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control",3,5,[39,126],{"id":40,"data":41,"type":26,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":36,"summaryPage":43,"introPage":50,"pages":57},"84f96597-0a07-4f98-9487-119638f2ae44",{"type":26,"title":42},"The modern Middle East",{"id":44,"data":45,"type":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"3fb4a008-a6fd-4c2c-a57f-047482a4e382",{"type":36,"summary":46},[47,48,49],"The Ottoman Empire was once a dominant force in the Middle East","World War One led to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in 1922","This collapse led to a period of turbulence which is still going on today",{"id":51,"data":52,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"112f1c60-5737-4472-aa4c-d51ca3779d34",{"type":53,"intro":54},10,[55,56],"Why is the Middle East such a historically important part of the world?","What caused the fall of the once-mighty Ottoman Empire?",[58,76,93],{"id":59,"data":60,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":63},"23e76d0d-b27c-4d69-a563-fb6f949b6355",{"type":25,"markdownContent":61,"audioMediaId":62},"The Middle East is the birthplace of many of the world's most important civilizations. It was here that agriculture was first practiced, and the first known cities were built. Middle Eastern civilizations were probably the first to read and write, and also gave rise to three of humanity's biggest religions: Judaism, Christianity, Islam. More than half the world's population is an adherent of one of these religions.\n\n![Graph](image://edee59a0-1bfc-4046-91dd-31b314523138 \"The Middle East. Image: Merikanto, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe Middle East, in other words, has been an essential center for human progress for millennia. Yet in the past century, its history has often been a story of tragic conflict.\n\nThese conflicts have arisen as the region finds its place in the modern world – dealing with the aftermath of colonialism, the advent of the era of oil, the rise of America as a superpower, and the establishment of the state of Israel. All of these factors (among others) have created tensions in the region, which have rippled throughout the world to affect global geopolitics.\n\nThis pathway is an introduction to the complex, interwoven web of relationships and conflicts that have come to define the modern Middle East.","48ec0c68-2f8b-442d-9d2c-4f302db9ec12",[64],{"id":65,"data":66,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"f4e2c79a-c628-410c-b894-b1145d23fbab",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":68,"multiChoiceCorrect":70,"multiChoiceIncorrect":74,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":22,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},11,[69],"Which of these important world religions was founded in the Middle East?",[71,72,73],"Judaism","Christianity","Islam",[75],"Buddhism",{"id":77,"data":78,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":81},"20d24320-0132-4669-a608-c14820e9ce4e",{"type":25,"markdownContent":79,"audioMediaId":80},"To fully understand the modern Middle East, it's important to jump back to the 15th century, and the rise of the Ottoman Empire.\n\nAt the height of its power, this Islamic empire held sway in the Middle East, particularly its northern regions. With its rich cultural heritage and powerful military, the Ottomans were an extremely dominant force, influencing this region's politics, economy, and society.\n\n![Graph](image://5e3ad062-7f2a-4e86-94d6-d0dd42785ccd \"Ottoman Empire at its peak. Image: Public domain via www.rawpixel.com\")\n\nThe Ottomans ruled for hundreds of years. But by the dawn of the 20th century, their empire was in decline. It was often referred to as the 'sick man of Europe', a term that reflected its weakening political and economic status. The empire was plagued by internal strife, economic difficulties, and a series of military defeats.","b818718c-2e76-44fb-9e2e-efdcebe9bc6d",[82],{"id":83,"data":84,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"c9cb63b2-96ae-4b49-bd85-608e84f7144f",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":85,"multiChoiceCorrect":87,"multiChoiceIncorrect":89,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[86],"At the start of the 20th century, what was the Ottoman Empire often known as?",[88],"The sick man of Europe",[90,91,92],"The giant of Asia","The lion of the desert","The beggar of the East",{"id":94,"data":95,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":98},"3493413c-39a4-4da3-96e3-71945762f1d7",{"type":25,"markdownContent":96,"audioMediaId":97},"World War One proved to be the final blow for the Ottoman Empire. They sided with Germany, and were ultimately defeated by the Allied forces, including France, Britain and America.\n\nThe Ottoman Empire officially collapsed in 1922. This left the Middle East in a state of chaos – a power vacuum that would lead to widespread unrest.\n\nBut the Allies had actually been preparing for this opportunity.\n\nSince the start of the war, France and Britain, in particular, had recognized a chance to seize land from the crumbling Ottomans. They viewed the Middle East as a valuable asset, rich in resources and strategically located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa.\n\nSo began the century of turbulence which is still going on today.","aad98fad-9d92-4307-8cb1-9904603e46a6",[99,108,119],{"id":100,"data":101,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"7d714ed2-17ac-4a4c-a812-b23cf6234a39",{"type":67,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":102,"binaryCorrect":104,"binaryIncorrect":106},[103],"Who did the Ottomans side with in World War One?",[105],"Germany",[107],"The Allies",{"id":109,"data":110,"type":67,"version":36,"maxContentLevel":36},"b99c9846-5c04-4e01-a383-62575494917f",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":111,"multiChoiceCorrect":113,"multiChoiceIncorrect":115,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[112],"When did the Ottoman Empire officially collapse?",[114],"1922",[116,117,118],"1912","1902","1932",{"id":120,"data":121,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"6c1c5492-54ef-41e2-a77e-e46c6237e021",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":122,"activeRecallAnswers":124},[123],"During World War One, which two countries made plans to seize territory from the crumbling Ottoman Empire?",[125],"Britain and France",{"id":127,"data":128,"type":26,"version":26,"maxContentLevel":36,"summaryPage":130,"introPage":137,"pages":143},"e1787897-eee9-470e-ae1a-f2eb40a24699",{"type":26,"title":129},"Division of the Middle East",{"id":131,"data":132,"type":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"d8aa0a00-4b83-42b1-b456-ce2db9e37f64",{"type":36,"summary":133},[134,135,136],"The Arab Revolt helped to overthrow the Ottomans, but was betrayed by Britain after World War One","The San Remo Conference in 1920 confirmed the division of former Ottoman territories among European powers","This division of Middle Eastern territory ignored ethnic and cultural realities, leading to ongoing conflicts",{"id":138,"data":139,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"e8f3268d-5686-477b-88c5-0aee7eda8fc0",{"type":53,"intro":140},[141,142],"What secret plan did France and Britain draw up in the middle of World War One?","How did this plan change the course of Middle Eastern history?",[144,181,194,219],{"id":145,"data":146,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":149},"3a846e0a-c005-450a-ab2c-4ad8a23851be",{"type":25,"markdownContent":147,"audioMediaId":148},"In 1916, bang in the middle of World War One, France and Great Britain had devised a secret treaty.\n\nThe Sykes-Picot Agreement, as this treaty became known, was the result of negotiations between British and French diplomats, Mark Sykes and François Georges-Picot, in late 1915.\n\nThis agreement proposed a division of most of the Middle East between the two powers – assuming the Ottomans were defeated. Britain would control much of the southern region, while France would oversee Syria, Lebanon, and parts of Turkey.\n\n![Graph](image://e72a6f27-36e5-4b03-bb1e-4b94062128b2 \"France to control A, Britain to control B. Image: Public domain\")\n\nThe Agreement was ratified by the British and French governments in May 1916, and set the stage for the Middle East's future political landscape.","b0bf935e-f244-4b4c-b864-46602c383910",[150,170],{"id":151,"data":152,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"efe11a03-b661-410f-ad08-889e240e974e",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"collapsingSiblings":153,"multiChoiceQuestion":157,"multiChoiceCorrect":159,"multiChoiceIncorrect":161,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":165,"matchPairsPairs":167},[154,155,156],"b880bcfb-f432-4af8-831a-d12a99f033d8","071dd30d-e59a-4d65-9df6-52a9ed9c6e02","35bc001e-a564-4c4a-9521-7717d61fd1f3",[158],"Who was Mark Sykes?",[160],"British diplomat during WW1",[162,163,164],"French diplomat during WW1","Father of modern political Zionism","Head of the Jewish Agency during WW2",[166],"Match the pairs below:",[168],{"left":169,"right":160,"direction":36},"Mark Sykes",{"id":154,"data":171,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"collapsingSiblings":172,"multiChoiceQuestion":173,"multiChoiceCorrect":175,"multiChoiceIncorrect":176,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":177,"matchPairsPairs":178},[151,155,156],[174],"Who was François Georges-Picot?",[162],[160,163,164],[166],[179],{"left":180,"right":162,"direction":36},"François Georges-Picot",{"id":182,"data":183,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":186},"596a15be-30bf-4091-b083-024651b0aba2",{"type":25,"markdownContent":184,"audioMediaId":185},"Britain and France weren't the only ones thinking about a post-Ottoman future. Some of the people living in the region were thinking about that as well.\n\nIn 1916 (the same year as the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement), they launched the Arab Revolt: a military uprising of local forces against the ruling Ottoman Empire.\n\n![Graph](image://e6299f9e-5a4f-4333-b52e-ea8af296cf59 \"The Arab Revolt. Image: http://www.syrianhistory.com/photos/030.jpg, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe aim of the revolt was to create a unified Arab state stretching from Syria to Yemen. And Britain actually lent their support to this quest for self-determination.\n\nHowever, as soon as World War One was over, the British canceled their support for a unified Arab state. They decided to stick to the Sykes-Picot Agreement instead.","78a15e55-a192-4656-b1f0-2615412982b2",[187],{"id":188,"data":189,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"79a2354c-9ff4-4be7-8f27-15e86262a759",{"type":67,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":190,"clozeWords":192},[191],"The Arab Revolt was a military uprising against the Ottoman Empire during World War One.",[193],"Arab Revolt",{"id":195,"data":196,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":199},"3f29e6f2-3b08-4be2-bbec-6fbec69ee12e",{"type":25,"markdownContent":197,"audioMediaId":198},"After World War One, the details of the Sykes-Picot Agreement were discussed at the San Remo Conference in 1920.\n\nThis conference ended with the San Remo Resolution: a set of agreements which determined how the former Ottoman territories would be divided up among the Allies. These agreements were confirmed by the League of Nations – a precursor to the United Nations.\n\n![Graph](image://dee909b5-cc54-4de7-98cc-271a48071c1a \"San Remo Conference. Image: eipa.eu.com, public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThis division of territory created brand new nations. For instance, modern Iraq was created in 1920 by the British Mandate for Mesopotamia.\n\nThis decision of territory was a significant betrayal of the Arab cause – those who had fought for a single, unified nation. As European nations moved into the region, they were met by widespread resentment and disillusionment among the Arabs.","d82c7f04-7ec8-4dce-a76a-7b60b89eb6c9",[200],{"id":201,"data":202,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"8ed56d0b-bed6-4e23-923d-90c46cfcb8dd",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"collapsingSiblings":203,"multiChoiceQuestion":207,"multiChoiceCorrect":209,"multiChoiceIncorrect":211,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":215,"matchPairsPairs":216},[204,205,206],"68d04bd9-54c9-4c68-8847-159915c8d09b","ccf97464-ad43-47d6-ab6c-e9b766c17fdb","884a7098-7c80-4e67-a74a-39ccfab043a0",[208],"Which of these is an accurate description of the San Remo Resolution?",[210],"Divided the Middle East between European powers",[212,213,214],"First public support for Zionism by a world power","America's promise to support democracies against authoritarianism","America's promise to support Middle East against communism",[166],[217],{"left":218,"right":210,"direction":36},"San Remo Resolution",{"id":220,"data":221,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":224},"78e541d7-1e8c-4687-8297-17b1970b8914",{"type":25,"markdownContent":222,"audioMediaId":223},"To make things worse, the Allied division of Middle Eastern territory disregarded the ethnic and cultural realities of the region.\n\nFor example, land inhabited by the Kurds – a local ethnic group – was divided into Iraq, Syria, and Turkey. This division left the Kurdish people without a state of their own, leading to a long history of struggle and resistance.\n\n![Graph](image://6004cf0d-3634-4a8f-b349-98f7176ac377 \"Kurdish people. Image: Friends, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThere is a saying that the Kurds have 'no friends but the mountains'. A minority group in this divided region, they have suffered suppression and even attempted genocide.\n\nThis total disregard for local realities is still remembered today. In 2014, ISIS Caliph Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi announced a desire to hammer the 'last nail in the coffin of the Sykes-Picot conspiracy'.","1a4446d7-e033-42d3-b983-782f2a835815",[225,236,243],{"id":226,"data":227,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"d4ba4b43-5f79-4761-a52b-e0f5d206deb9",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":228,"multiChoiceCorrect":230,"multiChoiceIncorrect":232,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[229],"What happened to the land inhabited by the Kurds after the fall of Ottoman Empire?",[231],"Arbitrarily divided into Iraq, Syria, and Turkey",[233,234,235],"Turned into an independent state","Colonized to the British Empire","Annexed by Tsarist Russia",{"id":237,"data":238,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"054645ae-92fa-4fe8-997a-c57575a05866",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":239,"activeRecallAnswers":241},[240],"Which secret treaty between France and Britain first proposed a division of the Middle East?",[242],"The Sykes-Picot Agreement",{"id":244,"data":245,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"02190b37-136b-48b4-91ce-db26a93351d4",{"type":67,"reviewType":15,"spacingBehaviour":25,"orderAxisType":246,"orderQuestion":247,"orderItems":249},6,[248],"Put these events in order:",[250,252,254,256],{"label":251,"sortOrder":4},"Outbreak of World War One",{"label":253,"sortOrder":25},"Arab Revolt seeks a unified Arab state",{"label":255,"sortOrder":26},"Britain lends support to Arab Revolt",{"label":257,"sortOrder":36},"Britain decides to honor Sykes-Picot Agreement ",{"id":259,"data":260,"type":28,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":21,"orbs":263},"57a94629-95a4-4841-b11c-7ef7e699a9fa",{"type":28,"title":261,"tagline":262},"Israel-Palestine","The birth of a Jewish homeland",[264,365,462,583,695],{"id":265,"data":266,"type":26,"version":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"summaryPage":268,"introPage":275,"pages":281},"a6958275-5fd1-4a05-b48c-0bf38e53aac6",{"type":26,"title":267},"The Birth of Israel",{"id":269,"data":270,"type":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26},"2873349c-cf63-4edf-b288-e092d6e44ae1",{"type":36,"summary":271},[272,273,274],"The Zionist Movement emerged in response to anti-Semitic incidents in Europe","The Balfour Declaration expressed British support for a Jewish homeland in Palestine","After World War I, the British Mandate for Palestine allowed for the establishment of Israel",{"id":276,"data":277,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"fe8d720b-e978-49d9-81bb-7339b83ed504",{"type":53,"intro":278},[279,280],"What is Zionism, and where did it come from?","How and when was Israel first etablished?",[282,306,319],{"id":283,"data":284,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":287},"49f4a349-5918-428e-9605-9543851f9ef2",{"type":25,"markdownContent":285,"audioMediaId":286},"After World War One, European nations and Arab locals weren’t the only people with an interest in the Middle East. There's another important group to talk about: Jewish settlers.\n\nThe Zionist Movement emerged in the late 19th century in response to a series of anti-Semitic incidents in Europe. These incidents, including pogroms and discriminatory laws, led many Jews to seek a solution to the 'Jewish question' in the form of a national homeland.\n\nTheodor Herzl, an Austro-Hungarian journalist and political activist, is often considered the father of modern political Zionism. Herzl's vision of a Jewish state, as articulated in his book 'The Jewish State', inspired many Jews to join the Zionist movement and work towards the establishment of a Jewish homeland.\n\n![Graph](image://b4838009-3432-41d6-b3c4-4c5f48d0201b \"Theodor Herzl. Image: Carl Pietzner, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")","3ec4a93a-aea3-4041-a8c0-233fc0ca234b",[288,299],{"id":155,"data":289,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"collapsingSiblings":290,"multiChoiceQuestion":291,"multiChoiceCorrect":293,"multiChoiceIncorrect":294,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":295,"matchPairsPairs":296},[151,154,156],[292],"Who was Theodor Herzl?",[163],[160,162,164],[166],[297],{"left":298,"right":163,"direction":36},"Theodor Herzl",{"id":300,"data":301,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"8a1a17ec-cb8c-449d-8b45-286ea12a2a83",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":302,"activeRecallAnswers":304},[303],"Theodor Herzl outlined his vision of a Jewish state in which book?",[305]," 'The Jewish State'",{"id":307,"data":308,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":311},"dbaa10fb-8ead-40ec-b4b2-485bb2fcff57",{"type":25,"markdownContent":309,"audioMediaId":310},"In 1917, the UK Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour sent a letter to Lord Rothschild, a leader of the British Jewish community. The letter expressed the British government's support for the establishment of a 'national home for the Jewish people'. Where would this national home be established? In the region of the Middle East known as Palestine.\n\nThe Balfour Declaration, as this letter became known, was the first time that a world power had publicly supported the Zionist cause.