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Apollo may be the first to come to mind. You may also think about traditions such as theatrical production or athletic competitions in Greek worship. However, to the Greeks, hero worship was almost as important as the worship of their gods. \n\n ![Graph](image://df5517d5-511d-4364-85ec-3ea67445b36d \"Achilles, one of the greatest heroes of Greek mythology\")\n\nIn Ancient Greece, heroes were worshiped alongside and just as widely as the gods. The worship of heroes was similar to ancestral worship and became even more deeply cemented in Greek society and culture with the popularity of Homer’s epic poems The Iliad and The Odyssey.\n\nThe worship of Greek heroes was seen as filling in the history of Greek civilizations. According to oral myths, most Greek heroes were demi-gods, meaning the half-human, half-immortal offspring of the Greek gods.\n\n","5d5c2f66-7fd0-49c1-b3c2-ce261b65acdd",[35,45,54],{"id":36,"data":37,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"4a123b1a-4831-4a1c-a19b-0977d41b7502",{"type":38,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":20,"binaryQuestion":39,"binaryCorrect":41,"binaryIncorrect":43},11,[40],"Which figures in Greek mythology were usually demi-gods and were widely worshipped?",[42],"Heroes",[44],"Olympians",{"id":46,"data":47,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"60a24132-a77f-49c3-b290-5760a7a957f7",{"type":38,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":20,"binaryQuestion":48,"binaryCorrect":50,"binaryIncorrect":52},[49],"Which epic poem by Homer contained many Greek heroes?",[51],"The Iliad",[53],"The Aeneid",{"id":55,"data":56,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"c44830a8-7644-4ff9-a22c-a3308d9d529e",{"type":38,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":20,"activeRecallQuestion":57,"activeRecallAnswers":59},[58],"What were demi-gods?",[60],"Half-human, half-god",{"id":62,"data":63,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":67},"840463d5-b504-4869-a76b-784f95558339",{"type":20,"title":64,"markdownContent":65,"audioMediaId":66},"Greek hero cults","The expression of hero worship was largely done in localized ‘cults’. Greek ‘demes’ were suburbs or parts of cities, and for each deme, there were possibly hundreds of local heroes that were worshiped by cults. The worship of heroes was similar to ancestral worship. There were many local sacred sites set up that, according to oral tradition, were home to different body parts or bones of fallen heroes.\n\n ![Graph](image://bb5bf99e-6b3e-4d67-92a0-a01428bac490 \"There was a cult dedicated to Oedipus in Athens\")\n\nSimilar to the Christian veneration of the relics of saints, the Ancient Greeks believed that these bones or pieces of fallen heroes were worthy of worship and created blessings or brought gifts to those who venerated them. These relics of Greek heroes were also seen as symbols of fertility and prosperity bringing good health and a bountiful harvest to the local community. \n\nWhile the worship of the gods united all of ancient Greece, it was the veneration of heroes and the development of local hero cults that united a smaller unit of peoples. This brought individual traditions and customs to a smaller community of people and helped connect them to a larger identity with the passing down of stories of the local heroes.\n\n","ad5be257-fde7-46f4-a1ad-2f747023b16d",[68],{"id":69,"data":70,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"0f4b2d57-957c-4199-b5da-6a471c3af890",{"type":38,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":20,"multiChoiceQuestion":71,"multiChoiceCorrect":73,"multiChoiceIncorrect":75},[72],"What term is used to describe the groups of ancient Greeks who collectively worshipped heroes?",[74],"Cults",[76,77,78],"Churches","Temples","Fan clubs",{"id":80,"data":81,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":85},"7dab17e2-c6a7-4ed4-9fdd-d5c3b9a6ab27",{"type":20,"title":82,"markdownContent":83,"audioMediaId":84},"Looking up or around","The worship of Ancient Greek gods usually took place in temples at holy sites and involved a metaphroical rising up. Within these temples, animals were sacrificed by priests, and incense was burned. These sacrifices were often burned at the end of the ritual to represent their movement above to the heavens where the gods would accept them. \n\nIn contrast, the worship of heroes was aimed toward or below the earth, with the blood of sacrifical animals or libations such as oil or wine poured onto the ground. These sacrifices were meant to go down into the earth where the relics of the heroes were buried. \n\nThe demi-god heroes represented the ability of humanity to become great - not as great as gods, but nevertheless an ideal for humans to strive towards. ","3370038f-640e-4db4-86aa-aa777f9c4584",[86],{"id":87,"data":88,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"d69d1d02-4a18-4987-80bd-02c8b169e920",{"type":38,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":20,"binaryQuestion":89,"binaryCorrect":91,"binaryIncorrect":93},[90],"Which of these was a characteristic of hero-worship?",[92],"Pouring offerings onto the earth",[94],"Burning sacrificial offerings",{"id":96,"data":97,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":99},"54892bbe-318d-420b-8222-be33b81835ce",{"type":25,"title":98},"The Adventures of Perseus",[100,123,138],{"id":101,"data":102,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":106},"d638baa2-890a-43a6-b851-ecac475b0859",{"type":20,"title":103,"markdownContent":104,"audioMediaId":105},"The story of Perseus","One of the most celebrated of ancient Greek Heroes is Perseus. Perseus was a demi-god, he was the son of the supreme god Zeus and the mortal princess Danae. He grew up on the island of Seriphus after being cast into the sea as an infant with his mother because his grandfather, King Acrisius, believed his grandson would one day kill him. \n\n ![Graph](image://8c6fc7c5-7c06-4eae-9a80-e37f4463cc40 \"A statue of Perseus in Florence\")\n\nPerseus’ most notable heroic conquest was the slaying of the Gorgon Medusa. While growing up in Seriphus, King Polydectes fell in love with Perseus’ mother, Danae. After multiple attempts to woo Danae failed, Polydectes realized his only chance at marrying Danae was to get rid of her son, Perseus. \n\nKing Polydectes faked an engagement and ordered every citizen to bring him a wedding gift. Perseus was too poor to bring the King his requested gift of a horse and asked the king to name any other gift he could give him. \n\nThe King asked for the head of Medusa, knowing this meant almost certain death for Perseus.