[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1606},["ShallowReactive",2],{"i-kinnu:logo":3,"i-kinnu:origami-folding":8,"pathway-culture-greek-mythology":12,"i-lucide:chevron-right":1601,"i-lucide:tag":1604},{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":7},0,27,false,"\u003Cg fill=\"none\">\u003Cpath d=\"M0.046875 1.05555C0.046875 1.03541 0.048197 1.01579 0.0507438 0.996728C0.0987149 0.438619 0.586845 0 1.18194 0H25.4398C26.451 0 26.9575 1.171 26.2424 1.85585L15.7301 11.9243L1.31574 0.903476C1.17475 0.79568 1.01137 0.761884 0.859586 0.784111L26.2936 25.1441C27.0086 25.829 26.5022 27 25.4909 27H1.18194C0.555061 27 0.046875 26.5133 0.046875 25.9129V1.05555Z\" fill=\"currentColor\"/>\u003C/g>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":9,"height":10,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":11},1000,236,"\u003Cg fill=\"none\">\u003Cpath fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\"\n    d=\"M193.68 38.2238C195.994 38.2238 197.87 40.0989 197.87 42.412V231.812C197.87 234.125 195.994 236 193.68 236H4.19013C1.87603 236 2.02305e-07 234.125 0 231.812V42.412C-2.02305e-07 40.0989 1.87603 38.2238 4.19013 38.2238H193.68ZM111.76 89.0072C111.685 87.9474 110.572 87.2905 109.608 87.7376L96.8872 93.641C95.7786 94.1554 95.702 95.7016 96.7545 96.3225L101.579 99.167C94.7045 109.365 90.5733 122.892 90.5732 137.642C90.5733 154.323 95.8569 169.439 104.416 179.945C105.301 181.032 106.9 181.196 107.987 180.311C109.075 179.426 109.238 177.828 108.353 176.741C100.621 167.25 95.6522 153.305 95.6521 137.642C95.6522 123.661 99.6138 111.051 105.963 101.754L110.456 104.403C111.508 105.024 112.826 104.21 112.74 102.991L111.76 89.0072ZM9.63194 136.286C9.14864 136.286 8.75684 136.678 8.75684 137.161C8.7569 137.644 9.14868 138.035 9.63194 138.035H17.2161C17.6993 138.035 18.0912 137.644 18.0912 137.161C18.0912 136.678 17.6994 136.286 17.2161 136.286H9.63194ZM22.6813 136.286C22.198 136.286 21.8062 136.678 21.8062 137.161C21.8063 137.644 22.1981 138.035 22.6813 138.035H30.2655C30.7487 138.035 31.1406 137.644 31.1406 137.161C31.1406 136.678 30.7488 136.286 30.2655 136.286H22.6813ZM35.7464 136.286C35.2631 136.286 34.8713 136.678 34.8713 137.161C34.8713 137.644 35.2631 138.035 35.7464 138.035H44.4973C44.9805 138.035 45.3724 137.644 45.3724 137.161C45.3724 136.678 44.9806 136.286 44.4973 136.286H35.7464ZM49.9977 136.286C49.5144 136.286 49.1226 136.678 49.1226 137.161C49.1226 137.644 49.5144 138.035 49.9977 138.035H57.5819C58.0651 138.035 58.4569 137.644 58.457 137.161C58.457 136.678 58.0651 136.286 57.5819 136.286H49.9977ZM63.0783 136.286C62.595 136.286 62.2032 136.678 62.2032 137.161C62.2033 137.644 62.5951 138.035 63.0783 138.035H70.6625C71.1457 138.035 71.5375 137.644 71.5376 137.161C71.5376 136.678 71.1457 136.286 70.6625 136.286H63.0783ZM76.1277 136.286C75.6444 136.286 75.2526 136.678 75.2526 137.161C75.2527 137.644 75.6445 138.035 76.1277 138.035H83.7119C84.1951 138.035 84.5869 137.644 84.587 137.161C84.587 136.678 84.1951 136.286 83.7119 136.286H76.1277ZM102.266 136.286C101.782 136.286 101.39 136.678 101.39 137.161C101.391 137.644 101.782 138.035 102.266 138.035H109.85C110.333 138.035 110.725 137.644 110.725 137.161C110.725 136.678 110.333 136.286 109.85 136.286H102.266ZM115.338 136.286C114.855 136.286 114.463 136.678 114.463 137.161C114.463 137.644 114.855 138.035 115.338 138.035H122.923C123.406 138.035 123.798 137.644 123.798 137.161C123.798 136.678 123.406 136.286 122.923 136.286H115.338ZM128.403 136.286C127.92 136.286 127.528 136.678 127.528 137.161C127.528 137.644 127.92 138.035 128.403 138.035H135.988C136.471 138.035 136.863 137.644 136.863 137.161C136.863 136.678 136.471 136.286 135.988 136.286H128.403ZM141.468 136.286C140.985 136.286 140.593 136.678 140.593 137.161C140.593 137.644 140.985 138.035 141.468 138.035H149.053C149.536 138.035 149.928 137.644 149.928 137.161C149.928 136.678 149.536 136.286 149.053 136.286H141.468ZM154.541 136.286C154.058 136.286 153.666 136.678 153.666 137.161C153.666 137.644 154.058 138.035 154.541 138.035H162.125C162.609 138.035 163 137.644 163.001 137.161C163.001 136.678 162.609 136.286 162.125 136.286H154.541ZM167.614 136.286C167.131 136.286 166.739 136.678 166.739 137.161C166.739 137.644 167.131 138.035 167.614 138.035H175.198C175.681 138.035 176.073 137.644 176.073 137.161C176.073 136.678 175.681 136.286 175.198 136.286H167.614ZM180.671 136.286C180.188 136.286 179.796 136.678 179.796 137.161C179.796 137.644 180.188 138.035 180.671 138.035H188.255C188.739 138.035 189.13 137.644 189.131 137.161C189.131 136.678 188.739 136.286 188.255 136.286H180.671Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\"\n    d=\"M444.85 38.2277C447.164 38.2277 449.04 40.1028 449.04 42.4159V132.928C449.04 135.241 447.164 137.116 444.85 137.116H255.36C253.046 137.116 251.17 135.241 251.17 132.928V42.4159C251.17 40.1028 253.046 38.2277 255.36 38.2277H444.85ZM361.96 125.388C361.618 125.046 361.064 125.046 360.722 125.388L354.534 131.572C354.192 131.914 354.192 132.468 354.534 132.81C354.876 133.151 355.43 133.151 355.772 132.81L361.96 126.624C362.301 126.283 362.301 125.73 361.96 125.388ZM371.047 116.311C370.705 115.969 370.15 115.969 369.809 116.311L364.446 121.671C364.104 122.012 364.104 122.567 364.446 122.908C364.788 123.249 365.342 123.25 365.684 122.908L371.047 117.548C371.388 117.207 371.388 116.652 371.047 116.311ZM380.124 107.246C379.782 106.904 379.227 106.904 378.885 107.246L373.523 112.606C373.181 112.948 373.181 113.502 373.523 113.844C373.864 114.185 374.419 114.185 374.761 113.844L380.124 108.483C380.465 108.142 380.465 107.587 380.124 107.246ZM385.736 65.8841C385.891 64.6727 384.622 63.7845 383.536 64.3434L371.069 70.7636C370.124 71.2504 369.96 72.5334 370.752 73.2424L381.2 82.5938C382.11 83.4081 383.561 82.8672 383.717 81.6557L384.393 76.3725C391.143 77.1933 398.567 80.7709 404.771 86.9711C411.124 93.3213 414.726 100.952 415.43 107.827C415.573 109.221 416.819 110.236 418.214 110.093C419.609 109.95 420.624 108.703 420.481 107.309C419.644 99.1317 415.435 90.4514 408.362 83.3817C401.466 76.489 393.038 72.3185 385.038 71.338L385.736 65.8841ZM389.2 98.1733C388.859 97.8319 388.304 97.8318 387.962 98.1733L382.6 103.534C382.258 103.875 382.258 104.429 382.6 104.771C382.941 105.112 383.496 105.112 383.838 104.771L389.2 99.4108C389.542 99.0693 389.542 98.5149 389.2 98.1733ZM398.262 89.1047C397.92 88.7633 397.365 88.7632 397.024 89.1047L391.661 94.4649C391.319 94.8065 391.319 95.3608 391.661 95.7024C392.002 96.0436 392.557 96.0438 392.899 95.7024L398.262 90.3421C398.603 90.0007 398.603 89.4463 398.262 89.1047ZM416.431 70.9616C416.089 70.6202 415.534 70.6201 415.193 70.9616L409.83 76.3218C409.488 76.6634 409.488 77.2177 409.83 77.5592C410.172 77.9005 410.726 77.9007 411.068 77.5592L416.431 72.199C416.772 71.8575 416.772 71.3032 416.431 70.9616ZM425.508 61.891C425.166 61.5496 424.611 61.5495 424.27 61.891L418.907 67.2512C418.565 67.5928 418.565 68.1471 418.907 68.4887C419.249 68.8299 419.803 68.8301 420.145 68.4887L425.508 63.1284C425.849 62.787 425.849 62.2326 425.508 61.891ZM434.569 52.8146C434.227 52.4731 433.673 52.4731 433.331 52.8146L427.968 58.1748C427.626 58.5163 427.627 59.0706 427.968 59.4122C428.31 59.7534 428.864 59.7537 429.206 59.4122L434.569 54.052C434.91 53.7105 434.91 53.1562 434.569 52.8146ZM443.638 43.7479C443.296 43.4065 442.742 43.4064 442.4 43.7479L437.037 49.1081C436.695 49.4496 436.696 50.004 437.037 50.3455C437.379 50.6868 437.933 50.687 438.275 50.3455L443.638 44.9853C443.98 44.6438 443.979 44.0895 443.638 43.7479Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\"\n    d=\"M684.066 38.2277C687.798 38.2281 689.667 42.7391 687.027 45.3773L596.473 135.889C595.687 136.675 594.621 137.116 593.51 137.116H506.335C504.021 137.116 502.145 135.241 502.145 132.928V42.4159C502.145 40.1028 504.021 38.2277 506.335 38.2277H684.066ZM514.603 124.566C514.261 124.224 513.707 124.224 513.365 124.566L507.178 130.751C506.836 131.093 506.836 131.646 507.178 131.988C507.519 132.329 508.073 132.329 508.415 131.988L514.603 125.803C514.945 125.462 514.945 124.908 514.603 124.566ZM523.689 115.491C523.348 115.15 522.794 115.15 522.452 115.491L517.09 120.852C516.748 121.193 516.748 121.747 517.09 122.088C517.431 122.43 517.985 122.43 518.327 122.088L523.689 116.728C524.031 116.386 524.031 115.833 523.689 115.491ZM532.102 65.8295C530.707 65.6872 529.46 66.7017 529.318 68.0957C529.175 69.4896 530.189 70.7355 531.584 70.8787C538.463 71.5825 546.096 75.1826 552.45 81.5329C558.723 87.8037 562.312 95.3226 563.079 102.13L557.738 102.392C556.518 102.452 555.865 103.855 556.607 104.827L565.115 115.969C565.76 116.814 567.051 116.751 567.611 115.847L574.992 103.928C575.635 102.889 574.848 101.555 573.628 101.615L568.161 101.882C568.161 101.878 568.162 101.874 568.161 101.871C567.324 93.6931 563.114 85.0124 556.041 77.9425C548.968 70.873 540.283 66.6668 532.102 65.8295ZM532.766 106.421C532.425 106.079 531.871 106.079 531.529 106.421L526.166 111.781C525.825 112.123 525.825 112.676 526.166 113.018C526.508 113.359 527.062 113.359 527.403 113.018L532.766 107.657C533.108 107.316 533.108 106.762 532.766 106.421ZM541.843 97.3445C541.501 97.003 540.948 97.003 540.606 97.3445L535.243 102.705C534.901 103.046 534.902 103.6 535.243 103.941C535.585 104.283 536.139 104.283 536.48 103.941L541.843 98.5809C542.185 98.2393 542.185 97.686 541.843 97.3445ZM550.92 88.2778C550.578 87.9363 550.025 87.9363 549.683 88.2778L544.32 93.638C543.978 93.9796 543.978 94.5329 544.32 94.8745C544.662 95.2161 545.215 95.2161 545.557 94.8745L550.92 89.5142C551.262 89.1727 551.262 88.6193 550.92 88.2778ZM569.066 70.1405C568.724 69.799 568.17 69.7991 567.829 70.1405L562.466 75.5008C562.124 75.8423 562.124 76.3956 562.466 76.7372C562.808 77.0788 563.361 77.0788 563.703 76.7372L569.066 71.377C569.407 71.0354 569.407 70.4821 569.066 70.1405ZM578.143 61.0699C577.801 60.7284 577.247 60.7285 576.906 61.0699L571.543 66.4302C571.201 66.7717 571.201 67.3251 571.543 67.6666C571.885 68.0082 572.438 68.0082 572.78 67.6666L578.143 62.3064C578.484 61.9648 578.484 61.4115 578.143 61.0699ZM587.219 51.9896C586.878 51.6481 586.324 51.6481 585.982 51.9896L580.62 57.3498C580.278 57.6914 580.278 58.2447 580.62 58.5863C580.961 58.9279 581.515 58.9279 581.857 58.5863L587.219 53.2261C587.561 52.8845 587.561 52.3312 587.219 51.9896ZM596.288 42.9249C595.947 42.5833 595.392 42.5833 595.05 42.9249L589.689 48.2851C589.347 48.6267 589.347 49.18 589.689 49.5216C590.03 49.863 590.584 49.8631 590.926 49.5216L596.288 44.1613C596.63 43.8198 596.63 43.2664 596.288 42.9249Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\"\n    d=\"M850.814 38.2277C854.547 38.2281 856.416 42.739 853.777 45.3773L763.223 135.889C762.437 136.674 761.371 137.116 760.26 137.116H673.176C669.443 137.116 667.574 132.605 670.213 129.966L760.768 39.4544C761.554 38.6692 762.62 38.2277 763.731 38.2277H850.814ZM761.338 121.8C760.855 121.8 760.463 122.191 760.463 122.674V131.13H762.213V122.674C762.213 122.191 761.821 121.8 761.338 121.8ZM761.338 108.971C760.855 108.971 760.463 109.363 760.463 109.846V118.301H762.213V109.846C762.213 109.363 761.821 108.971 761.338 108.971ZM761.338 96.1402C760.855 96.1406 760.463 96.5321 760.463 97.0149V105.47H762.213V97.0149C762.213 96.532 761.821 96.1404 761.338 96.1402ZM782.263 71.887C781.043 71.951 780.395 73.3571 781.139 74.3257L784.474 78.6631C779.115 82.951 771.242 85.7443 762.35 85.7444C753.366 85.7442 745.421 82.8944 740.059 78.5305C738.972 77.6461 737.373 77.8099 736.488 78.8961C735.602 79.983 735.766 81.582 736.853 82.467C743.231 87.6574 752.348 90.8207 762.35 90.8209C772.209 90.8208 781.205 87.746 787.568 82.6884L790.833 86.9341C791.577 87.9025 793.103 87.6391 793.479 86.4767L797.791 73.138C798.118 72.127 797.33 71.1017 796.268 71.1566L782.263 71.887ZM761.338 70.4847C760.855 70.4851 760.463 70.8767 760.463 71.3594V79.8147H762.213V71.3594C762.213 70.8766 761.821 70.485 761.338 70.4847ZM761.338 57.656C760.855 57.6564 760.463 58.048 760.463 58.5307V66.986H762.213V58.5307C762.213 58.0479 761.821 57.6563 761.338 57.656ZM761.338 44.8293C760.855 44.8297 760.463 45.2212 760.463 45.704V54.1592H762.213V45.704C762.213 45.2211 761.821 44.8295 761.338 44.8293Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath\n    d=\"M995.759 38.2277C999.53 38.228 1001.42 42.5171 998.752 45.0253L959.55 81.9005L905.796 41.5363C905.271 41.1418 904.662 41.0182 904.096 41.0994L997.485 130.319C1000.15 132.828 998.262 137.116 994.491 137.116H905.298C902.96 137.116 901.065 135.333 901.065 133.134V42.0941C901.065 42.0204 901.07 41.9483 901.079 41.8786C901.258 39.8345 903.079 38.2277 905.298 38.2277H995.759Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath\n    d=\"M505.873 0C506.657 4.57042e-05 507.307 0.195499 507.823 0.587023C508.338 0.969046 508.596 1.53802 508.596 2.29251C508.596 2.76034 508.467 3.19015 508.209 3.58162C507.951 3.96344 507.497 4.26401 506.848 4.48361V4.54114C507.65 4.67487 508.205 4.96191 508.51 5.4012C508.816 5.83087 508.969 6.31772 508.969 6.86193C508.969 7.74056 508.672 8.41851 508.08 8.89604C507.497 9.38304 506.733 9.62731 505.787 9.62738C504.861 9.62738 504.158 9.42172 503.68 9.0111C503.212 8.60054 502.935 8.08005 502.849 7.44993L503.881 7.10571L503.924 7.24028C504.035 7.54934 504.211 7.82925 504.454 8.07986C504.731 8.36635 505.166 8.50986 505.758 8.50989C506.465 8.50989 506.943 8.32772 507.191 7.9648C507.449 7.6019 507.579 7.20078 507.579 6.7615C507.579 6.2173 507.378 5.80683 506.977 5.52992C506.585 5.25295 505.93 5.10026 505.013 5.07161V4.15402C505.901 4.12537 506.489 3.92484 506.776 3.55237C507.062 3.18009 507.206 2.82242 507.206 2.47876C507.206 1.62801 506.752 1.17539 505.845 1.12237L505.658 1.11749C505.467 1.11752 505.242 1.14605 504.985 1.2033C504.736 1.25105 504.511 1.3274 504.31 1.43245L504.081 2.56457L503.05 2.44951L503.322 0.687461C503.666 0.49653 504.068 0.33454 504.526 0.200875C504.985 0.0671945 505.434 0 505.873 0Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath\n    d=\"M905.727 2.30616L904.638 2.4066L904.466 1.26083H901.428V3.72497C901.533 3.71544 901.643 3.71034 901.757 3.71034H902.086C902.755 3.71034 903.386 3.78668 903.979 3.93949C904.58 4.09229 905.068 4.38363 905.44 4.8132C905.822 5.23335 906.014 5.84949 906.014 6.66106C906.014 7.64468 905.722 8.38068 905.14 8.86776C904.557 9.36434 903.783 9.6127 902.818 9.61275C901.91 9.61275 901.213 9.40711 900.725 8.99648C900.248 8.59544 899.96 8.08007 899.865 7.44993L900.911 7.10571C901.007 7.49723 901.203 7.8271 901.499 8.09449C901.795 8.37131 902.211 8.50985 902.746 8.50989C903.395 8.50989 903.869 8.33787 904.165 7.99405C904.461 7.65981 904.609 7.22507 904.609 6.69031C904.609 5.87861 904.337 5.3625 903.792 5.14279C903.248 4.91361 902.612 4.79958 901.886 4.79955C901.695 4.79955 901.489 4.80365 901.27 4.8132C901.059 4.82275 900.854 4.83701 900.653 4.85611L900.224 4.44071V0.143343H905.569L905.727 2.30616Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\"\n    d=\"M765.49 6.04576H766.966L766.837 7.14862H765.49V9.48404H764.185V7.14862H759.857L759.713 6.04576L762.909 0.143343H765.49V6.04576ZM760.96 6.04576H764.185V1.26083H763.541L760.96 6.04576Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath d=\"M4.80573 6.47481H6.41154V7.60693H1.81068V6.47481H3.50235V1.27546H1.81068V0.143343H4.80573V6.47481Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath\n    d=\"M254.359 0C255.353 0 256.055 0.239186 256.466 0.716715C256.877 1.18447 257.083 1.68072 257.083 2.20573C257.083 2.85516 256.849 3.44346 256.38 3.96875C255.912 4.49397 255.348 4.96638 254.689 5.38657C254.039 5.79717 253.437 6.15968 252.883 6.47481H256.423L256.538 5.42948L257.599 5.51529L257.426 7.60693H251.407L251.292 6.58987C252.582 5.73032 253.638 4.98523 254.46 4.35489C255.281 3.71509 255.693 3.05632 255.693 2.37832C255.693 1.53787 255.166 1.11749 254.115 1.12237L254.115 1.11749C253.924 1.11754 253.695 1.14604 253.427 1.2033C253.16 1.25104 252.916 1.32238 252.697 1.41783L252.467 2.47876L251.45 2.3637L251.707 0.60165C252.118 0.401088 252.563 0.253475 253.041 0.15797C253.519 0.0529708 253.958 1.99446e-05 254.359 0Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\u003C/g>",{"id":13,"data":14,"type":15,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":24,"tiles":25},"de671b0a-d1ca-42d5-bc7d-ae9a73294466",{"type":15,"title":16,"tagline":17,"description":17,"featureImageSquare":18,"baseColor":19,"emoji":20,"shapePreference":21,"allowContentSuspension":22,"allowContentEdits":22,"editorsChoice":6},8,"Greek Mythology","From Zeus to Hera, it's time to meet the gods of Ancient Greece","b6243193-412a-45de-8944-91d54a4b39ef","#A18C74","🔱",1,true,3,2,[26,102,230,547,765,970,1160,1339],{"id":27,"data":28,"type":29,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"orbs":32},"3afc026c-1d03-43ce-883c-3eed3714a0f2",{"type":29,"title":30,"tagline":31},9,"Why Greek Mythology Matters","The Ancient Greeks and their incredible legacy.",[33],{"id":34,"data":35,"type":24,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"pages":37},"c0963fe5-47d2-4e96-b561-e2c7a6106a45",{"type":24,"title":36},"The Influence of Greek Culture",[38,55,73,88],{"id":39,"data":40,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":44},"e8115820-59cb-4ea0-a5ac-47696193d736",{"type":21,"title":41,"markdownContent":42,"audioMediaId":43},"The legacy of the Greeks","If you were to stand in the center of Washington DC, surrounded by the institutions and monuments at the heart of the United States, you might notice that the buildings all have something in common.\n\n ![Graph](image://7a9e8b24-ccd0-46ec-a880-5e6c6c27fcd1 \"Washington D.C.\")\n\nThe institutions of the US government are all housed in buildings that imitate the architecture of ancient Greece. This is no accident. The founding fathers of America saw this ancient civilization as an ideal - the blueprint for a free, advanced, civilized society.\n\n","0317cf18-73d1-4357-a35f-10616712b20f",[45],{"id":46,"data":47,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"af3a0d52-f3fd-4f30-a500-1c16b16ca423",{"type":48,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":49,"binaryCorrect":51,"binaryIncorrect":53},11,[50],"The founding fathers of America were inspired by which democratic civilization?",[52],"Ancient Greece",[54],"Ancient Egypt",{"id":56,"data":57,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":61},"3c810e94-0f03-49a0-8fb1-e6c83e082131",{"type":21,"title":58,"markdownContent":59,"audioMediaId":60},"Our symbols and language","We see the influence of the Greeks everywhere in the modern world - from the design of our greatest buildings, to blockbuster films and TV shows, to our names for the stars in the night sky.\n\n![Graph](image://2fe848e2-dfe2-4282-8b18-ea89ce64a0c8 \"Nike, named after the Greek goddess of victory\")\n\nThe influence of Greek culture even shows up in the names of our biggest corporations. Nike, Amazon and Oracle are all named after figures from Greek stories. \n\nNike is named after the Greek goddess of victory. Amazon is named after the Amazons, a race of warrior women from ancient Greek mythology. Oracle refers to the ancient Greek temples or shrines where prophecies were delivered by priests or priestesses.\n\nEven our language is littered with references to Greek culture. Echo, Europe, hypnosis, narcissism, music, ocean and tantalize. These are just a few of the many words that are named directly after characters in the Greek myths. \n\n\n\n","9efe0fe0-032d-47de-8a78-1a98cd194410",[62],{"id":63,"data":64,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"b33739cd-0004-4679-94f0-2c4d50bdcec7",{"type":48,"reviewType":23,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":65,"multiChoiceCorrect":67,"multiChoiceIncorrect":69},[66],"Which of these companies takes its name from ancient Greek mythology?",[68],"Amazon",[70,71,72],"Apple","Alphabet","Adobe",{"id":74,"data":75,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":79},"e3aa704c-9d4e-4e2a-bd44-8aca20f7394f",{"type":21,"title":76,"markdownContent":77,"audioMediaId":78},"A cultural guidebook","We’ve inherited great swathes of our culture from the Greeks. But this culture has been handed down to us in a unique way. The values and ideas of the Greeks were passed down over generations, right to the present day, through a vast, complex, interrelated set of folk stories known as Greek mythology.