"data":284,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},"1ca25d73-5447-4666-a0b9-1e29286c6dd5",{"type":53,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":35,"binaryQuestion":285,"binaryCorrect":287,"binaryIncorrect":289},[286],"What was the name of Heimdall's magical horn?",[288],"Gjallarhorn",[290],"Hjiminhorn",{"id":292,"data":293,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":296},"77a5a968-f35f-4c25-a2b9-8dc4415f2d7e",{"type":35,"markdownContent":294,"audioMediaId":295},"Týr was a god of war, described by the *Prose Edda* as 'the bravest and most valiant,' but he was also heavily associated with law and justice. War and law were closely intertwined within Norse society, with battles often used to settle legal disputes between two groups, after one community was slighted by the actions of another.\n\nTýr seems to be one of the oldest gods in Norse mythology, with Roman historians making reference to him as early as the 2nd century. By the time the *Poetic Edda* and the *Prose Edda* were written, Týr’s importance to the Norse seems to have waned a little, but he still receives a number of mentions in both texts, including a story about his hand being bitten off by Fenrir, the giant wolf.\n\n![Graph](image://044ee491-eb85-4ab6-badf-679453941a5e \"A depiction of Týr. Image: Public domain\")\n\nThe *Poetic Edda* and the *Prose Edda* give different accounts of Týr’s parentage. The Poetic Edda explains that he is the son of a jötunn, Hymir, and includes a scene where he meets his grandmother, a being with 900 heads. The *Prose Edda*, on the other hand, describes him as a son of Odin, just like so many of the other gods.","ed48ac0c-8265-494f-ae8c-4dcb1d6804d6",[297,308,315],{"id":197,"data":298,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":35,"collapsingSiblings":299,"multiChoiceQuestion":300,"multiChoiceCorrect":302,"multiChoiceIncorrect":303,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":304,"matchPairsPairs":305},[195,192,196],[301],"Who was the Norse god of justice?",[204],[203,201,228],[67],[306],{"left":204,"right":307,"direction":19},"Justice",{"id":309,"data":310,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},"06ee8a73-78dd-40ee-9c92-2f189e0894c9",{"type":53,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":35,"activeRecallQuestion":311,"activeRecallAnswers":313},[312],"Týr was associated with war as well as law. Why were these elements closely linked in Norse society?",[314],"Battles were often used to settle legal disputes between two groups",{"id":316,"data":317,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},"f8e15f6b-eb4e-45e5-83bd-cc97b5407d33",{"type":53,"reviewType":318,"spacingBehaviour":35,"matchPairsQuestion":319,"matchPairsPairs":321,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},6,[320],"According to different sources, what was Týr's lineage?",[322,324,327,330],{"left":61,"right":323,"direction":19},"Father (according to Prose Edda)",{"left":325,"right":326,"direction":19},"Hymir the jötunn","Father (according to Poetic Edda)",{"left":328,"right":329,"direction":19},"A being with 900 heads","Grandmother (according to Poetic Edda",{"left":331,"right":332,"direction":19},"Heidrun the goat","None of these",{"id":334,"data":335,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":338},"e05038f5-3703-4780-8113-7d1645c1f06c",{"type":35,"markdownContent":336,"audioMediaId":337},"Loki was the son of a jötunn, a member of the Æsir, and the god of cunning and chaos. He had the power to shapeshift, as well as changing gender, which allowed him to deceive and confuse the other gods whenever he wished it.\n\nHowever, Loki was not always a source of deception. His relationship with figures like Thor and Odin seem to vary from source to source, but he definitely serves as an ally in a number of stories. His inconsistent allegiances are probably a reflection of his chaotic nature, with the gods never quite sure which side he was going to take.\n\nChaos, for the Norse, was something distinctly dangerous. Their mythology did not concern itself with good and evil, and focused instead on the balance between order and chaos. In general, chaos stemmed from Loki and the jötnar, while the other gods tried to maintain order.\n\n![Graph](image://d32777f1-0e79-4293-914b-9c365a244108 \"A depiction of Loki (right). Image: Public domain\")","cd0f77df-8468-48b4-83c5-5d47d014237d",[339],{"id":195,"data":340,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":35,"collapsingSiblings":341,"multiChoiceQuestion":342,"multiChoiceCorrect":344,"multiChoiceIncorrect":345,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":346,"matchPairsPairs":347},[192,196,197],[343],"Who was the Norse god of chaos?",[203],[201,228,204],[67],[348],{"left":203,"right":349,"direction":19},"Chaos",{"id":351,"data":352,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":355},"db2d8238-0390-4e00-8438-7b315e44ddf1",{"type":35,"markdownContent":353,"audioMediaId":354},"Hel, daughter of Loki, presided over the Norse underworld, which was also known as Hel. According to the *Prose Edda*, she was 'half black and half flesh-colored.'\n\n![Graph](image://796c7fed-3267-4e5d-918b-f0ce2551b64e \"A depiction of Hel. Image: Public domain\")\n\nBeyond these facts, not much is known about Hel, with neither the *Poetic Edda* nor the *Prose Edda* examining her role in much detail. This has led to some scholarly debate regarding her role within Norse mythology. Some historians have argued that Hel was never an actual goddess, but simply a literary device used to personify the underworld.