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Mandate for Palestine allowed for the establishment of Israel",{"id":35,"data":36,"type":37,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":41},"fe8d720b-e978-49d9-81bb-7339b83ed504",{"type":37,"intro":38},10,[39,40],"What is Zionism, and where did it come from?","How and when was Israel first etablished?",1,[43,77,90],{"id":44,"data":45,"type":41,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":48},"49f4a349-5918-428e-9605-9543851f9ef2",{"type":41,"markdownContent":46,"audioMediaId":47},"After World War One, European nations and Arab locals weren’t the only people with an interest in the Middle East. There's another important group to talk about: Jewish settlers.\n\nThe Zionist Movement emerged in the late 19th century in response to a series of anti-Semitic incidents in Europe. These incidents, including pogroms and discriminatory laws, led many Jews to seek a solution to the 'Jewish question' in the form of a national homeland.\n\nTheodor Herzl, an Austro-Hungarian journalist and political activist, is often considered the father of modern political Zionism. Herzl's vision of a Jewish state, as articulated in his book 'The Jewish State', inspired many Jews to join the Zionist movement and work towards the establishment of a Jewish homeland.\n\n![Graph](image://b4838009-3432-41d6-b3c4-4c5f48d0201b \"Theodor Herzl. Image: Carl Pietzner, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")","3ec4a93a-aea3-4041-a8c0-233fc0ca234b",[49,70],{"id":50,"data":51,"type":52,"version":41,"maxContentLevel":19},"071dd30d-e59a-4d65-9df6-52a9ed9c6e02",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":41,"collapsingSiblings":53,"multiChoiceQuestion":57,"multiChoiceCorrect":59,"multiChoiceIncorrect":61,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":65,"matchPairsPairs":67},11,[54,55,56],"efe11a03-b661-410f-ad08-889e240e974e","b880bcfb-f432-4af8-831a-d12a99f033d8","35bc001e-a564-4c4a-9521-7717d61fd1f3",[58],"Who was Theodor Herzl?",[60],"Father of modern political Zionism",[62,63,64],"British diplomat during WW1","French diplomat during WW1","Head of the Jewish Agency during WW2",[66],"Match the pairs below:",[68],{"left":69,"right":60,"direction":19},"Theodor Herzl",{"id":71,"data":72,"type":52,"version":41,"maxContentLevel":19},"8a1a17ec-cb8c-449d-8b45-286ea12a2a83",{"type":52,"reviewType":41,"spacingBehaviour":41,"activeRecallQuestion":73,"activeRecallAnswers":75},[74],"Theodor Herzl outlined his vision of a Jewish state in which book?",[76]," 'The Jewish State'",{"id":78,"data":79,"type":41,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":82},"dbaa10fb-8ead-40ec-b4b2-485bb2fcff57",{"type":41,"markdownContent":80,"audioMediaId":81},"In 1917, the UK Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour sent a letter to Lord Rothschild, a leader of the British Jewish community. The letter expressed the British government's support for the establishment of a 'national home for the Jewish people'. Where would this national home be established? In the region of the Middle East known as Palestine.\n\nThe Balfour Declaration, as this letter became known, was the first time that a world power had publicly supported the Zionist cause.\n\n![Graph](image://0b43f0e4-baa8-46f7-a6a5-2d98af3c9b1c \"The Balfour declaration. Image: United Kingdom Government signed by Arthur Balfour, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nAfter World War One, the San Remo Resolution had granted Britain the Mandate for Palestine. This mandate gave Britain administrative control over this territory – and this had major implications.","bddc00f5-2af1-4a43-a65e-13b67d0c5ebd",[83],{"id":84,"data":85,"type":52,"version":41,"maxContentLevel":19},"05f96c60-43fc-4663-a1df-984c392b38c3",{"type":52,"reviewType":41,"spacingBehaviour":41,"activeRecallQuestion":86,"activeRecallAnswers":88},[87],"Who issued the Balfour Declaration?",[89],"Arthur Balfour (UK Foreign Secretary)",{"id":91,"data":92,"type":41,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":95},"ae944f57-aa26-463e-8184-6449a6fbfcfa",{"type":41,"markdownContent":93,"audioMediaId":94},"The Balfour Declaration had promised the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. And now, under the British Mandate for Palestine, this promise could be fulfilled.\n\nBritain played a crucial role in the establishment of Israel – a new home for the Jewish people. But Israel was controversial, especially amongst the Arab peoples who were living in Palestine already.\n\nThe British tried to manage these two opposing interests, alternating policies to appease both sides. But they often exacerbated local tensions in the process. Britain ended up overseeing two decades of unrest in Palestine, up until World War Two. After that, Britain would leave the region, but the ongoing conflict between Palestine and Israel would get worse.","3914f519-9678-4d8c-8ad0-ab5fab143d6d",[96,114,133],{"id":97,"data":98,"type":52,"version":41,"maxContentLevel":19},"7b2e184e-2bf4-456f-99ae-4ad28da454be",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":41,"collapsingSiblings":99,"multiChoiceQuestion":102,"multiChoiceCorrect":104,"multiChoiceIncorrect":106,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":110,"matchPairsPairs":111},[100,101],"96437523-0870-42a2-8f8f-7f53aba4ff51","ac286345-e32e-460d-9098-d7bc1f72934b",[103],"Which of these is an accurate description of Zionism?",[105],"None of these",[107,108,109],"Extreme Palestinian group","Militant Lebanese group","Extreme Pan-Islamist group",[66],[112],{"left":113,"right":105,"direction":19},"Zionism",{"id":115,"data":116,"type":52,"version":41,"maxContentLevel":19},"68d04bd9-54c9-4c68-8847-159915c8d09b",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":41,"collapsingSiblings":117,"multiChoiceQuestion":121,"multiChoiceCorrect":123,"multiChoiceIncorrect":125,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":129,"matchPairsPairs":130},[118,119,120],"8ed56d0b-bed6-4e23-923d-90c46cfcb8dd","ccf97464-ad43-47d6-ab6c-e9b766c17fdb","884a7098-7c80-4e67-a74a-39ccfab043a0",[122],"Which of these is an accurate description of the Balfour Declaration?",[124],"First public support for Zionism by a world power",[126,127,128],"Divided the Middle East between European powers","America's promise to support democracies against authoritarianism","America's promise to support Middle East against communism",[66],[131],{"left":132,"right":124,"direction":19},"Balfour Declaration",{"id":134,"data":135,"type":52,"version":41,"maxContentLevel":19},"833b5c58-ec6c-45cb-85f3-57cb3f27d475",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":41,"multiChoiceQuestion":136,"multiChoiceCorrect":138,"multiChoiceIncorrect":140,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[137],"After World War One, why did it become possible to put the Balfour Declaration into action?",[139],"Britain had the Mandate for Palestine",[141,142,143],"Britain had the Mandate for Israel","Israel had the Mandate for Palestine","Palestine had the Mandate for Israel",{"id":145,"data":146,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":148,"introPage":155,"pages":161},"f09c8ec1-a786-4c48-9caa-71a06291c121",{"type":25,"title":147},"The Arab-Israeli War",{"id":149,"data":150,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":41},"d77c0fe3-4835-4dd4-be3c-d163408b1e54",{"type":19,"summary":151},[152,153,154],"The Arab-Israeli War began in 1948, when Israel declared its independence","The conflict led to the mass displacement of Palestinian Arabs, known as the Palestinian Exodus","Over 700,000 Palestinian Arabs were forced to flee or were expelled from their homes",{"id":156,"data":157,"type":37,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":41},"e1bea9c8-9411-4b10-a068-3d95f0f702aa",{"type":37,"intro":158},[159,160],"What sparked the 1948 Arab-Israeli War?","What was the Palestinian Exodus?",[162,177,201],{"id":163,"data":164,"type":41,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":167},"85ee3a9a-88c9-473d-b949-384123094195",{"type":41,"markdownContent":165,"audioMediaId":166},"By the end of World War Two, the Middle East was on the brink of a brand new era. After fighting so hard for political freedom from Nazi Germany, European nations had started to see the hypocrisy of colonial rule. With an edge of embarrassment, Britain decided to withdraw from the Middle East.