\n\nThe Greek myths have served not just as entertainment but as practical, ethical and spiritual guidance to millions of people over thousands of years. \n\nSome of the core values and principles the Greeks held in high regard include:\n\n**Arete** (ἀρετή): Often translated as \"excellence\" or \"virtue,\" it referred to the realization of one's full potential and qualities, both in battle and personal endeavors.\n\n**Xenia** (ξενία): The concept of guest-friendship or hospitality, where hosts provided generously for their guests and in turn, guests showed respect. Violating these norms, as seen in the story of Odysseus and the suitors, was a grave offense.\n\n ![Graph](image://743831ef-2dc0-43a9-966f-896b7d649067 \"An illustration from The Odyssey\")\n\n**Eusebeia** (εὐσέβεια): Typically translated as \"piety,\" it referred to proper respect and devotion to the gods, rituals, and religious practices.\n\n**Dike** (Δίκη): Often translated as \"justice,\" it was personified as a goddess (Dike) and represented moral justice, order, and the proper balance in societal dealings.\n\nWe will be learning about more of these values as we continue the pathway.\n\n","34483a69-bd1f-43da-8490-2c265cc34ba9",[80],{"id":81,"data":82,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"7776d04e-8ee3-49e8-8566-f52a98de0cf8",{"type":48,"reviewType":83,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":84,"clozeWords":86},4,[85],"The values of the ancient Greeks, such as 'xeníā' (hospitality) and 'díkē' (justice) were passed down over millennia through folk stories known as myths",[87],"justice",{"id":89,"data":90,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":94},"5feef0e2-9c87-4364-827e-0c9870ff4c6a",{"type":21,"title":91,"markdownContent":92,"audioMediaId":93},"The greatest stories ever told","Above all else, the Greek myths are worth studying for the stories themselves: stories of flawed heroes and bewitching villains, of gods and goddesses and their struggles for power, and the mortals that find themselves caught in the middle. \n\nOccasionally grotesque, often beautiful, these tales, when taken as a whole, serve a clear purpose: to help their readers to live wiser lives.\n","94ce6380-ee09-4f11-a0f5-2df385643ff0",[95],{"id":96,"data":97,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"0aa1368c-2213-40ad-831d-c00d0e741a58",{"type":48,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":21,"activeRecallQuestion":98,"activeRecallAnswers":100},[99],"What is the overall purpose of the Greek myths?",[101],"To help their readers to live wiser lives",{"id":103,"data":104,"type":29,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"orbs":107},"fed554de-d3c3-4b36-bd5e-d02714bce5b0",{"type":29,"title":105,"tagline":106},"Greek Society and Mythology","How mythology was essential in Greek society, politics, and culture",[108,166],{"id":109,"data":110,"type":24,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"pages":112},"fe5709d4-461c-4c55-b5b4-abaf1e248c1a",{"type":24,"title":111},"The Role of Mythology in Ancient Life",[113,129,152],{"id":114,"data":115,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":119},"0bcccf2a-d9d7-4dd5-8f02-9938d17d5eab",{"type":21,"title":116,"markdownContent":117,"audioMediaId":118},"The purpose of mythology","Imagine living on an island in the Mediterranean in 1000 BCE. You’ve met a few dozen people in your entire life. The study of science hasn’t even been conceptualized yet. Even if you are one of the very small number of people that can read, printed books would not be invented in the West for another 2500 years.\n\nWhat would be your source of information? If one of your sheep suddenly falls ill, you’d have no way of knowing why. When you first fall in love with someone from your village, you have no way of understanding why you feel that way. Infant mortality is around 40%, but you don’t even know what diseases are, so these children seem to just be picked by chance.\n\n ![Graph](image://6207f81d-da0b-47b6-a823-9f83f60ed4a1 \"The agricultural, pre-scientifc world gave birth to these myths\")\n\nThis is the world that gave birth to mythology - stories passed orally from person to person, providing practical rules and a moral framework for living in this dark, dangerous, baffling world.\n\n","4665e902-bfba-4a7c-8ef3-b1ebeb06d441",[120],{"id":121,"data":122,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"30e13183-abb0-4f8a-aa87-a81547e969b9",{"type":48,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":123,"binaryCorrect":125,"binaryIncorrect":127},[124],"How were myths originally shared in ancient Greece?",[126],"Orally",[128],"In printed books",{"id":130,"data":131,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":135},"dfd91325-ee1a-4625-bc61-c808a42c3208",{"type":21,"title":132,"markdownContent":133,"audioMediaId":134},"Surviving in a world without science","The concept of science - the rational study of nature - did not exist in Greek society until the 6th century BCE. Even then, it was extremely rudimentary, and much about the universe remained unknown.\n\nBut agricultural civilizations such as ancient Greece needed ways of comprehending nature. This is where mythology helped people.\n\nPicture an olive farmer, who needs to know what time of year will be best for harvesting his olives. But he doesn’t know that the earth rotates around the sun, or that the year is 365 days long. He has no clock or calendar.\n\nInstead he relies on stories. Since his childhood he’s been told the story of Hades and Persephone, beloved daughter of Demeter, goddess of agriculture.\n\n ![Graph](image://c1f7aecf-c2a0-4c7d-8527-2f454e89fe46 \"The myth of Persephone helped to explain the seasons\")\n\nPersephone was abducted by Hades and taken to the underworld. Demeter was so heartbroken that she refused to let any crops grow until her daughter was returned to her. After much negotiation, it was agreed that Persephone would spend four months of the year with Hades and the other eight months with Demeter. \n\nWhen Persephone was with Hades, the earth became barren and cold, representing the fall and winter seasons. When she was with her mother, the earth became fertile and abundant again, representing the spring and summer seasons.\n\n","e4e629c1-00e0-4129-8de7-77c2fd02f909",[136,143],{"id":137,"data":138,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"95345049-0d23-4700-88fb-d9716b9dd90a",{"type":48,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":21,"activeRecallQuestion":139,"activeRecallAnswers":141},[140],"Who was the Greek goddess of agriculture?",[142],"Demeter",{"id":144,"data":145,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"9a71590a-6b2d-4cdb-9282-b22da6d33591",{"type":48,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":146,"binaryCorrect":148,"binaryIncorrect":150},[147],"In which century was science first studied in Greece?",[149],"6th Century BCE",[151],"2nd Century BCE",{"id":153,"data":154,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":158},"c4ed8979-587e-42b2-b905-508473ad89c9",{"type":21,"title":155,"markdownContent":156,"audioMediaId":157},"Understanding the universe","As well as providing a practical guide to surviving in a pre-scientific world, mythology also gave answers to great questions about the universe.\n\nAcross the many tales of Greek mythology there are explanations for all sorts of existential questions: the origins of the universe, the rising and setting of the sun, and what happens when we die. \n\nFor a society to thrive, and for its people to live fulfilled lives, it needs to have some answers to these foundational questions. Greek mythology was able to answer these questions in a world where scientific observation could not.\n\nThe origins of the universe could be explained in the birth of Gaia and Uranus (Mother Earth and the sky father); the sun crossed the sky each day because it was pulled in a chariot by the god Helios (not to be confused with Apollo - later god of the sun, as well as of music). When we die we are ferried into the underworld by Charon, and our treatment there will depend on how well we behaved in life. \n\n ![Graph](image://5bbd83bc-95e3-4bb3-bf34-90f189fe5cfe \"Helios pulled the sun across the sky in his chariot every day\")\n\nBy providing answers to these great mysteries, mythology performed a valuable function - it helped people to stop fearing the unknown, and to get on with their lives. \n\n","5f778527-3226-4952-8b88-1b27808e57d2",[159],{"id":160,"data":161,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"7d92faa6-4a20-4ea4-a281-cc22814157d3",{"type":48,"reviewType":83,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":162,"clozeWords":164},[163],"The ancient Greeks believed the sun was pulled in a chariot across the sky every day by the god Helios.",[165],"chariot",{"id":167,"data":168,"type":24,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"pages":170},"0d786493-0d06-4ba0-b32e-97e57ee6b70c",{"type":24,"title":169},"The Social Functions of Mythology",[171,194,212],{"id":172,"data":173,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":177},"a0877071-df19-4943-bebc-72be78cc9946",{"type":21,"title":174,"markdownContent":175,"audioMediaId":176},"Mythology and community","Mythology functioned not only as a way of explaining the universe, but also as a way for people to gather as a community.\n\nDionysia was a festival celebrated yearly around the winter solstice. This celebration was in honor of the Greek god, Dionysus, and involved drinking lots of wine and the performance of tragic and comedic plays. \n\nHere the function of mythology was less practical - all that wine wouldn’t help any farmers to get their harvests in on time! Instead it was social - in other words, a good excuse for a party, and for the whole community to come together. This festival might also be considered the birthplace of theater as an art form.\n\nThe Dionysia was one of dozens of festivals that filled the ancient Greek calendar. Others included the Boedromia, celebrating Apollo in May, and the Adonia, an annual week-long feast - exclusively for women - celebrating Aphrodite and Adonis.\n\n ![Graph](image://4e4a2d4f-6a2d-42e1-ad2d-13db84e9ed56 \"Celebrations of the gods and goddesses served a strong social purpose\")\n\nThe function of these festivals went beyond recreation, though. Observing these collective rituals helped people to form deep social bonds with one another, in a world filled with conflict.\n\n","33bd3d1d-532f-4064-b974-f2cca776c46f",[178,185],{"id":179,"data":180,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"4e80157f-c7a3-4dc6-85ec-4a15a8168b51",{"type":48,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":21,"activeRecallQuestion":181,"activeRecallAnswers":183},[182],"Which ancient Greek festival was celebrated exclusively by women?",[184],"The Adonia",{"id":186,"data":187,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"ebea1470-9fc5-415f-a3de-b19910aa8e4f",{"type":48,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":188,"binaryCorrect":190,"binaryIncorrect":192},[189],"How was the festival of Dionysia celebrated?",[191],"Through wine and theatre",[193],"Through prayer and reflection",{"id":195,"data":196,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":200},"e6949838-3847-49f0-8e57-0224aa9b748f",{"type":21,"title":197,"markdownContent":198,"audioMediaId":199},"Mythology and Politics","The power held by the political institutions of ancient Greece was believed to be directly bestowed by the gods. \n\nIf you know anything about ancient Athens, you’ll know it as the birthplace of democracy. Athens' democracy in the 5th century BCE was a direct system, with decisions made in the assembly, the \"Ekklesia,\" by eligible male citizens.  However, their democratic process was also seen through a religious lens.\n\nWhen the electorate gathered to cast their vote, they did so in the belief that whoever won that election would do so because the gods willed it. They were acting collectively, because they believed that the gods would make their will known through their vote. \n\nElected rulers were seen as representatives of the will of the gods, holding a divine right to rule, rather than as representatives of the people. \n\n ![Graph](image://289ecdb4-8c72-4194-a31c-fa753e934077 \"Ancient Athens, the birthplace of democracy\")\n\nMythology was the backbone of Greek democratic institutions. The gods gave legitimacy to rulers, and those rulers aimed to appease them by maintaining law and order in their societies. If they didn’t, the gods wouldn’t look so kindly on them at the next election!\n\n\n\n","73a29d71-3544-4c46-b942-8704dc155562",[201],{"id":202,"data":203,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"a6616860-a4de-4f27-8775-1c85d1dda5cc",{"type":48,"reviewType":23,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":204,"multiChoiceCorrect":206,"multiChoiceIncorrect":208},[205],"In Athenian democracy in the 5th century BCE, how were elected rulers perceived?",[207],"As representatives of the will of the gods",[209,210,211],"As having no authority","As being gods themselves","As figureheads without real power",{"id":213,"data":214,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":218},"383d4c61-c8f8-41f0-893b-ebc63426ac2e",{"type":21,"title":215,"markdownContent":216,"audioMediaId":217},"Myth and morality","As well as holding scientific, social and political functions, the Greek myths served as an ethical guide for ancient Greece. \n\nMany of the great written works of Greek mythology could be thought of as moral stories first and foremost. \n\n ![Graph](image://f0b9ad71-7639-46d6-ba2f-c086e91b8e40 \"Odysseus's crew refusing to let him go to the sirens teaches a valuable moral lesson\")\n\nTo take a famous example, Homer’s Odyssey tells the story of Odysseus’s struggles to return home on an epic 10-year sea voyage. Many of the episodes in the story tell clear moral lessons. \n\nOdysseus’s wife, Penelope, stays loyal to him despite hundreds of suitors knocking on her door, exemplifying the Greek value of 'pistis' (Πίστις), which translates as faithfulness or trust. \n\nOdysseus’s men are caught stealing from the witch Circe, and are turned into pigs as a result. When passing the sirens - seductive witches known for tempting sailors to their doom - Odysseus begs his men to take him ashore. They refuse, having tied him to the mast of the ship and plugged their ears to avoid the siren’s call, and save his life as a result.\n\nAll of these are valuable moral lessons - remaining faithful, not stealing, and understanding that looks can be deceiving. Teaching these lessons was a vital function of Greek mythology.\n\n","a2d3ea4f-426a-4425-b8c2-1d66750eebcb",[219],{"id":220,"data":221,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"d520b7dc-e4bb-4f4c-b8f2-44695cf37ce2",{"type":48,"reviewType":23,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":222,"multiChoiceCorrect":224,"multiChoiceIncorrect":226},[223],"What Greek value is displayed by Penelope in the Odyssey?",[225],"'Pistis' (Πίστις): The value of faithfulness or trust",[227,228,229],"'Xenia' (ξενία): The value of hospitality","'Dike' (Δίκη): The value of justice ","'Eusebeia; (εὐσέβεια): The value of piety",{"id":231,"data":232,"type":29,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"orbs":235},"a0e21211-4ec5-4573-8425-b866ad090a44",{"type":29,"title":233,"tagline":234},"The Iliad, The Odyssey, and the Theogony","How these epic poems shaped culture and depicted ancient history and formed the Myths of the Ages of this world",[236,378,455],{"id":237,"data":238,"type":24,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"pages":240},"163946bc-a592-40f0-8db2-b9564b9315f7",{"type":24,"title":239},"Greek Epics and Culture",[241,268,307,341,364],{"id":242,"data":243,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":247},"6630c5f5-c6e6-405d-b759-71d57305b8ba",{"type":21,"title":244,"markdownContent":245,"audioMediaId":246},"Introduction to the epics","The influence of Greek culture extends down to us today from the philosophical and mathematical advancements to the political and the literary. Some of the most influential pieces of literature on Greek culture are Homer’s epic poems The Iliad and The Odyssey as well as Hesiod’s Theogony. \n\n ![Graph](image://35a63d1c-756b-418b-8fb5-85b403700178 \"An illustration from an 18th-century translation of The Iliad by Alexander Pope\")\n\nThese pieces of literature immortalized the complex and rich stories of Greek mythology. They documented the many stories of the Greek gods and goddesses, the creation of the world according to these myths, and even the ages and cycles of the world. \n\nHomer’s poems helped cement the shared values and beliefs of the Ancient Greeks, providing examples of heroism and explaining humanity’s place in this vast world. \n\nSimilarly, Hesiod’s Theogony details the origin of the universe as well as the ascendancy of the gods and the complex history of their reign. This poem shows how the world has and continues to be shaped by the will of these divine personalities. \n\nThese epic poems are not only studied today for their literary techniques, but for the cementing of culture and complexity of the myths they were able to record. \n\n","0e1e6e11-cb27-4ce8-9d79-ea857ad23780",[248,257],{"id":249,"data":250,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"60340c98-19dc-4c10-bad9-8e4d20b6ad51",{"type":48,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":251,"binaryCorrect":253,"binaryIncorrect":255},[252],"Who is credited as the author of the Theogony?",[254],"Hesiod",[256],"Homer",{"id":258,"data":259,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"779f6090-d842-4315-8ad6-a3ad2d2d1f51",{"type":48,"reviewType":23,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":260,"multiChoiceCorrect":262,"multiChoiceIncorrect":264},[261],"Which of these is an influential Greek epic?",[263],"The Iliad",[265,266,267],"The Aeneid","The Epic of Gilgamesh","The Canterbury Tales",{"id":269,"data":270,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":274},"c351b02e-ac91-4747-a4a6-08eb8d6b0806",{"type":21,"title":271,"markdownContent":272,"audioMediaId":273},"A glimpse inside Greek culture","Homer and Hesiod’s contributions to the world of literature continue to astound scholars to this day. Their works are epic poems, meaning they are a literary genre of heroic oral poetry. \n\nModern academia understands that neither Homer nor Hesiod created these myths. These works were born of an oral tradition meaning that the tales of the Trojan War or the War of the Titans depicted in these epic poems were passed down orally for centuries before being compiled into the written poetic form. \n\n ![Graph](image://c5754d98-8290-4e39-993e-d64a832c635c \"Homer is often depicted with a harp, because his poems would have been passed on through live readings, rather than in written form\")\n\nThese epic poems are still studied today for their literary feats and are a major source of Greek mythology. While stories of the Greek gods and heroes may now be viewed as purely literary spectacles, in Ancient Greece, these were considered to be accounts of historical events or explanations for the universe. \n\nBoth Homer and Hesiod's epic poems provide a glimpse into the basis of religious practices and rituals that took place in Ancient Greece and provide us insight into the beliefs and values of the Ancient Greeks.