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sometimes who would live or die",1,{"id":36,"data":37,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"b0ef948f-3dfe-4fb1-beda-0c0806cd2437",{"type":38,"intro":39},10,[40,41],"What did the Norse believe about Elves and Dwarves?","What did the Norse believe about Valkyries?",[43,79,103],{"id":44,"data":45,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":48},"887d6e57-e066-4d16-8c9b-2f083f6bb743",{"type":34,"markdownContent":46,"audioMediaId":47},"The *Prose Edda* provides a comprehensive description of elves, or álfar, which are presented as tall, mysterious, magical beings. Sturluson actually mentions two types of elf: light and dark. The light elves are 'fairer than the sun to look at,' while the dark elves are 'blacker than pitch.'\n\n![Graph](image://6f91315b-95f7-4747-8bee-a63f33d928f9 \"A depiction of light elves. Image: Public domain\")\n\nThe *Poetic Edda* also mentions elves, with one poem, *Völundarkviða*, featuring an elf as the main protagonist. However, the *Poetic Edda* makes no reference to light elves and dark elves. This has led some historians to question whether this division was invented by Sturluson, perhaps as a result of Christian influence, considering the clear parallels with the Christian concept of angels and demons.\n\nThe elves seem to have had a positive relationship with the gods, especially the Vanir, whereas their relationship with humans was more enigmatic. In some sagas, they are the cause of human illnesses, while in others, they offer cures.","177cc7da-4d16-446f-b316-747acfe31429",[49,70],{"id":50,"data":51,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"59365574-eade-424f-9379-ab8732f60ff4",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"collapsingSiblings":53,"multiChoiceQuestion":57,"multiChoiceCorrect":59,"multiChoiceIncorrect":61,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":65,"matchPairsPairs":67},11,[54,55,56],"596e1917-ec64-4784-9dab-5571587cdfb4","7ca3b780-eb1e-4a29-8615-6cfa3762e1fa","959f6caa-11bb-49b4-9256-b6ce18087238",[58],"What is the Norse word for 'elves'?",[60],"Álfar",[62,63,64],"Jötnar","Dvergr","Valkyries",[66],"Match the pairs below:",[68],{"left":60,"right":69,"direction":19},"Norse word for 'Elves'",{"id":71,"data":72,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"e405a509-14c9-4e88-9883-a2683a45dcd3",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":34,"binaryQuestion":73,"binaryCorrect":75,"binaryIncorrect":77},[74],"Which of these sources distinguishes between light elves and dark elves (while the other source does not)?",[76],"Prose Edda",[78],"Poetic Edda",{"id":80,"data":81,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":84},"2561be78-df22-41d6-b0db-1acc6f0166a8",{"type":34,"markdownContent":82,"audioMediaId":83},"The dwarves, or *dvergr*, were master metalworkers who lived deep underground in networks of mines and tunnels, and who turned to stone if they came into contact with the sun. \n\nThey provided the gods with many valuable, magical items including Thor’s hammer, Mjöllnir, and Freyr’s gold-bristled boar, Gullinbursti. These were both produced after Loki initiated a challenge amongst the dwarves to see which of them could craft the most impressive object.\n\nThe *Poetic Edda* and the *Prose Edda* give conflicting accounts of the origin of dwarves. The *Poetic Edda* describes how the dwarves were made from the blood of Ymir, the first jötunn. The *Prose Edda*, meanwhile, suggests that the dwarves were maggot-like creatures who burrowed through Ymir’s flesh, until the gods discovered them and decided to imbue them with reason.\n\nThere is no indication that the dwarves in Norse mythology were small in stature, no more than the jötunn were large. It is unclear when the word ‘dwarf’ became attached to the concept of shortness, but, in the modern world, this idea has become firmly established.\n\n![Graph](image://dadb6937-4967-49a2-b75f-f2ed662c40ec \"A depiction of dwarves. Image: Public domain\")","7aa3cb60-d5cc-455d-a2ba-a9473d362d47",[85,96],{"id":55,"data":86,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"collapsingSiblings":87,"multiChoiceQuestion":88,"multiChoiceCorrect":90,"multiChoiceIncorrect":91,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":92,"matchPairsPairs":93},[54,50,56],[89],"What is the Norse word for 'dwarves'?",[63],[62,60,64],[66],[94],{"left":63,"right":95,"direction":19},"Norse word for 'Dwarves'",{"id":97,"data":98,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"fe1d1c90-22a8-4ccc-9892-87c8210cd103",{"type":52,"reviewType":34,"spacingBehaviour":34,"activeRecallQuestion":99,"activeRecallAnswers":101},[100],"In Norse mythology, what happened to dwarves that came into contact with the sun?",[102],"They turned to stone",{"id":104,"data":105,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":108},"3961e5ef-95f1-425c-86f0-680520d9106d",{"type":34,"markdownContent":106,"audioMediaId":107},"The Valkyries were the ‘Choosers of the Slain’: a group of female spirits who would ride across battlefields on the backs of horses, deciding which warriors were deserving of a place in Odin’s hall of Valhalla. In certain accounts, they would also choose which warriors should live or die in the first place, an idea which gave them a sinister, fatalistic aura.\n\nThe Valkyries were also vicious fighters who could engage in a battle when they were needed, as described in the *Poetic Edda*: 'Helmeted valkyries came down from the sky / – the noise of spears grew loud – they protected the prince.' There is no suggestion that the Valkyries were immortal or invulnerable, but they were probably too powerful to be slain by any human hand.