\n\nOthers have argued that Hel was a late addition to Norse mythology, possibly inspired by Christian ideas of Satan, although archaeological evidence suggests that Hel predates Christian influence. A Norse medallion from the 1st century depicts a man walking downhill toward a woman holding a scepter. This image is open to interpretation, but it might be an early depiction of a soul descending to meet with Hel.","4ee0fac1-0193-43fc-a2b9-ed2bc19b7ede",[356,375],{"id":357,"data":358,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},"cd35d908-53cf-4e16-a2d0-4fbd6f0eaae0",{"type":53,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":35,"collapsingSiblings":359,"multiChoiceQuestion":363,"multiChoiceCorrect":365,"multiChoiceIncorrect":367,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":371,"matchPairsPairs":372},[360,361,362],"c661c2b0-441d-4255-a30e-e0dc1fe5ee76","3ec4c5e1-6104-45b7-b06e-34724bae5eec","84a35f25-92b1-4379-ab03-db0486c9fc87",[364],"In Norse mythology, who was the daughter of Loki and queen of the underworld?",[366],"Hel",[368,369,370],"Fenrir","Jörmungandr","Sleipnir",[67],[373],{"left":366,"right":374,"direction":19},"Goddess of death",{"id":376,"data":377,"type":53,"version":35,"maxContentLevel":19},"5f5e50ab-9204-47cc-9913-f132509f7f20",{"type":53,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":35,"clozeQuestion":378,"clozeWords":380},[379],"Some historians think that Hel was never an actual goddess, but a literary device used to personify the underworld.",[381],"underworld",[383,591,671],{"id":23,"data":24,"type":25,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":27,"introPage":36,"pages":384},[385,457,506,543],{"id":45,"data":46,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":49,"parsed":386},{"data":387,"body":390,"toc":455},{"title":388,"description":389},"","Odin was one of the most prominent gods in Norse mythology, receiving mentions in almost every poem in the Poetic Edda, as well as the Prose Edda and a number of sagas. His presentation in these sources is not always consistent, but he is generally depicted as an old, bearded man with a missing eye. According to legend, he removed this eye himself, exchanging it for a drink from a well of knowledge.",{"type":391,"children":392},"root",[393,416,434,445],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":396,"children":397},"element","p",{},[398,401,407,409,414],{"type":399,"value":400},"text","Odin was one of the most prominent gods in Norse mythology, receiving mentions in almost every poem in the ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":403,"children":404},"em",{},[405],{"type":399,"value":406},"Poetic Edda",{"type":399,"value":408},", as well as the ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":410,"children":411},{},[412],{"type":399,"value":413},"Prose Edda",{"type":399,"value":415}," and a number of sagas. His presentation in these sources is not always consistent, but he is generally depicted as an old, bearded man with a missing eye. According to legend, he removed this eye himself, exchanging it for a drink from a well of knowledge.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":417,"children":418},{},[419,421,425,427,432],{"type":399,"value":420},"As a member of the Æsir, Odin was a god of war, and his halls at Valhalla were an afterlife for fallen heroes. He was also heavily affiliated with wisdom and learning. One poem in the ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":422,"children":423},{},[424],{"type":399,"value":406},{"type":399,"value":426},", known as ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":428,"children":429},{},[430],{"type":399,"value":431},"Hávamál",{"type":399,"value":433},", or ‘Sayings of the Old One,’ is entirely made up of words of wisdom attributed to Odin: 'no worse provision can he carry with him / than too deep a draught of ale.'",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":435,"children":436},{},[437,439,443],{"type":399,"value":438},"Odin was also the god of poetry, which means the anonymous poets who wrote the ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":440,"children":441},{},[442],{"type":399,"value":406},{"type":399,"value":444}," would probably have idolized him. This is a potential problem for modern historians, because Odin’s prominence in these texts might be a result of this bias. If a farmer or fisherman had been asked their opinion, they might not have said that the god of poetry was quite so central to their lives, but, unlike the poets, they never wrote these opinions down.