\n\n","c8cb2c83-d288-4e85-9f1a-2a2e7927d90c",[107,116],{"id":108,"data":109,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"44011d27-6894-44b9-9db7-0b912738a804",{"type":38,"reviewType":110,"spacingBehaviour":20,"clozeQuestion":111,"clozeWords":113},4,[112],"Perseus was a demi-god, the son of Zeus and the mortal Danae",[114,115],"demi-god","Danae",{"id":117,"data":118,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"eba15183-21be-4871-ac96-f00fa25009c9",{"type":38,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":20,"activeRecallQuestion":119,"activeRecallAnswers":121},[120],"Who did King Polydectes send Perseus to kill, believing it to be an impossible task?",[122],"Medusa",{"id":124,"data":125,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":129},"cc40acb0-7711-4776-8a1d-7f50ca5a80ec",{"type":20,"title":126,"markdownContent":127,"audioMediaId":128},"Perseus’ noble quest","After being told by King Polydectes to bring back the head of the Gorgon Medusa, Perseus set off on this quest, and his bravery and nobility were noticed by the gods Athena and Hermes. \n\nMedusa was a fearsome figure - an evil creature with snakes for hair known as a Gorgon. Gorgons were especially dangerous, because anyone who looked them in the eye would be turned to stone.\n\nThe gods blessed Perseus on his journey. The goddess Athena gifted him a bronze shield and from Hermes, he received a pair of winged sandals. They also gifted him a cap of invisibility from Hades. \n\nWith these gifts, Perseus was able to slay the Gorgon Medusa and store her head in a bag to show King Polydectes his triumph. \n\n ![Graph](image://a215af5d-7cfb-4ee0-95cd-38ba381ee7c6 \"A sculpture of Medusa by Bernini\")\n\nAfter the slaying of the Gorgon Medusa, Perseus began the long journey back to his home of Seriphus with the prized head of Medusa in tow. \n\nOn the way back to Seriphus, Perseus was challenged by the god Atlas to take a turn carrying the world on his shoulders. When it became clear that Atlas was threatening Perseus, he used the head of Medusa to turn the god to stone in what is now known as the Atlas Mountain Range.\n\n\n\n","ff1cdba0-688a-4800-a0d7-75ca328c77df",[130],{"id":131,"data":132,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"bd527baa-8946-4769-83a2-1b8410ceab21",{"type":38,"reviewType":110,"spacingBehaviour":20,"clozeQuestion":133,"clozeWords":135},[134],"The goddess Athena gave Perseus a bronze shield, and Hermes gifted him a pair of winged sandals",[136,137],"Athena","Hermes",{"id":139,"data":140,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":144},"629c27c9-e75b-4a72-b17e-e498de2595f3",{"type":20,"title":141,"markdownContent":142,"audioMediaId":143},"Perseus’ later triumphs and legacy","Before arriving in Seriphus, Perseus came upon the princess Andromeda in Ethiopia who was chained to a rock and waiting to be devoured by sea beasts. \n\nThese beasts of the sea were jealous of Andromeda after her mother bragged she was more beautiful than they were. Perseus fell in love with the princess and fought off Cetus, Poseidon’s beast of the sea, turning him to stone with Medusa’s head.\n\n ![Graph](image://af983048-56f9-4f5e-8bea-ab72d08d99db \"A Corinthian vase, depicting Perseus saving Andromeda from the sea monster\")\n\nUpon returning to Seriphus and learning the extent of King Polydectes’ plot and harassment of his mother, Danae, in his absence, Perseus revealed Medusa’s head to the king and his court, turning them to stone in an instant. \n\nPerseus had seven children with Andromeda, and his granddaughter was Alcmene, mother of Heracles. Perseus is also known as the founder of the city Mycenae and the Perseid dynasty. There are many sacred sites dedicated to the hero in the cities of Seriphus, Mycenae, Athens, and Argos.\n\n","b47183e7-d90e-4255-a6d9-6e1c580ac47d",[145],{"id":146,"data":147,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"12108d7d-f40c-49d1-bdb1-33d33ef82655",{"type":38,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":20,"activeRecallQuestion":148,"activeRecallAnswers":150},[149],"How did Perseus overcome the monster Cetus?",[151],"By turning it to stone with Medusa's head",{"id":153,"data":154,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":156},"6f7adcb9-7b0c-40f5-9fcb-de0ea3c2c388",{"type":25,"title":155},"The Heroic Deeds of Heracles",[157,181,197],{"id":158,"data":159,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":163},"ab9076e4-c5ad-42e8-8e8f-87fe6326c281",{"type":20,"title":160,"markdownContent":161,"audioMediaId":162},"The hero Heracles","One of the greatest and most celebrated of Ancient Greek heroes was the demi-god Heracles, or Hercules as he is commonly known today. This iconic hero was seen as the epitome of heroism and masculinity in Ancient Greece. \n\nAs the son of Zeus and the mortal Alcmene, the granddaughter of Perseus, Heracles showed impressive strength even as an infant. When Zeus’ wife sent two snakes to his crib in an act of jealousy, Heracles strangled them. \n\n![Graph](image://4941b20e-9224-40ac-8890-a519811862df \"Heracles, traditionally depicted with a club\")\n\nFrom hunting and strangling lions to defending local tribes, Heracles’ growth into adulthood was one of courage and strength that established his reputation. However, it wasn't until his marriage to the Princess of Thebes, Megara, that