\n\n","b1e45ecf-65b5-4862-827e-ec711e78b005",[275,282,289,298],{"id":276,"data":277,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"3b9b170d-5ef1-4d19-897c-5c563995d776",{"type":48,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":21,"activeRecallQuestion":278,"activeRecallAnswers":280},[279],"What genre of poetry is The Odyssey?",[281],"Epic poetry",{"id":283,"data":284,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"6503c290-b35b-47df-9739-5479978a4844",{"type":48,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":21,"activeRecallQuestion":285,"activeRecallAnswers":287},[286],"What is the name of the storytelling tradition by which epic poems were passed on before they were written down in ancient Greece?",[288],"The oral tradition",{"id":290,"data":291,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"8a782e64-b35e-4d8e-815e-127c3898ae3e",{"type":48,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":292,"binaryCorrect":294,"binaryIncorrect":296},[293],"How were the Epic poems seen by the ancient Greeks?",[295],"As historical accounts and scientific explanations",[297],"As fictional literary spectacles",{"id":299,"data":300,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"ee28197a-de73-4daa-a4da-5b0c023def73",{"type":48,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":301,"binaryCorrect":303,"binaryIncorrect":305},[302],"Epic poetry is best defined as...",[304],"Long-form, oral poetry with heroic themes",[306],"Short, rhymed poetry about heroes and gods",{"id":308,"data":309,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":313},"9edb1cb5-d880-41c0-8c89-ce13e8d07905",{"type":21,"title":310,"markdownContent":311,"audioMediaId":312},"Introduction to the Iliad","Because of the lack of historical records, not much is known about the poet Homer, but scholars believe the epic poem The Iliad to have been written around 750BC. The Iliad is just one of two epic poems attributed to Homer.\n\nHomer’s The Iliad depicts the history of the Trojan War between the Achaeans, the Greeks, and the Trojans. Divided into 24 books, the poem details the complex series of events and motivations for the start of the war as well as what keeps it going. \n\n ![Graph](image://39e19b0c-4a87-4f42-a01d-193bfdcc96e7 \"A depiction of warriors in the Trojan War\")\n\nThe Iliad also importantly depicts how people viewed the way the gods and goddesses interacted with humanity. The history and development of Greek civilization was seen as being at the mercy of divine forces that could work in conjunction or at odds with humanity.\n\nIn these accounts of the Greek myths, humanity was either blessed by the deities and provided with gifts and knowledge to turn the tide of the war or was scorned by them and bestowed a punishment.","95e4e239-8ba9-4725-9a6b-75bb5c7e7ecb",[314,321,332],{"id":315,"data":316,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"0d785eef-32ad-4ed8-be48-04f30e529605",{"type":48,"reviewType":83,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":317,"clozeWords":319},[318],"A major theme of The Iliad is how civilization is at the mercy of divine forces",[320],"divine forces",{"id":322,"data":323,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"79291fc6-575f-434b-a379-c8b28c0feeb3",{"type":48,"reviewType":23,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":324,"multiChoiceCorrect":326,"multiChoiceIncorrect":328},[325],"What communities are at war in Homer's Iliad?",[327],"Trojans and Achaeans",[329,330,331],"Trojans and Spartans","Trojans and Thebans","Trojans and Athenians",{"id":333,"data":334,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"86f44528-7e66-4353-840c-b51286d79853",{"type":48,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":335,"binaryCorrect":337,"binaryIncorrect":339},[336],"Which of these nations was NOT involved in the Trojan War?",[338],"The Etruscans",[340],"The Achaeans",{"id":342,"data":343,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":347},"2a14a0e1-8519-4032-94b7-76a32928ab28",{"type":21,"title":344,"markdownContent":345,"audioMediaId":346},"Fact or fiction","Homer’s Iliad was written around 400 years after the fall and destruction of the city of Troy. Because of this, it is assumed by scholars that Homer’s depictions of the events of the Trojan War are not entirely historically accurate and may be viewed more as a condensing of many battles into one nine-year war, with some literary flair thrown in. \n\nDespite the debate on historical accuracy today, the Ancient Greeks of Homer’s day considered his epic poem to be a true depiction of history. So why does this matter? \n\n ![Graph](image://c713d15b-bbb1-4a30-b099-a68fb4639f36 \"The ruins of Troy can still be seen today\")\n\nThe myths that Homer cemented in his work were a collection of the beliefs circulating in Greek culture. The stories in his poems of Achilles form the basis for the morals and virtue that are associated with the standard for being a hero and provided the Ancient Greeks with a standard of excellence to venerate and live up to. \n\nThe interaction of gods and goddesses and their influence in the events of the war only further solidified the Ancient Greeks' view of the world and humanity’s place within it as destined to live at the will and whim of deities more powerful than they are. \n\n","ea3910b6-1b7c-4fbc-819c-2cf9f6ad929e",[348,357],{"id":349,"data":350,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"7ae02929-fdbe-43e9-9c89-1f25eb26a77e",{"type":48,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":351,"binaryCorrect":353,"binaryIncorrect":355},[352],"Which figure in The Iliad was used as an example of heroic virtue and standards of excellence in Greek culture?",[354],"Achilles",[356],"Paris",{"id":358,"data":359,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"9f064b7a-4646-420b-9451-81599ae654f9",{"type":48,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":21,"activeRecallQuestion":360,"activeRecallAnswers":362},[361],"Roughly how many years after the fall of Troy was The Iliad written by Homer?",[363],"400",{"id":365,"data":366,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":370},"1ca77e1b-937b-411a-b9fb-9639c5a929a3",{"type":21,"title":367,"markdownContent":368,"audioMediaId":369},"Introduction to the Odyssey","Homer’s second epic poem, The Odyssey, is believed to have been written in the eighth century BC and is broken down into 24 books. This poem tells the story of the King of Ithaca, Odysseus, who after the end of the Trojan war, wandered for ten years attempting to return home and to his wife, Penelope. \n\n ![Graph](image://5352677e-6f5a-4dad-89ed-cb88b1328be8 \"An artist's depiction of Odysseus's return to Ithaca\")\n\nThe poem focuses on only the last six weeks of his journey and the many trials he must face to return to his kingdom and ward off the many suitors that sought his wife. \n\nAt the time that Homer composed The Odyssey, Greece was waning. \n\nThe political systems were tense, people were unhappy, and the number of scholars and literate people was dropping. But Homer’s epic poem helped to revive Greek culture, giving people a shared history and tales of morality and heroism to renew their faith and pride in their own culture. \n\nThe impact of The Odyssey doesn’t end there. From Margaret Atwood’s Penelopiad to the Coen Brother’s 2000 film O Brother, Where Art Thou, this epic poem continues to inspire literary and artistic works. Despite the centuries separating modern art from Homer’s first poem, the stories in The Odyssey tell a story that is universal and remains relevant. \n\n","52e26ed8-65cc-4264-8049-d5cba50ef461",[371],{"id":372,"data":373,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"b44fd8e5-edbf-456f-92eb-c0edccbffb8f",{"type":48,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":21,"activeRecallQuestion":374,"activeRecallAnswers":376},[375],"The Odyssey is Homer's second epic poem, and is made up of how many books?",[377],"24",{"id":379,"data":380,"type":24,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"pages":382},"9e9ce088-c3d4-4935-b204-aa26f52cc58b",{"type":24,"title":381},"Literary Techniques in Homeric Epics",[383,407,432],{"id":384,"data":385,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":389},"bc18b174-9fc0-4180-9a9d-478f97be86ec",{"type":21,"title":386,"markdownContent":387,"audioMediaId":388},"Homer's Hexameter","\"Both 'The Iliad' and 'The Odyssey' by the poet Homer are written in a distinct style called dactylic hexameter, sometimes referred to as heroic hexameter. This meter is predominantly made up of dactyls (one long syllable followed by two short syllables) and spondees (two long syllables). These metric feet provide the poems with a rhythmic structure that imparts a song-like quality.\"\n\nThis musical rhythm underlying the poem is not only a spectacular literary feat but is also an important continuation of the oral tradition that these stories and myths were originally passed down. \n\n ![Graph](image://997fdef1-a152-4932-98f2-82946102f5ee \"An example of Latin verse written in dactylic hexameter\")\n\nHomer intended for this poem to be read out loud as not everyone in Ancient Greece was educated or literate enough to read it. The tradition of oral storytelling unified people from all classes and education levels. \n\nHomer’s strong rhyme scheme and metered verses help The Odyssey to be told orally to many people and unite them in a shared passing on of mythology that transcended class or education level. \n\n","e9650d86-2611-47d0-af77-87b892de91b9",[390,399],{"id":391,"data":392,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"18bac0ab-2b46-441e-b2d2-d691e7c81243",{"type":48,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":393,"binaryCorrect":395,"binaryIncorrect":397},[394],"What is the name given to the distinct poetic rhythm used by Homer in the epic poems?",[396],"Dactylic hexameter",[398],"Iambic pentameter",{"id":400,"data":401,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"a6c088dc-45b6-4ccb-adc4-b4183a0eb2bc",{"type":48,"reviewType":83,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":402,"clozeWords":404},[403],"Homer's poems were originally intended to be read out loud, as many ancient Greeks were illiterate",[405,406],"read out loud","illiterate",{"id":408,"data":409,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":413},"1250a435-3046-4b55-9c8b-996fa72b29df",{"type":21,"title":410,"markdownContent":411,"audioMediaId":412},"Homer’s Similes ","These epic poems also feature the literary technique commonly referred to now as the ‘Homeric simile.’ A normal simile compares one thing to another using the words ‘like’ or ‘as.’ for example, ‘our love is like a fire.’\n\nHowever, Homer’s Similes were complicated and detailed. He would begin with a description of an event, such as Odysseus weeping at the recounting of the battle of Troy, and then follow with a lengthy description of what this weeping was like, such as a widow being beaten and torn away from her fallen lover. Homer would then return to the original image of Odysseus weeping to remind the audience what the detailed scene was being compared to. \n\nThese are extremely detailed and provide graphic imagery to the poem. Scholars believe this was Homer’s way of not only adding emotion to the epic story but also providing historical detail or examples that people from all walks of life could relate to in order to make Odysseus a more heroic and tragic figure. \n","02d62ef8-608f-4dc5-afaf-fec67370f5b3",[414,423],{"id":415,"data":416,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"cda5d09a-c23c-4e0b-ae44-2e008d91d231",{"type":48,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":417,"binaryCorrect":419,"binaryIncorrect":421},[418],"What is the term used for the long, detailed similes that are used in many Greek epics?",[420],"Homeric similes",[422],"Closed similes",{"id":424,"data":425,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"d4d7c69b-11ae-41cf-afb1-d890285f34cb",{"type":48,"reviewType":83,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":426,"clozeWords":428},[427],"Homeric similes added emotion and historical detail to his writing, and made it accessible to people from all walks of life",[429,430,431],"historical detail","accessible","all walks of life",{"id":433,"data":434,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":438},"958bc56f-0aab-4a10-9ea0-a1653a4fca3c",{"type":21,"title":435,"markdownContent":436,"audioMediaId":437},"Introduction to the Theogony","Hesiod’s Theogony is an epic poem believed to be written around 700-730BC that details the creation of the gods, their complex history and relationships, and the eras of the world past and the world to come. Hesiod believed in these myths as truths and is credited as being the first to try to record the history of the gods and goddesses and the function of the universe according to the Ancient Greeks. \n\n ![Graph](image://ddc3eb31-00d2-4070-b238-dbfeddd42897 \"The poet Hesiod\")\n\nThis epic poem immortalized the Greek deities with their human-like characteristics and details the creation of the world and how exactly it is that Zeus became the king of the gods. \n\nSimilar to Homer’s epic poems, the Theogony is written in an oral tradition which made it easy to be read aloud and understood by people of all classes or literacy.\n\nThis poem provided the Ancient Greeks with a cosmogony, or a story of creation, and helped explain humanity’s place in a universe dominated by deities. This pre-scientific view of the world plays a key role in providing the Ancient Greeks with a unified vision and understanding of the universe.\n\n","f7a4a271-9ca1-4b94-a975-ed35bc09fb2c",[439,448],{"id":440,"data":441,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"613eeb3a-4e55-47cd-9795-563d64b490c1",{"type":48,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":442,"binaryCorrect":444,"binaryIncorrect":446},[443],"The Theogony depicts gods and goddesses as ...",[445],"Possessing human-like characteristics",[447],"Being morally perfect",{"id":449,"data":450,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"acc611ff-ed3b-4908-9781-cd6ed0f2ad1f",{"type":48,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":21,"activeRecallQuestion":451,"activeRecallAnswers":453},[452],"What is another word for a story of creation such as the Theogony?",[454],"A cosmogony",{"id":456,"data":457,"type":24,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"pages":459},"448f643d-0a64-480c-8b56-93dcdf4f230c",{"type":24,"title":458},"Hesiod's Theogony and Greek Mythology",[460,481,515],{"id":461,"data":462,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":466},"f332c45b-e953-486d-9dae-c87f2afca01b",{"type":21,"title":463,"markdownContent":464,"audioMediaId":465},"Breakdown of Theogony","The Theogony by Hesiod is an epic poem relating the complex history of the gods and goddesses as well as the creation of the universe. \n\nThis poem is broken down into two sections. The first is The Works and Days which is a series of verses functioning like a farmer’s almanac. This section explains the natural world and how the various gods and goddesses exert their influence over it and how humanity is meant to live in the world.  \n\nThe second section is the title section of the work, Theogony. This section of the work is about the creation of the universe and the various alliances and relationships of the gods and goddesses. \n\nIt is in these two sections that we are given, even today, a glimpse into Ancient Greek culture and how these people viewed the universe. It also details the daily practices and rituals that the Ancient Greeks participated in and how they saw their lives being constantly affected by the deities that ruled the natural world and their theodicy or justification for morality. ","dc8e25f7-2cb4-440f-9b08-71921b66bf2e",[467,474],{"id":468,"data":469,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"349f6997-1adc-4d1e-9abe-5cccf4c1c522",{"type":48,"reviewType":83,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":470,"clozeWords":472},[471],"The second section of the Theogony concerns the creation of the universe, and the alliances and relationships of the gods and goddesses",[473],"Theogony",{"id":475,"data":476,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"6f7c7f67-7d5c-4fb0-9220-0cc4a0e111c9",{"type":48,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":21,"activeRecallQuestion":477,"activeRecallAnswers":479},[478],"What is the function of the first section of the Theogony?",[480],"A farmer's almanac or guide",{"id":482,"data":483,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":487},"9f05057e-764f-4fbb-86ce-3371a88e5f78",{"type":21,"title":484,"markdownContent":485,"audioMediaId":486},"The Early Ages of the World","This invaluable glimpse into the mythology of the Ancient Greeks provided by Hesiod’s Theogony also provides us with an interpretation of the Ages of the World. These Four Ages are eras that the world has gone through from its creation to the changing ascendancy of gods to the ultimate end and destruction of the universe. \n\n ![Graph](image://5a2885e5-2dd5-4533-9117-6c48b4fa64da \"An artist's depiction of the Golden Age\")\n\nThe first age is the Golden Age. This was a time believed to be in Greece's past when the Titan Cronus was in charge of the gods. Humans were believed to live in complete harmony with the gods and did not need to toil or work throughout their lives and eventually died peaceful deaths. This age came to an end with the creation of the Olympian, Zeus. \n\nThe second age is the Silver Age. In this age, men lived long and spent their first 100 years on earth as children. Times were peaceful and did not require any toil or laboring from man, but man began to neglect to worship the gods, especially Zeus, and took this peace for granted. \n\nAccording to Theogony, Zeus ended this age by killing these humans and burying them in the underworld where they would become spirits among the dead. \n\n","2780f80d-4b06-4a34-8341-b4801eed5377",[488,495,506],{"id":489,"data":490,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"babdf6ad-d37f-493a-bab4-437e0e7b7d94",{"type":48,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":21,"activeRecallQuestion":491,"activeRecallAnswers":493},[492],"Men lived much longer in the Silver Age, spending how many years as children?",[494],"100",{"id":496,"data":497,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"c03835c2-38c1-440f-addb-c7b2ad1a579e",{"type":48,"reviewType":23,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":498,"multiChoiceCorrect":500,"multiChoiceIncorrect":502},[499],"What was the first age of the world according to the Theogony?",[501],"The Golden Age",[503,504,505],"The Bronze Age","The Silver Age","The Iron Age",{"id":507,"data":508,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"ddc2688d-5420-47a1-acaf-c14e91af6a9e",{"type":48,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":509,"binaryCorrect":511,"binaryIncorrect":513},[510],"The creation of which figure marked the end of the Golden Age in Hesiod's Theogony?",[512],"Zeus",[514],"Poseidon",{"id":516,"data":517,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":521},"af0ed328-5bb3-4a45-aca0-af6986f1536f",{"type":21,"title":518,"markdownContent":519,"audioMediaId":520},"The Late Ages of the World","In Theogony, the writer Hesiod details the Ages of the World or eras that the Ancient Greeks believed had already happened or would eventually come to pass. \n\nAfter the peaceful Golden Age and the subsequent Silver Age, came the third age: The Bronze Age. This era got its name from the bronze weapons humans crafted, marking the start of violent tendencies towards each other. The Bronze Age met its grim end when a great flood eradicated humanity.