\n\n![Graph](image://6f86e17f-d9f4-4eff-8046-9881d60edc22 \"A depiction of valkyries. Image: Public domain\")\n\nSome historians believe that the concept of Valkyries must have been based upon real women warriors. This interpretation grew in popularity in 2017, when DNA analysis of an exhumed Norse warrior found evidence that the warrior was female. However, those findings have since been challenged, and the idea of female warriors within Norse society remains a controversial, unproven theory.","0a88911f-1275-4e25-b3c5-bc43cda3c600",[109,120,129],{"id":56,"data":110,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"collapsingSiblings":111,"multiChoiceQuestion":112,"multiChoiceCorrect":114,"multiChoiceIncorrect":115,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":116,"matchPairsPairs":117},[54,50,55],[113],"In Norse mythology, who were known as Choosers of the Slain?",[64],[62,60,63],[66],[118],{"left":64,"right":119,"direction":19},"Choosers of the slain",{"id":121,"data":122,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"de32120f-e2e7-4c11-9e2d-bb5c5516efb8",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":34,"binaryQuestion":123,"binaryCorrect":125,"binaryIncorrect":127},[124],"Some historians think that Valkyries are evidence of female warriors in Norse society. What is the status of this theory?",[126],"Controversial and unproven",[128],"Widely accepted",{"id":130,"data":131,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"9df82e31-766f-46ec-b414-a741c2b7695d",{"type":52,"reviewType":34,"spacingBehaviour":34,"activeRecallQuestion":132,"activeRecallAnswers":134},[133],"The Prose Edda and the Poetic Edda describe two different origins of dwarves. What were they?",[135,136],"Poetic Edda: they were made from the blood of the first jötunn","Prose Edda: they were maggots in the body of the first jötunn",{"id":138,"data":139,"type":25,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":141,"introPage":149,"pages":155},"5918f0e0-a908-4758-b01b-a33b00d42c54",{"type":25,"title":140},"Monstrous creatures",{"id":142,"data":143,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"dedd8378-ca61-48f1-9c01-b6b4a0554a0a",{"type":19,"summary":144},[145,146,147,148],"Jörmungandr, the World Serpent, encircled Midgard with his tail in his mouth","Fenrir, the monstrous wolf, was bound in Asgard by a magical chain called Gleipnir","Níðhöggr, the giant dragon, chewed on Yggdrasil's roots and the bodies of the damned","Hafgufa, a sea monster, could swallow ships and was sometimes mistaken for an island",{"id":150,"data":151,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"a3623e5e-fae6-4765-bf3e-6f2d1abfd834",{"type":38,"intro":152},[153,154],"What's the origin story of the most feared creature in Norse mythology?","How did monstrous creatures shape the narratives in Norse myths?",[156,178,200,225],{"id":157,"data":158,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":161},"a6f9b6f8-0d83-4d3a-952d-25cb09be341e",{"type":34,"markdownContent":159,"audioMediaId":160},"Jörmungandr, or the World Serpent, was an immense snake whose coils encircled the entirety of Midgard, the realm of humans. The Norse believed that Midgard was a wide, flat disk with an ocean around the edges, and Jörmungandr lay at the bottom of this ocean with his tail tucked into his own mouth.\n\nJörmungandr’s father was Loki, and his sister was Hel. According to the *Prose Edda*, Odin was nervous about the dangerous nature of Loki’s children, and eventually decided to banish them. Hel was sent to live in the underworld, while Jörmungandr was thrown to the bottom of the sea.\n\nDespite this banishment, Jörmungandr is never presented as Odin’s enemy. Instead, the World Serpent is the recurring enemy of Thor. Several poems in the *Poetic Edda* describe confrontations between the god of thunder and the World Serpent, and they are prophesied to one day kill each other in battle.\n\n![Graph](image://a3f703d3-8850-4ae2-806d-0538667ab4ec \"A depiction of Thor and Jörmungandr. Image: Public domain\")","c0b64cea-21c2-4e22-b9df-6bc465426178",[162,171],{"id":163,"data":164,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"4210052d-fc27-44a7-9729-dcc243bfc981",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":34,"binaryQuestion":165,"binaryCorrect":167,"binaryIncorrect":169},[166],"In Norse mythology, who banished Jörmungandr to the bottom of the sea?",[168],"Odin",[170],"Thor",{"id":172,"data":173,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"2afdee39-70bf-4549-9734-b6e6e24c0edb",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":34,"binaryQuestion":174,"binaryCorrect":176,"binaryIncorrect":177},[175],"In Norse mythology, who is Jörmungandr's recurring enemy?",[170],[168],{"id":179,"data":180,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":183},"2a7c0fe3-ddd2-415e-afc9-d9b048484cfc",{"type":34,"markdownContent":181,"audioMediaId":182},"Fenrir was a giant, monstrous wolf, the son of Loki and sibling to Jörmungandr and Hel. He was an important figure in Norse mythology, as evidenced by the number of references in the *Poetic Edda* and the *Prose Edda*, as well as depictions of a monstrous wolf on several runestones unearthed by modern archaeologists.\n\nFenrir was so large and dangerous that the gods made efforts to bind him. No normal chain would have been capable of such a feat, so they turned to the dwarves for help.\n\nAccording to the *Prose Edda*, the dwarves made a chain for Fenrir using six magical ingredients: 'the noise a cat makes when it moves, the beard of a woman, the roots of a mountain, the sinews of a bear, the breath of a fish, and the spittle of a bird.'\n\nThis chain, Gleipnir, was successful, but the Norse did not expect it to hold Fenrir forever. They believed that, at the end of the world, the chain would break and Fenrir would devour Odin.\n\n![Graph](image://f839417a-8ac0-413d-b826-7db088c90405 \"A depiction of Fenrir and Odin. Image: Public domain\")","dbf959fb-0a5d-44ab-852e-43ba49f97c3d",[184,191],{"id":185,"data":186,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"45103b3d-0763-4d99-b655-42e1a63b0a4d",{"type":52,"reviewType":34,"spacingBehaviour":34,"activeRecallQuestion":187,"activeRecallAnswers":189},[188],"In Norse Mythology, which monstrous wolf was son of Loki?",[190],"Fenrir",{"id":192,"data":193,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"02bc7964-565b-47cc-80e1-5d75b29dd4bf",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":34,"binaryQuestion":194,"binaryCorrect":196,"binaryIncorrect":198},[195],"What was the name of the magical chain used on Fenrir?",[197],"Gleipnir",[199],"Sleipnir",{"id":201,"data":202,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":205},"9895e9d9-741c-413b-96c0-b05c921c310b",{"type":34,"markdownContent":203,"audioMediaId":204},"Níðhöggr was a giant dragon who lived under Yggdrasil, the World Tree. He would chew on the tree’s roots, hoping to kill it, and to drag the cosmos into a state of chaos. Some myths suggest that he was trapped by the roots, and that, if he ever broke free, it would mark the end of the universe.