his strength was truly put to the test. In a final act of jealousy, Hera cursed Heracles with madness which led him to slay his wife, Megara, and their children. \n\nDistraught and attempting to make amends for his actions, Heracles consulted the Delphic oracle who told him to serve Eurystheus, the king of Tiryns for the next ten years and do anything asked of him by the king. This punishment would turn into what is now known as Heracles’ Twelve Labors. \n\n","7a0a6e26-21c4-47c7-859d-90024fe045cc",[164,173],{"id":165,"data":166,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"5c230a59-ea7c-4542-b215-c45d559d39b3",{"type":38,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":20,"binaryQuestion":167,"binaryCorrect":169,"binaryIncorrect":171},[168],"Heracles was the son of Zeus and which mortal woman?",[170],"Alcmene",[172],"Ariadne",{"id":174,"data":175,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"6b0af4f4-e40d-40a4-9aba-86550a030f02",{"type":38,"reviewType":110,"spacingBehaviour":20,"clozeQuestion":176,"clozeWords":178},[177],"Heracles showed his strength as a child by hunting lions and defending local tribes",[179,180],"lions","tribes",{"id":182,"data":183,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":187},"4e53c0c5-9cb8-4877-a9fe-c11d5e447141",{"type":20,"title":184,"markdownContent":185,"audioMediaId":186},"Heracles’ labors","While in service to Eurystheus, Heracles was forced to endure ten labors including ​​killing the Nemean Lion and the Lernaean Hydra, capturing the Ceryneian Hind the Erymanthian Boar, cleaning the stables of Augeas in one day, and killing the Stymphalian Birds. \n\nHe was also tasked with capturing the Cretan Bull, stealing the Mares of Diomedes and the girdle of Hippolyta, queen of the Amazons, and finally stealing the cattle of the Gorgon monster Geryon.\n\nHeracles completed these tasks, but King Eurystheus was not pleased. He tasked Heracles with two additional labors since two of the original ten he believed Heracles to have cheated or received help in completing. \n\nHeracles’ final two labors were stealing the Hesperidean Apples and capturing Cerberus, the three-headed pet dog of the god Hades who served as guardian of the underworld. After completing these final two tasks with cunning and strength, Eurystheus is finally satisfied.\n\n\n","8a5b8314-a950-4f0b-86ed-6e8fe6063d28",[188],{"id":189,"data":190,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"ba5bc136-f146-4ae4-9e8a-3be0459fd052",{"type":38,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":20,"binaryQuestion":191,"binaryCorrect":193,"binaryIncorrect":195},[192],"How did Eurystheus react to Heracles completing the ten labors he had set him?",[194],"He accused him of cheating",[196],"He granted him freedom",{"id":198,"data":199,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":203},"ec0f2f2e-7f95-4313-9e33-4b41edd5e325",{"type":20,"title":200,"markdownContent":201,"audioMediaId":202},"Heracles’ legacy and worship","The demi-god Heracles was one of the most widely worshiped heroes of Ancient Greece. His life was one of bravery and courage and cemented him as a symbol of fertility, masculinity, and strength. \n\nThe most notable of the cults devoted to the worship of this hero was in Thebes, the place where Heracles was said to be born. In some tellings of the myths of Heracles, he was said to be taken up to the home of the gods after his death while in others, such as in Homer’s The Odyssey he was taken to the underworld where his ghost demanded awe and respect even in the afterlife. \n\n ![Graph](image://9a8ddc2c-5ca0-45df-bec3-02f21402c770 \"Heracles is often depicted wearing the skin of the lion he killed as a young man\")\n\nThese different variations of Heracles’ afterlife lead him to be worshiped as both a god and a hero and led to localized cults and sacred sites developing their own individual ways of worshiping the Greek hero. \n\nHeracles is often depicted in Ancient art and sculptures with a club or shield and wearing a lion-skin cape from his first victory in slaying a lion as a young man. \n\n","3bc5b4bb-7ef5-4b33-9d49-54a12a925364",[204,215],{"id":205,"data":206,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"31b9b5f3-c9b5-405d-af5b-bab0e05e9f6a",{"type":38,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":20,"multiChoiceQuestion":207,"multiChoiceCorrect":209,"multiChoiceIncorrect":211},[208],"Heracles is usually depicted with a lion-skin cape and a ...",[210],"Club",[212,213,214],"Sword","Spear","Shield",{"id":216,"data":217,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"e9b7d749-bb5d-43a6-8e93-b52cd1336a35",{"type":38,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":20,"activeRecallQuestion":218,"activeRecallAnswers":220},[219],"Where was the most significant cult dedicated to the worship of Heracles?",[221],"Thebes",{"id":223,"data":224,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":226},"06e1ba93-333a-451c-b3ae-5a755ab2a16b",{"type":25,"title":225},"The Odyssey of Odysseus",[227,233,258,272],{"id":228,"data":229,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20},"492f5119-e31f-4c0a-b660-140b1bff8721",{"type":20,"title":230,"markdownContent":231,"audioMediaId":232},"The hero Odysseus","The protagonist of Homer’s epic poem The Odyssey was a legendary hero of Greek mythology known for his cunning and trickery. Odysseus was the only son of Laertes and Anticlea and his name means ‘to be at odds with’ demonstrating the trials of his life right from the beginning. \n\n ![Graph](image://cb3e60fd-69dd-4d90-b8dc-f8cfde59bb42 \"Odysseus was famous for his cunning\")\n\nKnown as a cunning trickster with unmatched eloquence, it was believed that Odysseus was the descendant of the tricky Sisyphus or Autolycus, son of Hermes. He was scarred as a young man while hunting a boar with his grandfather, a physical trait that would go on to be an integral part of his life story and