\n\n![Graph](image://0b43f0e4-baa8-46f7-a6a5-2d98af3c9b1c \"The Balfour declaration. Image: United Kingdom Government signed by Arthur Balfour, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nAfter World War One, the San Remo Resolution had granted Britain the Mandate for Palestine. This mandate gave Britain administrative control over this territory – and this had major implications.","bddc00f5-2af1-4a43-a65e-13b67d0c5ebd",[312],{"id":313,"data":314,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"05f96c60-43fc-4663-a1df-984c392b38c3",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":315,"activeRecallAnswers":317},[316],"Who issued the Balfour Declaration?",[318],"Arthur Balfour (UK Foreign Secretary)",{"id":320,"data":321,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":324},"ae944f57-aa26-463e-8184-6449a6fbfcfa",{"type":25,"markdownContent":322,"audioMediaId":323},"The Balfour Declaration had promised the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. And now, under the British Mandate for Palestine, this promise could be fulfilled.\n\nBritain played a crucial role in the establishment of Israel – a new home for the Jewish people. But Israel was controversial, especially amongst the Arab peoples who were living in Palestine already.\n\nThe British tried to manage these two opposing interests, alternating policies to appease both sides. But they often exacerbated local tensions in the process. Britain ended up overseeing two decades of unrest in Palestine, up until World War Two. After that, Britain would leave the region, but the ongoing conflict between Palestine and Israel would get worse.","3914f519-9678-4d8c-8ad0-ab5fab143d6d",[325,343,354],{"id":326,"data":327,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"7b2e184e-2bf4-456f-99ae-4ad28da454be",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"collapsingSiblings":328,"multiChoiceQuestion":331,"multiChoiceCorrect":333,"multiChoiceIncorrect":335,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":339,"matchPairsPairs":340},[329,330],"96437523-0870-42a2-8f8f-7f53aba4ff51","ac286345-e32e-460d-9098-d7bc1f72934b",[332],"Which of these is an accurate description of Zionism?",[334],"None of these",[336,337,338],"Extreme Palestinian group","Militant Lebanese group","Extreme Pan-Islamist group",[166],[341],{"left":342,"right":334,"direction":36},"Zionism",{"id":204,"data":344,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"collapsingSiblings":345,"multiChoiceQuestion":346,"multiChoiceCorrect":348,"multiChoiceIncorrect":349,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":350,"matchPairsPairs":351},[201,205,206],[347],"Which of these is an accurate description of the Balfour Declaration?",[212],[210,213,214],[166],[352],{"left":353,"right":212,"direction":36},"Balfour Declaration",{"id":355,"data":356,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"833b5c58-ec6c-45cb-85f3-57cb3f27d475",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":357,"multiChoiceCorrect":359,"multiChoiceIncorrect":361,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[358],"After World War One, why did it become possible to put the Balfour Declaration into action?",[360],"Britain had the Mandate for Palestine",[362,363,364],"Britain had the Mandate for Israel","Israel had the Mandate for Palestine","Palestine had the Mandate for Israel",{"id":366,"data":367,"type":26,"version":26,"maxContentLevel":36,"summaryPage":369,"introPage":376,"pages":382},"f09c8ec1-a786-4c48-9caa-71a06291c121",{"type":26,"title":368},"The Arab-Israeli War",{"id":370,"data":371,"type":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"d77c0fe3-4835-4dd4-be3c-d163408b1e54",{"type":36,"summary":372},[373,374,375],"The Arab-Israeli War began in 1948, when Israel declared its independence","The conflict led to the mass displacement of Palestinian Arabs, known as the Palestinian Exodus","Over 700,000 Palestinian Arabs were forced to flee or were expelled from their homes",{"id":377,"data":378,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"e1bea9c8-9411-4b10-a068-3d95f0f702aa",{"type":53,"intro":379},[380,381],"What sparked the 1948 Arab-Israeli War?","What was the Palestinian Exodus?",[383,398,422],{"id":384,"data":385,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":388},"85ee3a9a-88c9-473d-b949-384123094195",{"type":25,"markdownContent":386,"audioMediaId":387},"By the end of World War Two, the Middle East was on the brink of a brand new era. After fighting so hard for political freedom from Nazi Germany, European nations had started to see the hypocrisy of colonial rule. With an edge of embarrassment, Britain decided to withdraw from the Middle East.\n\nMeanwhile, the international push for a Jewish state intensified. The atrocities experienced by the Jewish people at the hands of Germany had bolstered international support for their cause, and led to an influx of refugees seeking a land where they could be free from anti-Semitism.\n\nIn 1947, the United Nations proposed a partition plan. The British would relinquish control in the region, and two new states would be established: one for the Jewish inhabitants of the region, and another for Arab populations. These new states would officially be known as Israel and Palestine.","5a12f55c-dca1-4930-b4aa-415591a5363c",[389],{"id":390,"data":391,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"ae64a19a-42fc-4a15-bbbe-17b908f1b157",{"type":67,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":392,"binaryCorrect":394,"binaryIncorrect":396},[393],"After World War Two, who proposed a partion of Palestine into two states?",[395],"The United Nations",[397],"The League of Nations",{"id":399,"data":400,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":403},"81c1bd57-6df4-40b9-b03b-5ec7647b6a46",{"type":25,"markdownContent":401,"audioMediaId":402},"On May 14, 1948, David Ben-Gurion, the head of the Jewish Agency, declared the official independence of the State of Israel.\n\n![Graph](image://97da454e-a09b-44a0-bb3e-812c3705056a \"David Ben-Gurion. Image: Israeli GPO photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nBut this declaration was met with fierce resistance by many Arabs. They rejected the establishment of a Jewish state – local Arabs had been living in the region for many generations, and resented the idea of giving up this territory (and leaving their homes) just because the United Nations had told them to.\n\nOn May 15, just a day after the announcement of Israeli independence, they launched a military campaign against the new state. This marked the start of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. And, despite being outnumbered, Israel managed to repel the Arabs and secure its own existence.\n\nThe United States was the first country to recognize Israel's independence, followed by the Soviet Union. This international recognition was also crucial for Israel's survival.","c80a082e-5bd4-42c7-8734-c935a5942bc0",[404,415],{"id":156,"data":405,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"collapsingSiblings":406,"multiChoiceQuestion":407,"multiChoiceCorrect":409,"multiChoiceIncorrect":410,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":411,"matchPairsPairs":412},[151,154,155],[408],"Who was David Ben-Gurion?",[164],[160,162,163],[166],[413],{"left":414,"right":164,"direction":36},"David Ben-Gurion",{"id":416,"data":417,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"9e26725f-807c-4ca3-9705-fb519ef1fe59",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":418,"activeRecallAnswers":420},[419],"What did David Ben-Gurion officially announce in 1948?",[421],"The independence of the State of Israel",{"id":423,"data":424,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":427},"ac6274ca-6ce3-4ceb-9b8c-f5aeedef5940",{"type":25,"markdownContent":425,"audioMediaId":426},"The Palestinian Exodus, also known as the Nakba or 'catastrophe' in Arabic, occurred during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. This event refers to the mass displacement of Palestinian Arabs from their homes during the conflict.\n\n![Graph](image://0fffe935-313c-40a0-90e1-155140b3c522 \"Palestine refugees leaving Galilee. Image: Fred Csasznik, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nDuring the Palestinian Exodus, an estimated 700,000 Palestinian Arabs fled or were expelled from their homes. These refugees ended up in neighboring Arab countries, or in refugee camps in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. These small patches of land have been the home of the Palestinian people ever since this displacement.\n\nMore than fifty years later, the status of Palestinian refugees remains a contentious issue.","4ea0d97b-15ca-4efc-83ca-dcce38331994",[428,439,446],{"id":429,"data":430,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"b8670ae3-1ab5-448d-b8d2-3bf5ea5660dd",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":431,"multiChoiceCorrect":433,"multiChoiceIncorrect":435,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[432],"Which Arabic term (meaning 'catastrophe') is used to describe the mass displacement of Palestinian Arabs during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War?",[434],"Nakba",[436,437,438],"Intifada","Hijra","Tahrir",{"id":440,"data":441,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"986b4f3e-c496-4d8a-8e45-9b7bb5135956",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":442,"activeRecallAnswers":444},[443],"Approximately how many Palestinian Arabs had to leave their homes during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War?",[445],"700,000",{"id":447,"data":448,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"c59ebb22-c5d7-4e89-bcea-3f7ac5d25e71",{"type":67,"reviewType":246,"spacingBehaviour":25,"matchPairsQuestion":449,"matchPairsPairs":450,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},[166],[451,454,457,460],{"left":452,"right":453,"direction":36},"1947","UN propose partition plan",{"left":455,"right":456,"direction":36},"May 14 1948","Israel declares independence",{"left":458,"right":459,"direction":36},"May 15 1948","Start of Arab-Israeli War",{"left":461,"right":334,"direction":36},"1949",{"id":463,"data":464,"type":26,"version":26,"maxContentLevel":36,"summaryPage":466,"introPage":473,"pages":479},"54c0a962-07f0-473e-92f5-6e76c89cd01c",{"type":26,"title":465},"The Six-Day War",{"id":467,"data":468,"type":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"07e1d119-fa8d-4d63-989d-b19cf853a6e2",{"type":36,"summary":469},[470,471,472],"The Six-Day War in 1967 saw Israel defeat Egypt, Jordan, and Syria","Israel gained control of the Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank, and Golan Heights","The rise of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) followed the Six-Day War",{"id":474,"data":475,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"dfb6d14b-144b-411b-912e-f5249abbaf04",{"type":53,"intro":476},[477,478],"What sparked the Six-Day War?","What is the Palestinian Liberation Organization?",[480,504,518],{"id":481,"data":482,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":485},"58b9f4b3-19e1-45a5-8997-ba7f5c782430",{"type":25,"markdownContent":483,"audioMediaId":484},"Since the Arab-Israeli War, in 1948, conflicts between Israel and their Arab neighbors have broken out again and again.\n\nThe Six-Day War was another conflict that unfolded in 1967. It saw Israel go up against the nearby countries of Egypt, Jordan, and Syria.\n\nThe war began with a pre-emptive Israeli strike against Egypt, following a period of escalating tensions. It lasted for six days, and just like the Arab-Israeli War, it ended in Israeli victory.\n\n![Graph](image://9e1a912b-5901-4edf-99ca-012aab781902 \"An Israeli unit during the Six Day war. Image: Government Press Office (Israel), CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nAs a result of this war, Israel captured the Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank, and Golan Heights. These territorial gains significantly expanded the size of Israel, and brought large populations of Arabs under their control.","95aab0f2-e63b-4f9e-b604-a0cb5e95f1d3",[486,497],{"id":487,"data":488,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"13187c88-3670-48b8-846e-d7ff6dc6bb90",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":489,"multiChoiceCorrect":491,"multiChoiceIncorrect":495,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":22,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[490],"Which countries went up against Israel in the Six-Day War?",[492,493,494],"Egypt","Jordan","Syria",[496],"Afghanistan",{"id":498,"data":499,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"d92e96ec-c579-4d99-9dd3-2af7d174ef11",{"type":67,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":500,"clozeWords":502},[501],"During the Six-Day War, Israel captured the Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank, and Golan Heights.",[503],"Six-Day War",{"id":505,"data":506,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":509},"d5162cae-253d-4c1b-b3b5-633c737ca83e",{"type":25,"markdownContent":507,"audioMediaId":508},"The Six-Day War introduced a new set of status quos, many of which are still in place today.\n\nOne of the most contentious of these was the Israeli occupation of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. These areas, which had been an autonomous refuge for the Palestinian people after 1948, were now overseen by the Israeli military. Even today, Palestinians living in these regions are under tight military surveillance.\n\nFor example, the two million residents of the Gaza Strip have even been living under a military blockade by Israel since 2007. The Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories since 1967 marks the longest ongoing military occupation in the world.","98310f2e-6fc3-4ee5-915e-bd79f415f73a",[510],{"id":511,"data":512,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"93b8363b-7282-4c71-a30d-4cdfdcb07a6e",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":513,"activeRecallAnswers":515},[514],"Which Palestinian territories have been occupied by Israel ever since the Six-Day War?",[516,517],"Gaza Strip","West Bank",{"id":519,"data":520,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":523},"9e113186-8cb2-4cf3-9860-70ad1b705f6c",{"type":25,"markdownContent":521,"audioMediaId":522},"The Six-Day War was also followed by the rise of Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO).\n\nThis group was first established in 1964, but it wasn't until after the Six-Day War that the PLO really got going. They sought to liberate Palestine through armed struggle, and generally relied on guerilla tactics and terrorist-style attacks. More and more people got behind these tactics, as they realized that Israel would be hard to beat using traditional methods of warfare.\n\nYasser Arafat, who led the PLO between 1969 and 2004, was extremely controversial. Some people saw him as a noble figure fighting for the Palestinian cause, while others just saw him as a terrorist.\n\n![Graph](image://3b1253e1-71c9-494b-b8a5-8dfc72f7941b \"Yasser Arafat. Image:  Gideon Markowiz / Photographer: Israel Press and Photo Agency (I.P.P.A.) / Dan Hadani collection, National Library of Israel / CC BY 4.0, CC BY 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons.\")","62fcd245-8b77-4682-ae8d-e21345ca4ef0",[524,543,562,572],{"id":525,"data":526,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"836e1b2c-d79c-4a05-9f58-c3e87018df6a",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"collapsingSiblings":527,"multiChoiceQuestion":531,"multiChoiceCorrect":533,"multiChoiceIncorrect":535,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":539,"matchPairsPairs":540},[528,529,530],"4ef8fd06-b069-4d7a-be9c-e75b9699a32c","1549c208-b25a-41e1-8bd9-ce1f0dafd7d6","48c83a66-21cd-4879-91ca-e761fbbc1ea9",[532],"Who was Yasser Arafat?",[534],"Leader of the PLO",[536,537,538],"President of Egypt","President of Libya","President of Iraq",[166],[541],{"left":542,"right":534,"direction":36},"Yasser Arafat",{"id":544,"data":545,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"d3899ba7-fe90-4373-8b8e-1329cedae534",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"collapsingSiblings":546,"multiChoiceQuestion":550,"multiChoiceCorrect":552,"multiChoiceIncorrect":554,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":25,"orderQuestion":558,"orderItems":559},[547,548,549],"05bc8733-d4fa-4c43-b37b-d763b2e2f9cb","f2c62435-8704-4fde-96b2-7783120470b4","8aa03933-093d-4563-ac97-c89986f1d9ec",[551],"When did the Arab-Israeli war take place?",[553],"1948",[555,556,557],"1967","1973","1979",[248],[560],{"label":561,"reveal":553,"sortOrder":4},"Arab-Israeli War",{"id":547,"data":563,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"collapsingSiblings":564,"multiChoiceQuestion":565,"multiChoiceCorrect":567,"multiChoiceIncorrect":568,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":25,"orderQuestion":569,"orderItems":570},[544,548,549],[566],"When did the Six-Day war take place?",[555],[553,556,557],[248],[571],{"label":503,"reveal":555,"sortOrder":25},{"id":573,"data":574,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"f2597a69-483e-4043-b7d6-27362c1aea63",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":575,"multiChoiceCorrect":577,"multiChoiceIncorrect":579,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[576],"Which of these statements about the Palestinian Liberation Organization is most accurate?",[578],"The PLO gained support in the aftermath of the Six-Day War",[580,581,582],"The PLO formed in the aftermath of the Six-Day War","The PLO disbanded in the aftermath of the Six-Day War","The PLO lost support in the aftermath of the Six-Day War",{"id":584,"data":585,"type":26,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":36,"summaryPage":587,"introPage":595,"pages":601},"c6bd439d-80cd-47e2-824e-90f134d0eff2",{"type":26,"title":586},"Further conflict",{"id":588,"data":589,"type":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"6851fdd1-884c-4a2b-b660-0cdb2bfe9e2b",{"type":36,"summary":590},[591,592,593,594],"The Yom Kippur War saw Arab nations launch a surprise attack on Israel in 1973","The Intifadas of 1987-1993 and 2000-2005 were significant conflicts between Israelis and Palestinians","The PLO now lobbies for Palestine through peaceful means","In recent years, Hamas has led a number of violent acts against Israel",{"id":596,"data":597,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"ebc5ed4b-73fc-4007-90b5-63faaa7c6595",{"type":53,"intro":598},[599,600],"What sparked the Yom Kippur War?","What is Hamas?",[602,635,649],{"id":603,"data":604,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":21,"reviews":607},"0d119a5e-728a-4a29-a31a-f8de724d366c",{"type":25,"markdownContent":605,"audioMediaId":606},"The Six-Day War of 1967 was seen as a huge loss by Arab nations, who became united in their desire to seek some retribution. In 1973, they launched a surprise attack on Israel on Yom Kippur, the holiest day in Judaism.\n\nThe Yom Kippur War, as this event became known, caught Israel by surprise, and saw them suffer heavy losses in the first few days of the war. However, they did manage to recover somewhat, before an official ceasefire was agreed under the guidance of the United Nations.