\n\nThe *Poetic Edda* explains how Níðhöggr also played a role in the afterlife, chewing on the bodies of murderers and adulterers for all eternity: 'There Níðhöggr sucked / the blood of the slain.' However, this idea may have been a late addition to Norse mythology, with the concept of eternal suffering probably inspired by Christian teachings on the afterlife.\n\nIn terms of physical form, Níðhöggr was closer to a giant snake than to our modern conception of a dragon. Archaeologists are yet to discover any physical depictions of him, but the *Prose Edda* includes his name on a list of serpents.\n\n![Graph](image://5c60f72d-bc57-41a0-8074-d5e9f022903a \"A 17th century depiction of Níðhöggr. Image: Public domain\")","d7fdc049-ec99-401e-8f0b-7d9688f83558",[206],{"id":207,"data":208,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"30cc1aa0-2c62-4ce4-8ed3-40094ad0ee0c",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"collapsingSiblings":209,"multiChoiceQuestion":213,"multiChoiceCorrect":215,"multiChoiceIncorrect":217,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":221,"matchPairsPairs":222},[210,211,212],"4393b631-50f4-439e-89c9-21e311fa3544","f8343dbc-cca9-4788-979f-6d92da817fa9","fdcf6ced-e208-4287-af20-218f674b86eb",[214],"Which monstrous dragon in Norse mythology gnaws on the roots of Yggdrasil?",[216],"Níðhöggr",[218,219,220],"Hafgufa","Surtr","Mare",[66],[223],{"left":216,"right":224,"direction":19},"Chews on the roots of Yggdrasil",{"id":226,"data":227,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":230},"1c24b7e8-79bc-43d6-bd63-420f581bf308",{"type":34,"markdownContent":228,"audioMediaId":229},"Hafgufa was a monstrous sea creature with jaws so large that it could swallow a ship. Its name appears briefly in the *Prose Edda*, as part of a list of whales, but no further information is given.\n\nFor a full account of the creature, historians must turn to *Konungs skuggsjá*, or ‘King’s Mirror,’ another Old Norse work written in the mid-13th century.\n\nThis text explains how the Hafgufa lived off the coast of Iceland, and, when sitting still, could easily be mistaken for an island. It hunted other creatures by belching vomit into the surrounding water, then waiting for hungry fish to swarm. When a suitable number of fish had gathered, the Hafgufa closed its mouth and swallowed them in a single gulp.\n\nIt is arguable whether or not the Hafgufa should be included on a list of mythical creatures. At the time, it was never associated with the gods, or magic, or other realms. The Norse simply believed that it was a dangerous creature who inhabited the deepest ocean, no less real than a shark or a whale. In hindsight, we can label Hafgufa as a mythical beast, but to terrified sailors setting out on long journeys, it was probably anything but.\n\n![Graph](image://ad291bbf-09ea-49fc-8874-f3cf15761edf \"A depiction of Hafgufa. Image: Public domain\")","3d354573-25bd-42bc-9fe8-8f67884b339e",[231,242,249],{"id":210,"data":232,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"collapsingSiblings":233,"multiChoiceQuestion":234,"multiChoiceCorrect":236,"multiChoiceIncorrect":237,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":238,"matchPairsPairs":239},[207,211,212],[235],"Which monstrous sea creature in Norse mythology swallows ships and belches vomit?",[218],[216,219,220],[66],[240],{"left":218,"right":241,"direction":19},"Swallows ships and belched vomit",{"id":243,"data":244,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"b792e043-7864-4e99-a5ab-a4aeee658c48",{"type":52,"reviewType":34,"spacingBehaviour":34,"activeRecallQuestion":245,"activeRecallAnswers":247},[246],"A detailed account of Hafgufa can be found in a source called 'Konungs skuggsjá'. What does this name translate as?",[248],"King's Mirror",{"id":250,"data":251,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"06a5d5b6-abe6-493d-8c2b-4f339a9be784",{"type":52,"reviewType":252,"spacingBehaviour":34,"matchPairsQuestion":253,"matchPairsPairs":255,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},6,[254],"What did Odin do to each of Loki's children?",[256,259,262,264],{"left":257,"right":258,"direction":19},"Hel","Sent to the underworld",{"left":260,"right":261,"direction":19},"Jörmungandr","Sent to the bottom of the sea",{"left":190,"right":263,"direction":19},"Bound by a magical chain",{"left":216,"right":265,"direction":19},"Not a child of Loki",{"id":267,"data":268,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":270,"introPage":277,"pages":283},"1a627add-7a0d-4e06-abf0-0cd1471ce4d9",{"type":25,"title":269},"Other beings",{"id":271,"data":272,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"22903b9d-686f-4cc7-8c73-0a17b903aa56",{"type":19,"summary":273},[274,275,276],"Sleipnir, Odin’s eight-legged horse, was born from Loki and Svadilfari","Huginn and Muninn, Odin’s ravens, brought him news from Midgard every day","Auðumbla, the primeval cow, nourished Ymir and helped birth the first god, Búri",{"id":278,"data":279,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"7c6cf714-f96b-4861-bf2f-85b6062f00b8",{"type":38,"intro":280},[281,282],"Which unusual creatures did Odin spend most of his time with?","Which primordial creature nourished the universe's first beings?",[284,324,349],{"id":285,"data":286,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":289},"e9e760a3-88fe-4f26-acce-311d091b0d7b",{"type":34,"markdownContent":287,"audioMediaId":288},"Sleipnir was Odin’s horse, a fast and powerful mount, easily distinguishable from other horses by the fact that he had eight legs. The *Poetic Edda* states that 'Odin is the best of the Æsir, Sleipnir \\[the best\\] of horses.' His name means ‘slippy’ or ‘slippery one,’ probably based on the idea that he was too fast for anyone to catch.