legacy. \n\n","5d5f87de-7329-42a6-b8ae-015d581b7baf",{"id":234,"data":235,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":239},"e39df378-efee-4a4a-adfb-4889b78050ab",{"type":20,"title":236,"markdownContent":237,"audioMediaId":238},"Odysseus’ journey home","Odysseus was a suitor of Helen of Troy but eventually left Troy and married the princess Penelope with whom he had a son, Telemachus. \n\nWhen Helen of Troy was abducted, all of her former suitors were summoned to find her and fight for her honor. Odysseus was reluctant to respond to this summons after the ​​seer Halitherses warned him that if he left, his journey home would be long and arduous. \n\nTo avoid this summons to fight, Odysseus feigned madness. However, his ploy was revealed when put to the test and Odysseus was forced to fight for the Greeks in the Trojan war. His presence in the war is credited with the Greeks' victory over the city of Troy and established Odysseus as a heroic presence in battle. \n\n![Graph](image://45137d15-46fb-4d39-8f70-f9fba767ea0d \"Odysseus was instrumental in winning the Trojan War\")\n\nThough he was not known for his physical strength or stature, it was Odysseus' cunning and wisdom, and strategy that made him a hero of war and one of the greatest heroes of the Trojan War.\n\n","eff9ad9f-a5f4-4980-8ef7-46c7c4e28853",[240,247],{"id":241,"data":242,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"7aac0610-ed2e-4c07-aa90-ffe54759ba95",{"type":38,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":20,"activeRecallQuestion":243,"activeRecallAnswers":245},[244],"Odysseus was married to Penelope, and their son was called ...",[246],"Telemachus",{"id":248,"data":249,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"e57a1363-9669-4fb1-9a94-58d8cdace952",{"type":38,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":20,"multiChoiceQuestion":250,"multiChoiceCorrect":252,"multiChoiceIncorrect":254},[251],"How did Odysseus try to avoid fighting in the Trojan War?",[253],"Feigning madness",[255,256,257],"Feigning injury","Claiming he needed to look after his people","Hiding in a wine barrel",{"id":259,"data":260,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":264},"5c3631fb-a1a7-483a-bd5a-de2d1c06fe30",{"type":20,"title":261,"markdownContent":262,"audioMediaId":263},"Odysseus’ long journey home","After the Trojan War, Odysseus embarked on a long and arduous ten-year journey to return to his home in Ithaca and his wife Penelope. \n\nOdysseus embarked on the journey home with twelve ships and after first being washed up on the shores of Thrace from a storm and narrowly escaping, he had to overcome temptation and possibly forget the promise of home when reaching the land of the Lotus Eaters. His journey home led Odysseus to face the wrath of gods, battle creatures, and beasts, and even journey to the underworld before finally reaching the shores of his home, Ithaca.\n\n ![Graph](image://a390eb56-9622-4f2c-ba87-a36505784126 \"Odysseus and his men in the land of the Lotus eaters\")\n\nUpon reaching Ithaca, he reunited with his son Telemachus and together they, with the help of a shepherd Eumaeus, slayed all the suitors of his wife, Penelope, and Odysseus was able to return to his home and throne. \n\nThis journey is immortalized in Homer’s The Odyssey. Although there is little historical proof of the existence of Odysseus or any greek heroes, this epic poem united the myths of the hero into one chronology and painted a vision of a shared history that all the people of Ancient Greece, from the aristocracy and scholars, to the farmers and beggars, could participate in.\n\n","0a522135-f4ca-48e2-8c24-39ab0f9823c4",[265],{"id":266,"data":267,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"4beca162-4fa1-42c8-a507-3231c7621003",{"type":38,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":20,"activeRecallQuestion":268,"activeRecallAnswers":270},[269],"Where did Odysseus come close to forgetting that he needed to return to Ithaca?",[271],"The land of the lotus eaters",{"id":273,"data":274,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":278},"00ea6ca0-b20c-44bc-979d-d71f3cb10827",{"type":20,"title":275,"markdownContent":276,"audioMediaId":277},"The importance of heroes","According to Homer, ‘heroi’ were the greatest living warriors. These men were mortals that demonstrated gifts of strength, cunning, wisdom, or virtue that transcended what is normally seen in humanity. \n\nThe myths of Greek heroes were an important part of Ancient Greek culture. They united the Ancient Greeks in a pseudo-historical version of history, such as the many heroes that emerged from the myths of the Trojan War. \n\nWhile there is little historical evidence for the existence or lives of the Greek heroes, they were an integral part of the history of a community or people and provided a standard of excellence or virtue to live up to. \n\nThese heroic figures are worshiped nearly like gods and hold a mythical place in society, but they are also influenced by folklore and superstition.","0465ce8a-3a4c-409a-85f3-de40bd581852",[279],{"id":280,"data":281,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"47450fbb-f6e2-432e-8d3a-de6ead508e83",{"type":38,"reviewType":110,"spacingBehaviour":20,"clozeQuestion":282,"clozeWords":284},[283],"Homer's 'heroi' were the greatest living warriors, whose strength and wisdom went beyond anything normally seen in humanity",[285,286],"warriors","wisdom",[288,379,496,595],{"id":23,"data":24,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":289},[290,327,357],{"id":29,"data":30,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":34,"parsed":291},{"data":292,"body":295,"toc":325},{"title":293,"description":294},"","When asked to think about Greek mythology, the gods like Zeus, Poseidon, Athena, or Apollo may be the first to come to mind. You may also think about traditions such as theatrical production or athletic competitions in Greek worship. However, to the Greeks, hero worship was almost as important as the worship of their