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":446,"children":447},{},[448],{"type":394,"tag":449,"props":450,"children":454},"img",{"alt":451,"src":452,"title":453},"Graph","image://5db06d1a-603a-41ef-a8b6-55a5f598102b","A depiction of Odin. Image: Public domain",[],{"title":388,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":456},[],{"id":92,"data":93,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":96,"parsed":458},{"data":459,"body":461,"toc":504},{"title":388,"description":460},"Frigg was the wife of Odin, and, according to the Prose Edda, most of the other Æsir were her descendants. This gave her a high position within the hierarchy of the gods, as mother or wife to all the rest. Despite this, neither the Poetic Edda nor the Prose Edda talk much about her personality or accomplishments, and the main thing that modern historians know about her is that she had the power to see into the future.",{"type":391,"children":462},[463,486,494,499],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":464,"children":465},{},[466,468,472,474,478,480,484],{"type":399,"value":467},"Frigg was the wife of Odin, and, according to the ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":469,"children":470},{},[471],{"type":399,"value":413},{"type":399,"value":473},", most of the other Æsir were her descendants. This gave her a high position within the hierarchy of the gods, as mother or wife to all the rest. Despite this, neither the ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":475,"children":476},{},[477],{"type":399,"value":406},{"type":399,"value":479}," nor the ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":481,"children":482},{},[483],{"type":399,"value":413},{"type":399,"value":485}," talk much about her personality or accomplishments, and the main thing that modern historians know about her is that she had the power to see into the future.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":487,"children":488},{},[489],{"type":394,"tag":449,"props":490,"children":493},{"alt":451,"src":491,"title":492},"image://9457df21-0544-4284-9a9e-890d6778c377","A depiction of Frigg. Image: Public domain",[],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":495,"children":496},{},[497],{"type":399,"value":498},"This lack of coverage may be linked to gender. Norse women actually had a lot of freedom and responsibility compared to other cultures of the time, and in families where the men spent time away, raiding and trading, the women were empowered to run the household and engage with the politics of the local community.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":500,"children":501},{},[502],{"type":399,"value":503},"However, the vast majority of the gods were men, and poets of the time did not show much interest in female deities like Frigg. She may have been valued by certain Norse communities, but not by the writers of the sources which survive today.",{"title":388,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":505},[],{"id":109,"data":110,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":113,"parsed":507},{"data":508,"body":510,"toc":541},{"title":388,"description":509},"Thor, the god of thunder, was the firstborn son of Odin, and a jötunn named Jörð. His hammer, Mjölnir, was forged by dwarves, and had the power to return to his hand after he threw it. The Poetic Edda describes a battle between Thor and a group of jötnar, where 'Mjöllnir hurled forth towards the savage crew, / and slew all the mountain-giants.'",{"type":391,"children":511},[512,523,531,536],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":513,"children":514},{},[515,517,521],{"type":399,"value":516},"Thor, the god of thunder, was the firstborn son of Odin, and a jötunn named Jörð. His hammer, Mjölnir, was forged by dwarves, and had the power to return to his hand after he threw it. The ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":518,"children":519},{},[520],{"type":399,"value":406},{"type":399,"value":522}," describes a battle between Thor and a group of jötnar, where 'Mjöllnir hurled forth towards the savage crew, / and slew all the mountain-giants.'",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":524,"children":525},{},[526],{"type":394,"tag":449,"props":527,"children":530},{"alt":451,"src":528,"title":529},"image://116247de-7d57-4f06-9b05-61462fdc11d3","A depiction of Thor. Image: Public domain",[],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":532,"children":533},{},[534],{"type":399,"value":535},"Thor was an Æsir, like his father, and wildly popular among Viking warriors. They tried to replicate his strength and bravery when they took to the battlefield, although there is no evidence to suggest that a Viking ever used a hammer as a weapon, with archaeological evidence suggesting that swords and axes were preferred.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":537,"children":538},{},[539],{"type":399,"value":540},"Thor was not only popular amongst Viking warriors. Adam of Bremen, the German chronicler who spent time in Sweden during the 11th century, wrote a description of the temple of Uppsala: 'the mightiest of them, Thor, occupies a throne in the middle of the chamber.' As well as this, hammers have been found in a number of Norse graves, including the graves of women, who may have thought of Thor as a protective, patriarchal figure.",{"title":388,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":542},[],{"id":135,"data":136,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":139,"parsed":544},{"data":545,"body":547,"toc":589},{"title":388,"description":546},"Baldur was the brother of Thor, and another son of Odin and Jörð. He was beautiful and princely, and invulnerable to physical harm. According to the Prose Edda, 'He is best, and all praise him; he is so fair of feature, and so bright, that light shines from him.'",{"type":391,"children":548},[549,560,568,573,584],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":550,"children":551},{},[552,554,558],{"type":399,"value":553},"Baldur was the brother of Thor, and another son of Odin and Jörð. He was beautiful and princely, and invulnerable to physical harm. According to the ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":555,"children":556},{},[557],{"type":399,"value":413},{"type":399,"value":559},", 'He is best, and all praise him; he is so fair of feature, and so bright, that light shines from him.'",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":561,"children":562},{},[563],{"type":394,"tag":449,"props":564,"children":567},{"alt":451,"src":565,"title":566},"image://2f810889-43a0-4f93-b07c-4dbb0cd8bc7c","A depiction of Baldur. Image: Public domain",[],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":569,"children":570},{},[571],{"type":399,"value":572},"According to Norse stories, the other gods used to amuse themselves by throwing rocks and shooting arrows at Baldur, enjoying how the projectiles bounced off his invulnerable skin.