\n\nSleipnir’s origin story is an interesting one. His father was Svadilfari, another magical horse who was famed for his great strength. According to the *Prose Edda*, Loki transformed himself into a female horse, then used this form to seduce Svadilfari. Loki, still disguised, went on to give birth to Sleipnir. This story is a clear indicator of Loki’s chaotic personality, as it does not follow the usual rules of nature.\n\nIn Norse culture, horses were a symbol of strength and virility. They also had a divine quality to them, and some people believed that horses had the power to communicate directly with the gods.\n\n![Graph](image://7afd4e4e-d1cb-458e-98c4-9dac7e8e43e8 \"A depiction of Sleipnir. Image: Public domain\")","43759202-1509-4f2a-821a-a70b7d3fc9b6",[290,305],{"id":291,"data":292,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":19},"84a35f25-92b1-4379-ab03-db0486c9fc87",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"collapsingSiblings":293,"multiChoiceQuestion":297,"multiChoiceCorrect":299,"multiChoiceIncorrect":300,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":301,"matchPairsPairs":302},[294,295,296],"c661c2b0-441d-4255-a30e-e0dc1fe5ee76","3ec4c5e1-6104-45b7-b06e-34724bae5eec","cd35d908-53cf-4e16-a2d0-4fbd6f0eaae0",[298],"What is the name of Odin's horse?",[199],[190,260,257],[66],[303],{"left":199,"right":304,"direction":19},"Eight-legged horse",{"id":306,"data":307,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"11c85784-4431-48c4-857d-8a878b6d5784",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"collapsingSiblings":308,"multiChoiceQuestion":312,"multiChoiceCorrect":314,"multiChoiceIncorrect":316,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":320,"matchPairsPairs":321},[309,310,311],"b4f9d00a-aa7f-45bf-b5d3-55005cbdeb68","18a020c0-831c-4019-b916-0ba49b185816","44c5a138-bfcf-4424-b8b4-64fb3674f374",[313],"How many legs did Sleipnir have?",[315],"8",[317,318,319],"9","2","1",[66],[322],{"left":323,"right":315,"direction":19},"Number of Sleipnir's legs",{"id":325,"data":326,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":329},"da35a01e-6ee1-4dee-803d-68fc89d577c6",{"type":34,"markdownContent":327,"audioMediaId":328},"Huginn and Muninn were a pair of talking ravens who lived on Odin’s shoulders. The *Prose Edda* describes how, every morning, Odin sent them to fly over the human realm of Midgard. They would return to his shoulders at the end of the day with news and information.\n\nThe association between Odin and ravens is extremely old – a helmet from the 6th century, discovered in a Swedish grave, depicted a figure accompanied by a pair of birds – and this long standing connection is easy to explain. Ravens are associated with death and battlefields, while they are also extremely intelligent. These same characteristics are often attached to Odin, which makes ravens an appropriate match.\n\n![Graph](image://39e4b3ee-132f-46c6-b801-409969998841 \"A depiction of Huginn and Muninn. Image: Der Künstler ist Robert Krausse, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe names Huginn and Muninn are the Norse words for ‘thought’ and ‘memory.’ This has led some historians to argue that the ravens were never conceived of as real creatures. Instead, they might have been a metaphor for Odin’s Hugr, or ‘mind,’ which he was able to send out into Midgard while his physical body stayed behind in Asgard.","53df02b0-7f3e-4f52-b38b-71a17dde4d88",[330,341],{"id":310,"data":331,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"collapsingSiblings":332,"multiChoiceQuestion":333,"multiChoiceCorrect":335,"multiChoiceIncorrect":336,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":337,"matchPairsPairs":338},[309,311,306],[334],"How many ravens did Odin have?",[318],[317,319,315],[66],[339],{"left":340,"right":318,"direction":19},"Number of Odin's ravens",{"id":342,"data":343,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"4f98f363-9e6e-4766-87d5-42f7330bcb60",{"type":52,"reviewType":344,"spacingBehaviour":34,"clozeQuestion":345,"clozeWords":347},4,[346],"Every morning, Odin sent his ravens to fly over Midgard, gathering news and information.",[348],"Midgard",{"id":350,"data":351,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":354},"18c0820a-a426-45fb-a8f2-95b0978b7a3c",{"type":34,"markdownContent":352,"audioMediaId":353},"Auðumbla was a primeval cow who fed Ymir, the first jötunn, with her milk. She is only ever mentioned in the *Prose Edda*, so modern historians must rely on a one-sided account of her role in Norse mythology.\n\nThis role, it seems, was to nourish the universe's first beings. This should come as no surprise, considering the importance of cows within Norse society as providers of milk and meat.\n\nAs well as Ymir, who drank from four rivers of milk which flowed from her udder, Auðumbla was also heavily involved with the birth of Búri, grandfather of Odin. The *Prose Edda* explains how she licked a salt stone for three days, eroding it away until she discovered Búri hidden within.\n\n![Graph](image://bd0357a4-6639-4d10-8af9-4a99daac6a2e \"Image: Public domain\")\n\nYmir was the progenitor of all jötnar, while Búri was the progenitor of all gods, and it is interesting to note how Auðumbla served as a link between the two factions. In later stories, they were usually pitted as enemies to one another, but, at the beginning of time, the gods and the jötnar shared a common relationship with Auðumbla.","e06a1497-e72f-4cd8-be14-fe05a8d4c410",[355,373],{"id":356,"data":357,"type":52,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"397d5a61-51f9-483f-ade3-f3a93846dae9",{"type":52,"reviewType":252,"spacingBehaviour":34,"matchPairsQuestion":358,"matchPairsPairs":360,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},[359],"What do the names of Odin's animal companions translate as?",[361,364,367,370],{"left":362,"right":363,"direction":19},"Huginn (raven)","Thought",{"left":365,"right":366,"direction":19},"Muninn (raven)","Memory",{"left":368,"right":369,"direction":19},"Sleipnir (horse)","Slippy",{"left":371,"right":372,"direction":19},"Auðumbla (cow)","Not one of Odin's companions",{"id":374,"data":375,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":19},"c5886759-664b-4353-ae12-947b48380320",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":34,"binaryQuestion":376,"binaryCorrect":378,"binaryIncorrect":380},[377],"In