\n\n ![Graph](image://ebefc359-f4b3-4190-8344-559b7d642d3a \"An artist's depiction of the Bronze Age\")\n\nThe fourth age, according to the Theogony, is the Heroic age. This is the era of famed Greek heroes like Odysseus, Achilles, and Heracles. Despite the world's escalating violence, these heroes stood out by living righteously and revering the gods.\n\nHesiod believed he lived in the final chapter: the Iron Age. This age's descent into chaos began when Pandora, the first human woman created by the gods, opened a forbidden box out of curiosity, releasing all sorts of evils into the world. As a consequence, this era was filled with men acting out of selfishness, perpetuating a relentless cycle of violence and conflict.","737a6491-97aa-40c8-9a46-858d48502a21",[522,530,536],{"id":523,"data":524,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"1aa156ae-8b76-434c-8f03-f1e553881421",{"type":48,"reviewType":83,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":525,"clozeWords":527},[526],"The Iron Age started with the opening of Pandora's box, letting out all the evil into the world",[528,529],"Pandora's box","all the evil",{"id":531,"data":532,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"51391ea6-f394-4673-8b96-75c0a1b9893e",{"type":48,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":21,"activeRecallQuestion":533,"activeRecallAnswers":535},[534],"What did Hesiod call the final age of the world, that he was living in?",[505],{"id":537,"data":538,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"91f7e70b-160f-48ea-a480-dc113186482f",{"type":48,"reviewType":23,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":539,"multiChoiceCorrect":541,"multiChoiceIncorrect":543},[540],"How did the Bronze Age come to an end?",[542],"With a flood wiping out humanity",[544,545,546],"With a huge war","With the birth of Zeus","With the Trojan war",{"id":548,"data":549,"type":29,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"orbs":552},"aff2d0af-7b1d-4714-8685-0935864fc69b",{"type":29,"title":550,"tagline":551},"Creation Myths","The stories of creation according to Greek Mythology and the psychological importance of this understanding. ",[553,603,666,710],{"id":554,"data":555,"type":24,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"pages":557},"1f94a0e4-520c-4642-b091-f64530dcbf9c",{"type":24,"title":556},"The Origins and Functions of Mythology",[558,574,589],{"id":559,"data":560,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":564},"315bb6a3-831e-49da-a4e4-5fb18e740d0f",{"type":21,"title":561,"markdownContent":562,"audioMediaId":563},"The Cosmological Function of Mythology ","It was a fundamental belief of Ancient Greek mythology that the world began from Chaos and, from that chaos, order sprung in the form of the goddess Gaia known as a sort of Mother Earth figure. It is from her that order, patterns, and unity were brought to the universe and it is to her that all life in the universe is credited. \n\n ![Graph](image://32f7f24b-9cb7-4810-8869-0da4fb69933f \"A bust of Gaia\")\n\nMythology brings its own sense of order and unity to the universe by establishing patterns and providing explanations for the constant change and cycles of nature as well as the volatile state of human political and social systems. \n\nMythology provides not only an explanation for the origin of the cosmos but also how that order is continually upheld, and why when it isn’t - and life gets messy - there are reasons and forces behind those moments of chaos. \n\nIt anchors humankind in a version of reality that is comprehensible and comforting and provides direction both practically and metaphysically.\n\n","e4d61d35-b315-4c65-8e0f-194556fff6ae",[565],{"id":566,"data":567,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"915ae333-cb09-4e25-936d-ba8b6661c95d",{"type":48,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":568,"binaryCorrect":570,"binaryIncorrect":572},[569],"What word did the Greeks use to describe the state of things before the creation of the world?",[571],"Chaos",[573],"Pandemonium",{"id":575,"data":576,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":580},"31caef56-f37a-497c-ad7d-a3570751c88a",{"type":21,"title":577,"markdownContent":578,"audioMediaId":579},"Myths from beginning to end","An important theme of mythology is a depiction of cosmogony, or a story of the origin of the universe. \n\nFrom the ancient Babylonians to the Norse to even modern Christianity, most origin myths of the universe, or stories of cosmogony, describe the world in its original state as a void or form of chaos. From this void, order is formed.\n\n ![Graph](image://8588ed34-6eaf-405a-be1b-21d65875ec0b \"Anish Kapoor's painting A Storm of Chaos\")\n\nIt is important to recognize that ancient people saw the world innately as one of disorder and chaos and that it is only through the power of intelligent deities that an order or structure was formed.\n\nThis concept also helps explain the need for sacrifice and worship of the gods and deities in that they were the first to create order and continue to uphold it and steer the world away from its natural state of chaos.\n\n","4571afe2-05bf-439d-ba84-64540d029e01",[581],{"id":582,"data":583,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"1e474ffa-f90b-45bb-ad35-4771f5c58a7d",{"type":48,"reviewType":83,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":584,"clozeWords":586},[585],"According to most ancient civilizations, the world was innately disordered, and structure was only created by intelligent deities",[587,588],"disordered","deities",{"id":590,"data":591,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":595},"db35f58d-47d9-4793-b243-fc2fc574899f",{"type":21,"title":592,"markdownContent":593,"audioMediaId":594},"Primordial deities","The Ancient Greeks believed that the universe started as a void of disorder embodied in the primordial deity, Chaos. Chaos was one of the three primordial beings present at the start of the universe along with Gaia, or Earth, and Ouranos (Uranus), the god of the heavens. \n\nThese three primordial beings, Gaia, Chaos, and Ouranos (Uranus), represent the three most essential elements of the universe: primordial chaos and disorder, the Earth, and the Heavens or the spiritual aspect of life.\n\n ![Graph](image://3a86966c-ecd0-4627-a49a-df5867bfc6cb \"A bust of Uranus\")\n\nThese three primordial beings not only gave life and order to the universe and represent the origin of the cosmos, but they also gave life to the twelve Titans. The Titans were the first gods and goddesses considered to be the children of these primordial beings that were given dominion over the universe.\n\n","a3b95c89-aa1c-47a2-8039-44d666b47ec8",[596],{"id":597,"data":598,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"1c26ab96-9be6-491a-b094-d3df8b4887d9",{"type":48,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":21,"activeRecallQuestion":599,"activeRecallAnswers":601},[600],"Who are the three primordial deities?",[602],"Uranus, Chaos and Gaia ",{"id":604,"data":605,"type":24,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"pages":607},"23438265-4344-4c99-863c-9c37b28b52cc",{"type":24,"title":606},"The Rise of the Titans",[608,635,660],{"id":609,"data":610,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":614},"312da7bb-dfaf-410b-9e18-273acdf6dfa9",{"type":21,"title":611,"markdownContent":612,"audioMediaId":613},"The rise of the titans","The Ancient Greeks believed that there were primordial beings that created the universe – Chaos, Gaia, and Uranus. These primordial beings created the universe and then Gaia gave inhabitants to the universe by giving birth to the first generation of gods and goddesses known as the Titans with her husband Uranus.\n\nThese twelve Titans were giant in stature and were the first deities with control over the natural world, such as the eldest Titan, Oceanus who claimed dominion over the sea. However, they were kept enslaved by their tyrant father, Uranus, who was afraid of their power. \n\nGaia was disgusted by Uranus’ enslavement of their children and so she made a diamond sickle for her son, Cronus, a king among the Titans who held dominion over time and the seasons. Cronus usurped his father and unleashed the Titans from their enslavement in the underworld. This began, according to Greek mythology, the Age of the Titans or the Golden Age.","f4a7a9f5-6da3-4b29-a2f5-c0f65698ebd6",[615,626],{"id":616,"data":617,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"3acaf440-8213-41bd-bcd0-eab4fdc21114",{"type":48,"reviewType":23,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":618,"multiChoiceCorrect":620,"multiChoiceIncorrect":622},[619],"What name was given to the children of the primordial deities?",[621],"Titans",[623,624,625],"Gods","Angels","Olympians",{"id":627,"data":628,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"c6beb814-b43b-48fc-8783-baefa5a50369",{"type":48,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":629,"binaryCorrect":631,"binaryIncorrect":633},[630],"What did Uranus do to the Titans, angering Gaia in the process?",[632],"Imprison them",[634],"Banish them ",{"id":636,"data":637,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":641},"0f687f30-a475-4088-8335-f3592caa70d1",{"type":21,"title":638,"markdownContent":639,"audioMediaId":640},"The Titanomachy","The Titans ruled the earth after being freed from enslavement by their king, Cronus. Cronus was aided with a sickle from his mother, Gaia, in order to rise up against the father of the Titans, Uranus. Cronus used the sickle to castrate his father, Uranus and buried him in the underworld. \n\n ![Graph](image://a7048ab2-ad90-4c30-bb83-3ab9b433b0f2 \"The Battle of the Titans by Francesco Allegrini\")\n\nCronus and his sister, Rhea bore the first generation of what the Greeks came to know as the Olympian gods and goddesses. The first Olympians were Zeus, Hades, Poseidon, Hestia, Demeter, and Hera. \n\nHowever, Cronus was given a prophecy that just as he had overthrown his father, his own son would one day overthrow him. Determined to extend his reign, Cronus devoured his sons every year upon their births. \n\nBut Cronus did not eat Zeus. Instead, Cronus was tricked by his wife, Rhea, who gave him a sack of rocks wrapped in swaddling cloths and hid their son, Zeus.  \n\nAfter escaping Cronus's grasp, Zeus grew strong and after reaching adulthood he and his siblings went on to wage a mighty war against his father and all the Titans. This war was called the Titanomachy in Hesiod’s Theogony and it represents the end of an era for the Ancient Greeks. \n\n\n\n","5469bdac-58b3-4cbb-8c95-5bc6f6d21438",[642,653],{"id":643,"data":644,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"91b7c457-dd14-4716-82cc-35c3e816d955",{"type":48,"reviewType":23,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":645,"multiChoiceCorrect":647,"multiChoiceIncorrect":649},[646],"What weapon did Gaia lend to Cronus to overthrow Uranus?",[648],"Sickle",[650,651,652],"Sword","Axe","Hammer",{"id":654,"data":655,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"ec01cb99-2179-4bc7-bb25-f63950b1c008",{"type":48,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":21,"activeRecallQuestion":656,"activeRecallAnswers":658},[657],"Who was the king of the Titans?",[659],"Cronus",{"id":661,"data":662,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21},"a370d724-d753-4c02-91f0-6551d7f1c08d",{"type":21,"title":663,"markdownContent":664,"audioMediaId":665},"The Rise and Rule of the Olympians","When studying Greek Mythology, most of the focus is placed on the myths of the Olympian gods and heroes such as Zeus, Poseidon, Hades, Heracles, and many more. \n\nThe ancient Greeks saw their many gods and goddesses as victors in a cosmic battle that happened in an earlier era, and saw the world they lived in as one with a set origin and complex history. \n\n ![Graph](image://b81203e2-67cb-4e76-a44b-53074bcdbbcb \"An ancient statue of Zeus, found near Mount Olympus\")\n\nThis is important to recognize as it provided the Ancient Greeks with a way to orient themselves in the universe. They could identify the beginning of the universe and trace the history of the rise and fall of deities that led them and their gods to their present circumstances.\n\n","64bf9eab-594b-4680-8cbe-dbbb6cd15bf8",{"id":667,"data":668,"type":24,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"pages":670},"1363c185-c344-4216-8720-fa327dd4419d",{"type":24,"title":669},"The Myth of Prometheus",[671,695],{"id":672,"data":673,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":677},"ee24879c-5ae6-434b-be0f-1915de4a8913",{"type":21,"title":674,"markdownContent":675,"audioMediaId":676},"Introduction to Prometheus","According to Hesiod’s Theogony, the Titanomachy was the time of war between the Titans, the original twelve ruling gods, and their descendants, the Olympians. Prometheus was a Titan and he was considered a trickster and the god of fire. After the Titanomachy, Prometheus, who sided with the Olympians, and Zeus were constantly tricking and deceiving one another. \n\nAfter one such trick in which Prometheus fooled Zeus into eating the bones and fat instead of the rich meat during a feast at Mount Olympus, Zeus punished both Prometheus and humanity by removing fire from man’s grasp. \n\n ![Graph](image://ee463f2d-8c42-48af-ace4-5bc14809f506 \"Prometheus depicted in a Roman mural\")\n\nDefying Zeus and hoping to spare humanity further suffering, Prometheus stole the fire back from the gods and returned it to humanity. \n\nAs punishment for his defiance of Zeus, Zeus chained him to a rock in the Caucasus mountains where an eagle came every day to eat his liver. As an immortal, Prometheus’ liver constantly regenerated in time for it to be eaten the next day, leaving him in eternal, repetitive punishment.\n\n","6b7c6633-a9c7-4da2-8f3e-b05d06eb8976",[678,687],{"id":679,"data":680,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"0ebef168-a18d-4868-954e-e9c8897ebf70",{"type":48,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":681,"binaryCorrect":683,"binaryIncorrect":685},[682],"What did Zeus steal from humanity as a punishment to Prometheus?",[684],"Fire",[686],"Water",{"id":688,"data":689,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"ac10da0d-4cc3-42d6-af41-d06355d64109",{"type":48,"reviewType":83,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":690,"clozeWords":692},[691],"Prometheus played a trick on Zeus, getting him to eat the bones and fat rather than the meat at a feast on Mount Olympus",[693,694],"bones","meat",{"id":696,"data":697,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":701},"4220a54b-a2dc-422e-a352-d9a725ad34bf",{"type":21,"title":698,"markdownContent":699,"audioMediaId":700},"The Importance of Prometheus and His Immortal Fire","This myth of Prometheus importantly shows the connection between humanity and the gods and how the Ancient Greeks saw themselves at the mercy of the will and whim of the gods. It also shows how the Greeks credited the gods with the advancement of society and civilization. \n\nIt may be hard to recognize in modern society, but the possession of fire allowed for the advancement of technology and the development of civilizations, and the Ancient Greeks believed it was through the gods' intervention that humanity was given this technological advancement. \n\nThis myth further illustrates the close connection between humanity and the gods and the importance that was placed on worship and ritual in ancient Greek culture in order to thank and please the gods. \n\nThe myth of Prometheus also shows the human characteristics assigned to the gods and goddesses. It is Zeus’ wounded ego from Prometheus’ malicious tricks that leads to the suffering of humanity. The gods display both the positive and negative sides of human emotion and characteristics despite their supremacy towards humanity.","1ae3b4e1-e783-4d37-a227-8b693b5f02fe",[702],{"id":703,"data":704,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"1e46e90e-3687-4ccd-a74f-e89a366a8294",{"type":48,"reviewType":83,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":705,"clozeWords":707},[706],"Fire was vital for the development of technology in Greek civilization, and it was seen as a gift from the gods.",[708,709],"technology","gift",{"id":711,"data":712,"type":24,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"pages":714},"ad1b8f3e-c431-475a-a97c-4297d038d593",{"type":24,"title":713},"Primordial Chaos and Humanity's Psyche",[715,741],{"id":716,"data":717,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":721},"9752e10b-e89c-470c-8a95-2bb12702a6e2",{"type":21,"title":718,"markdownContent":719,"audioMediaId":720},"Primordial chaos","Over the Delphi Temple, or the Temple of Apollo, is the inscription, ‘Gnothi se auton.’ Translated, this means, ‘Know Thyself.’ \n\nThe myths in Greek Mythology represent important psychological developments of society as well as providing a unifying structure and view of the cosmos. \n\nIn studying the creation of the universe according to Greek Mythology, one can begin to see a pattern of psychological development as well. The Greeks believed that the world is innately one of chaos and that the Primordial beings gave rise to the structure of the earth and heavens. Aside from the main primordial beings– Chaos, Gaia, and Uranus– there were other primordial beings representing the most essential elements of the universe. \n\nThese other primordial beings were Moros, or ‘Doom,’ then Hypnos, meaning ‘sleep,’ and Oneiroi, or ‘dreams.’ \n\nPart of the chaos that the universe was born from were these three elements. This shows that aside from the development of the natural world, the Ancient Greeks saw the development of the psychological or moral world.\n\nThe elements of ‘doom,’ ‘sleep,’ and ‘dreams’ were seen as continuations of the primordial chaos from which the world originated that were also essential elements of each individual.\n","3c1e9aeb-f31a-4dd0-854f-fc454d6d05fe",[722,730],{"id":723,"data":724,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"5d60e878-e18f-46a7-9611-b4c71d8e539b",{"type":48,"reviewType":83,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":725,"clozeWords":727},[726],"The existence of primordial beings for sleep and dreams shows that the ancient Greeks were interested in psychological as well as metaphysical development",[728,729],"primordial","psychological",{"id":731,"data":732,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"fe88fee4-ec3a-4207-8ee5-9295d42703a2",{"type":48,"reviewType":23,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":733,"multiChoiceCorrect":735,"multiChoiceIncorrect":737},[734],"Oneiroi was the primordial being for ...",[736],"Dreams",[738,739,740],"Doom","Sleep","Agriculture",{"id":742,"data":743,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":747},"be703f7a-8e63-43e2-b5eb-bff074c418e7",{"type":21,"title":744,"markdownContent":745,"audioMediaId":746},"Humanity’s Psyche","According to the Greeks, these other primordial deities, Moros, Hypnos, and Oneiroi which mean ‘doom,’ ‘sleep,’ and ‘dreams’ respectively, still reign in the world and represent a continuation of the primordial chaos that is built into humanity’s psyche. \n\nIt is not until the birth of the Olympians that other deities personifying moral and psychological traits begin to form order from the primordial chaos. Horai, or ‘hours/seasons,’ Moirai,  meaning ‘fate/share’, Nemesis, or ‘punishment for injustice,’ and the Muses meaning ‘beauty /art’ all emerge with the Olympian gods.