\n\nMeanwhile, the international push for a Jewish state intensified. The atrocities experienced by the Jewish people at the hands of Germany had bolstered international support for their cause, and led to an influx of refugees seeking a land where they could be free from anti-Semitism.\n\nIn 1947, the United Nations proposed a partition plan. The British would relinquish control in the region, and two new states would be established: one for the Jewish inhabitants of the region, and another for Arab populations. These new states would officially be known as Israel and Palestine.","5a12f55c-dca1-4930-b4aa-415591a5363c",[168],{"id":169,"data":170,"type":52,"version":41,"maxContentLevel":19},"ae64a19a-42fc-4a15-bbbe-17b908f1b157",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":41,"binaryQuestion":171,"binaryCorrect":173,"binaryIncorrect":175},[172],"After World War Two, who proposed a partion of Palestine into two states?",[174],"The United Nations",[176],"The League of Nations",{"id":178,"data":179,"type":41,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":182},"81c1bd57-6df4-40b9-b03b-5ec7647b6a46",{"type":41,"markdownContent":180,"audioMediaId":181},"On May 14, 1948, David Ben-Gurion, the head of the Jewish Agency, declared the official independence of the State of Israel.\n\n![Graph](image://97da454e-a09b-44a0-bb3e-812c3705056a \"David Ben-Gurion. Image: Israeli GPO photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nBut this declaration was met with fierce resistance by many Arabs. They rejected the establishment of a Jewish state – local Arabs had been living in the region for many generations, and resented the idea of giving up this territory (and leaving their homes) just because the United Nations had told them to.\n\nOn May 15, just a day after the announcement of Israeli independence, they launched a military campaign against the new state. This marked the start of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. And, despite being outnumbered, Israel managed to repel the Arabs and secure its own existence.\n\nThe United States was the first country to recognize Israel's independence, followed by the Soviet Union. This international recognition was also crucial for Israel's survival.","c80a082e-5bd4-42c7-8734-c935a5942bc0",[183,194],{"id":56,"data":184,"type":52,"version":41,"maxContentLevel":19},{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":41,"collapsingSiblings":185,"multiChoiceQuestion":186,"multiChoiceCorrect":188,"multiChoiceIncorrect":189,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":190,"matchPairsPairs":191},[54,55,50],[187],"Who was David Ben-Gurion?",[64],[62,63,60],[66],[192],{"left":193,"right":64,"direction":19},"David Ben-Gurion",{"id":195,"data":196,"type":52,"version":41,"maxContentLevel":19},"9e26725f-807c-4ca3-9705-fb519ef1fe59",{"type":52,"reviewType":41,"spacingBehaviour":41,"activeRecallQuestion":197,"activeRecallAnswers":199},[198],"What did David Ben-Gurion officially announce in 1948?",[200],"The independence of the State of Israel",{"id":202,"data":203,"type":41,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":206},"ac6274ca-6ce3-4ceb-9b8c-f5aeedef5940",{"type":41,"markdownContent":204,"audioMediaId":205},"The Palestinian Exodus, also known as the Nakba or 'catastrophe' in Arabic, occurred during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. This event refers to the mass displacement of Palestinian Arabs from their homes during the conflict.\n\n![Graph](image://0fffe935-313c-40a0-90e1-155140b3c522 \"Palestine refugees leaving Galilee. Image: Fred Csasznik, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nDuring the Palestinian Exodus, an estimated 700,000 Palestinian Arabs fled or were expelled from their homes. These refugees ended up in neighboring Arab countries, or in refugee camps in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. These small patches of land have been the home of the Palestinian people ever since this displacement.\n\nMore than fifty years later, the status of Palestinian refugees remains a contentious issue.","4ea0d97b-15ca-4efc-83ca-dcce38331994",[207,218,225],{"id":208,"data":209,"type":52,"version":41,"maxContentLevel":19},"b8670ae3-1ab5-448d-b8d2-3bf5ea5660dd",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":41,"multiChoiceQuestion":210,"multiChoiceCorrect":212,"multiChoiceIncorrect":214,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[211],"Which Arabic term (meaning 'catastrophe') is used to describe the mass displacement of Palestinian Arabs during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War?",[213],"Nakba",[215,216,217],"Intifada","Hijra","Tahrir",{"id":219,"data":220,"type":52,"version":41,"maxContentLevel":19},"986b4f3e-c496-4d8a-8e45-9b7bb5135956",{"type":52,"reviewType":41,"spacingBehaviour":41,"activeRecallQuestion":221,"activeRecallAnswers":223},[222],"Approximately how many Palestinian Arabs had to leave their homes during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War?",[224],"700,000",{"id":226,"data":227,"type":52,"version":41,"maxContentLevel":19},"c59ebb22-c5d7-4e89-bcea-3f7ac5d25e71",{"type":52,"reviewType":228,"spacingBehaviour":41,"matchPairsQuestion":229,"matchPairsPairs":230,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},6,[66],[231,234,237,240],{"left":232,"right":233,"direction":19},"1947","UN propose partition plan",{"left":235,"right":236,"direction":19},"May 14 1948","Israel declares independence",{"left":238,"right":239,"direction":19},"May 15 1948","Start of Arab-Israeli War",{"left":241,"right":105,"direction":19},"1949",{"id":243,"data":244,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":246,"introPage":253,"pages":259},"54c0a962-07f0-473e-92f5-6e76c89cd01c",{"type":25,"title":245},"The Six-Day War",{"id":247,"data":248,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":41},"07e1d119-fa8d-4d63-989d-b19cf853a6e2",{"type":19,"summary":249},[250,251,252],"The Six-Day War in 1967 saw Israel defeat Egypt, Jordan, and Syria","Israel gained control of the Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank, and Golan Heights","The rise of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) followed the Six-Day War",{"id":254,"data":255,"type":37,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":41},"dfb6d14b-144b-411b-912e-f5249abbaf04",{"type":37,"intro":256},[257,258],"What sparked the Six-Day War?","What is the Palestinian Liberation Organization?",[260,285,299],{"id":261,"data":262,"type":41,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":265},"58b9f4b3-19e1-45a5-8997-ba7f5c782430",{"type":41,"markdownContent":263,"audioMediaId":264},"Since the Arab-Israeli War, in 1948, conflicts between Israel and their Arab neighbors have broken out again and again.\n\nThe Six-Day War was another conflict that unfolded in 1967. It saw Israel go up against the nearby countries of Egypt, Jordan, and Syria.