Norse mythology, Auðumbla nourished the world's first beings. But what was she?",[379],"A primordial cow",[381],"A primordial goat",[383,550,737],{"id":23,"data":24,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":27,"introPage":35,"pages":384},[385,448,514],{"id":44,"data":45,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":48,"parsed":386},{"data":387,"body":390,"toc":446},{"title":388,"description":389},"","The Prose Edda provides a comprehensive description of elves, or álfar, which are presented as tall, mysterious, magical beings. Sturluson actually mentions two types of elf: light and dark. The light elves are 'fairer than the sun to look at,' while the dark elves are 'blacker than pitch.'",{"type":391,"children":392},"root",[393,408,418,441],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":396,"children":397},"element","p",{},[398,401,406],{"type":399,"value":400},"text","The ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":403,"children":404},"em",{},[405],{"type":399,"value":76},{"type":399,"value":407}," provides a comprehensive description of elves, or álfar, which are presented as tall, mysterious, magical beings. Sturluson actually mentions two types of elf: light and dark. The light elves are 'fairer than the sun to look at,' while the dark elves are 'blacker than pitch.'",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":409,"children":410},{},[411],{"type":394,"tag":412,"props":413,"children":417},"img",{"alt":414,"src":415,"title":416},"Graph","image://6f91315b-95f7-4747-8bee-a63f33d928f9","A depiction of light elves. Image: Public domain",[],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":419,"children":420},{},[421,422,426,428,433,435,439],{"type":399,"value":400},{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":423,"children":424},{},[425],{"type":399,"value":78},{"type":399,"value":427}," also mentions elves, with one poem, ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":429,"children":430},{},[431],{"type":399,"value":432},"Völundarkviða",{"type":399,"value":434},", featuring an elf as the main protagonist. However, the ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":436,"children":437},{},[438],{"type":399,"value":78},{"type":399,"value":440}," makes no reference to light elves and dark elves. This has led some historians to question whether this division was invented by Sturluson, perhaps as a result of Christian influence, considering the clear parallels with the Christian concept of angels and demons.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":442,"children":443},{},[444],{"type":399,"value":445},"The elves seem to have had a positive relationship with the gods, especially the Vanir, whereas their relationship with humans was more enigmatic. In some sagas, they are the cause of human illnesses, while in others, they offer cures.",{"title":388,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":447},[],{"id":80,"data":81,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":84,"parsed":449},{"data":450,"body":452,"toc":512},{"title":388,"description":451},"The dwarves, or dvergr, were master metalworkers who lived deep underground in networks of mines and tunnels, and who turned to stone if they came into contact with the sun.",{"type":391,"children":453},[454,466,471,499,504],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":455,"children":456},{},[457,459,464],{"type":399,"value":458},"The dwarves, or ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":460,"children":461},{},[462],{"type":399,"value":463},"dvergr",{"type":399,"value":465},", were master metalworkers who lived deep underground in networks of mines and tunnels, and who turned to stone if they came into contact with the sun.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":467,"children":468},{},[469],{"type":399,"value":470},"They provided the gods with many valuable, magical items including Thor’s hammer, Mjöllnir, and Freyr’s gold-bristled boar, Gullinbursti. These were both produced after Loki initiated a challenge amongst the dwarves to see which of them could craft the most impressive object.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":472,"children":473},{},[474,475,479,481,485,487,491,493,497],{"type":399,"value":400},{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":476,"children":477},{},[478],{"type":399,"value":78},{"type":399,"value":480}," and the ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":482,"children":483},{},[484],{"type":399,"value":76},{"type":399,"value":486}," give conflicting accounts of the origin of dwarves. The ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":488,"children":489},{},[490],{"type":399,"value":78},{"type":399,"value":492}," describes how the dwarves were made from the blood of Ymir, the first jötunn. The ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":494,"children":495},{},[496],{"type":399,"value":76},{"type":399,"value":498},", meanwhile, suggests that the dwarves were maggot-like creatures who burrowed through Ymir’s flesh, until the gods discovered them and decided to imbue them with reason.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":500,"children":501},{},[502],{"type":399,"value":503},"There is no indication that the dwarves in Norse mythology were small in stature, no more than the jötunn were large. It is unclear when the word ‘dwarf’ became attached to the concept of shortness, but, in the modern world, this idea has become firmly established.