\n\n ![Graph](image://03c02833-ecc9-4110-b4e5-35cc191c1b90 \"The Horai\")\n \nThese new gods and goddesses represent the development of psychological order and balance over the forces of primordial chaos at play in the universe, and within our own psyches. \n\nThe orderliness of Fate, proper worship, and inspiration for the arts and sciences are seen as signs of the rule of the Olympians or signs of order and justice being formed from the primordial chaos.\n\n","0a36e80c-5aab-4968-a2a3-a27381d6b5d1",[748,756],{"id":749,"data":750,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"827b21a9-d688-482d-99bd-7949ccfc06df",{"type":48,"reviewType":83,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":751,"clozeWords":753},[752],"The Olympian gods represented the establishment of order in a previously chaotic universe",[754,755],"order","universe",{"id":757,"data":758,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"cdb69f07-34af-4dae-9281-da52906b1cb1",{"type":48,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":759,"binaryCorrect":761,"binaryIncorrect":763},[760],"What does the god Nemesis's name mean?",[762],"Punishment for injustice",[764],"Worst enemy",{"id":766,"data":767,"type":29,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"orbs":770},"83c50305-46c3-4246-86c4-be26ae6fac01",{"type":29,"title":768,"tagline":769},"Zeus and Athena","A deeper glimpse into these protectors of Greece, their origins, their relationships, and their practices for worship. ",[771,845,919],{"id":772,"data":773,"type":24,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"pages":775},"0672553b-be46-4a80-a726-cc3c020bb46b",{"type":24,"title":774},"The Rise of Zeus",[776,794,816,830],{"id":777,"data":778,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":782},"0a7caf9f-f0eb-4954-b9c7-9b0f5dca7dab",{"type":21,"title":779,"markdownContent":780,"audioMediaId":781},"An introduction to Zeus","The Ancient Greeks believed the world to be ruled and inhabited by gods and goddesses with authority over the natural world. The behaviors and whims of the deities could explain not only natural phenomena but the sequences of one’s own life or behaviors. \n\nThese beliefs placed the gods at the forefront of society through the many ritual practices associated with their worship and through the passing on of their complex mythology. \n\nChief amongst these deities is the Greek god, Zeus. Known as the God of the Sky, Zeus was seen as the king of the gods whose home was on Mount Olympus, a holy site of Ancient Greece. \n\n ![Graph](image://c8a9766e-f3e4-474b-a3d3-05235cadf2a8 \"A bronze of Zeus throwing a thunderbolt (ca. 460 BC)\")\n\nZeus was a chief deity along with his brothers, Hades and Poseidon. Each of these three gods held dominion over the most essential aspects of nature with Zeus being the sky and earth, Hades holding dominion over the underworld, and Poiseidon taking dominion over the sea.\n\n","445bc88c-1b2d-4eef-a7e4-05ef09601ec7",[783],{"id":784,"data":785,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"8be00cd4-9d0e-4626-ae2e-f099b009bd46",{"type":48,"reviewType":23,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":786,"multiChoiceCorrect":788,"multiChoiceIncorrect":790},[787],"The chief deities were Zeus, Poseidon and ...",[789],"Hades",[791,792,793],"Hera","Apollo","Hermes",{"id":795,"data":796,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":800},"a565571f-da83-4950-b541-54da7d21a4e8",{"type":21,"title":797,"markdownContent":798,"audioMediaId":799},"The origin of a god","The Greek god Zeus’s origin and history is full of complex relationships and hard-earned victories that forms the basis for his power and justifies the reverence held for him.\n\nZeus’s father was a Titan, Cronus. The 12 Titans created by the primordial deities ruled before the rise of the Olympians. Zeus was born to the ruling Titan, Cronus, who upon being delivered a prophecy that his son would one day overthrow him, devoured each of his children. \n\n\n![Graph](image://8a05cc8e-7f2a-4336-8aab-7760cef64a31 \"A statue of Cronus\")\n\n\nZeus was spared this dark fate when his mother, Rhea, wrapped a rock in a blanket for Cronus to consume and hid Zeus away in Crete. Zeus, spared from his father, was raised by nymphs and protected by the Curetes, warriors who banged their weapons to disguise the baby’s cries. \n\nGrowing strong in manhood, Zeus led the charge along with his siblings against their father, Cronus, in a mighty war between the Titans and the Olympians referred to as the Titanomachy. Zeus’ victory demonstrates the might and power that the Ancient Greeks saw him holding and why they believed him to be worthy of the position as a ruler amongst the gods.\n","f975250d-db5f-4000-9273-98f12aa44e5f",[801,810],{"id":802,"data":803,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"2e95278d-c19a-4a05-aece-ad2ad11a8ac4",{"type":48,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":804,"binaryCorrect":806,"binaryIncorrect":808},[805],"How did Zeus's mother spare him from being eaten?",[807],"By hiding a rock in a blanket to look like him as a baby",[809],"By persuading Cronus to spare him",{"id":811,"data":812,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"85cb1bb5-d236-4a79-9ded-ffda013822ac",{"type":48,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":21,"activeRecallQuestion":813,"activeRecallAnswers":815},[814],"Who was the king of the Olympian gods?",[512],{"id":817,"data":818,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":822},"dc76c9fa-5aa4-4e6c-b9ef-47053cad413a",{"type":21,"title":819,"markdownContent":820,"audioMediaId":821},"At the top of the mountain","The highest mountaintop in Ancient Greece was Mount Olympus. This high point was said to touch the heavens and was considered to be the home of the gods. It is at the highest point in Mount Olympus that Zeus sat and omnisciently looked down on humanity as well as the other gods. \n\nFrom this exalted position, Zeus was considered all-powerful because of his knowledge. He was also considered the god of the sky and was known for sending down thunder, lightning, and rain. In fact, he is often depicted in art and statues with a lightning bolt as a show of his might and dominion over the heavens and earth. \n\n\n ![Graph](image://4727bd2b-f008-4f40-bb86-0e44ada3a94d \"Ruins of the temple of Olympians, dedicated to Zeus, in Athens\")\n\nBecause of this power and knowledge, the Ancient Greeks referred to Zeus as the father of both gods and men. \n\nZeus was also known to prescribe divine justice amongst humanity and the gods alike. His omniscient vision and firm heroism seen in his many victories led the Ancient Greeks to regard Zeus as a fair distributor of justice, rewarding the good and obedient and punishing the evil and malicious.\n\n","ba117486-3965-43ea-9e70-6a0ab2440d53",[823],{"id":824,"data":825,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"dcc966cc-08d8-4877-9f4d-fab865e57ee1",{"type":48,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":21,"activeRecallQuestion":826,"activeRecallAnswers":828},[827],"What is the highest mountain in Greece?",[829],"Mount Olympus",{"id":831,"data":832,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":836},"a2f14c6e-077e-44eb-a76e-ee5ca022a749",{"type":21,"title":833,"markdownContent":834,"audioMediaId":835},"Fatherhood and foundation","In many ancient polytheistic and even modern monotheistic religions the concept of the supreme god or deity is referred to as ‘father.’ This is often considered by scholars to be an expression of humanity’s need for purpose and direction. \n\n ![Graph](image://f99c5e09-955e-49d6-86e1-72eb59857bcc \"This colossal statue of Zeus once stood in the temple at Olympia\")\n\nFor the ancient Greeks, to consider Zeus the father of both gods and men is to acknowledge this mythological history and the origin of the universe. This history provides man with a sense of foundation or position in the universe amongst the forces of nature and the gods. \n\nZeus's position as father and as king of the gods places humanity in an organized hierarchy where their actions can bring favor or disfavor from the universe, and also provide an explanation for the often destructive forces of nature that ancient man had to face such as famine, drought, disease, and death.\n\n","dfc46353-737b-42d1-b70a-313642cc4954",[837],{"id":838,"data":839,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"dbe45936-f372-4230-98e1-cfcf5e3c6159",{"type":48,"reviewType":83,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":840,"clozeWords":842},[841],"Zeus was considered the father of the gods and of humanity, and represented a sense of purpose to many people",[843,844],"father","purpose",{"id":846,"data":847,"type":24,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"pages":849},"19737c96-9c91-49bb-93fb-52f25dfb19ba",{"type":24,"title":848},"Zeus and His Relationships",[850,877,893],{"id":851,"data":852,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":856},"d8e55076-6f7a-485f-ae5c-73431803b7d1",{"type":21,"title":853,"markdownContent":854,"audioMediaId":855},"Zeus’ many wives","According to Hesiod’s Theogony, the Ancient Greek god Zeus’ first wife was Metis, or ‘wisdom’, who he swallowed before she gave birth to their daughter, Athena. As part of consuming Metis, Zeus was endowed with wisdom which became a part of his being. \n\nZeus’ second wife was Themis, or ‘justice.’ They worked closely together on Mount Olympus and this union gave birth to the three Moirai, known as the Fates, and the Horai, known as the seasons. \n\nHis final, and more permanent, wife was said to be the goddess Hera. Zeus sought out Hera but she refused his advances until he took the form of a cuckoo bird, which Hera took pity on.  However, this relationship was volatile as Zeus was not known for his loyalty and Hera proved to be jealous and possessive. \n\n![Graph](image://8a797be0-465d-474b-b9d8-008a5b0c33bc \"Hera, Zeus's famously jealous wife - though perhaps with good reason!\")\n\nSince Hera could not punish the supreme and powerful Zeus, she took her revenge and anger out upon the many women and goddesses that Zeus pursued. Because of this, the Ancient Greeks viewed physical beauty as high achievement, worthy of Zeus’ attention and efforts, but oftentimes also bringing punishment and jealousy along with it.\n\n","0f521786-cb3b-4d49-b95c-961c88a0c801",[857,866],{"id":858,"data":859,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"8855386f-4574-4cc6-8b0c-e66d7e573f85",{"type":48,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":860,"binaryCorrect":862,"binaryIncorrect":864},[861],"How did Zeus come to be so wise?",[863],"By eating Metis, goddess of wisdom",[865],"By reading many books",{"id":867,"data":868,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"ba152c60-6ba8-4099-82df-5153860a6662",{"type":48,"reviewType":23,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":869,"multiChoiceCorrect":871,"multiChoiceIncorrect":873},[870],"What form did Zeus take to seduce Hera?",[872],"A cuckoo bird",[874,875,876],"A cow","A serpent","A swan",{"id":878,"data":879,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":883},"56974fa2-e58d-444d-9573-52bbd441991c",{"type":21,"title":880,"markdownContent":881,"audioMediaId":882},"A god and his affairs","Along with might and victory, the Ancient Greek god Zeus is known for his many affairs and relationships. From his high position atop Mount Olympus, Zeus was said to look down on humanity and this constant watch allowed him unfettered viewing of the women, nymphs, and goddesses. \n\nAs king of the gods, it’s not often that women were able to resist Zeus’ advances. \n\n![Graph](image://e177083f-c974-4081-8901-6756bb707b3c \"The Temple of Zeus at Olympia featured  sculptures of Zeus's many lovers\")\n\nThe many accounts of Zeus’ trickery and subsequent conquests not only show off his power but also explain the birth of his offspring which represented the birth of ideas or natural forces. \n\nFor example, from Zeus’ union with Themis, or ‘divine justice’ comes the birth of the three Fates, or Moirai. This is a way to understand how the union of omniscient power and knowledge along with divine justice gives rise to the fate of each individual. \n\nThis concept helps the ancient man solidify a sense of purpose or direction in that the relationships of the deities have a direct influence on their lives. It also further emphasizes the importance of worship to honor the gods in order to live in a manner that acquired divine justice. \n\n","aa1877f4-3289-4ec5-ba9a-3c3e294a42cd",[884],{"id":885,"data":886,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"6934814f-636a-4ba4-b048-a8ee8aa15bdd",{"type":48,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":887,"binaryCorrect":889,"binaryIncorrect":891},[888],"Which of these is an accurate description of Zeus as a husband?",[890],"Unfaithful",[892],"Controlling",{"id":894,"data":895,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":899},"583556ea-4dce-49a0-975b-4ea222cdf3a5",{"type":21,"title":896,"markdownContent":897,"audioMediaId":898},"The birth of Athena","According to Hesiod’s Theogony, Zeus’ first wife was Metis meaning ‘wisdom.’ The union between Metis and Zeus ended when Metis, pregnant with their child, was eaten by Zeus. This consumption meant that Metis’ wisdom was passed on and embodied in Zeus, it also produced their daughter, Athena. \n\nAccording to Greek mythology, after eating Metis, Zeus was not only endowed with her wisdom but also developed severe headaches. The god Hermes realized what his headaches meant and ordered Hephaestus to take an axe to Zeus’ head. \n\n ![Graph](image://53645076-72fb-4b5c-ae42-930b9b220373 \"The birth of Athena\")\n\nFrom Zeus’ forehead, Athena was born fully formed and armed. The goddess Athena was known as one of the strongest gods representing wisdom, battle strategy, and war and is the namesake for the Greek city of Athens. \n\nThis unique birth demonstrates that from a combination of wisdom and power springs forth intelligence, battle strategy and military might.\n\n","ae7382d7-5477-4b13-be27-5c07cc4805d0",[900,911],{"id":901,"data":902,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"3b68f71a-cc6f-4b83-8880-58c14d0ec6a3",{"type":48,"reviewType":23,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":903,"multiChoiceCorrect":905,"multiChoiceIncorrect":907},[904],"Athena was the goddess of war and of ... ",[906],"Wisdom",[908,909,910],"Headaches","Political power","Spears",{"id":912,"data":913,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"efc97ef6-5d30-471d-9512-f78694b4b970",{"type":48,"reviewType":83,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":914,"clozeWords":916},[915],"Zeus tried to cure his headache by letting Hephaestus split his head open with an axe",[917,918],"Hephaestus","axe",{"id":920,"data":921,"type":24,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"pages":923},"496ea007-baa4-4fe6-9dff-9db4793dc2a7",{"type":24,"title":922},"Athena: The Warrior Goddess",[924,938,954],{"id":925,"data":926,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":930},"059d864e-b2ed-4795-ab68-25501a569d27",{"type":21,"title":927,"markdownContent":928,"audioMediaId":929},"The goddess of war","With the city of Athens named in her honor, Athena holds a highly respected place among the gods in Greek mythology. This daughter of Zeus was known to represent wisdom and intelligence, battle strategy, and war. However, in times of peace, she was known for her handicraft and skilled labor. \n\n ![Graph](image://7013f43c-ea73-4f08-ad68-6327f5e2aaa2 \"A sculpture of Athena\")\n\nThis goddess was always accompanied by her familiar, an owl. This is commonly thought to be why owls are widely used as symbols of wisdom to this day. Athena is also often depicted wearing a goatskin breastplate called the Aegis.\n\nAthena was revered in Greek society not only because of her unique origin and reputation for fighting alongside other heroes, but because she came to represent the more civilized side of war concerned with justice and virtue. Unlike the god Ares who carries bloodthirsty associations with war, Athena’s association with war was considered just and wise, a war with noble causes that creates heroes.\n\n","b007691e-4f63-4af5-8770-fb9cd5e6a9af",[931],{"id":932,"data":933,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"e9548a3a-6f51-4426-8848-078f1ccf4ed3",{"type":48,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":21,"activeRecallQuestion":934,"activeRecallAnswers":936},[935],"Which animal is Athena often accompanied by?",[937],"An owl",{"id":939,"data":940,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":944},"1cb11b85-ce56-4f40-a20b-0e96c35a25be",{"type":21,"title":941,"markdownContent":942,"audioMediaId":943},"To name a city after her","The goddess Athena is the namesake for the city of Athens in Greece. This name was hard-earned, according to Greek mythology, when both she and her uncle, Poseidon fell in love with the city by the sea. \n\n ![Graph](image://804ca576-b500-4895-80e3-1286ccff549b \"The ruins of ancient Athens still stand to this day\")\n\nBoth claimed ownership of the city which caused strife. To solve this, the two deities decided that whoever presented the best present to the city could take ownership of it. Poseidon presented the city with a spring of water. However, this spring was salt water which was not well received by the city. \n\nAthena presented the city with a simple olive tree that gave the inhabitants of the city food, oil, and wood. Because of this gift, the city was named after Athena. Every spring, she was worshiped with a cleaning and fertility festival called Plynteria in which altars were erected and sacrifices and incense were brought to honor the goddess.\n\n","6aa2435d-c782-4d8c-859b-f7f0a96c63eb",[945],{"id":946,"data":947,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"e0d34c8a-12b2-4248-a58d-bf527858e540",{"type":48,"reviewType":23,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":948,"multiChoiceCorrect":950,"multiChoiceIncorrect":951},[949],"Which god did Athena fight with over possession of Athens?",[514],[952,793,953],"Ares","Danae",{"id":955,"data":956,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":960},"5dbeef4f-c018-4315-85f5-5bec761e1131",{"type":21,"title":957,"markdownContent":958,"audioMediaId":959},"Understanding the goddess","The Greek goddess Athena holds an important place in Greek mythology and society. Unlike her other goddess counterparts, Athena is known for her virtue and wisdom as opposed to more negative traits seen in goddesses such as jealousy, possessiveness, or maliciousness. \n\nThe psychological importance of Athena is present even at her birth. She springs fully formed and fully armed from her father’s forehead showing that wisdom and virtue are not traits that come from others, but are fully formed and can stand on their own. \n\nOverall, Athena represents an enlightened form of society and civilization. Things that should be destructive, such as war, are seen in Athena as heroic and noble. She assists the noble heroes in their battles and ultimately leads the just to victory. In times of peace, her role as a skilled laborer and patroness of handicrafts shows the elevating nature of craft and art and how it can enlighten.