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":574,"children":575},{},[576,578,582],{"type":399,"value":577},"Unfortunately, this game had dire consequences, after Loki, the god of chaos, discovered that mistletoe had the power to damage Baldur in a way that nothing else could. A mistletoe-tipped arrow proved fatal for Baldur, although the ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":579,"children":580},{},[581],{"type":399,"value":406},{"type":399,"value":583}," does suggest that he will be resurrected again in the future.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":585,"children":586},{},[587],{"type":399,"value":588},"With themes of goodness, suffering and resurrection, some historians believe that the mythology of Baldur was inspired by stories of Jesus Christ. Before Christian ideas arrived in Scandinavia, at some point in the 8th century, Baldur might have been a very different god, one whose nature has since been lost.",{"title":388,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":590},[],{"id":168,"data":169,"type":25,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":171,"introPage":178,"pages":592},[593,629],{"id":186,"data":187,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":190,"parsed":594},{"data":595,"body":597,"toc":627},{"title":388,"description":596},"Freya was a member of the Vanir, and the most prominent of all the Norse goddesses. Like the rest of the Vanir, she had a close affinity with the natural world, and was said to travel in a chariot pulled by cats. She could see into the future, and had the power to shapeshift into a falcon.",{"type":391,"children":598},[599,603,611,622],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":600,"children":601},{},[602],{"type":399,"value":596},{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":604,"children":605},{},[606],{"type":394,"tag":449,"props":607,"children":610},{"alt":451,"src":608,"title":609},"image://47fc0c94-bf53-4866-b5fc-3cbeb54ceecc","A depiction of Freya. Image: Public domain",[],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":612,"children":613},{},[614,616,620],{"type":399,"value":615},"Freya was also presented as a sexual, erotic being. One story describes her having sex with four dwarves in return for a beautiful, golden necklace, while she may also have been Odin’s concubine. However, in later years, and probably following Christian influence, Freya’s sexual promiscuity was reframed in terms of love and relationships. The ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":617,"children":618},{},[619],{"type":399,"value":413},{"type":399,"value":621},", for example, says: 'It is good to pray to her concerning love affairs.'",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":623,"children":624},{},[625],{"type":399,"value":626},"Some scholars have argued that Freya and Frigg are actually the same person, or at the very least that they are both derived from a single, older god. There are certainly similarities between them: both can see into the future, have relations with Odin, and there is also a mention of Frigg being able to turn into a falcon, just like Freya.",{"title":388,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":628},[],{"id":217,"data":218,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":221,"parsed":630},{"data":631,"body":633,"toc":669},{"title":388,"description":632},"Freyr was the brother of Freya. The Prose Edda describes how 'he rules over the rain and the shining of the sun, and therewithal the fruit of the earth.' He was a member of the Vanir, but also an honorary member of Æsir, after joining them at the end of a war between the two tribes.",{"type":391,"children":634},[635,646,651,656,664],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":636,"children":637},{},[638,640,644],{"type":399,"value":639},"Freyr was the brother of Freya. The ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":641,"children":642},{},[643],{"type":399,"value":413},{"type":399,"value":645}," describes how 'he rules over the rain and the shining of the sun, and therewithal the fruit of the earth.' He was a member of the Vanir, but also an honorary member of Æsir, after joining them at the end of a war between the two tribes.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":647,"children":648},{},[649],{"type":399,"value":650},"Freyr was one of the most widely worshiped of the Norse gods, especially amongst farming communities, whose lives were so reliant on favorable weather conditions. Harvest festivals would be held in his name, and an animal, such as a boar, would be sacrificed in his honor.