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":505,"children":506},{},[507],{"type":394,"tag":412,"props":508,"children":511},{"alt":414,"src":509,"title":510},"image://dadb6937-4967-49a2-b75f-f2ed662c40ec","A depiction of dwarves. Image: Public domain",[],{"title":388,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":513},[],{"id":104,"data":105,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":108,"parsed":515},{"data":516,"body":518,"toc":548},{"title":388,"description":517},"The Valkyries were the ‘Choosers of the Slain’: a group of female spirits who would ride across battlefields on the backs of horses, deciding which warriors were deserving of a place in Odin’s hall of Valhalla. In certain accounts, they would also choose which warriors should live or die in the first place, an idea which gave them a sinister, fatalistic aura.",{"type":391,"children":519},[520,524,535,543],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":521,"children":522},{},[523],{"type":399,"value":517},{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":525,"children":526},{},[527,529,533],{"type":399,"value":528},"The Valkyries were also vicious fighters who could engage in a battle when they were needed, as described in the ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":530,"children":531},{},[532],{"type":399,"value":78},{"type":399,"value":534},": 'Helmeted valkyries came down from the sky / – the noise of spears grew loud – they protected the prince.' There is no suggestion that the Valkyries were immortal or invulnerable, but they were probably too powerful to be slain by any human hand.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":536,"children":537},{},[538],{"type":394,"tag":412,"props":539,"children":542},{"alt":414,"src":540,"title":541},"image://6f86e17f-d9f4-4eff-8046-9881d60edc22","A depiction of valkyries. Image: Public domain",[],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":544,"children":545},{},[546],{"type":399,"value":547},"Some historians believe that the concept of Valkyries must have been based upon real women warriors. This interpretation grew in popularity in 2017, when DNA analysis of an exhumed Norse warrior found evidence that the warrior was female. However, those findings have since been challenged, and the idea of female warriors within Norse society remains a controversial, unproven theory.",{"title":388,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":549},[],{"id":138,"data":139,"type":25,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":141,"introPage":149,"pages":551},[552,594,647,688],{"id":157,"data":158,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":161,"parsed":553},{"data":554,"body":556,"toc":592},{"title":388,"description":555},"Jörmungandr, or the World Serpent, was an immense snake whose coils encircled the entirety of Midgard, the realm of humans. The Norse believed that Midgard was a wide, flat disk with an ocean around the edges, and Jörmungandr lay at the bottom of this ocean with his tail tucked into his own mouth.",{"type":391,"children":557},[558,562,573,584],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":559,"children":560},{},[561],{"type":399,"value":555},{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":563,"children":564},{},[565,567,571],{"type":399,"value":566},"Jörmungandr’s father was Loki, and his sister was Hel. According to the ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":568,"children":569},{},[570],{"type":399,"value":76},{"type":399,"value":572},", Odin was nervous about the dangerous nature of Loki’s children, and eventually decided to banish them. Hel was sent to live in the underworld, while Jörmungandr was thrown to the bottom of the sea.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":574,"children":575},{},[576,578,582],{"type":399,"value":577},"Despite this banishment, Jörmungandr is never presented as Odin’s enemy. Instead, the World Serpent is the recurring enemy of Thor. Several poems in the ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":579,"children":580},{},[581],{"type":399,"value":78},{"type":399,"value":583}," describe confrontations between the god of thunder and the World Serpent, and they are prophesied to one day kill each other in battle.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":585,"children":586},{},[587],{"type":394,"tag":412,"props":588,"children":591},{"alt":414,"src":589,"title":590},"image://a3f703d3-8850-4ae2-806d-0538667ab4ec","A depiction of Thor and Jörmungandr. Image: Public domain",[],{"title":388,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":593},[],{"id":179,"data":180,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":183,"parsed":595},{"data":596,"body":598,"toc":645},{"title":388,"description":597},"Fenrir was a giant, monstrous wolf, the son of Loki and sibling to Jörmungandr and Hel. He was an important figure in Norse mythology, as evidenced by the number of references in the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda, as well as depictions of a monstrous wolf on several runestones unearthed by modern archaeologists.",{"type":391,"children":599},[600,616,621,632,637],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":601,"children":602},{},[603,605,609,610,614],{"type":399,"value":604},"Fenrir was a giant, monstrous wolf, the son of Loki and sibling to Jörmungandr and Hel. He was an important figure in Norse mythology, as evidenced by the number of references in the ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":606,"children":607},{},[608],{"type":399,"value":78},{"type":399,"value":480},{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":611,"children":612},{},[613],{"type":399,"value":76},{"type":399,"value":615},", as well as depictions of a monstrous wolf on several runestones unearthed by modern archaeologists.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":617,"children":618},{},[619],{"type":399,"value":620},"Fenrir was so large and dangerous that the gods made efforts to bind him. No normal chain would have been capable of such a feat, so they turned to the dwarves for help.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":622,"children":623},{},[624,626,630],{"type":399,"value":625},"According to the ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":627,"children":628},{},[629],{"type":399,"value":76},{"type":399,"value":631},", the dwarves made a chain for Fenrir using six magical ingredients: 'the noise a cat makes when it moves, the beard of a woman, the roots of a mountain, the sinews of a bear, the breath of a fish, and the spittle of a bird.'",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":633,"children":634},{},[635],{"type":399,"value":636},"This chain, Gleipnir, was successful, but the Norse did not expect it to hold Fenrir forever. They believed that, at the end of the world, the chain would break and Fenrir would devour Odin.