\n\nShe represents the victory of virtue and nobility over the more base instincts of nature such as vengeance, bitterness, or bloodthirstiness. In the goddess Athena, we see the domestication and shaping of the unrefined and unbridled base instincts of humanity into a more elevated and wise form of being.\n","465e13b8-dbad-4f47-9bcd-fb7fb54a41a1",[961],{"id":962,"data":963,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"ebb434a3-4b8c-4f45-95b1-152e427abf7f",{"type":48,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":964,"binaryCorrect":966,"binaryIncorrect":968},[965],"Athena is known for ...",[967],"Virtue and wisdom",[969],"Jealousy and possessiveness",{"id":971,"data":972,"type":29,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"orbs":975},"c44fbc5b-64e5-4eed-8ba6-51c2caaee8b0",{"type":29,"title":973,"tagline":974},"Hades and Poseidon","An overview of the myths of Hades and Poseidon and the worship of these supreme deities.",[976,1034,1085],{"id":977,"data":978,"type":24,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"pages":980},"055c61b1-d072-411b-a1a0-408403e3abd1",{"type":24,"title":979},"The Realms of the Gods",[981,995,1011],{"id":982,"data":983,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":987},"8671bfdf-d485-450c-a031-c8cd9ae70483",{"type":21,"title":984,"markdownContent":985,"audioMediaId":986},"Introduction","The Greek gods Hades and Poseidon were said to be the brothers of the king of the gods, Zeus. In the Titanomachy or the war between the Titans and the Olympians, Zeus led the charge against the Titans alongside Hades and Poseidon. \n\nAfter this war, these three brothers drew lots to decide who would claim dominion over the world's different shares - the sky, the sea, and the underworld. \n\n ![Graph](image://cf983e73-d046-4b16-8efe-e5d5483c1a37 \"An ancient statue of Poseidon\")\n\nZeus drew the best lot, claiming dominion and authority over the sky and taking a seat at the highest point on Mount Olympus, the home of the gods. Poseidon drew a lot that claimed his authority over the sea and water. Hades was out of luck and drew the worst lot leaving him authority over the underworld. \n\n ![Graph](image://fbe0637b-36ab-4838-ba5a-021ae529777c \"Hades and his dog Cerberus\")\n\nHades and Poseidon were devoutly worshiped and highly revered by the Ancient Greeks for their important dominion over the sea and the underworld. The authority these two gods exerted over these important spaces was seen as demonstrations of their might and power and their role in defeating the Titans further cemented these gods as figures of authority and power in Ancient Greece.\n\n\n","a0880411-088c-4082-b69d-0f0fee12f694",[988],{"id":989,"data":990,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"1cb5ef4f-cf34-44d1-84a1-87ee26d9110f",{"type":48,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":991,"binaryCorrect":993,"binaryIncorrect":994},[992],"Which god drew the worst lot when dividing up the dominions of the world?",[789],[514],{"id":996,"data":997,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":1001},"c4c613bd-401b-4ea0-b35a-e69758260494",{"type":21,"title":998,"markdownContent":999,"audioMediaId":1000},"Sea, sky, and spirit","While the drawing of lots may seem arbitrary when discussing how these gods came to claim authority, these three spaces – the sky, sea, and underworld – were considered the most important to the ancient Greeks. \n\nConsider for a moment the importance of rain and sunshine to the farmer or the importance of sea travel for an archipelago nation such as Greece. Similarly, consider the importance of the afterlife in a world in which death was such a constant presence. \n\nThese three spaces were of the utmost importance to the Ancient Greeks, and these three gods with dominion over them were therefore seen as the highest or most supreme of all the ancient deities. \n\nWhile modern man has lost touch with the importance of rain or the need for peaceful, calm seas to travel, these elements were essential parts of the lives of many in Ancient Greece and in order to help humanity find an explanation and place against these natural and supernatural forces, the mythology of Hades, Poseidon, and Zeus did just that. ","fcd3e3e6-16cd-4168-8234-90d23306bba4",[1002],{"id":1003,"data":1004,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"d2953e5f-7045-4fbb-8ee1-0fe61ff47b80",{"type":48,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":1005,"binaryCorrect":1007,"binaryIncorrect":1009},[1006],"The Ancient Greeks divided the world into three spaces - sky, sea, and ...",[1008],"Underworld",[1010],"Space",{"id":1012,"data":1013,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":1017},"b91a9d3f-df27-418a-bf91-680df20561fd",{"type":21,"title":1014,"markdownContent":1015,"audioMediaId":1016},"Introduction to Poseidon","Just as the sea can be violent and destructive, it can also nourish. These ill-tempered and unpredictable features are seen in the Ancient Greek god Poseidon who claimed dominion over the sea.\n\nOne of the twelve Olympians, Poseidon is known for his power and temper but also his fertility. He is often depicted riding a chariot of horses over the waves with a fierce trident in hand - another symbol of his power and fertility. \n\n ![Graph](image://6e79a685-1b24-4bc3-b48d-ba6569ed767c \"A 19th-century depiction of Poseidon\")\n\nAlthough he is almost exclusively known and referred to today as the god of the sea, Poseidon was also known to the Ancient Greeks as the god of earthquakes and horses. It was Poseidon's temper that led to his association with earthquakes as it was said that his fury had been known to bring earth-shaking havoc.\n\nPoseidon was the second son of the Titans Cronus and Rhea. Cronus, afraid his son would one day overthrow him, devoured Poseidon as an infant. However, Poseidon grew strong in Cronus’ belly and when Zeus overthrew Cronus, Poseidon emerged from the Titan and fought alongside Zeus. \n\nJust as the god Zeus’ origin demonstrates his power, these brutal beginnings demonstrate the volatile nature of Poseidon.\n\n","fd3c2ee5-9875-4e1c-adc9-5e02269fd28e",[1018,1025],{"id":1019,"data":1020,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"28f4cdd3-2447-4079-bebf-4cd0649edba3",{"type":48,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":1021,"binaryCorrect":1023,"binaryIncorrect":1024},[1022],"Which trident-wielding god was known for his power and temper, and also his fertility? ",[514],[789],{"id":1026,"data":1027,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"34a84278-e945-4a9a-9884-8ab6ee9b8ab2",{"type":48,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":1028,"binaryCorrect":1030,"binaryIncorrect":1032},[1029],"Poseidon was the god of the sea, earthquakes, and what else?",[1031],"Horses",[1033],"Athletes",{"id":1035,"data":1036,"type":24,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"pages":1038},"b6c7c6a4-1d9f-4786-a56a-c72ab9bb2037",{"type":24,"title":1037},"Poseidon's Influence",[1039,1055,1079],{"id":1040,"data":1041,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":1045},"2dd1794e-33f6-4114-94d3-889c30193e77",{"type":21,"title":1042,"markdownContent":1043,"audioMediaId":1044},"The equestrian connection","Poseidon was also known as the god of horses. According to mythology, during the war with the Titans, Poseidon struck a rock with his trident and created the first horse, Skyphios.\n\n ![Graph](image://7f52d281-01f0-43bd-a5b4-9d25227fb9e6 \"Skyphios depicted on an ancient coin\")\n\nThis mighty god was worshiped by the ancient Greeks because of the importance of sea travel and the many dangers associated with it as well as for the ill-temper in nature through natural disasters such as earthquakes. The striking of his trident in a fury could cause earthquakes and reduce a city to rubble. \n\nBy assigning Poseidon’s might to these dangerous and untameable forces, it provided the Ancient Greeks with a sense of understanding and control of the world. Proper worship and reverence would hopefully please this volatile god and bring peace to sea journeys and keep the people free of natural disasters.\n\n","1e424d0e-98d8-4cf6-acc1-0d2ed62b33fb",[1046],{"id":1047,"data":1048,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"07434d7e-2ed0-47e4-bf46-54c86e855930",{"type":48,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":1049,"binaryCorrect":1051,"binaryIncorrect":1053},[1050],"According to Greek mythology, who was the first horse, created by Poseidon by striking a rock with his trident?",[1052],"Skyphios",[1054],"Pegasus",{"id":1056,"data":1057,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":1061},"995a691b-db0d-43c3-a9e5-762e86c01797",{"type":21,"title":1058,"markdownContent":1059,"audioMediaId":1060},"Poseidon’s Many Conflicts","Known for his temper and hot-headedness, the Ancient Greek god Poseidon had many well-documented conflicts with other gods and goddesses as well as Greek heroes. \n\nTired of his brother, Zeus’ rule, he challenged Zeus to physical tournaments and attempted to overthrow him many times. Zeus easily avoided and overcame these challenges and punished Poseidon by forcing him to serve the king of the Greeks, Laomedon. During the Trojan War, Poseidon sided with Greek forces and sent his sea monster, Cetus, to torment the Trojans. \n\n ![Graph](image://b68d23ec-3198-4341-a7c8-c8eef45de5a1 \"The blinding of Polyphemus\")\n\nWhile siding with the Greeks in the Trojan War, Poseidon decided the fortified walls he’d built for the city were the only ones of value and knocked down all other fortifications in the middle of the Trojan War with mighty earthquakes. \n\nWhen the Greek hero Odysseus blinded Poseidon’s son Polyphemus after Polyphemus mocked and ridiculed his guests, Poseidon turned his wrath onto Odysseus, hampering his journey home for ten long years. \n\nWorship of the god Poseidon was important, especially for sailors and sea merchants who sacrificed and venerated Poseidon before embarking on sea voyages because of the volatile nature of the sea.\n\n","20db0cde-b6e0-40c2-b3cf-ffea7cf69c4a",[1062,1071],{"id":1063,"data":1064,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"8ea5ec96-c376-42a3-83a4-84e0ee8e7a36",{"type":48,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":1065,"binaryCorrect":1067,"binaryIncorrect":1069},[1066],"Which sea monster did Poseidon send to torment the Trojans?",[1068],"Cetus",[1070],"Scylla",{"id":1072,"data":1073,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"cc85d1bf-9397-43de-95a0-5d7dd6763785",{"type":48,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":1074,"binaryCorrect":1076,"binaryIncorrect":1078},[1075],"Who did Poseidon father?",[1077],"Polyphemus",[1068],{"id":1080,"data":1081,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21},"a6402688-a1a2-451c-876c-3bc79c6a79b9",{"type":21,"title":1082,"markdownContent":1083,"audioMediaId":1084},"Introduction to Hades","The god Hades was rarely known to leave this spiritual domain. In fact, his name means ‘the unseen one.’ The underworld was a complex realm where all the spirits of the dead were held and it was up to Hades to keep watch on these souls and ensure that divine justice was served for their lives.\n\n ![Graph](image://a43a56e9-f9d4-4aae-920a-212235cdc3d1 \"The underworld as depicted in a 17th-century painting\")\n\nToday, we tend to imagine the underworld as a hell-like place. That interpretation is not wrong but it's not a full picture either. The Ancient Greeks did see the underworld as one of challenge and torment for the unjust, but they also saw the underworld as a potentially pleasant place.\n\nIt was known to the Ancient Greeks that minerals, metals, and food grew from beneath the ground. These important nutrients were seen as gifts from Hades which lead the Ancient Greeks to also refer to him as the ‘Wealth-giver.’\n\n","dbce4490-a44f-4b59-9067-ec279999e43d",{"id":1086,"data":1087,"type":24,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"pages":1089},"3121fe10-4ff9-4585-8e10-28657e436099",{"type":24,"title":1088},"Hades' Domain",[1090,1104,1120,1135],{"id":1091,"data":1092,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":1096},"e6830282-59f7-4d18-82e9-75d3261beb10",{"type":21,"title":1093,"markdownContent":1094,"audioMediaId":1095},"The origin of the god of the underworld","Hades was the firstborn son of the Titans Cronus and Rhea. Afraid this child would overthrow him, Cronus swallowed Hades at his birth. However, Hades lived and grew in Cronus's stomach until he was eventually rescued by Zeus. \n\nHades was considered the last to be rescued from Cronus’ stomach so he is uniquely considered to be both the oldest and the youngest of the three supreme Olympians. \n\nAfter being released from Cronus’ stomach, he went to fight in the Titanomachy, or the war between the giant Titans and the new race of gods, the Olympians. After drawing the worst lot between his brothers, Hades became the god of the underworld. \n\nHades is known for his intuition and wisdom, fashioning the underworld into a place where worthy souls would be rewarded and the unworthy would be punished and challenged.\n","f0cbf308-9756-4491-9d89-c3051fbb45cd",[1097],{"id":1098,"data":1099,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"af02a506-a4f6-4102-a8ed-e1562e1a43df",{"type":48,"reviewType":83,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":1100,"clozeWords":1102},[1101],"Hades was the firstborn son of the Titans Cronus and Rhea.",[659,1103],"Rhea",{"id":1105,"data":1106,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":1110},"3f4d7b59-5bc5-43b7-bc91-bdc90a7f95c2",{"type":21,"title":1107,"markdownContent":1108,"audioMediaId":1109},"Ruler of the dead","In his role as ruler of the dead and king of the underworld, Hades was feared as much as he was respected. He’s rarely depicted in art or statues but is said to be a solemn and intimidating figure constantly doling out divine justice. \n\nThe mythology of the underworld to the Ancient Greeks is complex and much of that complexity is owed to Hades who set up obstacles and challenges to ensure that those able to cross into the realm were getting what they deserved.\n\nIt was said that there are five lakes in the underworld. The most infamous is the River Styx that’s said to wrap around the underworld seven times and separate the world of the living from that of the dead. \n\n ![Graph](image://b9f048f9-fcac-403c-ad7b-9dfa1cecce19 \"A 16th-century depiction of the River Styx\")\n\nTo cross this river, Charon, a half-demon, ferries souls across this river. To ensure that a departed soul can pay their way, it became common practice to bury the dead with coins over their eyes to ensure payment for Charon. \n\nOn the opposite shores of River Styx waits Cerberus, Hades' monstrous dog with three heads and the tail of a serpent.\n\n","16364330-679a-4f05-b012-efb47d2f2cfb",[1111],{"id":1112,"data":1113,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"3e72136e-1cbf-44d8-9922-7b680864e6ff",{"type":48,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":1114,"binaryCorrect":1116,"binaryIncorrect":1118},[1115],"Which half-demon would ferry souls across the river Styx?",[1117],"Charon",[1119],"Cerberus",{"id":1121,"data":1122,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":1126},"9b2d41b6-2c71-43eb-9907-c1a96d12c089",{"type":21,"title":1123,"markdownContent":1124,"audioMediaId":1125},"Hades and Persephone","The unseen god of the underworld was a revered and respected figure since he was a god that all men would eventually be forced to face in the afterlife. Despite this reverence, Hades rarely left the underworld. \n\nIn perhaps the most famous myth regarding Hades, Hades took a rare trip out of the underworld where he fell in love at first sight with Persephone, daughter of the goddess Demeter who was gathering flowers in a field. \n\n ![Graph](image://2ab22871-59e6-4fc0-8abe-b305a7a213af \"A statue of Persephone\")\n\nFalling in love with her, Hades attempted to woo Persephone but was rejected when she was frightened of his fearsome figure. He then devised a ploy to ensnare her. As she was gathering flowers with her maidens at the Nysian plain, he caused a beautiful flower to bloom before her, leading her away from the other maidens. \n\nWhen Persephone reached for the flower, the ground under her opened and Hades appeared, kidnapping Persephone and bringing her back to the underworld to be his bride. \n\n","14ec30d7-2850-4e45-a2db-67446c2c65af",[1127],{"id":1128,"data":1129,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"6f672f39-72e7-41de-b59f-7764c05368b9",{"type":48,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":1130,"binaryCorrect":1132,"binaryIncorrect":1134},[1131],"Who did Hades fall in love with and kidnap, taking to the underworld?",[1133],"Persephone",[142],{"id":1136,"data":1137,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":1141},"4c26c474-6182-45c6-b54e-65666bbd7983",{"type":21,"title":1138,"markdownContent":1139,"audioMediaId":1140},"Hades’ tricky deal with Demeter","After Persephone’s kidnapping, her mother, Demeter, the goddess of fertility, was enraged by Hades’ actions. \n\nHer despair and grief caused a dark winter to fall over the earth and go barren. Zeus, worried about the effects of the winter on humanity, forced Hades to return Persephone to her mother.  \n\nHades complied with his brother’s demands, but not without a play of his own. Before allowing Persephone to leave, he offered her a pomegranate before she left. \n\n ![Graph](image://bf70bf8d-98a6-434b-a04a-957a58e70431 \"19th-century drawings of Demeter\")\n\nAccording to Greek Mythology, Persephone ate six seeds before returning to the land of the living. It was known never to eat the food of a captor and this consumption meant that Persephone was forced to return to the underworld to be Hades' bride for six months of the year. \n\nThese six months spent in the underworld and away from her mother were considered by the Ancient Greeks to be the autumn and winter months when Demeter would mourn for her daughter and cause the earth to go barren once more. \n\n","2beb6f47-fc07-4ad8-a7e3-5f145c70415b",[1142,1151],{"id":1143,"data":1144,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"b3ae1a22-5eef-4fc6-ba23-a12f1656dadf",{"type":48,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":1145,"binaryCorrect":1147,"binaryIncorrect":1149},[1146],"Which rule did Persephone break, thus forcing her return to the underworld?",[1148],"Never eat the food of your captors",[1150],"Never drink the wine of your captors",{"id":1152,"data":1153,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"c0853f5f-27de-4b5b-a25c-f267bbbe985e",{"type":48,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":1154,"binaryCorrect":1156,"binaryIncorrect":1158},[1155],"What climate phenomenon was said to be caused by Demeter's grief? ",[1157],"Winter",[1159],"Solar eclipses",{"id":1161,"data":1162,"type":29,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"orbs":1165},"037280e3-5712-4a6c-bd0f-31c5dacf6df7",{"type":29,"title":1163,"tagline":1164},"Morality Myths","An overview of Greek myths that were used to pass on morals and values. ",[1166,1257],{"id":1167,"data":1168,"type":24,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"pages":1170},"cd25f286-11cf-47ca-93e0-46910861075b",{"type":24,"title":1169},"Mythology and Morals",[1171,1186,1200,1218,1241],{"id":1172,"data":1173,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":1177},"bd78b129-8bf9-4f0b-8fa9-34b91bd746ff",{"type":21,"title":1174,"markdownContent":1175,"audioMediaId":1176},"Mythology as a map for how to act ","Mythology provided the ancient Greeks with a cosmogony or origin for the universe as well as a detailed series of explanations for natural events and cycles that their pre-scientific world couldn’t explain. \n\nThe Greeks believed that gods and goddesses were behind natural phenomena and even controlled the fate of each individual. In addition to the major Olympian gods there were hundreds of other gods, representing everything from bee-keeping (Aristeus) to beans (Cyamites).