\n\n![Graph](image://266e41d7-c831-45f4-9692-579e170af173 \"Troops during the Yom Kippur War. Image: אבי שמחוני / IDF Spokesperson's Unit\")\n\nUltimately, this war was viewed as a partial success for the Arab nations. As part of the peace agreement, Israel agreed to give up the Sinai peninsula, a disputed territory which they'd claimed during the Six-Day War. In return, Egypt recognized Israel as a sovereign state in 1979, becoming the first Arab nation to do so.","e5b7a180-cbbb-4c22-b9a4-0b0555092b15",[608,619],{"id":609,"data":610,"type":67,"version":26,"maxContentLevel":36},"233230ac-fe9a-4be1-9e55-b173bf47945f",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":611,"multiChoiceCorrect":613,"multiChoiceIncorrect":615},[612],"Seeking revenge after the Six-Day War, a coalition of Arab nations attacked Israel on which Jewish holy day?",[614],"Yom Kippur",[616,617,618],"Rosh Hashanah","Hanukkah","Passover",{"id":620,"data":621,"type":67,"version":26,"maxContentLevel":36},"f126349f-b4db-4c2f-9fef-4c5cf916794a",{"type":67,"reviewType":246,"spacingBehaviour":25,"matchPairsQuestion":622,"matchPairsPairs":624,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},[623],"What happened at the end of the Yom Kippur War?",[625,627,630,633],{"left":492,"right":626,"direction":36},"Recognized Israel as a sovereign state",{"left":628,"right":629,"direction":36},"Israel","Gave up the Sinai Peninsula",{"left":631,"right":632,"direction":36},"United Nations","Brokered a ceasefire",{"left":634,"right":334,"direction":36},"Britain",{"id":636,"data":637,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":640},"0d44dc72-24c7-459b-bb30-0a92303f4873",{"type":25,"markdownContent":638,"audioMediaId":639},"The next few decades were punctuated by more military clashes, such as Iraqi missile strikes launched at Israel in 1991. However, in the decades following the Yom Kippur war, most of the threats posed to Israel came less from the Arab nations around it, and more from insurgent and paramilitary organizations.\n\nAmong the outbreaks of violence between Israelis and Palestinians, the most significant were probably the two 'Intifadas' of 1987-1993 and 2000-2005.\n\nThese conflicts followed a similar pattern. Palestinian protests at the Israeli occupation boiled over into violence against Israelis. Israeli military forces responded with immense force. Thousands were killed in both Intifadas, with the bulk of casualties being taken on the Palestinian side.\n\n![Graph](image://02530735-0f76-4c1e-8557-67f4238a567a \"Intifada. Image: Efi Sharir / Dan Hadani collection / National Library of Israel / The Pritzker Family National Photography Collection, CC BY 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")","f02f5566-bdf8-46cc-b822-f4a495af9b5e",[641],{"id":642,"data":643,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"0c8bbf63-1266-4ef4-87a3-636850e57f44",{"type":67,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":644,"binaryCorrect":646,"binaryIncorrect":648},[645],"During the two Intifadas, which side suffered more casualties?",[647],"Palestine",[628],{"id":650,"data":651,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":654},"70af57f9-24c2-4335-bba4-6bdafd83bcbc",{"type":25,"markdownContent":652,"audioMediaId":653},"Since 1993, the PLO has recognized Israel's right to exist, and now lobby for Palestine through peaceful means.\n\nBut at the same time, Hamas has risen: an extreme terrorist organization. They have led a number of violent acts against Israel, which have often been targeted at civilians.\n\nAs of 2024, tensions between Israel and Palestine are higher than ever. The present generation of leaders have lived their whole lives under the status quo established in 1967. The weight of countless injustices and brutalities is felt heavily by both sides, and both Israel and Palestine have elected leaders that are more uncompromising and extreme than their predecessors.\n\nWith each new act of violence, it becomes harder to imagine a peaceful reconciliation. In the eyes of many Palestinian Arabs, the state of Israel has robbed them of their homeland. But in the eyes of many Israeli Jews, the Palestinians' continued acts of violence make them nothing more than fundamentalist terrorists.","e550a131-7f30-46e1-bcb2-7d45074c844f",[655,666,677,688],{"id":329,"data":656,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"collapsingSiblings":657,"multiChoiceQuestion":658,"multiChoiceCorrect":660,"multiChoiceIncorrect":661,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":662,"matchPairsPairs":663},[326,330],[659],"Which of these is an accurate description of Hamas?",[336],[334,337,338],[166],[664],{"left":665,"right":336,"direction":36},"Hamas",{"id":548,"data":667,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"collapsingSiblings":668,"multiChoiceQuestion":669,"multiChoiceCorrect":671,"multiChoiceIncorrect":672,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":25,"orderQuestion":673,"orderItems":674},[544,547,549],[670],"When did the Yom Kippur war take place?",[556],[553,555,557],[248],[675],{"label":676,"reveal":556,"sortOrder":26},"Yom Kippur War",{"id":549,"data":678,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"collapsingSiblings":679,"multiChoiceQuestion":680,"multiChoiceCorrect":682,"multiChoiceIncorrect":683,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":25,"orderQuestion":684,"orderItems":685},[544,547,548],[681],"When did Egypt first recognize Israel as a state?",[557],[553,555,556],[248],[686],{"label":687,"reveal":557,"sortOrder":36},"Egypt recognized Israel as a state",{"id":689,"data":690,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"cc3b8290-4fec-4c6d-a4a3-269903108c97",{"type":67,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":691,"clozeWords":693},[692],"Since 1993, the PLO has recognized Israel's right to exist, and now lobby for Palestine through peaceful means.",[694],"PLO",{"id":696,"data":697,"type":26,"version":26,"maxContentLevel":36,"summaryPage":699,"introPage":707,"pages":713},"02b51447-4d22-49e7-9666-1cd08b30f97a",{"type":26,"title":698},"Lebanon-Israel",{"id":700,"data":701,"type":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"aefb8add-dafb-4f8c-b6cc-224653b45d57",{"type":36,"summary":702},[703,704,705,706],"Israel invaded Lebanon in 1982 to expel the PLO","Hezbollah rose to prominence in Lebanon after the PLO was expelled","The 2006 Lebanon War was triggered by a cross-border raid by Hezbollah","Tensions between Israel and Hezbollah have remained high since the 2006 war",{"id":708,"data":709,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"3a7830dd-a517-4f29-9c22-8aa64914761e",{"type":53,"intro":710},[711,712],"What is Hezbollah?","What sparked the 2006 Lebanon War?",[714,746,763],{"id":715,"data":716,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":719},"dbc27d42-d927-4bed-9458-ece3f0be1405",{"type":25,"markdownContent":717,"audioMediaId":718},"The establishment of Israel, in 1948, has also sparked tensions with the neighboring state of Lebanon. At the center of the Israel-Lebanon conflict is the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO). When the group was established in 1964, it used Lebanon as a base for launching attacks on Israel.\n\n![Graph](image://c69a66c1-aeda-41bd-b7de-466e46614030 \"Israel-Lebanon conflict. Image: ברקאי וולפסון + ערן-יופי כהן / IDF Spokesperson's Unit CC BY-SA 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en via Wikimedia.\")\n\nIn 1982, Israel invaded Lebanon, in an effort to find and expel the PLO. The 1982 Lebanon War, as this came to be known, had a massive impact on Lebanon. As well as loss of life, the war also damaged the country's infrastructure, including roads, bridges, and buildings.\n\nThe 1982 Lebanon War ended with the expulsion of the PLO from Lebanon. But this didn't bring an end to the conflict. Instead, it led to the rise of Hezbollah, which has played a significant role ever since.","d30040ea-214e-42a9-bca4-789779f762bd",[720,739],{"id":721,"data":722,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"465303df-b8eb-4162-9bef-5b95b8d2ed34",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"collapsingSiblings":723,"multiChoiceQuestion":727,"multiChoiceCorrect":729,"multiChoiceIncorrect":731,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":735,"matchPairsPairs":736},[724,725,726],"f84908d2-ec47-4eb6-a1c6-ba9a9cb502d8","bbae8bc6-6354-49dc-93a9-0e7d7460e555","803d7e4b-8193-4446-8600-18995e21c553",[728],"Which of these countries was an early base for PLO attacks on Israel?",[730],"Lebanon",[732,733,734],"Iran","Iraq","Tunisia",[166],[737],{"left":730,"right":738,"direction":36},"Base for PLO attacks on Israel",{"id":740,"data":741,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"6c7a4112-2ce3-4ee1-9d8f-df84922c4786",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":742,"activeRecallAnswers":744},[743],"Why did Israel invade Lebanon in 1982?",[745],"They wanted to find and expel the PLO",{"id":747,"data":748,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":751},"151744fa-aef2-471d-9e92-ef506c2f3b94",{"type":25,"markdownContent":749,"audioMediaId":750},"Hezbollah is a political party and militant group. Just like the Palestinian Liberation Organization, their primary aim is the resistance of Israeli occupation.\n\nHowever, where the PLO was Palestinian, Hezbollah was founded by Lebanese people who'd been affected by the Israeli invasion in 1982. The group has managed to secure itself a strong political presence in Lebanon, mainly due to its resistance to Israel, but also its ties to Shia Islam. This particular branch of Islam is followed by almost a third of the population in Lebanon.\n\nHezbollah has also received support from Iran, which is 90% Shia Islam. Iranian funding, training, and weaponry is another reason why Hezbollah has managed to gain a significant foothold in Lebanon's political sphere.","38200e5a-fdf3-4f40-bbd4-e876d75f5d16",[752],{"id":753,"data":754,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"987e16ae-d101-43a1-b0ff-cde73674107b",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":755,"multiChoiceCorrect":757,"multiChoiceIncorrect":760,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":22,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[756],"What were the consequences of the 1982 Lebanon War?",[758,759],"PLO expelled from Lebanon","Hezbollah forms in Lebanon",[761,762],"PLO forms in Lebanon","Hezbollah expelled from Lebanon",{"id":764,"data":765,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":768},"9ecbb0bc-5e2b-443d-94ff-12e3220d61ef",{"type":25,"markdownContent":766,"audioMediaId":767},"The 2006 Lebanon War was a 34-day military conflict between Israel and Hezbollah. The war was triggered by a cross-border raid by Hezbollah, in which two Israeli soldiers were captured. This act of aggression led to a full-scale war between Israel and Hezbollah.\n\nAgain, this war had a devastating impact on Lebanon's infrastructure. It also displaced almost 1 million Lebanese citizens. Reconstruction efforts were ongoing for many years, with the country struggling to recover from the extensive damage caused by the conflict.\n\n![Graph](image://fc30ec06-abd9-4363-b854-507c9916c3d7 \"Aftermath of the 2006 Lebanon. Image: User Mema435 on en.wikipedia, CC BY-SA 2.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons.\")\n\nDespite a UN-brokered ceasefire, tensions between Israel and Hezbollah have remained high since the 2006 war. The ceasefire has not led to a permanent resolution of the conflict, and the potential for further violence still remains.","4975bc11-d9c0-4438-ad85-338eb1825d8a",[769],{"id":770,"data":771,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"63694015-a41c-4485-9255-7f909fc3043e",{"type":67,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":772,"binaryCorrect":774,"binaryIncorrect":776},[773],"Which branch of Islam would you associate with Hezbollah?",[775],"Shia",[777],"Sunni",{"id":779,"data":780,"type":28,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"orbs":783},"7da36022-8309-4d5d-9473-6be5790db156",{"type":28,"title":781,"tagline":782},"Arab Unification","Efforts to unite Arab nations",[784,886,1017,1090],{"id":785,"data":786,"type":26,"version":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"summaryPage":788,"introPage":795,"pages":801},"aec1b894-1900-448a-9f8a-31012e6a62c8",{"type":26,"title":787},"Arab Nationalism",{"id":789,"data":790,"type":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"c9e4c538-8244-4f10-938b-8ee25e40ae93",{"type":36,"summary":791},[792,793,794],"Arab Nationalism advocates for the political unity of Arab people and countries","The birth of Arab Nationalism is associated with the Nahda, or Arab Renaissance","The withdrawal of European colonial powers after World War Two was a turning point for Arab Nationalism",{"id":796,"data":797,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"3e3461a5-6183-4062-baf8-a2364da1110a",{"type":53,"intro":798},[799,800],"What is Arab Nationalism?","What sparked Arab Nationalism's rise?",[802,826,840],{"id":803,"data":804,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":807},"ad3fa491-6af2-4bb4-872b-7aa7ba725e2b",{"type":25,"markdownContent":805,"audioMediaId":806},"In this pathway so far, we've talked a lot about Arab movements, like the Arab Revolt in 1916, and the various coalitions of Arab countries that have gone to war against Israel. Now, it's time to look at the ideology that powered these movements: something called Arab Nationalism.\n\nArab Nationalism advocates for the political unity of Arab people and countries. This ideology is rooted in the belief that all Arabs, regardless of their individual nationalities, share a common cultural and historical heritage.\n\nThe Arabic language, in particular, is an important unifying factor, serving as a symbol of shared identity and a tool for political mobilization. Sati’ al-Husri, one of the 20th Century’s foremost Arab Nationalist thinkers, wrote that 'People who spoke a unitary language, have one heart and a common soul.'","60d18c54-a2c4-4d48-a58c-68d093845084",[808],{"id":809,"data":810,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"49924330-308e-46b9-8555-b764605961b8",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"collapsingSiblings":811,"multiChoiceQuestion":815,"multiChoiceCorrect":817,"multiChoiceIncorrect":819,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":823,"matchPairsPairs":824},[812,813,814],"1b15b1b7-08ba-4cd5-9c16-e1090902bb5f","e9371a89-8d85-4ea7-b955-912acadc691b","d7651f4e-76e5-4570-b397-afaf8eaa70a9",[816],"Which of these is an accurate description of Arab nationalism?",[818],"Seeks unity based on cultural similarities",[820,821,822],"Seeks unity based on religious similarities","More militant form of Arab Nationalism","Grants leadership of clergy over state",[166],[825],{"left":787,"right":818,"direction":36},{"id":827,"data":828,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":831},"738cde6a-5f34-44fa-ad2d-d4d8903cf6f3",{"type":25,"markdownContent":829,"audioMediaId":830},"The birth of Arab Nationalism is often associated with the Nahda, or Arab Renaissance, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.\n\nThis was a period of intellectual and cultural revival, during which Arab scholars and intellectuals began to articulate ideas of Arab unity and independence.\n\nThe early development of Arab Nationalism was influenced by the desire for independence from Ottoman rule. As the Ottoman Empire weakened, Arab intellectuals began to call for self-determination and political autonomy.\n\nThis desire for independence was a key driving force behind the emergence of Arab Nationalism.\n\n![Graph](image://8c7f97db-0546-4f2f-a7dc-2f9a6f42d43f \"Arab nationalists in 1918. Image: Library of congress, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")","89d84360-eb8e-483f-9cdb-3eb1314580c9",[832],{"id":833,"data":834,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"be199a8c-effe-4bbe-898b-03bd6e1af29a",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":835,"multiChoiceCorrect":837,"multiChoiceIncorrect":839,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[836],"The birth of Arab Nationalism is often associated with the Arab Renaissance in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. What is the Arab Renaissance also known as?",[838],"Nahda",[434,437,438],{"id":841,"data":842,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":845},"1eb132f2-e79c-4ae8-ae0f-76ce635cc761",{"type":25,"markdownContent":843,"audioMediaId":844},"Despite the fact that they managed to throw off their Ottoman rulers after World War One, the situation only got worse for Arab nationalists.\n\nThe Middle East was claimed by European powers, who proceeded to divide it into arbitrary territories, which went totally against the nationalist dream of a unified Arab nation.\n\n![Graph](image://f2969541-b224-4a2d-a08a-be2164b651a0 \"British control of Palestine. Image: AP, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThings improved after World War Two, though, when the European colonial powers withdrew from the Middle East. As we've already talked about, this was a major turning point for Israel-Palestine, but it was also an important turning point for Arab Nationalism.\n\nThe withdrawal of Europe saw countries like Egypt, Syria, and Iraq all regain their independence. This was exactly the kind of moment that Arabs had been waiting for.","9b1f654a-0176-4eda-8f41-fd8b353d20bf",[846,865,872,879],{"id":847,"data":848,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"b61c7e58-a9fe-4aac-9238-1e16b79456f7",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"collapsingSiblings":849,"multiChoiceQuestion":853,"multiChoiceCorrect":855,"multiChoiceIncorrect":857,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":25,"orderQuestion":861,"orderItems":862},[850,851,852],"26c55d94-6980-4869-a55c-763da955baf0","88e61675-ba5f-434a-ad33-63bd132d1761","f878caac-620c-4ab3-9b51-609769f4991b",[854],"When was the outbreak of the Arab Revolt?",[856],"1916",[858,859,860],"1958","1968","1956",[248],[863],{"label":864,"reveal":856,"sortOrder":4},"Outbreak of the Arab Revolt",{"id":866,"data":867,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"b651275b-c84e-4120-ae80-a34741632786",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":868,"activeRecallAnswers":870},[869],"After World War One, what changed for many Arab countries?",[871],"The Middle East was divided up by European powers",{"id":873,"data":874,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"7814b93b-fcd3-4127-ab26-40847ccb99b0",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":875,"activeRecallAnswers":877},[876],"After World War Two, what changed for many Arab countries?",[878],"European colonial powers withdrew from the Middle East",{"id":880,"data":881,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"f6adf5cd-5d9c-44de-b6f6-7af83c5a8c3e",{"type":67,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":882,"clozeWords":884},[883],"Ati’ al-Husri, an Arab Nationalist thinker, wrote: 'People who spoke a unitary language, have one heart and a common soul.'",[885],"soul",{"id":887,"data":888,"type":26,"version":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"summaryPage":890,"introPage":898,"pages":904},"124aa338-6740-4d4e-a23a-9cd6e87a058e",{"type":26,"title":889},"President Nasser",{"id":891,"data":892,"type":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"efadb9ad-edd9-42ff-bd12-9bedbe479034",{"type":36,"summary":893},[894,895,896,897],"President Nasser of Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal in 1956","The Suez Crisis involved a failed attempt by Britain, France, and Israel to reclaim the canal","Nasser formed the United Arab Republic with Syria in 1958","The United Arab Republic dissolved in 1961 due to Syrian dissatisfaction",{"id":899,"data":900,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"983214de-3796-4640-baef-8c28aa079a88",{"type":53,"intro":901},[902,903],"What sparked the Suez Crisis?","What was the United Arab Republic?",[905,933,938,958,975],{"id":906,"data":907,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":910},"24fae153-464f-4c93-a186-d6c2b6a710dd",{"type":25,"markdownContent":908,"audioMediaId":909},"In the 1950s, a charismatic figure named Gamal Abdel Nasser became president of Egypt. He was a big proponent of Arab Nationalism, and dreamed of a powerful, unified Arab state.