\n\nThe war began with a pre-emptive Israeli strike against Egypt, following a period of escalating tensions. It lasted for six days, and just like the Arab-Israeli War, it ended in Israeli victory.\n\n![Graph](image://9e1a912b-5901-4edf-99ca-012aab781902 \"An Israeli unit during the Six Day war. Image: Government Press Office (Israel), CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nAs a result of this war, Israel captured the Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank, and Golan Heights. These territorial gains significantly expanded the size of Israel, and brought large populations of Arabs under their control.","95aab0f2-e63b-4f9e-b604-a0cb5e95f1d3",[266,278],{"id":267,"data":268,"type":52,"version":41,"maxContentLevel":19},"13187c88-3670-48b8-846e-d7ff6dc6bb90",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":41,"multiChoiceQuestion":269,"multiChoiceCorrect":271,"multiChoiceIncorrect":275,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":277,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[270],"Which countries went up against Israel in the Six-Day War?",[272,273,274],"Egypt","Jordan","Syria",[276],"Afghanistan",true,{"id":279,"data":280,"type":52,"version":41,"maxContentLevel":19},"d92e96ec-c579-4d99-9dd3-2af7d174ef11",{"type":52,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":41,"clozeQuestion":281,"clozeWords":283},[282],"During the Six-Day War, Israel captured the Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank, and Golan Heights.",[284],"Six-Day War",{"id":286,"data":287,"type":41,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":290},"d5162cae-253d-4c1b-b3b5-633c737ca83e",{"type":41,"markdownContent":288,"audioMediaId":289},"The Six-Day War introduced a new set of status quos, many of which are still in place today.\n\nOne of the most contentious of these was the Israeli occupation of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. These areas, which had been an autonomous refuge for the Palestinian people after 1948, were now overseen by the Israeli military. Even today, Palestinians living in these regions are under tight military surveillance.\n\nFor example, the two million residents of the Gaza Strip have even been living under a military blockade by Israel since 2007. The Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories since 1967 marks the longest ongoing military occupation in the world.","98310f2e-6fc3-4ee5-915e-bd79f415f73a",[291],{"id":292,"data":293,"type":52,"version":41,"maxContentLevel":19},"93b8363b-7282-4c71-a30d-4cdfdcb07a6e",{"type":52,"reviewType":41,"spacingBehaviour":41,"activeRecallQuestion":294,"activeRecallAnswers":296},[295],"Which Palestinian territories have been occupied by Israel ever since the Six-Day War?",[297,298],"Gaza Strip","West Bank",{"id":300,"data":301,"type":41,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":304},"9e113186-8cb2-4cf3-9860-70ad1b705f6c",{"type":41,"markdownContent":302,"audioMediaId":303},"The Six-Day War was also followed by the rise of Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO).\n\nThis group was first established in 1964, but it wasn't until after the Six-Day War that the PLO really got going. They sought to liberate Palestine through armed struggle, and generally relied on guerilla tactics and terrorist-style attacks. More and more people got behind these tactics, as they realized that Israel would be hard to beat using traditional methods of warfare.\n\nYasser Arafat, who led the PLO between 1969 and 2004, was extremely controversial. Some people saw him as a noble figure fighting for the Palestinian cause, while others just saw him as a terrorist.\n\n![Graph](image://3b1253e1-71c9-494b-b8a5-8dfc72f7941b \"Yasser Arafat. Image:  Gideon Markowiz / Photographer: Israel Press and Photo Agency (I.P.P.A.) / Dan Hadani collection, National Library of Israel / CC BY 4.0, CC BY 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons.\")","62fcd245-8b77-4682-ae8d-e21345ca4ef0",[305,324,344,354],{"id":306,"data":307,"type":52,"version":41,"maxContentLevel":19},"836e1b2c-d79c-4a05-9f58-c3e87018df6a",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":41,"collapsingSiblings":308,"multiChoiceQuestion":312,"multiChoiceCorrect":314,"multiChoiceIncorrect":316,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":320,"matchPairsPairs":321},[309,310,311],"4ef8fd06-b069-4d7a-be9c-e75b9699a32c","1549c208-b25a-41e1-8bd9-ce1f0dafd7d6","48c83a66-21cd-4879-91ca-e761fbbc1ea9",[313],"Who was Yasser Arafat?",[315],"Leader of the PLO",[317,318,319],"President of Egypt","President of Libya","President of Iraq",[66],[322],{"left":323,"right":315,"direction":19},"Yasser Arafat",{"id":325,"data":326,"type":52,"version":41,"maxContentLevel":19},"d3899ba7-fe90-4373-8b8e-1329cedae534",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":41,"collapsingSiblings":327,"multiChoiceQuestion":331,"multiChoiceCorrect":333,"multiChoiceIncorrect":335,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":41,"orderQuestion":339,"orderItems":341},[328,329,330],"05bc8733-d4fa-4c43-b37b-d763b2e2f9cb","f2c62435-8704-4fde-96b2-7783120470b4","8aa03933-093d-4563-ac97-c89986f1d9ec",[332],"When did the Arab-Israeli war take place?",[334],"1948",[336,337,338],"1967","1973","1979",[340],"Put these events in order:",[342],{"label":343,"reveal":334,"sortOrder":4},"Arab-Israeli War",{"id":328,"data":345,"type":52,"version":41,"maxContentLevel":19},{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":41,"collapsingSiblings":346,"multiChoiceQuestion":347,"multiChoiceCorrect":349,"multiChoiceIncorrect":350,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":41,"orderQuestion":351,"orderItems":352},[325,329,330],[348],"When did the Six-Day war take place?",[336],[334,337,338],[340],[353],{"label":284,"reveal":336,"sortOrder":41},{"id":355,"data":356,"type":52,"version":41,"maxContentLevel":19},"f2597a69-483e-4043-b7d6-27362c1aea63",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":41,"multiChoiceQuestion":357,"multiChoiceCorrect":359,"multiChoiceIncorrect":361,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[358],"Which of these statements about the Palestinian Liberation Organization is most accurate?",[360],"The PLO gained support in the aftermath of the Six-Day War",[362,363,364],"The PLO formed in the aftermath of the Six-Day War","The PLO disbanded in the aftermath of the Six-Day War","The PLO lost support in the aftermath of the Six-Day War",{"id":366,"data":367,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":369,"introPage":377,"pages":383},"c6bd439d-80cd-47e2-824e-90f134d0eff2",{"type":25,"title":368},"Further conflict",{"id":370,"data":371,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":41},"6851fdd1-884c-4a2b-b660-0cdb2bfe9e2b",{"type":19,"summary":372},[373,374,375,376],"The Yom Kippur War saw Arab nations launch a surprise attack on Israel in 1973","The Intifadas of 1987-1993 and 2000-2005 were significant conflicts between Israelis and Palestinians","The PLO now lobbies for Palestine through peaceful means","In recent years, Hamas has led a number of violent acts against Israel",{"id":378,"data":379,"type":37,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":41},"ebc5ed4b-73fc-4007-90b5-63faaa7c6595",{"type":37,"intro":380},[381,382],"What sparked the Yom Kippur War?","What is Hamas?",[384,417,431],{"id":385,"data":386,"type":41,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":389},"0d119a5e-728a-4a29-a31a-f8de724d366c",{"type":41,"markdownContent":387,"audioMediaId":388},"The Six-Day War of 1967 was seen as a huge loss by Arab nations, who became united in their desire to seek some retribution. In 1973, they launched a surprise attack on Israel on Yom Kippur, the holiest day in Judaism.