gods.",{"type":296,"children":297},"root",[298,305,315,320],{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":301,"children":302},"element","p",{},[303],{"type":304,"value":294},"text",{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":306,"children":307},{},[308],{"type":299,"tag":309,"props":310,"children":314},"img",{"alt":311,"src":312,"title":313},"Graph","image://df5517d5-511d-4364-85ec-3ea67445b36d","Achilles, one of the greatest heroes of Greek mythology",[],{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":316,"children":317},{},[318],{"type":304,"value":319},"In Ancient Greece, heroes were worshiped alongside and just as widely as the gods. The worship of heroes was similar to ancestral worship and became even more deeply cemented in Greek society and culture with the popularity of Homer’s epic poems The Iliad and The Odyssey.",{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":321,"children":322},{},[323],{"type":304,"value":324},"The worship of Greek heroes was seen as filling in the history of Greek civilizations. According to oral myths, most Greek heroes were demi-gods, meaning the half-human, half-immortal offspring of the Greek gods.",{"title":293,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":326},[],{"id":62,"data":63,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":67,"parsed":328},{"data":329,"body":331,"toc":355},{"title":293,"description":330},"The expression of hero worship was largely done in localized ‘cults’. Greek ‘demes’ were suburbs or parts of cities, and for each deme, there were possibly hundreds of local heroes that were worshiped by cults. The worship of heroes was similar to ancestral worship. There were many local sacred sites set up that, according to oral tradition, were home to different body parts or bones of fallen heroes.",{"type":296,"children":332},[333,337,345,350],{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":334,"children":335},{},[336],{"type":304,"value":330},{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":338,"children":339},{},[340],{"type":299,"tag":309,"props":341,"children":344},{"alt":311,"src":342,"title":343},"image://bb5bf99e-6b3e-4d67-92a0-a01428bac490","There was a cult dedicated to Oedipus in Athens",[],{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":346,"children":347},{},[348],{"type":304,"value":349},"Similar to the Christian veneration of the relics of saints, the Ancient Greeks believed that these bones or pieces of fallen heroes were worthy of worship and created blessings or brought gifts to those who venerated them. These relics of Greek heroes were also seen as symbols of fertility and prosperity bringing good health and a bountiful harvest to the local community.",{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":351,"children":352},{},[353],{"type":304,"value":354},"While the worship of the gods united all of ancient Greece, it was the veneration of heroes and the development of local hero cults that united a smaller unit of peoples. This brought individual traditions and customs to a smaller community of people and helped connect them to a larger identity with the passing down of stories of the local heroes.",{"title":293,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":356},[],{"id":80,"data":81,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":85,"parsed":358},{"data":359,"body":361,"toc":377},{"title":293,"description":360},"The worship of Ancient Greek gods usually took place in temples at holy sites and involved a metaphroical rising up. Within these temples, animals were sacrificed by priests, and incense was burned. These sacrifices were often burned at the end of the ritual to represent their movement above to the heavens where the gods would accept them.",{"type":296,"children":362},[363,367,372],{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":364,"children":365},{},[366],{"type":304,"value":360},{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":368,"children":369},{},[370],{"type":304,"value":371},"In contrast, the worship of heroes was aimed toward or below the earth, with the blood of sacrifical animals or libations such as oil or wine poured onto the ground. These sacrifices were meant to go down into the earth where the relics of the heroes were buried.",{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":373,"children":374},{},[375],{"type":304,"value":376},"The demi-god heroes represented the ability of humanity to become great - not as great as gods, but nevertheless an ideal for humans to strive towards.",{"title":293,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":378},[],{"id":96,"data":97,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":380},[381,416,461],{"id":101,"data":102,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":106,"parsed":382},{"data":383,"body":385,"toc":414},{"title":293,"description":384},"One of the most celebrated of ancient Greek Heroes is Perseus. Perseus was a demi-god, he was the son of the supreme god Zeus and the mortal princess Danae. He grew up on the island of Seriphus after being cast into the sea as an infant with his mother because his grandfather, King Acrisius, believed his grandson would one day kill him.",{"type":296,"children":386},[387,391,399,404,409],{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":388,"children":389},{},[390],{"type":304,"value":384},{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":392,"children":393},{},[394],{"type":299,"tag":309,"props":395,"children":398},{"alt":311,"src":396,"title":397},"image://8c6fc7c5-7c06-4eae-9a80-e37f4463cc40","A statue of Perseus in Florence",[],{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":400,"children":401},{},[402],{"type":304,"value":403},"Perseus’ most notable heroic conquest was the slaying of the Gorgon Medusa. While growing up in Seriphus, King Polydectes fell in love with Perseus’ mother, Danae. After multiple attempts to woo Danae failed, Polydectes realized his only chance at marrying Danae was to get rid of her