\n\n![Graph](image://eb86d560-42ce-4e22-b8b7-65917c425304 \"President Nasser. Image: Stevan Kragujevic, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nHe also wanted to push for greater Arab autonomy on the international stage. Yes, the European colonial nations had officially withdrawn from the Middle East, but their influence could still be felt.\n\nThe Suez Canal was an important example of lingering European influence. This important canal allowed ships to travel back-and-forth between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. And, while the canal officially ran through Egyptian territory, it was still owned by European shareholders.\n\n![Graph](image://27927ff5-c58d-4c3d-a45f-babb1c8a1025 \"Suez Canal. Image: 2130991likithgunadala, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")","a07e7212-ae51-4b0e-a612-ecf5da552131",[911,922],{"id":528,"data":912,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"collapsingSiblings":913,"multiChoiceQuestion":914,"multiChoiceCorrect":916,"multiChoiceIncorrect":917,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":918,"matchPairsPairs":919},[525,529,530],[915],"In the 1950s, what did Gamal Abdel Nasser become?",[536],[534,537,538],[166],[920],{"left":921,"right":536,"direction":36},"Gamal Abdel Nasser",{"id":923,"data":924,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"5c0404c9-88c9-4161-a775-f4edf866a682",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":925,"multiChoiceCorrect":927,"multiChoiceIncorrect":929,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[926],"Who officially owned the Suez Canal at the start of the 1950s?",[928],"European stakeholders",[930,931,932],"The Egyptian government","The British government","Arab stakeholders",{"id":934,"data":935,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36},"57f49681-39a5-4bc4-9889-72ee2e67b3bd",{"type":25,"markdownContent":936,"audioMediaId":937},"In 1956, President Nasser made a bold move. He declared that the Suez Canal was no longer the property of European shareholders; instead, he was nationalizing this body of water, giving Egypt total control.\n\nEuropean nations, like Britain and France, were furious. But they didn't know how to retaliate. If they sent troops to Egypt, it would be frowned upon by the international community.\n\nIn the end, they drew up a secret plan with Israel. In this plan, Israel would launch an attack on Egypt. When Egypt tried to defend itself, and a military conflict officially broke out, Britain and France would send in some troops on an official peace-keeping mission.\n\nWhen they got there... these peace-keeping troops would also try to reclaim the Suez Canal.","91b91d15-65db-4390-b4d8-a816c6e62fe2",{"id":939,"data":940,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":943},"c55bb7b9-7727-481c-8dac-d0b5089f7a67",{"type":25,"markdownContent":941,"audioMediaId":942},"The Suez Crisis, as this event became known, was one of the most significant geopolitical events of the 20th century.\n\nThousands of people were killed in the clash between Egyptian forces, and the allied powers of Israel, Britain and France.\n\n![Graph](image://0a79350f-9b08-4ccc-84ff-5f56d67930a3 \"Tanks during the Suez Crisis. Image: United States Army Heritage and Education Center, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nBut the secret plan to reclaim the canal didn't even work. The international community saw right through it, and demanded that Britain, France and Israel immediately withdraw their troops.\n\nThese countries reluctantly agreed, leaving the Suez Canal in Egyptian hands. This was a significant milestone in Arab Nationalism's journey towards independence and sovereignty. It marked the end of foreign control over a crucial resource, and symbolized the rise of an Arab country as a significant player in the region.","25d2cbe9-9b87-4642-b42a-bd64d9477fdc",[944],{"id":945,"data":946,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"d31b3e92-3c66-4cbb-ad01-657182bfbf39",{"type":67,"reviewType":15,"spacingBehaviour":25,"orderAxisType":246,"orderQuestion":947,"orderItems":949},[948],"Put these stages of the Suez Crisis in order:",[950,952,954,956],{"label":951,"sortOrder":4},"Nasser nationalizes the Suez Canal",{"label":953,"sortOrder":25},"Israel launches attack on Egypt",{"label":955,"sortOrder":26},"France and Britain launch 'peace-keeping' mission",{"label":957,"sortOrder":36},"International community tells invaders to withdraw",{"id":959,"data":960,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":963},"53bf8031-688b-442c-a316-ac80e7be23e1",{"type":25,"markdownContent":961,"audioMediaId":962},"Two years after the Suez Crisis, Nasser's next big step toward Arab Nationalism was the United Arab Republic.\n\nThis was a political union between Egypt and Syria, which was unveiled in 1958. The union was actually Syria's idea – delegations from the country proposed it to Nasser, who agreed on the condition that he would be the leader of this unified state.\n\n![Graph](image://cefcac9b-327c-4154-82e4-0afabca07dbd \"United Arab Republic flag. Image: Public domain\")\n\nThis union was the very first time that the ideals of Arab unity and independence had been turned into a political reality. According to historian Adeed Dawisha, the Arab world reacted in \"stunned amazement, which quickly turned into uncontrolled euphoria.\"","ac530330-2194-4573-a9ae-b77e6e958701",[964],{"id":852,"data":965,"type":67,"version":26,"maxContentLevel":36},{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"collapsingSiblings":966,"multiChoiceQuestion":967,"multiChoiceCorrect":969,"multiChoiceIncorrect":970,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":25,"orderQuestion":971,"orderItems":972},[847,850,851],[968],"When was the formation of the United Arab Republic?",[858],[856,859,860],[248],[973],{"label":974,"reveal":858,"sortOrder":26},"Formation of the United Arab Republic",{"id":976,"data":977,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":980},"9f05bda9-ba0c-44d8-9345-a19f0f147431",{"type":25,"markdownContent":978,"audioMediaId":979},"Unfortunately for proponents of Arab Nationalism, the United Arab Republic did not last for long.\n\nThe Syrians felt short changed by the union – Egypt was doing better than them economically, politically and militarily. Some of the Syrians blamed this on Nasser, who seemed to be prioritizing Egypt (his home country) over Syria.\n\nIn 1961, just three years after the United Arab Republic's formation, the Syrian military launched a coup d’état.\n\nNasser might have retaliated, but he did not want to encourage fighting between Arabs. Instead, he accepted the dissolution of the United Arab Republic. This was a major blow for Arab Nationalists, who never again got so close to their dream of a single, unified state.\n\n![Graph](image://8cebdd11-6891-45aa-b096-0d1f0f5075fa \"United Arab Republic. Image: Arab Hafez at English Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")","a7095943-64b4-4f67-8588-c74f33ca6de3",[981,992,999,1006],{"id":851,"data":982,"type":67,"version":26,"maxContentLevel":36},{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"collapsingSiblings":983,"multiChoiceQuestion":984,"multiChoiceCorrect":986,"multiChoiceIncorrect":987,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":25,"orderQuestion":988,"orderItems":989},[847,850,852],[985],"When was the outbreak of the Suez Crisis?",[860],[856,859,858],[248],[990],{"label":991,"reveal":860,"sortOrder":25},"Outbreak of the Suez Crisis",{"id":993,"data":994,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"599b8184-877e-436c-80df-866687e4a2c8",{"type":67,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":995,"binaryCorrect":997,"binaryIncorrect":998},[996],"Who originally proposed the union of Syria and Egypt into the United Arab Republic?",[494],[492],{"id":1000,"data":1001,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"2de5416f-8424-4f69-98d1-b4a0d8173b78",{"type":67,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1002,"binaryCorrect":1004,"binaryIncorrect":1005},[1003],"Which country disbanded the United Arab Republic, when its military decided to launch a coup d’état?",[494],[492],{"id":1007,"data":1008,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"6a0a79c3-9515-4027-861f-72b17d9f1547",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1009,"multiChoiceCorrect":1011,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1013,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1010],"The United Arab Republic was a failed experiment in Arab Nationalism. How long did the union last?",[1012],"3 years",[1014,1015,1016],"13 years","6 years","16 years",{"id":1018,"data":1019,"type":26,"version":26,"maxContentLevel":36,"summaryPage":1021,"introPage":1028,"pages":1034},"f45b678c-a56d-46e4-934e-4edd8ccba536",{"type":26,"title":1020},"Pan-Islamism",{"id":1022,"data":1023,"type":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"536fc869-c563-4ac8-9e2c-b07c5e306d05",{"type":36,"summary":1024},[1025,1026,1027],"Pan-Islamism emphasized unity based on religion, not culture","Al-Qaeda was founded in 1988 and carried out the 9/11 attacks","Extremist groups like al-Qaeda and ISIS are a minority within Pan-Islamism",{"id":1029,"data":1030,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"0442e0e6-24c9-483c-8304-04e0df87d7f8",{"type":53,"intro":1031},[1032,1033],"What is Pan-Islamism?","What sparked Pan-Islamism's rise?",[1035,1051,1075],{"id":1036,"data":1037,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":1040},"58f6f369-c098-47b0-ac82-e776b9350f3d",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1038,"audioMediaId":1039},"In the late 20th century, Arab Nationalism had to compete with the rise of another new movement: Pan-Islamism. While both of these movements wanted to define the identity of the Arab world, they did so from different perspectives.\n\nAs we've already talked about, Arab Nationalism emphasized unity on the basis of a shared culture. Pan-Islamism, on the other hand, emphasized unity on the basis of a shared religion. Its goal was also a unified state, but an Islamic state, not an Arab one.\n\nIts rise can be traced, in part, to the failure of the United Arab Republic. That project suggested that secular unity was doomed to fail, so some Arabs turned to religious unity instead.\n\n![Graph](image://a184159b-40b9-4d71-b88a-0a78973544a6 \"Mosque in Iran. Image: Hameddaeipic, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")","38a122c5-ff61-4c49-8228-63d9a3d15d6f",[1041],{"id":812,"data":1042,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"collapsingSiblings":1043,"multiChoiceQuestion":1044,"multiChoiceCorrect":1046,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1047,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1048,"matchPairsPairs":1049},[809,813,814],[1045],"Which of these is an accurate description of Pan-Islamism?",[820],[818,821,822],[166],[1050],{"left":1020,"right":820,"direction":36},{"id":1052,"data":1053,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":1056},"f28607b8-f68a-4171-95da-cd71f08c511f",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1054,"audioMediaId":1055},"Pan-Islamism is often intertwined with a rejection of Western cultural ideals, which might be seen as a deviation from traditional Islamic principles. And in certain cases, anti-Western sentiment has been taken to extremes.\n\nIn 1988, an organization named al-Qaeda was founded in Afghanistan. This group launched a series of violent attacks against the United States, who were seen as the ultimate symbol of Western culture.\n\nThe most devastating of these was on September 11th 2001, when hijacked planes were flown into the World Trade Center in New York, and the Pentagon in Virginia. This single attack caused the death of almost 3000 American civilians.\n\n![Graph](image://d13afe9e-b0d5-4c8a-a0e8-1389f93f9252 \"The twin towers of the World Trade Center. Image: John VanderHaagen, CC BY 2.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")","fa56e393-9d7b-4f50-a777-0571929ea046",[1057,1064],{"id":1058,"data":1059,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"0e7960d1-547a-46a1-bb39-cb9986f731fb",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1060,"activeRecallAnswers":1062},[1061],"In 1988, which extreme anti-Western organization was founded in Afghanistan?",[1063],"Al-Qaeda",{"id":1065,"data":1066,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"f5ebf72b-ac1f-4f9d-92c8-f3cb9885c31b",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1067,"multiChoiceCorrect":1069,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1071,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1068],"In what year did al-Qaeda fly hijacked planes into the World Trade Center and the Pentagon?",[1070],"2001",[1072,1073,1074],"2003","1999","2005",{"id":1076,"data":1077,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":1080},"361c17f0-4614-45f7-8657-a6a39faec676",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1078,"audioMediaId":1079},"Extremist Islamic organizations do not represent the Pan-Islamist movement as a whole. Even less do they represent followers of Islam, the vast majority of whom are horrified by extremist attacks. This is an important distinction to make: Pan-Islamism and Islam are not the same.\n\nBut even though they're a minority, these groups have still become a fundamental part of the modern Middle Eastern landscape. Not just al-Qaeda, but also the Taliban in Afghanistan, and the Islamic State (often known as ISIS) which originally formed in Iraq.\n\nIn many ways, they are a product of decades of Western interference in the region. Arab Nationalism was one attempt to mend the damage this interference caused. Islamism is another attempt – with extremist groups using violent terrorism as a way to further their cause.","a20da626-fbfa-4bf4-b371-fbefce5fa86d",[1081],{"id":1082,"data":1083,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"41f29349-a0a5-4116-b14e-9a34ca5587cd",{"type":67,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1084,"binaryCorrect":1086,"binaryIncorrect":1088},[1085],"In general, do followers of Islam approve of extremist groups like al-Qaeda?",[1087],"No - in general, Muslims are horrified",[1089],"Yes - in general, Muslims are impressed",{"id":1091,"data":1092,"type":26,"version":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"summaryPage":1094,"introPage":1101,"pages":1107},"85ee1dc6-2a12-4ae6-9ec7-ef7facf25bab",{"type":26,"title":1093},"The Oil Age",{"id":1095,"data":1096,"type":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"027835ad-d5ce-49e8-b281-05df88a8e971",{"type":36,"summary":1097},[1098,1099,1100],"Oil was discovered in the Middle East in the early 20th century, leading to global interest in the region","The Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) unified a number of Middle Eastern nations along economic lines","The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is an example of a petrostate that has used oil wealth for extravagant projects",{"id":1102,"data":1103,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"0d885997-5656-4f00-9119-44ae556183ee",{"type":53,"intro":1104},[1105,1106],"What is a petrostate?","How how oil transformed the history of the Middle East?",[1108,1122,1138,1151,1168],{"id":1109,"data":1110,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":1113},"6c87889f-327a-412d-a41e-f8a80f7eaa3b",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1111,"audioMediaId":1112},"Arab Nationalism seeks to unify the people of the Middle East based on cultural similarities. Pan-Islamism has a similar objective, but takes a religious angle. And there's one more approach to Middle Eastern unity which we haven't talked about yet: economic.\n\nAt the beginning of the 20th century, oil was discovered in this region. First in Persia (now Iran) in 1908, then again in Saudi Arabia in 1938. In later years, more oil was discovered in other nearby countries, like Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, and the area now known as the United Arab Emirates.\n\n![Graph](image://528ff9bc-509e-4a8a-a4dc-7ace163a3ae5 \"Oil rig. Image: aka4ajax, CC BY 3.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThis is part of the reason why foreign powers have shown so much interest in the Middle East. The region was thrust into the global spotlight – oil is one of the most sought after resources on Earth.","cd39e664-d337-4ae5-b516-223f307264f0",[1114],{"id":1115,"data":1116,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"5bdcc821-3073-481b-aab2-dd5f55de28cc",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1117,"activeRecallAnswers":1119},[1118],"At the start of the 20th century, oil was discovered in the Middle East. Which two countries was it initially found in?",[1120,1121],"Iran (1908)","Saudi Arabia (1938)",{"id":1123,"data":1124,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":1127},"adc56eb1-c309-44f7-ae61-ce893dbabcd9",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1125,"audioMediaId":1126},"The Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) was established in 1968 by Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Libya.\n\nThis organization wasn't the grand, Arab super-state envisioned by Arab Nationalists. But it can be viewed as another approach to Arab unity and autonomy. OAPEC aimed to coordinate and control petroleum policies among its Member Countries. This was a significant departure from the previous system, where prices were largely determined by Western companies.\n\nAn important moment in the history of OAPEC was the 1973 oil embargo. This was a strategic decision to pause oil exports to Western countries, as a punishment for the fact that these countries had provided military aid to Israel during the Yom Kippur War. This embargo triggered an energy crisis in these Western nations, and emphasized the power of OAPEC on the global stage.