\n\nThe Yom Kippur War, as this event became known, caught Israel by surprise, and saw them suffer heavy losses in the first few days of the war. However, they did manage to recover somewhat, before an official ceasefire was agreed under the guidance of the United Nations.\n\n![Graph](image://266e41d7-c831-45f4-9692-579e170af173 \"Troops during the Yom Kippur War. Image: אבי שמחוני / IDF Spokesperson's Unit\")\n\nUltimately, this war was viewed as a partial success for the Arab nations. As part of the peace agreement, Israel agreed to give up the Sinai peninsula, a disputed territory which they'd claimed during the Six-Day War. In return, Egypt recognized Israel as a sovereign state in 1979, becoming the first Arab nation to do so.","e5b7a180-cbbb-4c22-b9a4-0b0555092b15",[390,401],{"id":391,"data":392,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":19},"233230ac-fe9a-4be1-9e55-b173bf47945f",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":41,"multiChoiceQuestion":393,"multiChoiceCorrect":395,"multiChoiceIncorrect":397},[394],"Seeking revenge after the Six-Day War, a coalition of Arab nations attacked Israel on which Jewish holy day?",[396],"Yom Kippur",[398,399,400],"Rosh Hashanah","Hanukkah","Passover",{"id":402,"data":403,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":19},"f126349f-b4db-4c2f-9fef-4c5cf916794a",{"type":52,"reviewType":228,"spacingBehaviour":41,"matchPairsQuestion":404,"matchPairsPairs":406,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},[405],"What happened at the end of the Yom Kippur War?",[407,409,412,415],{"left":272,"right":408,"direction":19},"Recognized Israel as a sovereign state",{"left":410,"right":411,"direction":19},"Israel","Gave up the Sinai Peninsula",{"left":413,"right":414,"direction":19},"United Nations","Brokered a ceasefire",{"left":416,"right":105,"direction":19},"Britain",{"id":418,"data":419,"type":41,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":422},"0d44dc72-24c7-459b-bb30-0a92303f4873",{"type":41,"markdownContent":420,"audioMediaId":421},"The next few decades were punctuated by more military clashes, such as Iraqi missile strikes launched at Israel in 1991. However, in the decades following the Yom Kippur war, most of the threats posed to Israel came less from the Arab nations around it, and more from insurgent and paramilitary organizations.\n\nAmong the outbreaks of violence between Israelis and Palestinians, the most significant were probably the two 'Intifadas' of 1987-1993 and 2000-2005.\n\nThese conflicts followed a similar pattern. Palestinian protests at the Israeli occupation boiled over into violence against Israelis. Israeli military forces responded with immense force. Thousands were killed in both Intifadas, with the bulk of casualties being taken on the Palestinian side.\n\n![Graph](image://02530735-0f76-4c1e-8557-67f4238a567a \"Intifada. Image: Efi Sharir / Dan Hadani collection / National Library of Israel / The Pritzker Family National Photography Collection, CC BY 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")","f02f5566-bdf8-46cc-b822-f4a495af9b5e",[423],{"id":424,"data":425,"type":52,"version":41,"maxContentLevel":19},"0c8bbf63-1266-4ef4-87a3-636850e57f44",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":41,"binaryQuestion":426,"binaryCorrect":428,"binaryIncorrect":430},[427],"During the two Intifadas, which side suffered more casualties?",[429],"Palestine",[410],{"id":432,"data":433,"type":41,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":436},"70af57f9-24c2-4335-bba4-6bdafd83bcbc",{"type":41,"markdownContent":434,"audioMediaId":435},"Since 1993, the PLO has recognized Israel's right to exist, and now lobby for Palestine through peaceful means.\n\nBut at the same time, Hamas has risen: an extreme terrorist organization. They have led a number of violent acts against Israel, which have often been targeted at civilians.\n\nAs of 2024, tensions between Israel and Palestine are higher than ever. The present generation of leaders have lived their whole lives under the status quo established in 1967. The weight of countless injustices and brutalities is felt heavily by both sides, and both Israel and Palestine have elected leaders that are more uncompromising and extreme than their predecessors.\n\nWith each new act of violence, it becomes harder to imagine a peaceful reconciliation. In the eyes of many Palestinian Arabs, the state of Israel has robbed them of their homeland. But in the eyes of many Israeli Jews, the Palestinians' continued acts of violence make them nothing more than fundamentalist terrorists.","e550a131-7f30-46e1-bcb2-7d45074c844f",[437,448,459,470],{"id":100,"data":438,"type":52,"version":41,"maxContentLevel":19},{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":41,"collapsingSiblings":439,"multiChoiceQuestion":440,"multiChoiceCorrect":442,"multiChoiceIncorrect":443,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":444,"matchPairsPairs":445},[97,101],[441],"Which of these is an accurate description of Hamas?",[107],[105,108,109],[66],[446],{"left":447,"right":107,"direction":19},"Hamas",{"id":329,"data":449,"type":52,"version":41,"maxContentLevel":19},{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":41,"collapsingSiblings":450,"multiChoiceQuestion":451,"multiChoiceCorrect":453,"multiChoiceIncorrect":454,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":41,"orderQuestion":455,"orderItems":456},[325,328,330],[452],"When did the Yom Kippur war take place?",[337],[334,336,338],[340],[457],{"label":458,"reveal":337,"sortOrder":25},"Yom Kippur War",{"id":330,"data":460,"type":52,"version":41,"maxContentLevel":19},{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":41,"collapsingSiblings":461,"multiChoiceQuestion":462,"multiChoiceCorrect":464,"multiChoiceIncorrect":465,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":41,"orderQuestion":466,"orderItems":467},[325,328,329],[463],"When did Egypt first recognize Israel as a state?",[338],[334,336,337],[340],[468],{"label":469,"reveal":338,"sortOrder":19},"Egypt recognized Israel as a state",{"id":471,"data":472,"type":52,"version":41,"maxContentLevel":19},"cc3b8290-4fec-4c6d-a4a3-269903108c97",{"type":52,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":41,"clozeQuestion":473,"clozeWords":475},[474],"Since 1993, the PLO has recognized Israel's right to exist, and now lobby for Palestine through peaceful means.",[476],"PLO",{"id":478,"data":479,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":481,"introPage":489,"pages":495},"02b51447-4d22-49e7-9666-1cd08b30f97a",{"type":25,"title":480},"Lebanon-Israel",{"id":482,"data":483,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":41},"aefb8add-dafb-4f8c-b6cc-224653b45d57",{"type":19,"summary":484},[485,486,487,488],"Israel invaded Lebanon in 1982 to expel the PLO","Hezbollah rose to prominence in Lebanon after the PLO was expelled","The 2006 Lebanon War was triggered by a cross-border raid by Hezbollah","Tensions between Israel and Hezbollah have remained high since the 2006 war",{"id":490,"data":491,"type":37,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":41},"3a7830dd-a517-4f29-9c22-8aa64914761e",{"type":37,"intro":492},[493,494],"What is Hezbollah?","What sparked the 2006 Lebanon War?",[496,528,545],{"id":497,"data":498,"type":41,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":501},"dbc27d42-d927-4bed-9458-ece3f0be1405",{"type":41,"markdownContent":499,"audioMediaId":500},"The establishment of Israel, in 1948, has also sparked tensions with the neighboring state of Lebanon. At the center of the Israel-Lebanon conflict is the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO). When the group was established in 1964, it used Lebanon as a base for launching attacks on Israel.