\n\nBecause of this belief in divine forces pulling the strings of the universe, mythology and ritual practices of worship became an integral aspect of daily life. From sea travel to a successful harvest to good health or a happy marriage, the Ancient Greeks believed that deities were behind everything.","75267c35-f403-45cb-acd6-6c54433c6264",[1178],{"id":1179,"data":1180,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"1f1dbd45-b708-41ef-9fc4-403d2d49bc5c",{"type":48,"reviewType":83,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":1181,"clozeWords":1183},[1182],"Greek myths offered a guide for which character traits are worth celebrating",[1184,1185],"guide","character traits",{"id":1187,"data":1188,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":1192},"2676d51b-7d49-4a0d-a82c-a8c594f92ece",{"type":21,"title":1189,"markdownContent":1190,"audioMediaId":1191},"The myth of Narcissus","One of the most recognizable myths that share the morals of Ancient Greek mythology is the myth of Narcissus. Narcissus is the son of the river god Cephissus and the nymph Liriope. \n\nAccording to Ovid’s Metamorphoses, Narcissus was renowned for his beauty. In a prophecy, Narcissus’ mother was warned that the beautiful man would have a long, healthy life only if he did not come to recognize himself. His own beauty would be his destruction.\n\nBut Narcissus did come to recognize the power his beauty held over people. One day a nymph known as Echo saw him and fell in love with him. True to her namesake, Echo could only repeat his words when Narcissus called out to her, leading him to foster a deeper love for himself. \n\n ![Graph](image://ad3e68c8-3890-44d8-9ef8-0962f90d8ccd \"The myth of Narcissus teaches us the dangers of vanity\")\n\nEventually, Echo revealed herself and could speak her own words. Narcissus rejected the nymph, more in love with himself. \n\nThis angered Nemesis, the goddess of revenge who cared for Echo. Nemesis led Narcissus with an attractive flower to a pool that bore his reflection. Enthralled by the vision of beauty, Narcissus fell in love with his reflection and when he went to embrace it, he fell into the water and drowned.\n\n","df7d695f-0cbd-4f80-9e6b-24af3f2f132a",[1193],{"id":1194,"data":1195,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"e0cb346b-b215-4435-adb0-548c0469e7bd",{"type":48,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":21,"activeRecallQuestion":1196,"activeRecallAnswers":1198},[1197],"Which nymph fell in love with Narcissus?",[1199],"Echo",{"id":1201,"data":1202,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":1206},"128684e9-9d48-40be-aefc-6ecfaefecfa5",{"type":21,"title":1203,"markdownContent":1204,"audioMediaId":1205},"The moral of Narcissus","The myth of Narcissus, and his demise, aims to pass along the dangers of vanity and pride. According to the blind seer, Narcissus could have avoided his fate and lived a long, healthy life if only he had not come to recognize his own beauty. \n\nExtreme love of self, specifically the love of one’s own appearance, is seen in this myth as a character flaw that will not only lead to the manipulation and suffering of others, as seen in the nymph Echo’s heartbreak, but it will also lead to one’s own demise. \n\n ![Graph](image://9d547b9d-6aeb-4582-84e5-211e0432e5a8 \"Sigmund Freud coined the term 'narcissism' based on the myth of Narcissus\")\n\nPride and self-love have their place in a balanced psyche. It is okay to take pride in one’s own work or appearance, but not to the point where it overwhelms or leads the individual astray. \n\nIt is from the myth of Narcissus that Sigmund Freud coined the term ‘narcissist’ denoting someone who shows an extreme degree of self-involvement or obsession. Even before modern science or psychology, the Ancient Greeks saw this psychological imbalance and the dangers it could lead to, and used their mythological stories to share that truth. \n\n\n","3a17eec3-14a8-4377-9485-3725d1072ee6",[1207],{"id":1208,"data":1209,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"514abdd2-305a-417b-ad2d-46faac9a33c2",{"type":48,"reviewType":23,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":1210,"multiChoiceCorrect":1212,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1214},[1211],"What was Narcissus's major flaw?",[1213],"Vanity",[1215,1216,1217],"Being beautiful","Falling in love too easily","Breaking people's hearts",{"id":1219,"data":1220,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":1224},"faf8f3a0-4917-43b0-8df0-2a97a29a456c",{"type":21,"title":1221,"markdownContent":1222,"audioMediaId":1223},"The myth of Sisyphus","According to Homer’s Iliad, Sisyphus was a cunning and tricky king who founded and ruled over the city of Ephyra. As a king, he was known to be ruthless and manipulative, enjoying tricking visitors and guests with often cruel pranks. These pranks were a violation of Xenia, the laws of good hospitality set up by the king of the gods, Zeus. \n\nOne day, annoyed by Sisyphus’ pride and hubris, Hades, the god of the underworld, with Zeus’ permission sent Thanatos to visit Sisyphus. Thanatos was known to be Death incarnate and carried chains to capture and bind Sisyphus in the underworld. \n\n![Graph](image://b19050aa-de06-4946-9500-63333fd12001 \"Sisyphus carries his boulder up the hill\")\n\nAt Thanatos’ arrival, Sisyphus grew intrigued by the chains and asked Thanatos for a demonstration of how they worked. Tricking Thanatos into chaining himself, Sisyphus bound him in the underworld. With Death in chains, no mortals could die which enraged not only Hades but all the gods. \n\nIn punishment for his hubris and tricks, Zeus forced Sisyphus to push a large, heavy boulder up a hill. Once at the top of the hill, the boulder would roll back down, forcing Sisyphus to start the grueling journey all over again.","4f9d4b2f-642d-4941-98dd-bae82f4dd842",[1225,1232],{"id":1226,"data":1227,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"1bcbf96d-441d-406a-a881-9d41c64e496e",{"type":48,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":21,"activeRecallQuestion":1228,"activeRecallAnswers":1230},[1229],"What was the name for the sacred laws of good hospitality in Greek mythology?",[1231],"Xenia",{"id":1233,"data":1234,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"cde60352-80e6-4816-aac2-f2bc7b4d13ce",{"type":48,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":1235,"binaryCorrect":1237,"binaryIncorrect":1239},[1236],"Sisyphus was the king of ...",[1238],"Ephyra",[1240],"Ithaca",{"id":1242,"data":1243,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":1247},"2dbb9750-aac9-4129-aa19-84b2f36a607c",{"type":21,"title":1244,"markdownContent":1245,"audioMediaId":1246},"Learning from Sisyphus","In the myth of Sisyphus' eternal punishment of rolling a boulder up a hill only for it to roll back down, we see the punishment for pride and hubris. Sisyphus was not only unkind to visitors and guests, earning himself a reputation as a trickster and even a cruel king, but he also saw himself as more clever than the gods. \n\nWhile Narcissus’ pride was in his own beauty and vanity, the hubris and pride of Sisyphus lay in his cunning. He took pride in his intellect and ability to make fools of other people, traits that are ultimately empty and futile. His punishment is similarly futile. He couldn’t trick his way out of this punishment.\n\nThis myth teaches the danger of manipulation and hubris. It also shows that no man can stand up against the gods and fool them without punishment. Even as a king, or for anyone in a position of power or with great intellect, there are expectations for behavior that must be upheld and the tricking and manipulation of others will be punished.\n","0743ce55-5641-4288-94c1-4a0251fc3057",[1248],{"id":1249,"data":1250,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"049c41fe-af6e-4481-be33-84ddd503fd4f",{"type":48,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":1251,"binaryCorrect":1253,"binaryIncorrect":1255},[1252],"What sin does the myth of Sisyphus warn us against?",[1254],"Hubris",[1256],"Greed",{"id":1258,"data":1259,"type":24,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"pages":1261},"e6814414-9b87-4ec9-b232-86ea41963bee",{"type":24,"title":1260},"Lessons from Greek Myths",[1262,1285,1299,1323],{"id":1263,"data":1264,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":1268},"e71dfa55-6aac-4341-bf82-de5c528f42d8",{"type":21,"title":1265,"markdownContent":1266,"audioMediaId":1267},"The myth of Oedipus","According to Greek Mythology, an oracle told King Laius of Thebes, that his son would kill him and marry his wife. To avoid this fate, Laius had his infant son Oedipus brought to a mountaintop to die, however, the servant carrying him brought him instead to a shepherd. \n\nThe shepherd brought Oedipus to Polybus, King of Corinth and he was adopted by the royal family, who raised him as their own son.\n\nWhen Oedipus was a young man, he went to see an oracle. This oracle warned him that he would one day kill his father (who he believed to be Polybus), and marry his mother.\n\nOedipus decided to leave Corinth for Thebes to avoid this fate. On the way, he crossed paths with King Laius - his real father - and killed him in a fight.\n\nEventually, Oedipus arrived in Thebes and was challenged with an unsolvable riddle by the Sphinx. Oedipus solved the riddle, meaning he was crowned the new King of Thebes and married Queen Jocasta, his real mother.\n\n ![Graph](image://eb76a8bf-4c8a-4c80-b019-6649e8a2beb3 \"Oedipus solving the riddle of the sphinx\")\n\nEventually, through investigating his past, Oedipus realized that the prophecy had in fact already come true. \n\nAfter learning this, Queen Jocasta hung herself, and Oedipus gouged his eyes out with the pins from her dress. ","2fcb5989-8070-4360-8ee7-435f056c45c8",[1269,1276],{"id":1270,"data":1271,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"28a3dde3-4cf8-45df-8143-069ab8153a3a",{"type":48,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":21,"activeRecallQuestion":1272,"activeRecallAnswers":1274},[1273],"What was the name of Oedipus's mother, who he unwittingly married?",[1275],"Jocasta",{"id":1277,"data":1278,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"29b1d705-27f1-4d7b-85d7-5de29172540b",{"type":48,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":1279,"binaryCorrect":1281,"binaryIncorrect":1283},[1280],"Which character warned Oedipus that he was fated to kill his father and marry his mother?",[1282],"The oracle",[1284],"Polybus",{"id":1286,"data":1287,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":1291},"70ee49c5-d790-479b-9e69-5a56158e0ff5",{"type":21,"title":1288,"markdownContent":1289,"audioMediaId":1290},"Oedipus’ lesson","The brutal tragedy of Oedipus is perhaps one of the most recognizable and pervasive Greek myths today. From psychology to the theater and the arts, the myth of Oedipus has captivated audiences of all types. \n\nWhile its popularity today may be for its psychological interpretation or theatrical and literary legacy, the Ancient Greeks held this myth in high esteem for its more practical lessons. \n\n![Graph](image://f59a7bdb-96e1-4958-9f71-7c977ea09eda \"Oedipus, depicted as blind in his old age\")\n\nThe ancient Greeks believed in fate. They believed that at a person’s birth, the three fates, or Moirai, would weave a path for that individual’s life. It is the responsibility of each person, from the king of the gods Zeus, to the poorest beggar, to follow this fate and accept their lot in life. \n\nThe lesson of Oedipus, and by extension King Laius’ myth, is that both men attempted to thwart and defy fate. They believed they had the power within themselves to run from the fate that was destined for them. However, no man or god has that power. They met their fates just as they were destined to and it was even more painful for all involved because of their attempt to run away from them. \n\n","cb025887-1738-4c64-a927-411641dc6a1f",[1292],{"id":1293,"data":1294,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"96ff5408-6385-433a-b36b-fa2967d82194",{"type":48,"reviewType":83,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":1295,"clozeWords":1297},[1296],"The story of Oedipus is a lesson that you must follow your fate, and accept your lot in life",[1298],"fate",{"id":1300,"data":1301,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":1305},"fad9cfc8-9fda-4c22-bc9b-3efb3f94ec68",{"type":21,"title":1302,"markdownContent":1303,"audioMediaId":1304},"The myth of Icarus"," ![Graph](image://befd213b-ae17-49a2-9b30-1860d71c51a9 \"Icarus falls from the sky\")\n\nAccording to Greek mythology, Icarus was the son of Daedalus, a master craftsman. Daedalus’s most infamous work was constructing a vast labyrinth for King Minos of Crete. After completing the labyrinth, King Minos decided to lock Daedalus and his son, Icarus, in a tower so that Daedalus could not reveal the pattern of the labyrinth to anyone. \n\nWhile locked in the tower, Daedalus began to collect feathers that fell out of birds and wax in order to construct wings for both him and his son. After fashioning wings, Daedalus taught his son Icarus to fly and the two planned their escape. \n\nOn the day of their escape, Daedalus warned Icarus not to fly too close to the sun as the sun would heat the wax and cause the wings to melt. \n\nUpon escaping the tower and beginning their flight, Icarus soon forgot his father’s warning and grew entranced by the sun. He began to fly close to the sun, and the heat of it began to melt his wings. Icarus fell into the water as his wings dissolved, and drowned.\n\n","b5f65306-39db-4569-8c6f-55ef9dc7edf1",[1306,1315],{"id":1307,"data":1308,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"3b3ebb69-bc64-4c35-8c59-5d369e884f9e",{"type":48,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":1309,"binaryCorrect":1311,"binaryIncorrect":1313},[1310],"Icarus was the son of ...",[1312],"Daedalus",[1314],"King Minos",{"id":1316,"data":1317,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"8b0df3e9-0cbe-4e8a-8af6-908b9d5744be",{"type":48,"reviewType":83,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":1318,"clozeWords":1320},[1319],"Daedalus was a master craftsman who constructed wings so that he and his son could escape captivity",[1321,1322],"craftsman","wings",{"id":1324,"data":1325,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":1329},"ac617f36-14a1-414b-81ea-761e174c434e",{"type":21,"title":1326,"markdownContent":1327,"audioMediaId":1328},"Learning from Icarus’ flight","Like many other Greek morality myths, the myth of Icarus and his flight demonstrates the dangers of pride. Although he was warned against it, Icarus grew enthralled by the sun and defied his father’s strict orders not to fly too close to it. \n\nThe moral of the myth of Icarus can also be seen as the danger of recklessness and immaturity. Icarus believed he could bear the heat of the sun despite the warning from his father. Icarus believed he knew better than his father and he paid the price for this recklessness and arrogance. \n\nIcarus could have been free from the tower and could have started a new life in a new land. His fate is a warning not to give into foolish pride or reckless overreaching. \n","3fd653a5-2616-4184-a192-830a84524445",[1330],{"id":1331,"data":1332,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"c90d487a-9d0a-4420-bec4-a3ca34bb729c",{"type":48,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":1333,"binaryCorrect":1335,"binaryIncorrect":1337},[1334],"The myth of Icarus is a warning against ...",[1336],"Recklessness",[1338],"Trying to outsmart nature",{"id":1340,"data":1341,"type":29,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"orbs":1344},"bcfc188a-3f42-4a6b-b17b-1a07ece159f2",{"type":29,"title":1342,"tagline":1343},"Myths of Heroes","A deeper examination of the Greek heroes and demi-gods and their cultural significance.",[1345,1413,1467,1536],{"id":1346,"data":1347,"type":24,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"pages":1349},"b115ea95-c038-45ca-b30d-453144e70aa0",{"type":24,"title":1348},"Greek Heroes and Their Worship",[1350,1379,1397],{"id":1351,"data":1352,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":1356},"1b7a1a1f-f8b2-4dca-9f05-98ce0bc62a3e",{"type":21,"title":1353,"markdownContent":1354,"audioMediaId":1355},"Introduction to Greek heroes","When asked to think about Greek mythology, the gods like Zeus, Poseidon, Athena, or Apollo may be the first to come to mind. You may also think about traditions such as theatrical production or athletic competitions in Greek worship. However, to the Greeks, hero worship was almost as important as the worship of their gods. \n\n ![Graph](image://df5517d5-511d-4364-85ec-3ea67445b36d \"Achilles, one of the greatest heroes of Greek mythology\")\n\nIn Ancient Greece, heroes were worshiped alongside and just as widely as the gods. The worship of heroes was similar to ancestral worship and became even more deeply cemented in Greek society and culture with the popularity of Homer’s epic poems The Iliad and The Odyssey.\n\nThe worship of Greek heroes was seen as filling in the history of Greek civilizations. According to oral myths, most Greek heroes were demi-gods, meaning the half-human, half-immortal offspring of the Greek gods.\n\n","5d5c2f66-7fd0-49c1-b3c2-ce261b65acdd",[1357,1365,1372],{"id":1358,"data":1359,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"4a123b1a-4831-4a1c-a19b-0977d41b7502",{"type":48,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":1360,"binaryCorrect":1362,"binaryIncorrect":1364},[1361],"Which figures in Greek mythology were usually demi-gods and were widely worshipped?",[1363],"Heroes",[625],{"id":1366,"data":1367,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"60a24132-a77f-49c3-b290-5760a7a957f7",{"type":48,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":1368,"binaryCorrect":1370,"binaryIncorrect":1371},[1369],"Which epic poem by Homer contained many Greek heroes?",[263],[265],{"id":1373,"data":1374,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"c44830a8-7644-4ff9-a22c-a3308d9d529e",{"type":48,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":21,"activeRecallQuestion":1375,"activeRecallAnswers":1377},[1376],"What were demi-gods?",[1378],"Half-human, half-god",{"id":1380,"data":1381,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":1385},"840463d5-b504-4869-a76b-784f95558339",{"type":21,"title":1382,"markdownContent":1383,"audioMediaId":1384},"Greek hero cults","The expression of hero worship was largely done in localized ‘cults’. Greek ‘demes’ were suburbs or parts of cities, and for each deme, there were possibly hundreds of local heroes that were worshiped by cults. The worship of heroes was similar to ancestral worship. There were many local sacred sites set up that, according to oral tradition, were home to different body parts or bones of fallen heroes.