son, Perseus.",{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":405,"children":406},{},[407],{"type":304,"value":408},"King Polydectes faked an engagement and ordered every citizen to bring him a wedding gift. Perseus was too poor to bring the King his requested gift of a horse and asked the king to name any other gift he could give him.",{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":410,"children":411},{},[412],{"type":304,"value":413},"The King asked for the head of Medusa, knowing this meant almost certain death for Perseus.",{"title":293,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":415},[],{"id":124,"data":125,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":129,"parsed":417},{"data":418,"body":420,"toc":459},{"title":293,"description":419},"After being told by King Polydectes to bring back the head of the Gorgon Medusa, Perseus set off on this quest, and his bravery and nobility were noticed by the gods Athena and Hermes.",{"type":296,"children":421},[422,426,431,436,441,449,454],{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":423,"children":424},{},[425],{"type":304,"value":419},{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":427,"children":428},{},[429],{"type":304,"value":430},"Medusa was a fearsome figure - an evil creature with snakes for hair known as a Gorgon. Gorgons were especially dangerous, because anyone who looked them in the eye would be turned to stone.",{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":432,"children":433},{},[434],{"type":304,"value":435},"The gods blessed Perseus on his journey. The goddess Athena gifted him a bronze shield and from Hermes, he received a pair of winged sandals. They also gifted him a cap of invisibility from Hades.",{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":437,"children":438},{},[439],{"type":304,"value":440},"With these gifts, Perseus was able to slay the Gorgon Medusa and store her head in a bag to show King Polydectes his triumph.",{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":442,"children":443},{},[444],{"type":299,"tag":309,"props":445,"children":448},{"alt":311,"src":446,"title":447},"image://a215af5d-7cfb-4ee0-95cd-38ba381ee7c6","A sculpture of Medusa by Bernini",[],{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":450,"children":451},{},[452],{"type":304,"value":453},"After the slaying of the Gorgon Medusa, Perseus began the long journey back to his home of Seriphus with the prized head of Medusa in tow.",{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":455,"children":456},{},[457],{"type":304,"value":458},"On the way back to Seriphus, Perseus was challenged by the god Atlas to take a turn carrying the world on his shoulders. When it became clear that Atlas was threatening Perseus, he used the head of Medusa to turn the god to stone in what is now known as the Atlas Mountain Range.",{"title":293,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":460},[],{"id":139,"data":140,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":144,"parsed":462},{"data":463,"body":465,"toc":494},{"title":293,"description":464},"Before arriving in Seriphus, Perseus came upon the princess Andromeda in Ethiopia who was chained to a rock and waiting to be devoured by sea beasts.",{"type":296,"children":466},[467,471,476,484,489],{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":468,"children":469},{},[470],{"type":304,"value":464},{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":472,"children":473},{},[474],{"type":304,"value":475},"These beasts of the sea were jealous of Andromeda after her mother bragged she was more beautiful than they were. Perseus fell in love with the princess and fought off Cetus, Poseidon’s beast of the sea, turning him to stone with Medusa’s head.",{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":477,"children":478},{},[479],{"type":299,"tag":309,"props":480,"children":483},{"alt":311,"src":481,"title":482},"image://af983048-56f9-4f5e-8bea-ab72d08d99db","A Corinthian vase, depicting Perseus saving Andromeda from the sea monster",[],{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":485,"children":486},{},[487],{"type":304,"value":488},"Upon returning to Seriphus and learning the extent of King Polydectes’ plot and harassment of his mother, Danae, in his absence, Perseus revealed Medusa’s head to the king and his court, turning them to stone in an instant.",{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":490,"children":491},{},[492],{"type":304,"value":493},"Perseus had seven children with Andromeda, and his granddaughter was Alcmene, mother of Heracles. Perseus is also known as the founder of the city Mycenae and the Perseid dynasty. There are many sacred sites dedicated to the hero in the cities of Seriphus, Mycenae, Athens, and Argos.",{"title":293,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":495},[],{"id":153,"data":154,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":497},[498,533,560],{"id":158,"data":159,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":163,"parsed":499},{"data":500,"body":502,"toc":531},{"title":293,"description":501},"One of the greatest and most celebrated of Ancient Greek heroes was the demi-god Heracles, or Hercules as he is commonly known today. This iconic hero was seen as the epitome of heroism and masculinity in Ancient Greece.",{"type":296,"children":503},[504,508,513,521,526],{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":505,"children":506},{},[507],{"type":304,"value":501},{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":509,"children":510},{},[511],{"type":304,"value":512},"As the son of Zeus and the mortal Alcmene, the granddaughter of Perseus, Heracles showed impressive strength even as an infant. When Zeus’ wife sent two snakes to his crib in an act of jealousy, Heracles strangled them.",{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":514,"children":515},{},[516],{"type":299,"tag":309,"props":517,"children":520},{"alt":311,"src":518,"title":519},"image://4941b20e-9224-40ac-8890-a519811862df","Heracles, traditionally