\n\n![Graph](image://f73b0a40-b4f0-4215-bedc-f32eb6c4b95e \"American cars queuing for oil during embargo. Image: National Archives at College Park, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")","27fa8ccb-4763-4e71-b4e7-8ea3b8b96e42",[1128],{"id":1129,"data":1130,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"70816338-68d9-4cc7-9e47-27b26d42d1ec",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1131,"multiChoiceCorrect":1133,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1137,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":22,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1132],"Which of these countries founded OAPEC?",[1134,1135,1136],"Saudi Arabia","Kuwait","Libya",[732],{"id":1139,"data":1140,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":1143},"69f0f671-31c7-4481-8352-678bf4adf6fe",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1141,"audioMediaId":1142},"Another union of nations, in 1972, saw seven small Middle Eastern kingdoms (Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Fujairah, Sharjah, Dubai, Umm al-Quwain and Ras al-Khaimah) officially come together as a single country: the United Arab Emirates (UAE).\n\n![Graph](image://d2b17e1a-bc9d-4a7d-8415-d91a60a71d4a \"United Arab Emirates. Image: ERCC - Emergency Response Coordination Centre, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe UAE is another example of a Middle Eastern country with oil reserves – and it has amassed a lot of wealth by trading these reserves with other parts of the world. The UAE, along with countries like Saudi Arabia, are sometimes referred to as 'petrostates', as a mark of the importance of oil and petroleum in their economies.\n\nIn recent years, these petrostates have used their oil wealth to fund some extravagant projects. The UAE, for example, built the Burj Khalifa – the tallest building on the planet. This extravagance marks a significant shift for a nation which was relatively poor and humble just a century ago.\n\n![Graph](image://02529f97-74b8-458b-893c-f0e844dad7fe \"Burj Khalifa. Image: Jpbowen, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")","ebb21386-deef-492d-97e4-2c0a661db06b",[1144],{"id":1145,"data":1146,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"11c45728-f882-46e9-b5ce-273920c5ad80",{"type":67,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1147,"clozeWords":1149},[1148],"In 1972, seven small Middle Eastern kingdoms become a single country: the United Arab Emirates.",[1150],"United Arab Emirates",{"id":1152,"data":1153,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":1156},"2f06a114-3d95-4468-9619-16cf63266c67",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1154,"audioMediaId":1155},"The Middle Eastern oil boom may have brought some examples of Arab unity, but it has also been a major cause of division.\n\nThe strategic importance of oil, coupled with the region's complex political and ethnic dynamics, has made it a flashpoint for conflicts. The Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) and the Gulf War (1990-1991) are notable examples of this. These wars were driven (in part) by territorial disputes, as neighboring nations fought for control over oil reserves and the massive revenues they generate.\n\n![Graph](image://f84dd86f-837c-4f2c-a979-f012bbbf37db \"The Gulf War. Image: / IDF Spokesperson's Unit, CC BY-SA 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ via Wikimedia\")\n\nThese conflicts caused immense human suffering to Arab nations. The Iran-Iraq war, for example, left more than a million people dead.","83110cbb-2f47-47ac-b435-ef470573da2e",[1157],{"id":1158,"data":1159,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"7c5f5521-6f82-443a-a211-b42a04a2aab5",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1160,"multiChoiceCorrect":1162,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1165,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":22,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1161],"What are two notable examples of conflicts in the Middle East that were driven (in part) by disputes over oil resources?",[1163,1164],"The Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988)","The Gulf War (1990-1991)",[1166,1167],"The Six-Day War (1967)","The Arab Revolt (1916)",{"id":1169,"data":1170,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":1173},"1f0d8999-f08d-468a-8e6b-2f3f1b170b82",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1171,"audioMediaId":1172},"Moving forward, the future of oil is uncertain, as the world increasingly focuses on renewable energy, and seeks to mitigate the impacts of climate change. This shift towards cleaner energy sources poses challenges for oil-producing countries, as it could lead to a decline in demand for oil and a fall in oil prices.\n\nHowever, these countries still have time to adapt. Saudi Arabia, for example, has made clean energy a central tenet of its Vision 2030: a plan to diversify the Saudi economy and prepare for a post-oil future.\n\n![Graph](image://58b15564-9216-47b4-93b1-f80b2ee59b5d \"Vision 2030. Image: saudivision2030, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nIt remains to be seen what will happen to unions like the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) in a post-oil world.","aa67db78-3882-4ea6-836d-5d0a4416a337",[1174,1185,1195],{"id":850,"data":1175,"type":67,"version":26,"maxContentLevel":36},{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"collapsingSiblings":1176,"multiChoiceQuestion":1177,"multiChoiceCorrect":1179,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1180,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"orderAxisType":25,"orderQuestion":1181,"orderItems":1182},[847,851,852],[1178],"When was the formation of OAPEC?",[859],[856,858,860],[248],[1183],{"label":1184,"reveal":859,"sortOrder":36},"Formation of OAPEC",{"id":1186,"data":1187,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"cde0cb68-99be-4b8c-8747-fd30b9949076",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1188,"multiChoiceCorrect":1190,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1192,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1189],"What term is often used for countries like Saudi Arabia and the UAE?",[1191],"Petrostate",[1193,1194,334],"Oilstate","Fuelstate",{"id":1196,"data":1197,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"0bfc6af0-1990-4a6d-9846-7ed5d4412a15",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1198,"activeRecallAnswers":1200},[1199],"The future of oil is uncertain. What is the name of Saudi Arabia's plan to diversify their economy moving forwards?",[1201],"Vision 2030",{"id":1203,"data":1204,"type":28,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"orbs":1207},"32aa62fa-0456-4fc6-92f0-b07cba8ebeca",{"type":28,"title":1205,"tagline":1206},"Here Comes America","The age of US intervention",[1208,1273,1376,1472,1566],{"id":1209,"data":1210,"type":26,"version":26,"maxContentLevel":36,"summaryPage":1212,"introPage":1219,"pages":1225},"634f6b08-c52e-4bb4-9e3c-75082614f08f",{"type":26,"title":1211},"Cold War politics",{"id":1213,"data":1214,"type":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"82ce7ee7-23d0-435e-ad2b-38f5a93b5a9a",{"type":36,"summary":1215},[1216,1217,1218],"The Cold War led to US and Soviet involvement in the Middle East","The Truman Doctrine was a promise to support democracies against authoritarian threats","The Eisenhower Doctrine was a promise to aid Middle Eastern countries threatened by communism",{"id":1220,"data":1221,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"679875b9-077d-4a14-b3b1-98762ecc2a4d",{"type":53,"intro":1222},[1223,1224],"What was America's approach to the Middle East during the Cold War?","What were the Truman Doctrine and the Eisenhower Doctrine?",[1226,1239,1256],{"id":1227,"data":1228,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":1231},"35580ec7-1b19-4cfa-922f-d96dd9ff88c7",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1229,"audioMediaId":1230},"As we've already seen, the period following World War II was a turbulent time for people of the Middle East. These decades saw the rise and fall of Arab Nationalism, not to mention all the tensions between Israel and Palestine.\n\nAnd to complicate things even further, the period following World War II also some major foreign powers get involved in the Middle East for the very first time: the United States and the Soviet Union.\n\nWith the Cold War in full swing, these superpowers used the Middle East as an arena for ideological conflict. The US wanted the region to be capitalist; the Soviet Union wanted the region to be communist. This added yet another layer of conflict to this turbulent part of the world.\n\n![Graph](image://43df5b9a-fa4c-4708-99ed-9086c48286eb \"Cold War jets. Image: Public domain\")","aca3cb26-9aa2-4f04-a2b8-b8d039deb892",[1232],{"id":1233,"data":1234,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"425e424f-b36c-4e74-8911-929274d21726",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1235,"activeRecallAnswers":1237},[1236],"With the Cold War in full swing, which two superpowers used the Middle East as an arena for ideological conflict?",[1238],"USA and Soviet Union",{"id":1240,"data":1241,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":1244},"b80e55f2-ab6b-4e9d-9d8d-415485f72288",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1242,"audioMediaId":1243},"\nThe United States' involvement in the Middle East was partly driven by the Truman Doctrine: a political promise to \"support \\[...\\] democracies against authoritarian threats.\"\n\nThis doctrine was established by President Truman in 1947. It was an explicit stand against the Soviet Union. In the eyes of the US, the rise of communism was exactly the kind of 'authoritarian threat' that Americans needed to stop.\n\n![Graph](image://e1aaf01b-8c74-463a-a1f0-266efce8480a \"The Truman Doctrine. Image: The U.S. National Archives, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nImagine a small, politically unstable country. The ruling government is democratic – but they're facing the challenge of a communist party who want to take control. The Soviets send financial and military support to that communist party. They share an ideology, so the Soviets want the communist party to succeed.\n\nAccording to the Truman Doctrine, America now has a responsibility to support the democratic regime.","ab5e9037-1974-4974-967d-765468780b3d",[1245],{"id":205,"data":1246,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"collapsingSiblings":1247,"multiChoiceQuestion":1248,"multiChoiceCorrect":1250,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1251,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1252,"matchPairsPairs":1253},[201,204,206],[1249],"Which of these is an accurate description of the Truman Doctrine?",[213],[210,212,214],[166],[1254],{"left":1255,"right":213,"direction":36},"Truman Doctrine",{"id":1257,"data":1258,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":1261},"75e81331-a78a-4ae7-84a9-14cb2c6ea4d0",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1259,"audioMediaId":1260},"In 1957, the Truman Doctrine was bolstered by another statement of intent, this time from President Eisenhower. And, where the Truman Doctrine had applied to countries all around the world, the Eisenhower Doctrine explicitly referred to countries in the Middle East.\n\nMore specifically, it promised military and economic aid to Middle Eastern nations threatened by communism. This policy was a clear signal of America's commitment to the security and stability of the Middle East.\n\nAt least, that's how America presented it. Many Arabs saw the Eisenhower Doctrine as a transparent plan to meddle in the Middle East. America wanted these countries to stay 'westernized', as opposed to embracing local movements like Arab Nationalism. America were also interested in the region's oil.\n\n![Graph](image://d1cd8da4-7f29-478b-94de-c4ffdad500d0 \"Dwight D. Eisenhower. Image: White House, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")","e692b0bb-91b1-42ba-be91-69a2b357f600",[1262],{"id":206,"data":1263,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"collapsingSiblings":1264,"multiChoiceQuestion":1265,"multiChoiceCorrect":1267,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1268,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1269,"matchPairsPairs":1270},[201,204,205],[1266],"Which of these is an accurate description of the Eisenhower Doctrine?",[214],[210,212,213],[166],[1271],{"left":1272,"right":214,"direction":36},"Eisenhower Doctrine",{"id":1274,"data":1275,"type":26,"version":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"summaryPage":1277,"introPage":1284,"pages":1290},"50366b21-819e-4c3b-a278-ef9ab0ec4a40",{"type":26,"title":1276},"Proxy wars",{"id":1278,"data":1279,"type":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"ce74c838-b6eb-4f66-8be9-5405b1a07709",{"type":36,"summary":1280},[1281,1282,1283],"The United States deployed Marines in Lebanon in 1958, marking their first combat operation in the Middle East","This intervention was meant to resolve tension between Lebanon's pro-West government and pro-Arab protestors","The North Yemen civil war was a proxy war: the US supported a dethroned king, while the Soviets backed revolutionary republicans",{"id":1285,"data":1286,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"b465343a-ce90-4805-940c-b65730588a8b",{"type":53,"intro":1287},[1288,1289],"What sparked the US's first combat operation in the Middle East?","What is a proxy war?",[1291,1326,1343],{"id":1292,"data":1293,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":1296},"65a41761-a8f5-4a9d-adb4-e2864495fea4",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1294,"audioMediaId":1295},"In 1958, just a year after the Eisenhower Doctrine, the United States deployed US Marines in Lebanon. This was a significant move, as it was America’s first ever combat operation in the Middle East.\n\nSince 1952, the leader of Lebanon had been the democratically elected Camille Chamoun. He was explicitly pro-West, and a Christian too – exactly the kind of leader that America wanted.\n\n![Graph](image://cdf63f8c-e813-462f-8037-a6478afb83ee \"Camille Chamoun. Image: Public domain\")\n\nHowever, when Chamoun refused to support President Nasser during the Suez Crisis of 1956, many Arabs in Lebanon came to view him as an enemy of the Arab Nationalist cause.\n\nThen in 1958, under the leadership of Nasser, Syria and Egypt merged to form the United Arab Republic. Many Arabs in Lebanon started to call for their country to join this Arab union too.","aa3968bf-ebbf-4486-868a-74e36b65ab9c",[1297,1316],{"id":1298,"data":1299,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"6af74559-6f00-4fba-ab76-68f0312493bc",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"collapsingSiblings":1300,"multiChoiceQuestion":1304,"multiChoiceCorrect":1306,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1308,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1312,"matchPairsPairs":1313},[1301,1302,1303],"41c68ae3-dbca-49a0-a2e5-661af3051167","351178a2-1539-4afc-971f-cf4293947d57","15848a44-6c2f-4f98-b383-c780e01357d5",[1305],"Who was Camille Chamoun?",[1307],"Pro-Western leader of Lebanon",[1309,1310,1311],"Compromise leader of Lebanon","Pro-Western leader of Iran","Anti-Western leader of Iran",[166],[1314],{"left":1315,"right":1311,"direction":36},"Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini",{"id":1317,"data":1318,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"8b98e294-72c7-48d6-b64e-34e2641acdcd",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1319,"multiChoiceCorrect":1321,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1323,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1320],"In 1958, why did many Arabs in Lebanon start to protest against Camille Chmoun?",[1322],"They wanted Lebanon to join the United Arab Republic",[1324,1325,334],"They wanted Lebanon to join OAPEC","They wanted Lebanon to leave OAPEC",{"id":1327,"data":1328,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":1331},"b8d63f01-5ec2-4e0f-a70e-63259d759f1f",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1329,"audioMediaId":1330},"The tension between Lebanon's pro-West government, and pro-Arab protestors, was exactly the kind of situation that the Eisenhower Doctrine had been written for.\n\nThe protestors included a group that called themselves the Lebanese Communist Party. While the Soviet Union weren't explicit supporters, they didn't need to be: in the Cold War context, any conflict between a pro-Western group and a communist group was seen as a clash between American ideals and Soviet ones.\n\nIn July 1958, America sent almost 15,000 men to Lebanon. They managed to suppress the local unrest by overseeing the election of a new, 'compromise' president.\n\nThis president – Fouad Abdallah Chehab – wasn't as pro-West as Camille Chamoun, but he wasn't particularly pro-communist either. He helped to soothe the differences between both sides, which was generally seen as a (minor) victory for America.","52c659fe-fe49-4cd3-a5d0-60cb142394d9",[1332],{"id":1303,"data":1333,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"collapsingSiblings":1334,"multiChoiceQuestion":1335,"multiChoiceCorrect":1337,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1338,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1339,"matchPairsPairs":1340},[1301,1302,1298],[1336],"Who was Fouad Abdallah Chehab?",[1309],[1307,1310,1311],[166],[1341],{"left":1342,"right":1310,"direction":36},"Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi",{"id":1344,"data":1345,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":1348},"b7bd6499-454b-4746-ac35-043bac5878e2",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1346,"audioMediaId":1347},"Another example of American intervention during the Cold War period was the North Yemen civil war. This conflict unfolded in 1962, after a local king was overthrown by revolutionary Yemeni republicans.\n\n![Graph](image://036988c5-1d13-43e3-877f-66cdadac6d10 \"North Yemen civil war. Image: Public domain\")\n\nAmerica swept in to support the followers of the dethroned king, while the Soviets sent support to the revolutionary republicans. This conflict lasted for just over eight years, and officially ended with a victory for the Soviet-backed revolutionaries.\n\nThis kind of conflict – where two smaller parties are backed by one or more larger parties – is known as a proxy war. They were a distinctive feature of the Cold War period: the United States and the Soviet Union didn't want to face off in a head-to-head battle, so they fought each other using proxy wars instead.