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":638,"children":639},{},[640],{"type":394,"tag":412,"props":641,"children":644},{"alt":414,"src":642,"title":643},"image://f839417a-8ac0-413d-b826-7db088c90405","A depiction of Fenrir and Odin. Image: Public domain",[],{"title":388,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":646},[],{"id":201,"data":202,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":205,"parsed":648},{"data":649,"body":651,"toc":686},{"title":388,"description":650},"Níðhöggr was a giant dragon who lived under Yggdrasil, the World Tree. He would chew on the tree’s roots, hoping to kill it, and to drag the cosmos into a state of chaos. Some myths suggest that he was trapped by the roots, and that, if he ever broke free, it would mark the end of the universe.",{"type":391,"children":652},[653,657,667,678],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":654,"children":655},{},[656],{"type":399,"value":650},{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":658,"children":659},{},[660,661,665],{"type":399,"value":400},{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":662,"children":663},{},[664],{"type":399,"value":78},{"type":399,"value":666}," explains how Níðhöggr also played a role in the afterlife, chewing on the bodies of murderers and adulterers for all eternity: 'There Níðhöggr sucked / the blood of the slain.' However, this idea may have been a late addition to Norse mythology, with the concept of eternal suffering probably inspired by Christian teachings on the afterlife.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":668,"children":669},{},[670,672,676],{"type":399,"value":671},"In terms of physical form, Níðhöggr was closer to a giant snake than to our modern conception of a dragon. Archaeologists are yet to discover any physical depictions of him, but the ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":673,"children":674},{},[675],{"type":399,"value":76},{"type":399,"value":677}," includes his name on a list of serpents.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":679,"children":680},{},[681],{"type":394,"tag":412,"props":682,"children":685},{"alt":414,"src":683,"title":684},"image://5c60f72d-bc57-41a0-8074-d5e9f022903a","A 17th century depiction of Níðhöggr. Image: Public domain",[],{"title":388,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":687},[],{"id":226,"data":227,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":230,"parsed":689},{"data":690,"body":692,"toc":735},{"title":388,"description":691},"Hafgufa was a monstrous sea creature with jaws so large that it could swallow a ship. Its name appears briefly in the Prose Edda, as part of a list of whales, but no further information is given.",{"type":391,"children":693},[694,705,717,722,727],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":695,"children":696},{},[697,699,703],{"type":399,"value":698},"Hafgufa was a monstrous sea creature with jaws so large that it could swallow a ship. Its name appears briefly in the ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":700,"children":701},{},[702],{"type":399,"value":76},{"type":399,"value":704},", as part of a list of whales, but no further information is given.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":706,"children":707},{},[708,710,715],{"type":399,"value":709},"For a full account of the creature, historians must turn to ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":711,"children":712},{},[713],{"type":399,"value":714},"Konungs skuggsjá",{"type":399,"value":716},", or ‘King’s Mirror,’ another Old Norse work written in the mid-13th century.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":718,"children":719},{},[720],{"type":399,"value":721},"This text explains how the Hafgufa lived off the coast of Iceland, and, when sitting still, could easily be mistaken for an island. It hunted other creatures by belching vomit into the surrounding water, then waiting for hungry fish to swarm. When a suitable number of fish had gathered, the Hafgufa closed its mouth and swallowed them in a single gulp.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":723,"children":724},{},[725],{"type":399,"value":726},"It is arguable whether or not the Hafgufa should be included on a list of mythical creatures. At the time, it was never associated with the gods, or magic, or other realms. The Norse simply believed that it was a dangerous creature who inhabited the deepest ocean, no less real than a shark or a whale. In hindsight, we can label Hafgufa as a mythical beast, but to terrified sailors setting out on long journeys, it was probably anything but.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":728,"children":729},{},[730],{"type":394,"tag":412,"props":731,"children":734},{"alt":414,"src":732,"title":733},"image://ad291bbf-09ea-49fc-8874-f3cf15761edf","A depiction of Hafgufa. Image: Public domain",[],{"title":388,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":736},[],{"id":267,"data":268,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":270,"introPage":277,"pages":738},[739,782,819],{"id":285,"data":286,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":289,"parsed":740},{"data":741,"body":743,"toc":780},{"title":388,"description":742},"Sleipnir was Odin’s horse, a fast and powerful mount, easily distinguishable from other horses by the fact that he had eight legs. The Poetic Edda states that 'Odin is the best of the Æsir, Sleipnir [the best] of horses.' His name means ‘slippy’ or ‘slippery one,’ probably based on the idea that he was too fast for anyone to catch.",{"type":391,"children":744},[745,756,767,772],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":746,"children":747},{},[748,750,754],{"type":399,"value":749},"Sleipnir was Odin’s horse, a fast and powerful mount, easily distinguishable from other horses by the fact that he had eight legs. The ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":751,"children":752},{},[753],{"type":399,"value":78},{"type":399,"value":755}," states that 'Odin is the best of the Æsir, Sleipnir [the best] of horses.' His name means ‘slippy’ or ‘slippery one,’ probably based on the idea that he was too fast for anyone to catch.