depicted with a club",[],{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":522,"children":523},{},[524],{"type":304,"value":525},"From hunting and strangling lions to defending local tribes, Heracles’ growth into adulthood was one of courage and strength that established his reputation. However, it wasn't until his marriage to the Princess of Thebes, Megara, that his strength was truly put to the test. In a final act of jealousy, Hera cursed Heracles with madness which led him to slay his wife, Megara, and their children.",{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":527,"children":528},{},[529],{"type":304,"value":530},"Distraught and attempting to make amends for his actions, Heracles consulted the Delphic oracle who told him to serve Eurystheus, the king of Tiryns for the next ten years and do anything asked of him by the king. This punishment would turn into what is now known as Heracles’ Twelve Labors.",{"title":293,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":532},[],{"id":182,"data":183,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":187,"parsed":534},{"data":535,"body":537,"toc":558},{"title":293,"description":536},"While in service to Eurystheus, Heracles was forced to endure ten labors including ​​killing the Nemean Lion and the Lernaean Hydra, capturing the Ceryneian Hind the Erymanthian Boar, cleaning the stables of Augeas in one day, and killing the Stymphalian Birds.",{"type":296,"children":538},[539,543,548,553],{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":540,"children":541},{},[542],{"type":304,"value":536},{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":544,"children":545},{},[546],{"type":304,"value":547},"He was also tasked with capturing the Cretan Bull, stealing the Mares of Diomedes and the girdle of Hippolyta, queen of the Amazons, and finally stealing the cattle of the Gorgon monster Geryon.",{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":549,"children":550},{},[551],{"type":304,"value":552},"Heracles completed these tasks, but King Eurystheus was not pleased. He tasked Heracles with two additional labors since two of the original ten he believed Heracles to have cheated or received help in completing.",{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":554,"children":555},{},[556],{"type":304,"value":557},"Heracles’ final two labors were stealing the Hesperidean Apples and capturing Cerberus, the three-headed pet dog of the god Hades who served as guardian of the underworld. After completing these final two tasks with cunning and strength, Eurystheus is finally satisfied.",{"title":293,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":559},[],{"id":198,"data":199,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":203,"parsed":561},{"data":562,"body":564,"toc":593},{"title":293,"description":563},"The demi-god Heracles was one of the most widely worshiped heroes of Ancient Greece. His life was one of bravery and courage and cemented him as a symbol of fertility, masculinity, and strength.",{"type":296,"children":565},[566,570,575,583,588],{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":567,"children":568},{},[569],{"type":304,"value":563},{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":571,"children":572},{},[573],{"type":304,"value":574},"The most notable of the cults devoted to the worship of this hero was in Thebes, the place where Heracles was said to be born. In some tellings of the myths of Heracles, he was said to be taken up to the home of the gods after his death while in others, such as in Homer’s The Odyssey he was taken to the underworld where his ghost demanded awe and respect even in the afterlife.",{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":576,"children":577},{},[578],{"type":299,"tag":309,"props":579,"children":582},{"alt":311,"src":580,"title":581},"image://9a8ddc2c-5ca0-45df-bec3-02f21402c770","Heracles is often depicted wearing the skin of the lion he killed as a young man",[],{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":584,"children":585},{},[586],{"type":304,"value":587},"These different variations of Heracles’ afterlife lead him to be worshiped as both a god and a hero and led to localized cults and sacred sites developing their own individual ways of worshiping the Greek hero.",{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":589,"children":590},{},[591],{"type":304,"value":592},"Heracles is often depicted in Ancient art and sculptures with a club or shield and wearing a lion-skin cape from his first victory in slaying a lion as a young man.",{"title":293,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":594},[],{"id":223,"data":224,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":596},[597,622,657,692],{"id":228,"data":229,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"parsed":598},{"data":599,"body":601,"toc":620},{"title":293,"description":600},"The protagonist of Homer’s epic poem The Odyssey was a legendary hero of Greek mythology known for his cunning and trickery. Odysseus was the only son of Laertes and Anticlea and his name means ‘to be at odds with’ demonstrating the trials of his life right from the beginning.",{"type":296,"children":602},[603,607,615],{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":604,"children":605},{},[606],{"type":304,"value":600},{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":608,"children":609},{},[610],{"type":299,"tag":309,"props":611,"children":614},{"alt":311,"src":612,"title":613},"image://cb3e60fd-69dd-4d90-b8dc-f8cfde59bb42","Odysseus was famous for his cunning",[],{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":616,"children":617},{},[618],{"type":304,"value":619},"Known as a cunning trickster with unmatched eloquence, it was believed that Odysseus was the descendant of the tricky Sisyphus or Autolycus, son of Hermes. He was scarred as a young man while hunting a boar with his grandfather, a physical trait that would go on to be an integral part