\n\nOther examples of proxy wars that these superpowers got involved in include the Al-Wadiah War, between South Yemen and Saudi Arabia, and the Lebanese Civil War.","bfa59471-8d29-433c-869b-9a2bfc2932fd",[1349,1360,1369],{"id":1350,"data":1351,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"c7ce6673-2502-4558-92db-c1fe17852130",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1352,"multiChoiceCorrect":1354,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1356,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1353],"When and where did the USA launch their first combat operation in the Middle East?",[1355],"1958 - Lebanon",[1357,1358,1359],"1958 - Yemen","1962 - Lebanon","1962 - Yemen",{"id":1361,"data":1362,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"404e5b02-e9bb-43bf-9119-68cf479c8620",{"type":67,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1363,"binaryCorrect":1365,"binaryIncorrect":1367},[1364],"Who did the USA side with in the North Yemen civil war?",[1366],"Dethroned king",[1368],"Revolutionary republicans",{"id":1370,"data":1371,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"5e03105a-7397-49a6-8366-c29dc1adb9e2",{"type":67,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1372,"binaryCorrect":1374,"binaryIncorrect":1375},[1373],"Who did the Soviet Union side with in the North Yemen civil war?",[1368],[1366],{"id":1377,"data":1378,"type":26,"version":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"summaryPage":1380,"introPage":1387,"pages":1393},"ac2af384-8ae1-465a-a130-7f56a7cc7651",{"type":26,"title":1379},"Saddam Hussein",{"id":1381,"data":1382,"type":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"16360745-5c8f-409d-9703-695673b35ae0",{"type":36,"summary":1383},[1384,1385,1386],"The Gulf War saw America send troops to Saudi Arabia to support them against the threat of Saddam Hussein's Iraq ","Al-Qaeda saw the presence of American troops in Saudi Arabia as an insult to Islam, and launched the September 11 attacks in 2001","The Bush Administration invaded Iraq based on intelligence reports of weapons of mass destruction",{"id":1388,"data":1389,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"f52cce10-9081-4e6a-9fea-19915e213682",{"type":53,"intro":1390},[1391,1392],"What was the role of Saddam Hussein in the Gulf War?","Why did the United States invade Iraq in 2003?",[1394,1407,1423],{"id":1395,"data":1396,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":1399},"1655cdf5-b694-45bb-9323-a90795742977",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1397,"audioMediaId":1398},"The Cold War officially ended in 1991, when the Soviet Union dissolved. However, the United States continued to play a role in the Middle East.\n\nIn 1990, Iraq had invaded Kuwait. At the time, Iraq was led by a figure named Saddam Hussein: a devoted follower of Ba'athism, which was essentially a more modern, militarist form of Arab Nationalism.\n\n![Graph](image://57949fb8-942c-417d-8c08-e364c2d2791f \"Saddam Hussein. Image: Public domain\")\n\nAfter Kuwait, Iraq set their sights on Saudi Arabia. But Saudi Arabia had a long-standing relationship with the United States. Why? It was mutually beneficial: Saudi Arabia provided the USA with a reliable source of oil, in return for military support on occasions like this one.\n\nIn 1991, America sent troops to Saudi Arabia. A sixth month conflict broke out, which later became known as the Gulf War.\n\n![Graph](image://7ec5b527-2987-4e71-beb5-3d77b9ce0fae \"American bombers during the Gulf War. Image: Public domain\")","07a64bac-9ed9-44e9-9cd6-876ca3797e89",[1400],{"id":1401,"data":1402,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"c3f866e2-3a6c-447e-be2f-f931f32a9413",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1403,"activeRecallAnswers":1405},[1404],"When did the Cold War officially end?",[1406],"1991",{"id":1408,"data":1409,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":1412},"a620c628-470a-45f2-855a-da20e140e7d4",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1410,"audioMediaId":1411},"The Gulf War officially ended with an American victory in January 1991. But America was still worried about Saddam Hussein, so they decided to leave 5000 troops in Saudi Arabia.\n\nThis didn't go down well. Al-Qaeda, who were based in nearby Afghanistan, saw this presence of American troops in Saudi Arabia as a direct insult to Islam. Some of them even thought that America were conspiring to destroy Islam entirely.\n\nTheir leader, Osama bin Laden, demanded that America withdraw. When this didn't happen, he launched the September 11 attacks in 2001, killing almost 3000 American civilians. This terrorist attack sent shockwaves all around the globe.","8ff83409-c112-4cdf-bc6e-b0ef4a0c1fe1",[1413],{"id":530,"data":1414,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"collapsingSiblings":1415,"multiChoiceQuestion":1416,"multiChoiceCorrect":1418,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1419,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1420,"matchPairsPairs":1421},[525,528,529],[1417],"Who was Saddam Hussein?",[538],[534,536,537],[166],[1422],{"left":1379,"right":538,"direction":36},{"id":1424,"data":1425,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":1428},"169c88ee-4869-41a6-b662-50a1a7840178",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1426,"audioMediaId":1427},"September 11 left the United States feeling frightened, angry and wounded. Despite decades of involvement in Middle Eastern affairs, this was the very first time that a conflict had reached out and had an impact on American soil.\n\nAnd into this context came an intelligence report from Iraq. Supposedly, President Saddam Hussein had been developing weapons of mass destruction: nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons that might be used against America.\n\nThe Bush Administration, led by President George W. Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney, took the decision to invade Iraq. They argued that the removal of Hussein, and the disarming of those weapons, was the only way to guarantee global security.\n\n![Graph](image://4b9ffd0f-512b-4c3f-a34e-c9a8c468c333 \"US marines in Iraq. Image: LCPL Andrew Williams, USMC, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\")","99e8df5e-9629-4fc2-833c-a0c63466db77",[1429,1440,1447,1458],{"id":813,"data":1430,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"collapsingSiblings":1431,"multiChoiceQuestion":1432,"multiChoiceCorrect":1434,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1435,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1436,"matchPairsPairs":1437},[809,812,814],[1433],"Which of these is an accurate description of Ba'athism?",[821],[818,820,822],[166],[1438],{"left":1439,"right":821,"direction":36},"Ba'athism",{"id":1441,"data":1442,"type":67,"version":26,"maxContentLevel":36},"caa3e7ae-e83b-4af1-a856-f29748616ca2",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1443,"activeRecallAnswers":1445},[1444],"Not long after the Gulf War, and September 11, what intelligence report did the US claim to receive about Iraq?",[1446],"Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction",{"id":1448,"data":1449,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"70dfb47f-f807-4798-b2aa-69f05ff3ecdd",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1450,"multiChoiceCorrect":1452,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1454,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1451],"Which US presidential administration took the decision to invade Iraq?",[1453],"Bush administration",[1455,1456,1457],"Obama administration","Clinton administration","Reagan administration",{"id":1459,"data":1460,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"727e74cc-340d-4cbb-8c57-7c07dfab2d6b",{"type":67,"reviewType":15,"spacingBehaviour":25,"orderAxisType":246,"orderQuestion":1461,"orderItems":1463},[1462],"Put these events of the Gulf War in order:",[1464,1466,1468,1470],{"label":1465,"sortOrder":4},"US troops support Saudi Arabia against Iraq",{"label":1467,"sortOrder":25},"Iraq withdraws from Saudi Arabia",{"label":1469,"sortOrder":26},"US decides to maintain a presence in Saudi Arabia",{"label":1471,"sortOrder":36},"Al-Qaeda retaliates against US",{"id":1473,"data":1474,"type":26,"version":26,"maxContentLevel":36,"summaryPage":1476,"introPage":1484,"pages":1490},"4c94ecad-d2de-47c9-a580-f52fabc21ac7",{"type":26,"title":1475},"Invasion of Iraq",{"id":1477,"data":1478,"type":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"90fa7e17-ab6e-4208-aa2a-372feda2be16",{"type":36,"summary":1479},[1480,1481,1482,1483],"The US-led invasion of Iraq began on March 20, 2003, and quickly ended with an American occupation","Saddam Hussein was captured by US forces in December 2003, and replaced by the Iraqi Interim Government","In the years that followed, sectarian violence erupted between Iraq's Sunni and Shia communities","No weapons of mass destruction were found in Iraq, which undermined America's decision to invade in the first place",{"id":1485,"data":1486,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"42c871c7-a6e2-467f-986d-44aeb5684c33",{"type":53,"intro":1487},[1488,1489],"What were the results of the US-led invasion of Iraq?","Did Saddam Hussein have weapons of mass destruction after all?",[1491,1508,1527,1553],{"id":1492,"data":1493,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":1496},"9bb568de-90ad-46f1-87fc-77cf4514c6db",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1494,"audioMediaId":1495},"The US-led invasion of Iraq began on March 20, 2003. The invasion was launched with a series of airstrikes aimed at key military and government targets in Baghdad, the capital of Iraq.\n\n![Graph](image://d18744ad-90d8-4f80-b175-7be6a8e98fa1 \"US planes in Iraq. Image: SSGT Sean M. Worrell, USAF, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe invasion, known as Operation Iraqi Freedom, involved a coalition of several countries, including the United Kingdom, Australia, and Poland. These countries provided military support and resources, contributing to a swift defeat of the Iraqi military.\n\nBaghdad fell in just three weeks. US President George W Bush delivered a famous speech in front of a sign stating 'Mission Accomplished'. But in reality, this war was far from over.\n\n![Graph](image://e54641e1-66df-4de0-abe8-dacef08630c0 \"Mission accomplished. Image: Public domain\")","058228f7-5e92-4a83-8c07-5cad00312c91",[1497],{"id":1498,"data":1499,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"d76c83fe-082a-4246-a00d-ef5d2b304581",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1500,"multiChoiceCorrect":1502,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1504,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1501],"How did the US refer to their invasion of Iraq in 2003?",[1503],"Operation Iraqi Freedom",[1505,1506,1507],"Operation Desert Storm","Operation Desert Shield","Operation Iraqi Liberation",{"id":1509,"data":1510,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":1513},"ac598277-2773-4c80-a4db-db294e15f534",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1511,"audioMediaId":1512},"Saddam Hussein managed to evade the Americans for a good few months after the fall of Baghdad. But he was captured by a team of US forces in December 2003, after they discovered him hiding in an underground shelter near his hometown of Tikrit.\n\nThe US-led coalition decided to continue their presence in Iraq, and help to stabilize the country. They established the Coalition Provisional Authority, which in turn oversaw the establishment of the Iraqi Interim Government.\n\n![Graph](image://b41acdcf-f483-4c3e-acfa-359837ae0fc5 \"Coalition Provisional Authority. Image: Brian1975 at English Wikipedia., CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nHowever, this new government was greeted by a period of widespread violence, as a number of Iraqi insurgency groups made efforts to overthrow these unwanted Western occupiers. These groups included former supporters of Saddam Hussein, Sunni militants, and foreign terrorists like al-Qaeda.","cc2f56c7-0ab9-40c1-86d8-3dc37cbd462f",[1514],{"id":1515,"data":1516,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"6929b7de-4877-44ea-8cbb-56b5bba8157d",{"type":67,"reviewType":15,"spacingBehaviour":25,"orderAxisType":246,"orderQuestion":1517,"orderItems":1518},[248],[1519,1521,1523,1525],{"label":1520,"sortOrder":4},"America suspects weapons of mass destruction",{"label":1522,"sortOrder":25},"America invades Iraq",{"label":1524,"sortOrder":26},"Baghdad falls to America",{"label":1526,"sortOrder":36},"Saddam Hussein is captured",{"id":1528,"data":1529,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":1532},"4d886fe0-cf0c-4139-8eff-355aeed977ab",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1530,"audioMediaId":1531},"Alongside the insurgent attacks against America, the power vacuum left by the removal of Saddam Hussein also led to an outbreak of sectarian violence in Iraq.\n\nThe violence was primarily between Iraq's Sunni and Shia communities, with both sides carrying out attacks against each other. The tensions between these two communities had been long suppressed under Hussein's regime, but now they had a chance to boil over.\n\n![Graph](image://bcb0b40d-4e9a-489f-a36e-c1cb9ae0589a \"US soldiers in Iraq. Image: U.S. Army photo by Spc. Jeffrey Alexander, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe sectarian violence led to thousands of deaths, and totally destabilized the region. It also hindered efforts to establish a stable, inclusive government, and further complicated the country's recovery from American invasion and occupation.","b2c22ef0-96b3-4cf8-8fa1-b2c3e7bb455b",[1533,1542],{"id":1534,"data":1535,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"448c6e15-0149-449b-9887-e7853820b9cb",{"type":67,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1536,"binaryCorrect":1538,"binaryIncorrect":1540},[1537],"After the US invasion of Iraq, what was the name of the new Iraqi government established with American support?",[1539],"Iraqi Interim Government",[1541],"Iraqi Interim Authority",{"id":1543,"data":1544,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"dccb717f-3dd8-42fb-afde-5f5354aeed36",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1545,"multiChoiceCorrect":1547,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1551,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":22,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1546],"Which of these insurgent groups tried to overthrow the new Iraqi Interim Government?",[1548,1549,1550],"Former allies of Saddam Hussein","Sunni militant groups","Foreign terrorists like al-Qaeda",[1552],"Supporters of the Soviet Union",{"id":1554,"data":1555,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":1558},"b647df24-27d4-4b24-b871-81d935ede211",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1556,"audioMediaId":1557},"In 2006, after three years in prison, Saddam Hussein was tried and executed by the Iraqi government for crimes against humanity. His trial and execution were hugely controversial, and highlighted the divisions within Iraq and the wider region.\n\n![Graph](image://8f3746c6-b919-4a8a-b88d-be38de70dcec \"Saddam Hussein. Image: Alain Nogues/Sygma/Sygma via Getty Images, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nAnd at the end of all this: no weapons of mass destruction were actually found. In other words, America's entire reason for invading Iraq had been totally flawed since the start.\n\nThis discovery left America reeling. Either their intelligence system had made a massive mistake – or the government had decided to make the evidence up. Either way, it put the United States in a very negative light.","d02290f3-660d-4cae-bc34-800cff38fce3",[1559],{"id":1560,"data":1561,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"6a2c7fbf-40aa-4992-98f0-77bbf5729b13",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1562,"activeRecallAnswers":1564},[1563],"The power vacuum left by the removal of Saddam Hussein led to an outbreak of sectarian violence in Iraq. Which two groups were primarily involved?",[1565],"Sunni and Shia communities",{"id":1567,"data":1568,"type":26,"version":26,"maxContentLevel":36,"summaryPage":1570,"introPage":1577,"pages":1583},"cc98592b-4415-47d1-a69f-c5b3e01c0e61",{"type":26,"title":1569},"Aftermath",{"id":1571,"data":1572,"type":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"71aa430f-dd7b-455c-a467-c9b6ba185bba",{"type":36,"summary":1573},[1574,1575,1576],"President Bush agreed to withdraw American troops from Iraq in 2008","The US completed its withdrawal from Iraq in December 2011","The emergence of ISIS during the US occupation was one of the invasion's impacts",{"id":1578,"data":1579,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"df3c13ed-e51c-4dbd-a18d-b279150298ac",{"type":53,"intro":1580},[1581,1582],"When and why did America withdraw their troops from Iraq?","How did the American occupation in Iraq contribute to the rise of ISIS?",[1584,1601,1625],{"id":1585,"data":1586,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":1589},"a0981666-8327-4290-839b-65190a9b3f39",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1587,"audioMediaId":1588},"In 2008, President Bush agreed to a withdrawal of American troops from Iraq. This decision was influenced by a variety of factors, including public pressure, not to mention the sheer financial cost of maintaining such a significant military presence.\n\nThe withdrawal was completed in December 2011, under President Barack Obama. This brought an end to nearly nine years of US presence in Iraq.\n\n![Graph](image://2a15156a-a8e7-403c-a94c-8db44b2c9796 \"Barack Obama. Image: Pete Souza, CC BY 3.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nIt's hard to quantify the impact of America in Iraq. But some estimates suggest that more than a million people died as a result of their invasion.","6fc28d54-af0a-45cb-b64d-65398b1ffc92",[1590],{"id":1591,"data":1592,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"c00ecc47-c4fc-4472-9d62-c3f31d4f34d5",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1593,"multiChoiceCorrect":1595,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1597,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1594],"Under which president did US forces finish withdrawing from Iraq, after nearly nine years of occupation?",[1596],"President Obama",[1598,1599,1600],"President Bush","President Biden","President Trump",{"id":1602,"data":1603,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":1606},"28ce1809-f033-45df-9de2-389c2b85be96",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1604,"audioMediaId":1605},"Iraq today is still dealing with the aftermath of US occupation. They have made some progress in recent years, including the holding of regular elections, and the slow rebuilding of their infrastructure.\n\n![Graph](image://4c4633f5-abe4-45d2-9634-86284aabb01b \"Modern day Iraq. Image: via Pexels\")\n\nHowever, they have new problems too. The Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) emerged in Iraq during the period of US occupation. The group, originally an offshoot of al-Qaeda in Iraq, has the stated aim of an Islamic state: an extreme example of Pan-Islamism.