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":652,"children":653},{},[654],{"type":399,"value":655},"Boars were associated with the wild, natural world, and for this reason they were believed to be sacred to Freyr. He was said to have owned a gold-bristled boar of his own, Gullinbursti, who shone in the dark and could run faster than any horse.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":657,"children":658},{},[659],{"type":394,"tag":449,"props":660,"children":663},{"alt":451,"src":661,"title":662},"image://b2ed872c-97fa-445c-a830-03a4a09d0a7f","A depiction of Freyr. Image: Public domain",[],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":665,"children":666},{},[667],{"type":399,"value":668},"Archaeological evidence has found that Freyr was often depicted with a symbol of fertility amongst the Norse. According to Adam of Bremen, the 11th century chronicler: 'His likeness, too, they fashion with an immense phallus.'",{"title":388,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":670},[],{"id":251,"data":252,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":254,"introPage":262,"pages":672},[673,722,788,818],{"id":270,"data":271,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":274,"parsed":674},{"data":675,"body":677,"toc":720},{"title":388,"description":676},"Heimdall was a bright, white, glittering god, famed for his brilliant senses, which are described in the Prose Edda: 'He sees equally well night and day a hundred leagues from him, and hears how grass grows on the earth or wool on sheep.'",{"type":391,"children":678},[679,690,701,712],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":680,"children":681},{},[682,684,688],{"type":399,"value":683},"Heimdall was a bright, white, glittering god, famed for his brilliant senses, which are described in the ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":685,"children":686},{},[687],{"type":399,"value":413},{"type":399,"value":689},": 'He sees equally well night and day a hundred leagues from him, and hears how grass grows on the earth or wool on sheep.'",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":691,"children":692},{},[693,695,699],{"type":399,"value":694},"On account of these senses, he served as a watchman for the rest of the gods. The only way to enter Asgard, the realm of the Æsir, was across a rainbow bridge called the Bifröst, and Heimdall supposedly lived at the entrance, keeping watch for any enemies who might try to cross, while also drinking ample amounts of mead, a fermented honey drink which the Norse often drank at feasts. This is referenced in Grímnismál, one of the poems in the ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":696,"children":697},{},[698],{"type":399,"value":406},{"type":399,"value":700},": 'there the gods' watchman, in his tranquil home, / drinks joyful the good mead.'",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":702,"children":703},{},[704,706,710],{"type":399,"value":705},"Heimdall carried a magical horn called the Gjallarhorn. He would blow this horn when enemies were sighted, and, according to the ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":707,"children":708},{},[709],{"type":399,"value":413},{"type":399,"value":711},", 'its blast can be heard in all worlds.' When the horn was not being used as a warning, he used it as a vessel for his mead.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":713,"children":714},{},[715],{"type":394,"tag":449,"props":716,"children":719},{"alt":451,"src":717,"title":718},"image://9084804e-4beb-493a-8441-d9ce4c033c71","A depiction of Heimdall. Image: Public domain",[],{"title":388,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":721},[],{"id":292,"data":293,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":296,"parsed":723},{"data":724,"body":726,"toc":786},{"title":388,"description":725},"Týr was a god of war, described by the Prose Edda as 'the bravest and most valiant,' but he was also heavily associated with law and justice. War and law were closely intertwined within Norse society, with battles often used to settle legal disputes between two groups, after one community was slighted by the actions of another.",{"type":391,"children":727},[728,739,756,764],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":729,"children":730},{},[731,733,737],{"type":399,"value":732},"Týr was a god of war, described by the ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":734,"children":735},{},[736],{"type":399,"value":413},{"type":399,"value":738}," as 'the bravest and most valiant,' but he was also heavily associated with law and justice. War and law were closely intertwined within Norse society, with battles often used to settle legal disputes between two groups, after one community was slighted by the actions of another.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":740,"children":741},{},[742,744,748,750,754],{"type":399,"value":743},"Týr seems to be one of the oldest gods in Norse mythology, with Roman historians making reference to him as early as the 2nd century. By the time the ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":745,"children":746},{},[747],{"type":399,"value":406},{"type":399,"value":749}," and the ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":751,"children":752},{},[753],{"type":399,"value":413},{"type":399,"value":755}," were written, Týr’s importance to the Norse seems to have waned a little, but he still receives a number of mentions in both texts, including a story about his hand being bitten off by Fenrir, the giant wolf.