of his life story and legacy.",{"title":293,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":621},[],{"id":234,"data":235,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":239,"parsed":623},{"data":624,"body":626,"toc":655},{"title":293,"description":625},"Odysseus was a suitor of Helen of Troy but eventually left Troy and married the princess Penelope with whom he had a son, Telemachus.",{"type":296,"children":627},[628,632,637,642,650],{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":629,"children":630},{},[631],{"type":304,"value":625},{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":633,"children":634},{},[635],{"type":304,"value":636},"When Helen of Troy was abducted, all of her former suitors were summoned to find her and fight for her honor. Odysseus was reluctant to respond to this summons after the ​​seer Halitherses warned him that if he left, his journey home would be long and arduous.",{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":638,"children":639},{},[640],{"type":304,"value":641},"To avoid this summons to fight, Odysseus feigned madness. However, his ploy was revealed when put to the test and Odysseus was forced to fight for the Greeks in the Trojan war. His presence in the war is credited with the Greeks' victory over the city of Troy and established Odysseus as a heroic presence in battle.",{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":643,"children":644},{},[645],{"type":299,"tag":309,"props":646,"children":649},{"alt":311,"src":647,"title":648},"image://45137d15-46fb-4d39-8f70-f9fba767ea0d","Odysseus was instrumental in winning the Trojan War",[],{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":651,"children":652},{},[653],{"type":304,"value":654},"Though he was not known for his physical strength or stature, it was Odysseus' cunning and wisdom, and strategy that made him a hero of war and one of the greatest heroes of the Trojan War.",{"title":293,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":656},[],{"id":259,"data":260,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":264,"parsed":658},{"data":659,"body":661,"toc":690},{"title":293,"description":660},"After the Trojan War, Odysseus embarked on a long and arduous ten-year journey to return to his home in Ithaca and his wife Penelope.",{"type":296,"children":662},[663,667,672,680,685],{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":664,"children":665},{},[666],{"type":304,"value":660},{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":668,"children":669},{},[670],{"type":304,"value":671},"Odysseus embarked on the journey home with twelve ships and after first being washed up on the shores of Thrace from a storm and narrowly escaping, he had to overcome temptation and possibly forget the promise of home when reaching the land of the Lotus Eaters. His journey home led Odysseus to face the wrath of gods, battle creatures, and beasts, and even journey to the underworld before finally reaching the shores of his home, Ithaca.",{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":673,"children":674},{},[675],{"type":299,"tag":309,"props":676,"children":679},{"alt":311,"src":677,"title":678},"image://a390eb56-9622-4f2c-ba87-a36505784126","Odysseus and his men in the land of the Lotus eaters",[],{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":681,"children":682},{},[683],{"type":304,"value":684},"Upon reaching Ithaca, he reunited with his son Telemachus and together they, with the help of a shepherd Eumaeus, slayed all the suitors of his wife, Penelope, and Odysseus was able to return to his home and throne.",{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":686,"children":687},{},[688],{"type":304,"value":689},"This journey is immortalized in Homer’s The Odyssey. Although there is little historical proof of the existence of Odysseus or any greek heroes, this epic poem united the myths of the hero into one chronology and painted a vision of a shared history that all the people of Ancient Greece, from the aristocracy and scholars, to the farmers and beggars, could participate in.",{"title":293,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":691},[],{"id":273,"data":274,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":278,"parsed":693},{"data":694,"body":696,"toc":717},{"title":293,"description":695},"According to Homer, ‘heroi’ were the greatest living warriors. These men were mortals that demonstrated gifts of strength, cunning, wisdom, or virtue that transcended what is normally seen in humanity.",{"type":296,"children":697},[698,702,707,712],{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":699,"children":700},{},[701],{"type":304,"value":695},{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":703,"children":704},{},[705],{"type":304,"value":706},"The myths of Greek heroes were an important part of Ancient Greek culture. They united the Ancient Greeks in a pseudo-historical version of history, such as the many heroes that emerged from the myths of the Trojan War.",{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":708,"children":709},{},[710],{"type":304,"value":711},"While there is little historical evidence for the existence or lives of the Greek heroes, they were an integral part of the history of a community or people and provided a standard of excellence or virtue to live up to.",{"type":299,"tag":300,"props":713,"children":714},{},[715],{"type":304,"value":716},"These heroic figures are worshiped nearly like gods and hold a mythical place in society, but they are also influenced by folklore and superstition.",{"title":293,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":718},[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":720,"height":720,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":721},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":720,"height":720,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":723},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M4 5h16M4 12h16M4 19h16\"/>",1778224726574]