\n\n![Graph](image://7d0e9fd1-6834-49db-8203-133cff1ad0e3 \"ISIS influence. Image: VOA (Adapted from Institute for the Study of War), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe group's brutal tactics and extremist ideology has attracted international concern. And many have asked the question: if America had never invaded Iraq, would ISIS have ever existed?","be7093a6-6d78-4d59-960b-0502f3e5e31f",[1607,1618],{"id":330,"data":1608,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"collapsingSiblings":1609,"multiChoiceQuestion":1610,"multiChoiceCorrect":1612,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1613,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1614,"matchPairsPairs":1615},[326,329],[1611],"Which of these is an accurate description of ISIS?",[338],[334,336,337],[166],[1616],{"left":1617,"right":337,"direction":36},"Hezbollah",{"id":1619,"data":1620,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"a53ebe19-9668-46a2-8471-8b628ae72a7a",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1621,"activeRecallAnswers":1623},[1622],"ISIS emerged in Iraq during the US occupation. What is this group's full name?",[1624],"The Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS)",{"id":1626,"data":1627,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":1630},"c0c14919-a993-44a9-81fc-89f5a1576723",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1628,"audioMediaId":1629},"Despite the events of the Iraq invasion, America are still involved in the Middle East. For example, they maintain a close relationship with Saudi Arabia, who are still an important provider of oil.\n\nThe relationship between the US and Israel is also important to mention. Since the establishment of Israel in 1948, the US has been an important ally and supporter of the Jewish state. In recent years, the Obama administration decided to give Israel a $38 billion military aid package.\n\n![Graph](image://f49616dd-3cbb-4de6-bf99-e4f63a6717ee \"Obama with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. Image: Pete Souza, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nAs of 2024, there are also thousands of US troops still stationed in parts of the Middle East. Foreign involvement in this part of the world won't be ending any time soon.","5afb5ce4-261a-4b22-ae30-e9981f452e4d",[1631,1642],{"id":1632,"data":1633,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"d5d47906-fd6f-424b-86c3-87a771bb2f48",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1634,"multiChoiceCorrect":1636,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1638,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1635],"As of 2024, how many troops do America still have stationed in the Middle East?",[1637],"Thousands",[1639,1640,1641],"Hundreds","Millions","None",{"id":1643,"data":1644,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"9bc64749-9549-407d-b220-97de8484c31e",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1645,"multiChoiceCorrect":1647,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1648,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1646],"To which country did the Obama Administration give a $38 billion military aid?",[628],[647,732,1134],{"id":1650,"data":1651,"type":28,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"orbs":1654},"deaf0e60-4416-4c5d-808a-733f07123540",{"type":28,"title":1652,"tagline":1653},"Revolutions","From Iran to the Arab Spring",[1655,1796,1915,2023],{"id":1656,"data":1657,"type":26,"version":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"summaryPage":1659,"introPage":1666,"pages":1672},"8ff86e41-79f0-4292-a0c7-6238b0800436",{"type":26,"title":1658},"The Islamic Revolution",{"id":1660,"data":1661,"type":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"9f077736-f2da-42f3-afc4-dfced72dec1f",{"type":36,"summary":1662},[1663,1664,1665],"Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi ruled Iran from 1941 to 1979, focusing on modernization and westernization","Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini led the opposition against the Shah's regime, advocating Islamic principles","The Islamic Revolution (1978) led to the Shah's exile and the formation of an Islamic Republic under Khomeini",{"id":1667,"data":1668,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"6b1ab9eb-cccb-4037-8664-dc4e34052b8c",{"type":53,"intro":1669},[1670,1671],"Who was Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, and why did America like him?","Who was Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, and how did he spark a revolution?",[1673,1690,1707,1734,1751],{"id":1674,"data":1675,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":1678},"31418245-3e47-419d-b409-1f44cf6ba051",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1676,"audioMediaId":1677},"One more major player in the modern Middle East, which we haven't really talked about yet, is Iran.\n\n![Graph](image://51df83fe-87a1-4876-81b0-18535cbf9ede \"Map of Iran. Image: TUBS, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nFor a large chunk of the 20th century (1941 to 1979), this country was ruled by Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. He was an American ally, whose reign was marked by modernization and westernization: infrastructure was improved, education was expanded, and women's rights were advanced.\n\n![Graph](image://489096a3-7f4a-415a-8d90-1f541d7f8b0c \"Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Image: Ghazarians, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.\")\n\nBut this was also a period of political repression and widespread corruption. Many people in Iran also viewed the country's westernization as a rejection of Islamic traditions. His regime was seen as increasingly out of touch with the realities of Iran, and his efforts to silence opposition voices only made things worse.","87186c47-e2be-41fb-9fea-bf573330b070",[1679],{"id":1680,"data":1681,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"751a5ae0-10f5-4162-b6b5-a0b1e235adf7",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1682,"multiChoiceCorrect":1684,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1686,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1683],"Which of these describes Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's reign?",[1685],"All of these",[1687,1688,1689],"Modernization & westernization","Widespread corruption","Political repression",{"id":1691,"data":1692,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":1695},"dee80322-dfee-494a-ba9a-b2ba620ecc81",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1693,"audioMediaId":1694},"At the start of 1963, the Shah announced a six-point reform programme called the White Revolution.\n\nThis was the biggest step towards westernization yet, with massive land reforms and electoral changes. For example, the reforms gave the vote to women, and let non-Muslims hold political office.\n\nSome people saw this as more than just a rejection of Islam. Now, it was a direct attack. And one figure was right at the center of this opposition. A high ranking cleric and religious scholar: Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.\n\nHis anti-Western views came from a similar place as the Pan-Islamist movement. He also spoke of a unified state under the banner of Islam – but his immediate priority was speaking out against the Shah.\n\n![Graph](image://5a342776-6722-4875-886b-f570240e0b12 \"Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. Image: Mohammad Sayyad - محمد صیاد, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\")","998a4de4-619b-4b0f-b9c3-dac21c950a28",[1696],{"id":1697,"data":1698,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"45558afe-0ec6-4179-a03d-12d54d491d90",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1699,"multiChoiceCorrect":1701,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1704,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":22,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1700],"Which of these were features of Iran's six-point reform programme (the White Revolution)?",[1702,1703],"Women could now vote","Non-Muslims could now hold political office",[1705,1706],"Women could no longer vote","Muslims could now hold political office",{"id":1708,"data":1709,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":1712},"cc496a56-a4b9-4605-ab62-7d650a7a832a",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1710,"audioMediaId":1711},"When Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini publicly spoke out against the White Revolution, in 1964, the Shah exiled him from Iran.\n\nBut Khomeini continued to influence Iranian politics. From Iraq and Turkey, he wrote extensive criticisms of the Shah's regime, which were smuggled into Iran and widely circulated. His writings resonated with many Iranians, contributing to the growing opposition against the Shah.\n\nThere was a revolutionary spirit in the country, now. And in 1978, everything came to a head. Islamic extremists set a cinema on fire, killing around 400 people. This was blamed (falsely) on the Shah – and demonstrations broke out across Iran.\n\nIn the middle of January, 1979, the Shah fled the country. Just a few days later, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini returned.","d5265ef7-1b8f-46a6-af35-cca4dcc58476",[1713,1720],{"id":1714,"data":1715,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"05f66255-7ad2-4908-a923-756b6c3a246b",{"type":67,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1716,"clozeWords":1718},[1717],"When Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini publicly spoke out against the White Revolution, in 1964, the Shah exiled him from Iran.",[1719],"White Revolution",{"id":1721,"data":1722,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"817785ba-dea4-41c8-907e-e30db94c275f",{"type":67,"reviewType":15,"spacingBehaviour":25,"orderAxisType":246,"orderQuestion":1723,"orderItems":1725},[1724],"Put the following events in order:",[1726,1728,1730,1732],{"label":1727,"sortOrder":4},"Ayatollah Khomeini is exiled from Iran",{"label":1729,"sortOrder":25},"Ayatollah Khomeini's writings stir up revolutionary spirit",{"label":1731,"sortOrder":26},"Islamic extremists set a cinema on fire",{"label":1733,"sortOrder":36},"Demonstrations break out and the Shah flees",{"id":1735,"data":1736,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":1739},"03955b18-45c2-4252-b25f-581a0385f04c",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1737,"audioMediaId":1738},"Upon his return to Iran in 1979, Khomeini was greeted by millions of supporters, and was quickly named the country's Supreme Leader.\n\n![Graph](image://ff8d9fb9-ddf3-4221-a4bd-24b5a71eaad4 \"Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. Image: Public domain\")\n\nHis return marked the beginning of a new era in Iran's history, as the country embarked on a radical experiment in Islamic governance.\n\nUnder Khomeini's leadership, Iran underwent significant political, social, and cultural changes, as the new regime sought to align the country's institutions with Islamic principles.\n\nThis transition from a monarchy to a theocratic republic was a deeply significant change. It marked the end of 2,500 years of continuous monarchical rule.","dc19da8b-8f90-4f3d-af0c-ba7d3d8c446b",[1740],{"id":1741,"data":1742,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"edc89fbe-a461-4b4f-afe0-b407b4502b4d",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1743,"multiChoiceCorrect":1745,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1747,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1744],"After the Shah fled Iran, Ayalottah Khomeini turned Iran from what into what?",[1746],"Monarchy into theocratic republic",[1748,1749,1750],"Monarchy into democracy","Democracy into theocratic republic","Democracy into monarchy",{"id":1752,"data":1753,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":1756},"857ee122-0382-4df6-907c-15a3f903d918",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1754,"audioMediaId":1755},"Under the leadership of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, Iran was declared an Islamic Republic in April 1979. The establishment of the Islamic Republic was a radical experiment in Islamic governance.\n\nThe new political system was based on the concept of Velayat-e Faqih, or 'guardianship of the Islamic jurist', a principle advocated by Ayatollah Khomeini. This principle justifies the rule of the clergy over the state, marking a significant departure from the secular monarchy that had previously ruled Iran.\n\nThe Islamic Republic of Iran introduced a new constitution based on conservative Islamic principles and norms. This constitution combined elements of a parliamentary democracy with a theocracy governed by the country's highest-ranking cleric. The new constitution has shaped Iran's political landscape ever since, influencing its domestic policies and its relations with the rest of the world.","4b4698cb-c1cc-41e5-982a-2eebc38cc4ad",[1757,1768,1779,1790],{"id":814,"data":1758,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"collapsingSiblings":1759,"multiChoiceQuestion":1760,"multiChoiceCorrect":1762,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1763,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1764,"matchPairsPairs":1765},[809,812,813],[1761],"Which of these is an accurate description of Velayat-e Faqih, as advocated by Ayatollah Khomeini?",[822],[818,820,821],[166],[1766],{"left":1767,"right":822,"direction":36},"Velayat-e Faqih",{"id":1301,"data":1769,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"collapsingSiblings":1770,"multiChoiceQuestion":1771,"multiChoiceCorrect":1773,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1774,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1775,"matchPairsPairs":1776},[1302,1303,1298],[1772],"Who was Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi?",[1310],[1309,1307,1311],[166],[1777],{"left":1778,"right":1309,"direction":36},"Fouad Abdallah Chehab",{"id":1302,"data":1780,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"collapsingSiblings":1781,"multiChoiceQuestion":1782,"multiChoiceCorrect":1784,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1785,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1786,"matchPairsPairs":1787},[1301,1303,1298],[1783],"Who was Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini?",[1311],[1309,1307,1310],[166],[1788],{"left":1789,"right":1307,"direction":36},"Camille Chamoun",{"id":1791,"data":1792,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"42974768-c6aa-4525-98b2-d74dd50d1c6a",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1793,"activeRecallAnswers":1795},[1794],"In what year was Iran declared an Islamic Republic?",[557],{"id":1797,"data":1798,"type":26,"version":26,"maxContentLevel":36,"summaryPage":1800,"introPage":1808,"pages":1814},"cf6ca462-4d5d-44b4-8bec-fec5cb92f455",{"type":26,"title":1799},"International relations",{"id":1801,"data":1802,"type":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"6d38161d-8e76-40d6-a04b-f5d729cbd3ef",{"type":36,"summary":1803},[1804,1805,1806,1807],"Iran's relationship with foreign nations has been complex and contentious since the Islamic Revolution","The Iran-Iraq War was one of the longest and most devastating conflicts of the 20th century","The US severed diplomatic ties with Iran in 1980 following the Iran hostage crisis","The Iran nuclear deal was put forward in 2015 in an attempt to limit Iran's nuclear capabilities",{"id":1809,"data":1810,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"aa22fa58-1f6f-4e04-bfad-de94f4523b85",{"type":53,"intro":1811},[1812,1813],"What sparked the Iran-Iraq War?","How has Iran's nuclear program defined its relationship with foreign powers?",[1815,1832,1849,1862],{"id":1816,"data":1817,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":1820},"0088f941-d309-4937-9a44-a2bd1aa9cd93",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1818,"audioMediaId":1819},"Since the Islamic Revolution, Iran's relationship with its Arab neighbors has been complex and often contentious.\n\nTensions have been particularly high with Saudi Arabia, with the two countries representing two distinct and oppositional branches of Islam: Shia (Iran) and Sunni (Saudi Arabia). This sectarian divide, combined with geopolitical rivalries and disagreements over regional issues, has fueled a deep-seated animosity between the two countries.\n\nIran's involvement in regional conflicts, such as those in Syria, Israel, and Yemen, and their support for militant groups – for example Hezbollah, the Lebanese Shia militia – has also been a major source of tension, contributing to the ongoing instability in the Middle East.","2e67f884-f60d-4ddf-be19-54425f3ac06e",[1821],{"id":1822,"data":1823,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"9dce68bc-6dfb-42e9-8fc5-275c77dcf670",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1824,"multiChoiceCorrect":1826,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1828,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1825],"Which of these best describes the majority religions in Saudi Arabia and Iran?",[1827],"Iran = Shia Islam, Saudi Arabia = Sunni Islam",[1829,1830,1831],"Iran = Sunni Islam, Saudi Arabia = Shia Islam","Both countries = Shia Islam","Both countries = Sunni Islam",{"id":1833,"data":1834,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":1837},"b57ae100-9a6b-415c-a3c3-90259540c382",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1835,"audioMediaId":1836},"The Iran-Iraq War, which lasted from 1980 to 1988, was one of the longest and most devastating conflicts of the 20th century. The war had profound impacts on both countries, resulting in hundreds of thousands of casualties, and causing significant damage to their economies and infrastructures.\n\nThe war began when Iraq, under the leadership of Saddam Hussein, invaded Iran in September 1980. The invasion was motivated by a variety of factors, including territorial disputes, oil competition, and fears of Shia influence from Iran now Ayatollah Khomeini was in charge.\n\n![Graph](image://309c4fc6-7f6e-4c53-a178-b5ce1dccf564 \"Iran-Iraq War. Image: Mahmoud Badrfar (GFDL \u003Chttp://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html> or GFDL \u003Chttp://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html>), via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nDespite the immense human and economic costs, the war ended in a stalemate, with neither side achieving their objectives. This was a decade or so before America's invasion of Iraq.","b2d5d35c-1351-4eae-b32b-eb21c5befb23",[1838],{"id":1839,"data":1840,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"10bd4922-28c3-4eef-8fdf-8b97d3f13eb6",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1841,"multiChoiceCorrect":1843,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1845,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1842],"When did the Iran-Iraq War take place?",[1844],"1980 to 1988",[1846,1847,1848],"1970 to 1978","1990 to 1998","1985 to 1993",{"id":1850,"data":1851,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":1854},"8bca0c99-1f54-4852-bf5e-6bb559100d8b",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1852,"audioMediaId":1853},"In addition to local tensions, the relationship between Iran and the United States has also been strained since the Islamic Revolution. The revolution marked a significant shift in Iran's foreign policy, as the new regime sought to distance itself from the West and assert its independence on the global stage.