\n\n![Graph](image://c69a66c1-aeda-41bd-b7de-466e46614030 \"Israel-Lebanon conflict. Image: ברקאי וולפסון + ערן-יופי כהן / IDF Spokesperson's Unit CC BY-SA 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en via Wikimedia.\")\n\nIn 1982, Israel invaded Lebanon, in an effort to find and expel the PLO. The 1982 Lebanon War, as this came to be known, had a massive impact on Lebanon. As well as loss of life, the war also damaged the country's infrastructure, including roads, bridges, and buildings.\n\nThe 1982 Lebanon War ended with the expulsion of the PLO from Lebanon. But this didn't bring an end to the conflict. Instead, it led to the rise of Hezbollah, which has played a significant role ever since.","d30040ea-214e-42a9-bca4-789779f762bd",[502,521],{"id":503,"data":504,"type":52,"version":41,"maxContentLevel":19},"465303df-b8eb-4162-9bef-5b95b8d2ed34",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":41,"collapsingSiblings":505,"multiChoiceQuestion":509,"multiChoiceCorrect":511,"multiChoiceIncorrect":513,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":517,"matchPairsPairs":518},[506,507,508],"f84908d2-ec47-4eb6-a1c6-ba9a9cb502d8","bbae8bc6-6354-49dc-93a9-0e7d7460e555","803d7e4b-8193-4446-8600-18995e21c553",[510],"Which of these countries was an early base for PLO attacks on Israel?",[512],"Lebanon",[514,515,516],"Iran","Iraq","Tunisia",[66],[519],{"left":512,"right":520,"direction":19},"Base for PLO attacks on Israel",{"id":522,"data":523,"type":52,"version":41,"maxContentLevel":19},"6c7a4112-2ce3-4ee1-9d8f-df84922c4786",{"type":52,"reviewType":41,"spacingBehaviour":41,"activeRecallQuestion":524,"activeRecallAnswers":526},[525],"Why did Israel invade Lebanon in 1982?",[527],"They wanted to find and expel the PLO",{"id":529,"data":530,"type":41,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":533},"151744fa-aef2-471d-9e92-ef506c2f3b94",{"type":41,"markdownContent":531,"audioMediaId":532},"Hezbollah is a political party and militant group. Just like the Palestinian Liberation Organization, their primary aim is the resistance of Israeli occupation.\n\nHowever, where the PLO was Palestinian, Hezbollah was founded by Lebanese people who'd been affected by the Israeli invasion in 1982. The group has managed to secure itself a strong political presence in Lebanon, mainly due to its resistance to Israel, but also its ties to Shia Islam. This particular branch of Islam is followed by almost a third of the population in Lebanon.\n\nHezbollah has also received support from Iran, which is 90% Shia Islam. Iranian funding, training, and weaponry is another reason why Hezbollah has managed to gain a significant foothold in Lebanon's political sphere.","38200e5a-fdf3-4f40-bbd4-e876d75f5d16",[534],{"id":535,"data":536,"type":52,"version":41,"maxContentLevel":19},"987e16ae-d101-43a1-b0ff-cde73674107b",{"type":52,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":41,"multiChoiceQuestion":537,"multiChoiceCorrect":539,"multiChoiceIncorrect":542,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":277,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[538],"What were the consequences of the 1982 Lebanon War?",[540,541],"PLO expelled from Lebanon","Hezbollah forms in Lebanon",[543,544],"PLO forms in Lebanon","Hezbollah expelled from Lebanon",{"id":546,"data":547,"type":41,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":550},"9ecbb0bc-5e2b-443d-94ff-12e3220d61ef",{"type":41,"markdownContent":548,"audioMediaId":549},"The 2006 Lebanon War was a 34-day military conflict between Israel and Hezbollah. The war was triggered by a cross-border raid by Hezbollah, in which two Israeli soldiers were captured. This act of aggression led to a full-scale war between Israel and Hezbollah.\n\nAgain, this war had a devastating impact on Lebanon's infrastructure. It also displaced almost 1 million Lebanese citizens. Reconstruction efforts were ongoing for many years, with the country struggling to recover from the extensive damage caused by the conflict.\n\n![Graph](image://fc30ec06-abd9-4363-b854-507c9916c3d7 \"Aftermath of the 2006 Lebanon. Image: User Mema435 on en.wikipedia, CC BY-SA 2.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons.\")\n\nDespite a UN-brokered ceasefire, tensions between Israel and Hezbollah have remained high since the 2006 war. The ceasefire has not led to a permanent resolution of the conflict, and the potential for further violence still remains.","4975bc11-d9c0-4438-ad85-338eb1825d8a",[551],{"id":552,"data":553,"type":52,"version":41,"maxContentLevel":19},"63694015-a41c-4485-9255-7f909fc3043e",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":41,"binaryQuestion":554,"binaryCorrect":556,"binaryIncorrect":558},[555],"Which branch of Islam would you associate with Hezbollah?",[557],"Shia",[559],"Sunni",[561,652,741,830,918],{"id":23,"data":24,"type":25,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":27,"introPage":34,"pages":562},[563,600,630],{"id":44,"data":45,"type":41,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":48,"parsed":564},{"data":565,"body":568,"toc":598},{"title":566,"description":567},"","After World War One, European nations and Arab locals weren’t the only people with an interest in the Middle East. There's another important group to talk about: Jewish settlers.",{"type":569,"children":570},"root",[571,578,583,588],{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":574,"children":575},"element","p",{},[576],{"type":577,"value":567},"text",{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":579,"children":580},{},[581],{"type":577,"value":582},"The Zionist Movement emerged in the late 19th century in response to a series of anti-Semitic incidents in Europe. These incidents, including pogroms and discriminatory laws, led many Jews to seek a solution to the 'Jewish question' in the form of a national homeland.",{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":584,"children":585},{},[586],{"type":577,"value":587},"Theodor Herzl, an Austro-Hungarian journalist and political activist, is often considered the father of modern political Zionism. Herzl's vision of a Jewish state, as articulated in his book 'The Jewish State', inspired many Jews to join the Zionist movement and work towards the establishment of a Jewish homeland.",{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":589,"children":590},{},[591],{"type":572,"tag":592,"props":593,"children":597},"img",{"alt":594,"src":595,"title":596},"Graph","image://b4838009-3432-41d6-b3c4-4c5f48d0201b","Theodor Herzl. Image: Carl Pietzner, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"title":566,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":599},[],{"id":78,"data":79,"type":41,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":82,"parsed":601},{"data":602,"body":604,"toc":628},{"title":566,"description":603},"In 1917, the UK Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour sent a letter to Lord Rothschild, a leader of the British Jewish community. The letter expressed the British government's support for the establishment of a 'national home for the Jewish people'. Where would this national home be established? In the region of the Middle East known as Palestine.",{"type":569,"children":605},[606,610,615,623],{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":607,"children":608},{},[609],{"type":577,"value":603},{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":611,"children":612},{},[613],{"type":577,"value":614},"The