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":757,"children":758},{},[759],{"type":394,"tag":449,"props":760,"children":763},{"alt":451,"src":761,"title":762},"image://044ee491-eb85-4ab6-badf-679453941a5e","A depiction of Týr. Image: Public domain",[],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":765,"children":766},{},[767,769,773,774,778,780,784],{"type":399,"value":768},"The ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":770,"children":771},{},[772],{"type":399,"value":406},{"type":399,"value":749},{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":775,"children":776},{},[777],{"type":399,"value":413},{"type":399,"value":779}," give different accounts of Týr’s parentage. The Poetic Edda explains that he is the son of a jötunn, Hymir, and includes a scene where he meets his grandmother, a being with 900 heads. The ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":781,"children":782},{},[783],{"type":399,"value":413},{"type":399,"value":785},", on the other hand, describes him as a son of Odin, just like so many of the other gods.",{"title":388,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":787},[],{"id":334,"data":335,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":338,"parsed":789},{"data":790,"body":792,"toc":816},{"title":388,"description":791},"Loki was the son of a jötunn, a member of the Æsir, and the god of cunning and chaos. He had the power to shapeshift, as well as changing gender, which allowed him to deceive and confuse the other gods whenever he wished it.",{"type":391,"children":793},[794,798,803,808],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":795,"children":796},{},[797],{"type":399,"value":791},{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":799,"children":800},{},[801],{"type":399,"value":802},"However, Loki was not always a source of deception. His relationship with figures like Thor and Odin seem to vary from source to source, but he definitely serves as an ally in a number of stories. His inconsistent allegiances are probably a reflection of his chaotic nature, with the gods never quite sure which side he was going to take.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":804,"children":805},{},[806],{"type":399,"value":807},"Chaos, for the Norse, was something distinctly dangerous. Their mythology did not concern itself with good and evil, and focused instead on the balance between order and chaos. In general, chaos stemmed from Loki and the jötnar, while the other gods tried to maintain order.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":809,"children":810},{},[811],{"type":394,"tag":449,"props":812,"children":815},{"alt":451,"src":813,"title":814},"image://d32777f1-0e79-4293-914b-9c365a244108","A depiction of Loki (right). Image: Public domain",[],{"title":388,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":817},[],{"id":351,"data":352,"type":35,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":355,"parsed":819},{"data":820,"body":822,"toc":864},{"title":388,"description":821},"Hel, daughter of Loki, presided over the Norse underworld, which was also known as Hel. According to the Prose Edda, she was 'half black and half flesh-colored.'",{"type":391,"children":823},[824,835,843,859],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":825,"children":826},{},[827,829,833],{"type":399,"value":828},"Hel, daughter of Loki, presided over the Norse underworld, which was also known as Hel. According to the ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":830,"children":831},{},[832],{"type":399,"value":413},{"type":399,"value":834},", she was 'half black and half flesh-colored.'",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":836,"children":837},{},[838],{"type":394,"tag":449,"props":839,"children":842},{"alt":451,"src":840,"title":841},"image://796c7fed-3267-4e5d-918b-f0ce2551b64e","A depiction of Hel. Image: Public domain",[],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":844,"children":845},{},[846,848,852,853,857],{"type":399,"value":847},"Beyond these facts, not much is known about Hel, with neither the ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":849,"children":850},{},[851],{"type":399,"value":406},{"type":399,"value":479},{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":854,"children":855},{},[856],{"type":399,"value":413},{"type":399,"value":858}," examining her role in much detail. This has led to some scholarly debate regarding her role within Norse mythology. Some historians have argued that Hel was never an actual goddess, but simply a literary device used to personify the underworld.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":860,"children":861},{},[862],{"type":399,"value":863},"Others have argued that Hel was a late addition to Norse mythology, possibly inspired by Christian ideas of Satan, although archaeological evidence suggests that Hel predates Christian influence. A Norse medallion from the 1st century depicts a man walking downhill toward a woman holding a scepter. This image is open to interpretation, but it might be an early depiction of a soul descending to meet with Hel.",{"title":388,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":865},[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":867,"height":867,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":868},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":867,"height":867,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":870},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M4 5h16M4 12h16M4 19h16\"/>",1778228197393]