\n\nThe US severed diplomatic ties with Iran in 1980, following the Iran hostage crisis, in which 52 American diplomats and citizens were held hostage for 444 days. This event marked a low point in US-Iran relations, and has had lasting impacts on the relationship between the two countries.\n\nDespite efforts at rapprochement, tensions have persisted, fueled by disagreements over a range of issues. For example, the US and its allies have expressed concerns about its support for militant groups in the region. Another major point of contention is Iran's nuclear program.","66d5f45a-1427-49af-9464-de57e7aad7bf",[1855],{"id":1856,"data":1857,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"f530f8dd-0628-4541-a820-7a833d2f7d19",{"type":67,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1858,"clozeWords":1860},[1859],"The US severed diplomatic ties with Iran in 1980, following the Iran hostage crisis.",[1861],"Iran hostage crisis",{"id":1863,"data":1864,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":1867},"a6cf11ff-2ae5-4466-a40a-26a08836f805",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1865,"audioMediaId":1866},"Ironically, Iran's nuclear program was only made possible with the help of the US. But that was way back in the 1950s, before the Islamic Revolution took place.\n\nSince then, many countries, most notably the US but Israel as well, have expressed concerns about Iran's ability to develop nuclear weapons. Iran insist that their nuclear program is only for defense, but lingering concerns have led to a series of international sanctions against the country.\n\n![Graph](image://5fd7ce6f-dab9-408d-9a88-c3c2bc6a4b66 \"Iran's nuclear program. Image: Fars Media Corporation, CC BY 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons.\")\n\nThe Iran nuclear deal, formally known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, was signed in 2015 in an attempt to limit Iran's nuclear capabilities in exchange for the lifting of these sanctions. The deal marked a significant breakthrough in international efforts to curb Iran's nuclear ambitions.\n\nHowever, the deal was struck a major blow in 2018, after Donald Trump withdrew the US as a supporting party. He argued that the deal was too lenient on Iran, and needed to be reframed more harshly. As of 2024, no new deal has been confirmed.","a18e4564-ea2e-48c7-a41f-2302e3708010",[1868,1879,1890,1899,1906],{"id":724,"data":1869,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"collapsingSiblings":1870,"multiChoiceQuestion":1871,"multiChoiceCorrect":1873,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1874,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1875,"matchPairsPairs":1876},[721,725,726],[1872],"In which of these countries would you find the Islamic Republic?",[732],[730,733,734],[166],[1877],{"left":732,"right":1878,"direction":36},"Home of the Islamic Republic",{"id":725,"data":1880,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"collapsingSiblings":1881,"multiChoiceQuestion":1882,"multiChoiceCorrect":1884,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1885,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1886,"matchPairsPairs":1887},[721,724,726],[1883],"Which of these countries was formerly controlled by Saddam Hussein?",[733],[730,732,734],[166],[1888],{"left":733,"right":1889,"direction":36},"Home of Saddam Hussein",{"id":1891,"data":1892,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"fd77c258-4137-469b-a269-30174a6a54dd",{"type":67,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1893,"binaryCorrect":1895,"binaryIncorrect":1897},[1894],"Which country helped Iran to start a nuclear program in the 1950s?",[1896],"United States",[1898],"Soviet Union",{"id":1900,"data":1901,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"936807c0-2dd0-4de4-90e1-9c8c6290348f",{"type":67,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1902,"clozeWords":1904},[1903],"The Iran nuclear deal, formally known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, was signed in 2015 in an attempt to limit Iran's nuclear capabilities.",[1905],"Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action",{"id":1907,"data":1908,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"7126611a-94fd-4f0e-86ec-0c13d4d5e253",{"type":67,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1909,"binaryCorrect":1911,"binaryIncorrect":1913},[1910],"In 2018, why did Donald Trump withdraw the US from the Iran nuclear deal?",[1912],"He argued that the deal was too lenient on Iran",[1914],"He argued that the deal was too harsh on Iran",{"id":1916,"data":1917,"type":26,"version":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"summaryPage":1919,"introPage":1926,"pages":1932},"ffedf9c7-7ed5-43f6-b280-255ce96f9bc7",{"type":26,"title":1918},"The Arab Spring",{"id":1920,"data":1921,"type":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"9d5b2e53-91e2-47be-ac1a-69d177212a4b",{"type":36,"summary":1922},[1923,1924,1925],"The Arab Spring was a series of protests and uprisings that began in 2010","The Arab Spring led to the overthrow of several long-standing regimes in the Middle East","The Arab Spring started with a Tunisian street vendor setting himself on fire in protest",{"id":1927,"data":1928,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"5ace67d8-7e07-4827-a3c5-b20b3042ea89",{"type":53,"intro":1929},[1930,1931],"What sparked the Arab Spring?","Did foreign powers get involved in the Arab Spring?",[1933,1950,1962,1979,1996],{"id":1934,"data":1935,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":1938},"f93efc8e-4bc1-4237-ab72-a138e5b533df",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1936,"audioMediaId":1937},"We can't end this journey through the modern Middle East without talking about the Arab Spring.\n\nThis term refers to a series of anti-government protests, uprisings, and armed rebellions that began in 2010, and spread across much of North Africa and the Middle East. This wave of dissent was unprecedented in the region, challenging long-standing autocratic regimes, and shaking the foundations of political stability.\n\nBy the end, several long-standing regimes had been overthrown, including governments in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and Yemen. These changes marked a seismic shift in the political landscape of the Middle East and North Africa, demonstrating the power of popular protest and the desire for democratic reform.\n\n![Graph](image://779e8d85-db8b-4003-8116-92388e3a82cd \"Arab Spring. Image: AlMahra, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")","eac774f7-dd96-4abb-9f69-c1ac64b1f4c5",[1939],{"id":1940,"data":1941,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"46f610a4-c34f-4214-80ed-3db79d737137",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1942,"multiChoiceCorrect":1944,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1946,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1943],"What term is given to the wave of protests that spread through the Arab world, starting in 2010?",[1945],"Arab Spring",[1947,1948,1949],"Arab Awakening","Arab Revolution","Arab Uprising",{"id":1951,"data":1952,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":1955},"36862231-5e11-4cb6-954c-8811783fa312",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1953,"audioMediaId":1954},"The Arab Spring was ignited by a single act of desperation: in December 2010, a Tunisian street vendor named Mohamed Bouazizi set himself on fire in protest against police corruption and ill treatment.\n\nBouazizi's act resonated deeply with many Tunisians, who were grappling with similar issues of corruption and economic hardship. His death sparked widespread protests across the country, with people taking to the streets to voice their anger and demand change.\n\nThe protests in Tunisia culminated in the ousting of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in January 2011. This marked the first successful overthrow of a regime in the Arab Spring, and served as a catalyst for similar movements in other Arab countries.\n\n![Graph](image://9a3f009b-ffff-4789-b856-8b91fc261d14 \"President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. Image: Presidencia de la Nación Argentina, CC BY 2.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")","790f57be-3e8f-45f9-94ed-523910508422",[1956],{"id":1957,"data":1958,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"745bd87c-f373-4c1a-9174-d31713d00fa9",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1959,"activeRecallAnswers":1960},[1930],[1961],"A Tunisian street vendor set himself on fire in protest against police corruption",{"id":1963,"data":1964,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":36,"reviews":1967},"bc79814c-01ed-458f-b752-48c95522fddd",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1965,"audioMediaId":1966},"In Egypt, President Hosni Mubarak was forced to resign in February 2011 after 18 days of relentless protests.\n\nAgain, the protests were sparked by a combination of economic hardship, political corruption, and a desire for greater political freedom. Mubarak's resignation marked a significant victory for the protesters, and another turning point in the Arab Spring.\n\nIn other countries, the protests were more drawn out. In Libya, for example, the protests escalated into a full-blown civil war. This ultimately resulted in the overthrow and death of Muammar Gaddafi in October 2011, but the conflict was also marked by intense violence from both sides.\n\n![Graph](image://388440c3-c85b-4c39-8dba-fe3d7a3b3692 \"Muammar al-Gaddafi. Image: U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Jesse B. Awalt/Released, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\")","68eeb0d4-e6d7-4d8d-9fb6-db8bd072e8cf",[1968],{"id":529,"data":1969,"type":67,"version":26,"maxContentLevel":36},{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"collapsingSiblings":1970,"multiChoiceQuestion":1971,"multiChoiceCorrect":1973,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1974,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":1975,"matchPairsPairs":1976},[525,528,530],[1972],"Who was Muammar Gaddafi?",[537],[534,536,538],[166],[1977],{"left":1978,"right":537,"direction":36},"Muammar Gaddafi",{"id":1980,"data":1981,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":1984},"c8486487-8cdf-4e89-8a2b-0f8014a2c679",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1982,"audioMediaId":1983},"The Arab Spring protests in Syria, which began in March 2011, also escalated into a full-blown civil war. The initial protests were met with brutal repression by the regime of Bashar al-Assad, leading to an escalation of violence and the emergence of various armed opposition groups.\n\nThe Syrian Civil War was violent and complex, with multiple factions, foreign intervention, and the use of chemical weapons. It ultimately resulted in a humanitarian crisis, with over 400,000 deaths, and millions of people displaced. And the protestors actually failed here – as of 2024, Assad is still in power.\n\n![Graph](image://2e12db6b-6d40-4ff8-b9f8-2948384e2b83 \"Syrian Civil War. Image: Rajanews, CC BY 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nIn the midst of this war, ISIS built strongholds in parts of Syria, destroying the ancient Roman city of Palmyra in the process. More recently, Syria has started a reconstruction effort to return many of its war-battered towns and cities to their previous glory.","de64356f-732d-4e10-9a1a-1a74778bd848",[1985],{"id":1986,"data":1987,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"32424855-bb75-4a62-a2bd-c601ea20e7d5",{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1988,"multiChoiceCorrect":1990,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1992,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[1989],"Which war began as protests in 2011, before escalating into a complex, brutal conflict?",[1991],"Syrian Civil War",[1993,1994,1995],"Iraqi Civil War","Libyan Civil War","Yemeni Civil War",{"id":1997,"data":1998,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":2001},"ea5c1946-aa90-459d-8b8a-09531606a02a",{"type":25,"markdownContent":1999,"audioMediaId":2000},"Just like so much of Middle Eastern history, foreign powers decided to get involved when the Arab Spring was underway. Their involvement ranged from diplomatic support to military intervention.\n\nFor example, NATO decided to intervene when the civil war was underway in Libya. They did this under the guise of protecting civilians, but they also wanted to overthrow the Gaddafi regime. This intervention was controversial, with critics arguing that it contributed to a period of ongoing instability in Libya.\n\nIn Syria, Russia and Iran have provided significant military support throughout the Civil War. Both countries have supported the Syrian leader, Assad, who they view as a useful ally.","ca0bd307-e84b-488b-a1c8-0d796baae61c",[2002,2009],{"id":2003,"data":2004,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"24b5d6f0-b29b-4e7c-98ad-47613afed75e",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":2005,"activeRecallAnswers":2007},[2006],"Which international organization decided to intervene in the Libyan Civil War, and help to overthrow Gaddafi?",[2008],"NATO",{"id":2010,"data":2011,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"560705f1-aa15-4ded-ab88-77adc944bd56",{"type":67,"reviewType":246,"spacingBehaviour":25,"matchPairsQuestion":2012,"matchPairsPairs":2014,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},[2013],"Which of these leaders was overthrown in which country during the Arab Spring?",[2015,2017,2019,2020],{"left":2016,"right":734,"direction":36},"Zine El Abidine Ben Ali",{"left":2018,"right":492,"direction":36},"Hosni Mubarak",{"left":1978,"right":1136,"direction":36},{"left":2021,"right":2022,"direction":36},"Bashar al-Assad","Not overthrown (Syria)",{"id":2024,"data":2025,"type":26,"version":26,"maxContentLevel":36,"summaryPage":2027,"introPage":2034,"pages":2040},"68b2cc55-aba9-4736-87a2-f897f293db79",{"type":26,"title":2026},"What happens next?",{"id":2028,"data":2029,"type":36,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"50d595a7-9fe6-4466-a74f-60c52bca8c9a",{"type":36,"summary":2030},[2031,2032,2033],"The Arab Spring led to political transitions in the Middle East","However, the military seized power in Egypt in 2013, halting democratic progress","Tunisia, the birthplace of the Arab Spring, has also seen a dismantling of democracy since 2019",{"id":2035,"data":2036,"type":53,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":25},"5818c25d-3a11-4cdd-bf24-b0aa9d60ee7c",{"type":53,"intro":2037},[2038,2039],"What were the consequences of the Arab Spring?","What is the future of the Middle East?",[2041,2054],{"id":2042,"data":2043,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":2046},"be7c05ec-6279-44fe-901b-28a9ccaf40c6",{"type":25,"markdownContent":2044,"audioMediaId":2045},"In recent years, the high hopes of the early days of the Arab Spring have often given way to disillusionment and frustration, as the process of political change has proved to be complex and fraught with difficulties.\n\nIn Egypt, the initial democratic transition was short-lived, with the military seizing power again in 2013. This marked a significant setback for the democratic aspirations of the Egyptian people, and highlighted the challenges of political transition in the aftermath of revolution.\n\n![Graph](image://7f124d5b-fe9c-4b41-9d0a-ba6638744cef \"Protest after military seized power in Egypt in 2013. Image: Mohamed Elsayed, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe power vacuums created by the Arab Spring have also led to the rise of extremist groups, such as ISIS, particularly in Syria and Iraq. These groups have exploited the chaos and instability to gain territory and influence, adding a new dimension to the challenges facing the region.","8f2cf0ad-4e00-45a3-ba7c-2230a111c1e1",[2047],{"id":2048,"data":2049,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"7960f755-a047-4cd9-9d33-65442d1118b6",{"type":67,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":2050,"activeRecallAnswers":2052},[2051],"What event marked a significant setback for the democratic aspirations of the Egyptian people in 2013?",[2053],"The military seized power",{"id":2055,"data":2056,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":36,"version":26,"reviews":2059},"882dd945-e759-424b-8e61-217c8e5a625a",{"type":25,"markdownContent":2057,"audioMediaId":2058},"As of 2024, the future of the Arab world in the aftermath of the Arab Spring remains uncertain, with many countries still grappling with political, economic, and social challenges.\n\nIn Tunisia, the birthplace of the Arab Spring, a democratic transition was maintained for most of the 2010s. However, since the election of Kais Saied in 2019, democracy has been systematically dismantled in the country. \n\nMany have claimed that the new regime in Tunisia is just as undemocratic and authoritarian as the Ben Ali regime overthrown by the Arab Spring in the first place.\n\n![Graph](image://2b330eb5-4142-432c-863c-af7a210d0985 \"Tunisia. Image: Fjmustak, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nIn a way, all this just sums up the history of the modern Middle East: broken dreams, violent conflicts, and too much foreign intervention. Maybe, in the future, this part of the world will find peace and stability. But for the time being at least, that all feels like a long way away.","e2383fdd-53bf-46c1-ada4-5ccd36fe4e89",[2060,2071],{"id":726,"data":2061,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},{"type":67,"reviewType":36,"spacingBehaviour":25,"collapsingSiblings":2062,"multiChoiceQuestion":2063,"multiChoiceCorrect":2065,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2066,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":2067,"matchPairsPairs":2068},[721,724,725],[2064],"Which of these countries was the birthplace of the Arab Spring?",[734],[730,732,733],[166],[2069],{"left":734,"right":2070,"direction":36},"Birthplace of the Arab Spring",{"id":2072,"data":2073,"type":67,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":36},"d9e65c17-3fc6-4dd5-86cf-0db14578b37c",{"type":67,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":2074,"binaryCorrect":2076,"binaryIncorrect":2078},[2075],"Since the election of Kais Saied, in 2019, what has happened to democracy in Tunisia?",[2077],"It has been systematically dismantled",[2079],"It has been systematically introduced",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":2081,"height":2081,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":2082},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":2081,"height":2081,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":2084},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M12.586 2.586A2 2 0 0 0 11.172 2H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v7.172a2 2 0 0 0 .586 1.414l8.704 8.704a2.426 2.426 0 0 0 3.42 0l6.58-6.58a2.426 2.426 0 0 0 0-3.42z\"/>\u003Ccircle cx=\"7.5\" cy=\"7.5\" r=\".5\" fill=\"currentColor\"/>\u003C/g>",1778179476196]