Balfour Declaration, as this letter became known, was the first time that a world power had publicly supported the Zionist cause.",{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":616,"children":617},{},[618],{"type":572,"tag":592,"props":619,"children":622},{"alt":594,"src":620,"title":621},"image://0b43f0e4-baa8-46f7-a6a5-2d98af3c9b1c","The Balfour declaration. Image: United Kingdom Government signed by Arthur Balfour, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":624,"children":625},{},[626],{"type":577,"value":627},"After World War One, the San Remo Resolution had granted Britain the Mandate for Palestine. This mandate gave Britain administrative control over this territory – and this had major implications.",{"title":566,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":629},[],{"id":91,"data":92,"type":41,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":95,"parsed":631},{"data":632,"body":634,"toc":650},{"title":566,"description":633},"The Balfour Declaration had promised the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. And now, under the British Mandate for Palestine, this promise could be fulfilled.",{"type":569,"children":635},[636,640,645],{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":637,"children":638},{},[639],{"type":577,"value":633},{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":641,"children":642},{},[643],{"type":577,"value":644},"Britain played a crucial role in the establishment of Israel – a new home for the Jewish people. But Israel was controversial, especially amongst the Arab peoples who were living in Palestine already.",{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":646,"children":647},{},[648],{"type":577,"value":649},"The British tried to manage these two opposing interests, alternating policies to appease both sides. But they often exacerbated local tensions in the process. Britain ended up overseeing two decades of unrest in Palestine, up until World War Two. After that, Britain would leave the region, but the ongoing conflict between Palestine and Israel would get worse.",{"title":566,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":651},[],{"id":145,"data":146,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":148,"introPage":155,"pages":653},[654,676,711],{"id":163,"data":164,"type":41,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":167,"parsed":655},{"data":656,"body":658,"toc":674},{"title":566,"description":657},"By the end of World War Two, the Middle East was on the brink of a brand new era. After fighting so hard for political freedom from Nazi Germany, European nations had started to see the hypocrisy of colonial rule. With an edge of embarrassment, Britain decided to withdraw from the Middle East.",{"type":569,"children":659},[660,664,669],{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":661,"children":662},{},[663],{"type":577,"value":657},{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":665,"children":666},{},[667],{"type":577,"value":668},"Meanwhile, the international push for a Jewish state intensified. The atrocities experienced by the Jewish people at the hands of Germany had bolstered international support for their cause, and led to an influx of refugees seeking a land where they could be free from anti-Semitism.",{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":670,"children":671},{},[672],{"type":577,"value":673},"In 1947, the United Nations proposed a partition plan. The British would relinquish control in the region, and two new states would be established: one for the Jewish inhabitants of the region, and another for Arab populations. These new states would officially be known as Israel and Palestine.",{"title":566,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":675},[],{"id":178,"data":179,"type":41,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":182,"parsed":677},{"data":678,"body":680,"toc":709},{"title":566,"description":679},"On May 14, 1948, David Ben-Gurion, the head of the Jewish Agency, declared the official independence of the State of Israel.",{"type":569,"children":681},[682,686,694,699,704],{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":683,"children":684},{},[685],{"type":577,"value":679},{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":687,"children":688},{},[689],{"type":572,"tag":592,"props":690,"children":693},{"alt":594,"src":691,"title":692},"image://97da454e-a09b-44a0-bb3e-812c3705056a","David Ben-Gurion. Image: Israeli GPO photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":695,"children":696},{},[697],{"type":577,"value":698},"But this declaration was met with fierce resistance by many Arabs. They rejected the establishment of a Jewish state – local Arabs had been living in the region for many generations, and resented the idea of giving up this territory (and leaving their homes) just because the United Nations had told them to.",{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":700,"children":701},{},[702],{"type":577,"value":703},"On May 15, just a day after the announcement of Israeli independence, they launched a military campaign against the new state. This marked the start of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. And, despite being outnumbered, Israel managed to repel the Arabs and secure its own existence.",{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":705,"children":706},{},[707],{"type":577,"value":708},"The United States was the first country to recognize Israel's independence, followed by the Soviet Union. This international recognition was also crucial for Israel's survival.",{"title":566,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":710},[],{"id":202,"data":203,"type":41,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":206,"parsed":712},{"data":713,"body":715,"toc":739},{"title":566,"description":714},"The Palestinian Exodus, also known as the Nakba or 'catastrophe' in Arabic, occurred during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. This event refers to the mass displacement of Palestinian Arabs from their homes during the conflict.",{"type":569,"children":716},[717,721,729,734],{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":718,"children":719},{},[720],{"type":577,"value":714},{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":722,"children":723},{},[724],{"type":572,"tag":592,"props":725,"children":728},{"alt":594,"src":726,"title":727},"image://0fffe935-313c-40a0-90e1-155140b3c522","Palestine refugees leaving Galilee. Image: Fred Csasznik, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":730,"children":731},{},[732],{"type":577,"value":733},"During the Palestinian Exodus, an estimated 700,000 Palestinian Arabs fled or were expelled from their homes. These refugees ended up in neighboring Arab countries, or in refugee camps in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. These small patches of land have been the home of the Palestinian people ever since this displacement.",{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":735,"children":736},{},[737],{"type":577,"value":738},"More than fifty years later, the status of Palestinian refugees remains a contentious issue.",{"title":566,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":740},[],{"id":243,"data":244,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":246,"introPage":253,"pages":742},[743,778,800],{"id":261,"data":262,"type":41,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":265,"parsed":744},{"data":745,"body":747,"toc":776},{"title":566,"description":746},"Since