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":757,"children":758},{},[759,761,765],{"type":399,"value":760},"Sleipnir’s origin story is an interesting one. His father was Svadilfari, another magical horse who was famed for his great strength. According to the ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":762,"children":763},{},[764],{"type":399,"value":76},{"type":399,"value":766},", Loki transformed himself into a female horse, then used this form to seduce Svadilfari. Loki, still disguised, went on to give birth to Sleipnir. This story is a clear indicator of Loki’s chaotic personality, as it does not follow the usual rules of nature.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":768,"children":769},{},[770],{"type":399,"value":771},"In Norse culture, horses were a symbol of strength and virility. They also had a divine quality to them, and some people believed that horses had the power to communicate directly with the gods.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":773,"children":774},{},[775],{"type":394,"tag":412,"props":776,"children":779},{"alt":414,"src":777,"title":778},"image://7afd4e4e-d1cb-458e-98c4-9dac7e8e43e8","A depiction of Sleipnir. Image: Public domain",[],{"title":388,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":781},[],{"id":325,"data":326,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":329,"parsed":783},{"data":784,"body":786,"toc":817},{"title":388,"description":785},"Huginn and Muninn were a pair of talking ravens who lived on Odin’s shoulders. The Prose Edda describes how, every morning, Odin sent them to fly over the human realm of Midgard. They would return to his shoulders at the end of the day with news and information.",{"type":391,"children":787},[788,799,804,812],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":789,"children":790},{},[791,793,797],{"type":399,"value":792},"Huginn and Muninn were a pair of talking ravens who lived on Odin’s shoulders. The ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":794,"children":795},{},[796],{"type":399,"value":76},{"type":399,"value":798}," describes how, every morning, Odin sent them to fly over the human realm of Midgard. They would return to his shoulders at the end of the day with news and information.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":800,"children":801},{},[802],{"type":399,"value":803},"The association between Odin and ravens is extremely old – a helmet from the 6th century, discovered in a Swedish grave, depicted a figure accompanied by a pair of birds – and this long standing connection is easy to explain. Ravens are associated with death and battlefields, while they are also extremely intelligent. These same characteristics are often attached to Odin, which makes ravens an appropriate match.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":805,"children":806},{},[807],{"type":394,"tag":412,"props":808,"children":811},{"alt":414,"src":809,"title":810},"image://39e4b3ee-132f-46c6-b801-409969998841","A depiction of Huginn and Muninn. Image: Der Künstler ist Robert Krausse, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":813,"children":814},{},[815],{"type":399,"value":816},"The names Huginn and Muninn are the Norse words for ‘thought’ and ‘memory.’ This has led some historians to argue that the ravens were never conceived of as real creatures. Instead, they might have been a metaphor for Odin’s Hugr, or ‘mind,’ which he was able to send out into Midgard while his physical body stayed behind in Asgard.",{"title":388,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":818},[],{"id":350,"data":351,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":354,"parsed":820},{"data":821,"body":823,"toc":865},{"title":388,"description":822},"Auðumbla was a primeval cow who fed Ymir, the first jötunn, with her milk. She is only ever mentioned in the Prose Edda, so modern historians must rely on a one-sided account of her role in Norse mythology.",{"type":391,"children":824},[825,836,841,852,860],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":826,"children":827},{},[828,830,834],{"type":399,"value":829},"Auðumbla was a primeval cow who fed Ymir, the first jötunn, with her milk. She is only ever mentioned in the ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":831,"children":832},{},[833],{"type":399,"value":76},{"type":399,"value":835},", so modern historians must rely on a one-sided account of her role in Norse mythology.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":837,"children":838},{},[839],{"type":399,"value":840},"This role, it seems, was to nourish the universe's first beings. This should come as no surprise, considering the importance of cows within Norse society as providers of milk and meat.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":842,"children":843},{},[844,846,850],{"type":399,"value":845},"As well as Ymir, who drank from four rivers of milk which flowed from her udder, Auðumbla was also heavily involved with the birth of Búri, grandfather of Odin. The ",{"type":394,"tag":402,"props":847,"children":848},{},[849],{"type":399,"value":76},{"type":399,"value":851}," explains how she licked a salt stone for three days, eroding it away until she discovered Búri hidden within.",{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":853,"children":854},{},[855],{"type":394,"tag":412,"props":856,"children":859},{"alt":414,"src":857,"title":858},"image://bd0357a4-6639-4d10-8af9-4a99daac6a2e","Image: Public domain",[],{"type":394,"tag":395,"props":861,"children":862},{},[863],{"type":399,"value":864},"Ymir was the progenitor of all jötnar, while Búri was the progenitor of all gods, and it is interesting to note how Auðumbla served as a link between the two factions. In later stories, they were usually pitted as enemies to one another, but, at the beginning of time, the gods and the jötnar shared a common relationship with Auðumbla.",{"title":388,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":866},[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":868,"height":868,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":869},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":868,"height":868,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":871},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M4 5h16M4 12h16M4 19h16\"/>",1778179205489]