the Arab-Israeli War, in 1948, conflicts between Israel and their Arab neighbors have broken out again and again.",{"type":569,"children":748},[749,753,758,763,771],{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":750,"children":751},{},[752],{"type":577,"value":746},{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":754,"children":755},{},[756],{"type":577,"value":757},"The Six-Day War was another conflict that unfolded in 1967. It saw Israel go up against the nearby countries of Egypt, Jordan, and Syria.",{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":759,"children":760},{},[761],{"type":577,"value":762},"The war began with a pre-emptive Israeli strike against Egypt, following a period of escalating tensions. It lasted for six days, and just like the Arab-Israeli War, it ended in Israeli victory.",{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":764,"children":765},{},[766],{"type":572,"tag":592,"props":767,"children":770},{"alt":594,"src":768,"title":769},"image://9e1a912b-5901-4edf-99ca-012aab781902","An Israeli unit during the Six Day war. Image: Government Press Office (Israel), CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":772,"children":773},{},[774],{"type":577,"value":775},"As a result of this war, Israel captured the Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank, and Golan Heights. These territorial gains significantly expanded the size of Israel, and brought large populations of Arabs under their control.",{"title":566,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":777},[],{"id":286,"data":287,"type":41,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":290,"parsed":779},{"data":780,"body":782,"toc":798},{"title":566,"description":781},"The Six-Day War introduced a new set of status quos, many of which are still in place today.",{"type":569,"children":783},[784,788,793],{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":785,"children":786},{},[787],{"type":577,"value":781},{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":789,"children":790},{},[791],{"type":577,"value":792},"One of the most contentious of these was the Israeli occupation of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. These areas, which had been an autonomous refuge for the Palestinian people after 1948, were now overseen by the Israeli military. Even today, Palestinians living in these regions are under tight military surveillance.",{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":794,"children":795},{},[796],{"type":577,"value":797},"For example, the two million residents of the Gaza Strip have even been living under a military blockade by Israel since 2007. The Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories since 1967 marks the longest ongoing military occupation in the world.",{"title":566,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":799},[],{"id":300,"data":301,"type":41,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":304,"parsed":801},{"data":802,"body":804,"toc":828},{"title":566,"description":803},"The Six-Day War was also followed by the rise of Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO).",{"type":569,"children":805},[806,810,815,820],{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":807,"children":808},{},[809],{"type":577,"value":803},{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":811,"children":812},{},[813],{"type":577,"value":814},"This group was first established in 1964, but it wasn't until after the Six-Day War that the PLO really got going. They sought to liberate Palestine through armed struggle, and generally relied on guerilla tactics and terrorist-style attacks. More and more people got behind these tactics, as they realized that Israel would be hard to beat using traditional methods of warfare.",{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":816,"children":817},{},[818],{"type":577,"value":819},"Yasser Arafat, who led the PLO between 1969 and 2004, was extremely controversial. Some people saw him as a noble figure fighting for the Palestinian cause, while others just saw him as a terrorist.",{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":821,"children":822},{},[823],{"type":572,"tag":592,"props":824,"children":827},{"alt":594,"src":825,"title":826},"image://3b1253e1-71c9-494b-b8a5-8dfc72f7941b","Yasser Arafat. Image:  Gideon Markowiz / Photographer: Israel Press and Photo Agency (I.P.P.A.) / Dan Hadani collection, National Library of Israel / CC BY 4.0, CC BY 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons.",[],{"title":566,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":829},[],{"id":366,"data":367,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":369,"introPage":377,"pages":831},[832,862,892],{"id":385,"data":386,"type":41,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":389,"parsed":833},{"data":834,"body":836,"toc":860},{"title":566,"description":835},"The Six-Day War of 1967 was seen as a huge loss by Arab nations, who became united in their desire to seek some retribution. In 1973, they launched a surprise attack on Israel on Yom Kippur, the holiest day in Judaism.",{"type":569,"children":837},[838,842,847,855],{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":839,"children":840},{},[841],{"type":577,"value":835},{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":843,"children":844},{},[845],{"type":577,"value":846},"The Yom Kippur War, as this event became known, caught Israel by surprise, and saw them suffer heavy losses in the first few days of the war. However, they did manage to recover somewhat, before an official ceasefire was agreed under the guidance of the United Nations.",{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":848,"children":849},{},[850],{"type":572,"tag":592,"props":851,"children":854},{"alt":594,"src":852,"title":853},"image://266e41d7-c831-45f4-9692-579e170af173","Troops during the Yom Kippur War. Image: אבי שמחוני / IDF Spokesperson's Unit",[],{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":856,"children":857},{},[858],{"type":577,"value":859},"Ultimately, this war was viewed as a partial success for the Arab nations. As part of the peace agreement, Israel agreed to give up the Sinai peninsula, a disputed territory which they'd claimed during the Six-Day War. In return, Egypt recognized Israel as a sovereign state in 1979, becoming the first Arab nation to do so.",{"title":566,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":861},[],{"id":418,"data":419,"type":41,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":422,"parsed":863},{"data":864,"body":866,"toc":890},{"title":566,"description":865},"The next few decades were punctuated by more military clashes, such as Iraqi missile strikes launched at Israel in 1991. However, in the decades following the Yom Kippur war, most of the threats posed to Israel came less from the Arab nations around it, and more from insurgent and paramilitary organizations.",{"type":569,"children":867},[868,872,877,882],{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":869,"children":870},{},[871],{"type":577,"value":865},{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":873,"children":874},{},[875],{"type":577,"value":876},"Among the outbreaks of violence between Israelis and Palestinians, the most significant were probably the two 'Intifadas' of 1987-1993 and 2000-2005.",{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":878,"children":879},{},[880],{"type":577,"value":881},"These conflicts followed a similar pattern. Palestinian protests at the Israeli occupation boiled over into violence against Israelis. Israeli military forces responded with immense force. Thousands were killed in both Intifadas, with the bulk of casualties being taken on the Palestinian side.",{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":883,"children":884},{},[885],{"type":572,"tag":592,"props":886,"children":889},{"alt":594,"src":887,"title":888},"image://02530735-0f76-4c1e-8557-67f4238a567a","Intifada. Image: Efi Sharir / Dan Hadani collection / National Library of Israel / The Pritzker Family National Photography Collection, CC BY 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons",[],{"title":566,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":891},[],{"id":432,"data":433,"type":41,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":436,"parsed":893},{"data":894,"body":895,"toc":916},{"title":566,"description":474},{"type":569,"children":896},[897,901,906,911],{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":898,"children":899},{},[900],{"type":577,"value":474},{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":902,"children":903},{},[904],{"type":577,"value":905},"But at the same time, Hamas has risen: an extreme terrorist organization. They have led a number of violent acts against Israel, which have often been targeted at civilians.",{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":907,"children":908},{},[909],{"type":577,"value":910},"As of 2024, tensions between Israel and Palestine are higher than ever. The present generation of leaders have lived their whole lives under the status quo established in 1967. The weight of countless injustices and brutalities is felt heavily by both sides, and both Israel and Palestine have elected leaders that are more uncompromising and extreme than their predecessors.",{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":912,"children":913},{},[914],{"type":577,"value":915},"With each new act of violence, it becomes harder to imagine a peaceful reconciliation. In the eyes of many Palestinian Arabs, the state of Israel has robbed them of their homeland. But in the eyes of many Israeli Jews, the Palestinians' continued acts of violence make them nothing more than fundamentalist terrorists.",{"title":566,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":917},[],{"id":478,"data":479,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":481,"introPage":489,"pages":919},[920,950,972],{"id":497,"data":498,"type":41,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":501,"parsed":921},{"data":922,"body":924,"toc":948},{"title":566,"description":923},"The establishment of Israel, in 1948, has also sparked tensions with the neighboring state of Lebanon. At the center of the Israel-Lebanon conflict is the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO). When the group was established in 1964, it used Lebanon as a base for launching attacks on Israel.",{"type":569,"children":925},[926,930,938,943],{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":927,"children":928},{},[929],{"type":577,"value":923},{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":931,"children":932},{},[933],{"type":572,"tag":592,"props":934,"children":937},{"alt":594,"src":935,"title":936},"image://c69a66c1-aeda-41bd-b7de-466e46614030","Israel-Lebanon conflict. Image: ברקאי וולפסון + ערן-יופי כהן / IDF Spokesperson's Unit CC BY-SA 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en via Wikimedia.",[],{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":939,"children":940},{},[941],{"type":577,"value":942},"In 1982, Israel invaded Lebanon, in an effort to find and expel the PLO. The 1982 Lebanon War, as this came to be known, had a massive impact on Lebanon. As well as loss of life, the war also damaged the country's infrastructure, including roads, bridges, and buildings.",{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":944,"children":945},{},[946],{"type":577,"value":947},"The 1982 Lebanon War ended with the expulsion of the PLO from Lebanon. But this didn't bring an end to the conflict. Instead, it led to the rise of Hezbollah, which has played a significant role ever since.",{"title":566,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":949},[],{"id":529,"data":530,"type":41,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":533,"parsed":951},{"data":952,"body":954,"toc":970},{"title":566,"description":953},"Hezbollah is a political party and militant group. Just like the Palestinian Liberation Organization, their primary aim is the resistance of Israeli occupation.",{"type":569,"children":955},[956,960,965],{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":957,"children":958},{},[959],{"type":577,"value":953},{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":961,"children":962},{},[963],{"type":577,"value":964},"However, where the PLO was Palestinian, Hezbollah was founded by Lebanese people who'd been affected by the Israeli invasion in 1982. The group has managed to secure itself a strong political presence in Lebanon, mainly due to its resistance to Israel, but also its ties to Shia Islam. This particular branch of Islam is followed by almost a third of the population in Lebanon.",{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":966,"children":967},{},[968],{"type":577,"value":969},"Hezbollah has also received support from Iran, which is 90% Shia Islam. Iranian funding, training, and weaponry is another reason why Hezbollah has managed to gain a significant foothold in Lebanon's political sphere.",{"title":566,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":971},[],{"id":546,"data":547,"type":41,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":550,"parsed":973},{"data":974,"body":976,"toc":1000},{"title":566,"description":975},"The 2006 Lebanon War was a 34-day military conflict between Israel and Hezbollah. The war was triggered by a cross-border raid by Hezbollah, in which two Israeli soldiers were captured. This act of aggression led to a full-scale war between Israel and Hezbollah.",{"type":569,"children":977},[978,982,987,995],{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":979,"children":980},{},[981],{"type":577,"value":975},{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":983,"children":984},{},[985],{"type":577,"value":986},"Again, this war had a devastating impact on Lebanon's infrastructure. It also displaced almost 1 million Lebanese citizens. Reconstruction efforts were ongoing for many years, with the country struggling to recover from the extensive damage caused by the conflict.",{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":988,"children":989},{},[990],{"type":572,"tag":592,"props":991,"children":994},{"alt":594,"src":992,"title":993},"image://fc30ec06-abd9-4363-b854-507c9916c3d7","Aftermath of the 2006 Lebanon. Image: User Mema435 on en.wikipedia, CC BY-SA 2.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons.",[],{"type":572,"tag":573,"props":996,"children":997},{},[998],{"type":577,"value":999},"Despite a UN-brokered ceasefire, tensions between Israel and Hezbollah have remained high since the 2006 war. The ceasefire has not led to a permanent resolution of the conflict, and the potential for further violence still remains.",{"title":566,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":1001},[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":1003,"height":1003,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":1004},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":1003,"height":1003,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":1006},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M4 5h16M4 12h16M4 19h16\"/>",1778179203207]