\n\n ![Graph](image://bb5bf99e-6b3e-4d67-92a0-a01428bac490 \"There was a cult dedicated to Oedipus in Athens\")\n\nSimilar to the Christian veneration of the relics of saints, the Ancient Greeks believed that these bones or pieces of fallen heroes were worthy of worship and created blessings or brought gifts to those who venerated them. These relics of Greek heroes were also seen as symbols of fertility and prosperity bringing good health and a bountiful harvest to the local community. \n\nWhile the worship of the gods united all of ancient Greece, it was the veneration of heroes and the development of local hero cults that united a smaller unit of peoples. This brought individual traditions and customs to a smaller community of people and helped connect them to a larger identity with the passing down of stories of the local heroes.\n\n","ad5be257-fde7-46f4-a1ad-2f747023b16d",[1386],{"id":1387,"data":1388,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"0f4b2d57-957c-4199-b5da-6a471c3af890",{"type":48,"reviewType":23,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":1389,"multiChoiceCorrect":1391,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1393},[1390],"What term is used to describe the groups of ancient Greeks who collectively worshipped heroes?",[1392],"Cults",[1394,1395,1396],"Churches","Temples","Fan clubs",{"id":1398,"data":1399,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":1403},"7dab17e2-c6a7-4ed4-9fdd-d5c3b9a6ab27",{"type":21,"title":1400,"markdownContent":1401,"audioMediaId":1402},"Looking up or around","The worship of Ancient Greek gods usually took place in temples at holy sites and involved a metaphroical rising up. Within these temples, animals were sacrificed by priests, and incense was burned. These sacrifices were often burned at the end of the ritual to represent their movement above to the heavens where the gods would accept them. \n\nIn contrast, the worship of heroes was aimed toward or below the earth, with the blood of sacrifical animals or libations such as oil or wine poured onto the ground. These sacrifices were meant to go down into the earth where the relics of the heroes were buried. \n\nThe demi-god heroes represented the ability of humanity to become great - not as great as gods, but nevertheless an ideal for humans to strive towards. ","3370038f-640e-4db4-86aa-aa777f9c4584",[1404],{"id":1405,"data":1406,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"d69d1d02-4a18-4987-80bd-02c8b169e920",{"type":48,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":1407,"binaryCorrect":1409,"binaryIncorrect":1411},[1408],"Which of these was a characteristic of hero-worship?",[1410],"Pouring offerings onto the earth",[1412],"Burning sacrificial offerings",{"id":1414,"data":1415,"type":24,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"pages":1417},"54892bbe-318d-420b-8222-be33b81835ce",{"type":24,"title":1416},"The Adventures of Perseus",[1418,1439,1453],{"id":1419,"data":1420,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":1424},"d638baa2-890a-43a6-b851-ecac475b0859",{"type":21,"title":1421,"markdownContent":1422,"audioMediaId":1423},"The story of Perseus","One of the most celebrated of ancient Greek Heroes is Perseus. Perseus was a demi-god, he was the son of the supreme god Zeus and the mortal princess Danae. He grew up on the island of Seriphus after being cast into the sea as an infant with his mother because his grandfather, King Acrisius, believed his grandson would one day kill him. \n\n ![Graph](image://8c6fc7c5-7c06-4eae-9a80-e37f4463cc40 \"A statue of Perseus in Florence\")\n\nPerseus’ most notable heroic conquest was the slaying of the Gorgon Medusa. While growing up in Seriphus, King Polydectes fell in love with Perseus’ mother, Danae. After multiple attempts to woo Danae failed, Polydectes realized his only chance at marrying Danae was to get rid of her son, Perseus. \n\nKing Polydectes faked an engagement and ordered every citizen to bring him a wedding gift. Perseus was too poor to bring the King his requested gift of a horse and asked the king to name any other gift he could give him. \n\nThe King asked for the head of Medusa, knowing this meant almost certain death for Perseus.\n\n","c8cb2c83-d288-4e85-9f1a-2a2e7927d90c",[1425,1432],{"id":1426,"data":1427,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"44011d27-6894-44b9-9db7-0b912738a804",{"type":48,"reviewType":83,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":1428,"clozeWords":1430},[1429],"Perseus was a demi-god, the son of Zeus and the mortal Danae",[1431,953],"demi-god",{"id":1433,"data":1434,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"eba15183-21be-4871-ac96-f00fa25009c9",{"type":48,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":21,"activeRecallQuestion":1435,"activeRecallAnswers":1437},[1436],"Who did King Polydectes send Perseus to kill, believing it to be an impossible task?",[1438],"Medusa",{"id":1440,"data":1441,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":1445},"cc40acb0-7711-4776-8a1d-7f50ca5a80ec",{"type":21,"title":1442,"markdownContent":1443,"audioMediaId":1444},"Perseus’ noble quest","After being told by King Polydectes to bring back the head of the Gorgon Medusa, Perseus set off on this quest, and his bravery and nobility were noticed by the gods Athena and Hermes. \n\nMedusa was a fearsome figure - an evil creature with snakes for hair known as a Gorgon. Gorgons were especially dangerous, because anyone who looked them in the eye would be turned to stone.\n\nThe gods blessed Perseus on his journey. The goddess Athena gifted him a bronze shield and from Hermes, he received a pair of winged sandals. They also gifted him a cap of invisibility from Hades. \n\nWith these gifts, Perseus was able to slay the Gorgon Medusa and store her head in a bag to show King Polydectes his triumph. \n\n ![Graph](image://a215af5d-7cfb-4ee0-95cd-38ba381ee7c6 \"A sculpture of Medusa by Bernini\")\n\nAfter the slaying of the Gorgon Medusa, Perseus began the long journey back to his home of Seriphus with the prized head of Medusa in tow. \n\nOn the way back to Seriphus, Perseus was challenged by the god Atlas to take a turn carrying the world on his shoulders. When it became clear that Atlas was threatening Perseus, he used the head of Medusa to turn the god to stone in what is now known as the Atlas Mountain Range.\n\n\n\n","ff1cdba0-688a-4800-a0d7-75ca328c77df",[1446],{"id":1447,"data":1448,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"bd527baa-8946-4769-83a2-1b8410ceab21",{"type":48,"reviewType":83,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":1449,"clozeWords":1451},[1450],"The goddess Athena gave Perseus a bronze shield, and Hermes gifted him a pair of winged sandals",[1452,793],"Athena",{"id":1454,"data":1455,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":1459},"629c27c9-e75b-4a72-b17e-e498de2595f3",{"type":21,"title":1456,"markdownContent":1457,"audioMediaId":1458},"Perseus’ later triumphs and legacy","Before arriving in Seriphus, Perseus came upon the princess Andromeda in Ethiopia who was chained to a rock and waiting to be devoured by sea beasts. \n\nThese beasts of the sea were jealous of Andromeda after her mother bragged she was more beautiful than they were. Perseus fell in love with the princess and fought off Cetus, Poseidon’s beast of the sea, turning him to stone with Medusa’s head.\n\n ![Graph](image://af983048-56f9-4f5e-8bea-ab72d08d99db \"A Corinthian vase, depicting Perseus saving Andromeda from the sea monster\")\n\nUpon returning to Seriphus and learning the extent of King Polydectes’ plot and harassment of his mother, Danae, in his absence, Perseus revealed Medusa’s head to the king and his court, turning them to stone in an instant. \n\nPerseus had seven children with Andromeda, and his granddaughter was Alcmene, mother of Heracles. Perseus is also known as the founder of the city Mycenae and the Perseid dynasty. There are many sacred sites dedicated to the hero in the cities of Seriphus, Mycenae, Athens, and Argos.\n\n","b47183e7-d90e-4255-a6d9-6e1c580ac47d",[1460],{"id":1461,"data":1462,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"12108d7d-f40c-49d1-bdb1-33d33ef82655",{"type":48,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":21,"activeRecallQuestion":1463,"activeRecallAnswers":1465},[1464],"How did Perseus overcome the monster Cetus?",[1466],"By turning it to stone with Medusa's head",{"id":1468,"data":1469,"type":24,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"pages":1471},"6f7adcb9-7b0c-40f5-9fcb-de0ea3c2c388",{"type":24,"title":1470},"The Heroic Deeds of Heracles",[1472,1496,1512],{"id":1473,"data":1474,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":1478},"ab9076e4-c5ad-42e8-8e8f-87fe6326c281",{"type":21,"title":1475,"markdownContent":1476,"audioMediaId":1477},"The hero Heracles","One of the greatest and most celebrated of Ancient Greek heroes was the demi-god Heracles, or Hercules as he is commonly known today. This iconic hero was seen as the epitome of heroism and masculinity in Ancient Greece. \n\nAs the son of Zeus and the mortal Alcmene, the granddaughter of Perseus, Heracles showed impressive strength even as an infant. When Zeus’ wife sent two snakes to his crib in an act of jealousy, Heracles strangled them. \n\n![Graph](image://4941b20e-9224-40ac-8890-a519811862df \"Heracles, traditionally depicted with a club\")\n\nFrom hunting and strangling lions to defending local tribes, Heracles’ growth into adulthood was one of courage and strength that established his reputation. However, it wasn't until his marriage to the Princess of Thebes, Megara, that his strength was truly put to the test. In a final act of jealousy, Hera cursed Heracles with madness which led him to slay his wife, Megara, and their children. \n\nDistraught and attempting to make amends for his actions, Heracles consulted the Delphic oracle who told him to serve Eurystheus, the king of Tiryns for the next ten years and do anything asked of him by the king. This punishment would turn into what is now known as Heracles’ Twelve Labors. \n\n","7a0a6e26-21c4-47c7-859d-90024fe045cc",[1479,1488],{"id":1480,"data":1481,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"5c230a59-ea7c-4542-b215-c45d559d39b3",{"type":48,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":1482,"binaryCorrect":1484,"binaryIncorrect":1486},[1483],"Heracles was the son of Zeus and which mortal woman?",[1485],"Alcmene",[1487],"Ariadne",{"id":1489,"data":1490,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"6b0af4f4-e40d-40a4-9aba-86550a030f02",{"type":48,"reviewType":83,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":1491,"clozeWords":1493},[1492],"Heracles showed his strength as a child by hunting lions and defending local tribes",[1494,1495],"lions","tribes",{"id":1497,"data":1498,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":1502},"4e53c0c5-9cb8-4877-a9fe-c11d5e447141",{"type":21,"title":1499,"markdownContent":1500,"audioMediaId":1501},"Heracles’ labors","While in service to Eurystheus, Heracles was forced to endure ten labors including ​​killing the Nemean Lion and the Lernaean Hydra, capturing the Ceryneian Hind the Erymanthian Boar, cleaning the stables of Augeas in one day, and killing the Stymphalian Birds. \n\nHe was also tasked with capturing the Cretan Bull, stealing the Mares of Diomedes and the girdle of Hippolyta, queen of the Amazons, and finally stealing the cattle of the Gorgon monster Geryon.\n\nHeracles completed these tasks, but King Eurystheus was not pleased. He tasked Heracles with two additional labors since two of the original ten he believed Heracles to have cheated or received help in completing. \n\nHeracles’ final two labors were stealing the Hesperidean Apples and capturing Cerberus, the three-headed pet dog of the god Hades who served as guardian of the underworld. After completing these final two tasks with cunning and strength, Eurystheus is finally satisfied.\n\n\n","8a5b8314-a950-4f0b-86ed-6e8fe6063d28",[1503],{"id":1504,"data":1505,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"ba5bc136-f146-4ae4-9e8a-3be0459fd052",{"type":48,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":21,"binaryQuestion":1506,"binaryCorrect":1508,"binaryIncorrect":1510},[1507],"How did Eurystheus react to Heracles completing the ten labors he had set him?",[1509],"He accused him of cheating",[1511],"He granted him freedom",{"id":1513,"data":1514,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":1518},"ec0f2f2e-7f95-4313-9e33-4b41edd5e325",{"type":21,"title":1515,"markdownContent":1516,"audioMediaId":1517},"Heracles’ legacy and worship","The demi-god Heracles was one of the most widely worshiped heroes of Ancient Greece. His life was one of bravery and courage and cemented him as a symbol of fertility, masculinity, and strength. \n\nThe most notable of the cults devoted to the worship of this hero was in Thebes, the place where Heracles was said to be born. In some tellings of the myths of Heracles, he was said to be taken up to the home of the gods after his death while in others, such as in Homer’s The Odyssey he was taken to the underworld where his ghost demanded awe and respect even in the afterlife. \n\n ![Graph](image://9a8ddc2c-5ca0-45df-bec3-02f21402c770 \"Heracles is often depicted wearing the skin of the lion he killed as a young man\")\n\nThese different variations of Heracles’ afterlife lead him to be worshiped as both a god and a hero and led to localized cults and sacred sites developing their own individual ways of worshiping the Greek hero. \n\nHeracles is often depicted in Ancient art and sculptures with a club or shield and wearing a lion-skin cape from his first victory in slaying a lion as a young man. \n\n","3bc5b4bb-7ef5-4b33-9d49-54a12a925364",[1519,1529],{"id":1520,"data":1521,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"31b9b5f3-c9b5-405d-af5b-bab0e05e9f6a",{"type":48,"reviewType":23,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":1522,"multiChoiceCorrect":1524,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1526},[1523],"Heracles is usually depicted with a lion-skin cape and a ...",[1525],"Club",[650,1527,1528],"Spear","Shield",{"id":1530,"data":1531,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"e9b7d749-bb5d-43a6-8e93-b52cd1336a35",{"type":48,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":21,"activeRecallQuestion":1532,"activeRecallAnswers":1534},[1533],"Where was the most significant cult dedicated to the worship of Heracles?",[1535],"Thebes",{"id":1537,"data":1538,"type":24,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"pages":1540},"06e1ba93-333a-451c-b3ae-5a755ab2a16b",{"type":24,"title":1539},"The Odyssey of Odysseus",[1541,1547,1572,1586],{"id":1542,"data":1543,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21},"492f5119-e31f-4c0a-b660-140b1bff8721",{"type":21,"title":1544,"markdownContent":1545,"audioMediaId":1546},"The hero Odysseus","The protagonist of Homer’s epic poem The Odyssey was a legendary hero of Greek mythology known for his cunning and trickery. Odysseus was the only son of Laertes and Anticlea and his name means ‘to be at odds with’ demonstrating the trials of his life right from the beginning. \n\n ![Graph](image://cb3e60fd-69dd-4d90-b8dc-f8cfde59bb42 \"Odysseus was famous for his cunning\")\n\nKnown as a cunning trickster with unmatched eloquence, it was believed that Odysseus was the descendant of the tricky Sisyphus or Autolycus, son of Hermes. He was scarred as a young man while hunting a boar with his grandfather, a physical trait that would go on to be an integral part of his life story and legacy. \n\n","5d5f87de-7329-42a6-b8ae-015d581b7baf",{"id":1548,"data":1549,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":1553},"e39df378-efee-4a4a-adfb-4889b78050ab",{"type":21,"title":1550,"markdownContent":1551,"audioMediaId":1552},"Odysseus’ journey home","Odysseus was a suitor of Helen of Troy but eventually left Troy and married the princess Penelope with whom he had a son, Telemachus. \n\nWhen Helen of Troy was abducted, all of her former suitors were summoned to find her and fight for her honor. Odysseus was reluctant to respond to this summons after the ​​seer Halitherses warned him that if he left, his journey home would be long and arduous. \n\nTo avoid this summons to fight, Odysseus feigned madness. However, his ploy was revealed when put to the test and Odysseus was forced to fight for the Greeks in the Trojan war. His presence in the war is credited with the Greeks' victory over the city of Troy and established Odysseus as a heroic presence in battle. \n\n![Graph](image://45137d15-46fb-4d39-8f70-f9fba767ea0d \"Odysseus was instrumental in winning the Trojan War\")\n\nThough he was not known for his physical strength or stature, it was Odysseus' cunning and wisdom, and strategy that made him a hero of war and one of the greatest heroes of the Trojan War.\n\n","eff9ad9f-a5f4-4980-8ef7-46c7c4e28853",[1554,1561],{"id":1555,"data":1556,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"7aac0610-ed2e-4c07-aa90-ffe54759ba95",{"type":48,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":21,"activeRecallQuestion":1557,"activeRecallAnswers":1559},[1558],"Odysseus was married to Penelope, and their son was called ...",[1560],"Telemachus",{"id":1562,"data":1563,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"e57a1363-9669-4fb1-9a94-58d8cdace952",{"type":48,"reviewType":23,"spacingBehaviour":21,"multiChoiceQuestion":1564,"multiChoiceCorrect":1566,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1568},[1565],"How did Odysseus try to avoid fighting in the Trojan War?",[1567],"Feigning madness",[1569,1570,1571],"Feigning injury","Claiming he needed to look after his people","Hiding in a wine barrel",{"id":1573,"data":1574,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":1578},"5c3631fb-a1a7-483a-bd5a-de2d1c06fe30",{"type":21,"title":1575,"markdownContent":1576,"audioMediaId":1577},"Odysseus’ long journey home","After the Trojan War, Odysseus embarked on a long and arduous ten-year journey to return to his home in Ithaca and his wife Penelope. \n\nOdysseus embarked on the journey home with twelve ships and after first being washed up on the shores of Thrace from a storm and narrowly escaping, he had to overcome temptation and possibly forget the promise of home when reaching the land of the Lotus Eaters. His journey home led Odysseus to face the wrath of gods, battle creatures, and beasts, and even journey to the underworld before finally reaching the shores of his home, Ithaca.\n\n ![Graph](image://a390eb56-9622-4f2c-ba87-a36505784126 \"Odysseus and his men in the land of the Lotus eaters\")\n\nUpon reaching Ithaca, he reunited with his son Telemachus and together they, with the help of a shepherd Eumaeus, slayed all the suitors of his wife, Penelope, and Odysseus was able to return to his home and throne. \n\nThis journey is immortalized in Homer’s The Odyssey. Although there is little historical proof of the existence of Odysseus or any greek heroes, this epic poem united the myths of the hero into one chronology and painted a vision of a shared history that all the people of Ancient Greece, from the aristocracy and scholars, to the farmers and beggars, could participate in.\n\n","0a522135-f4ca-48e2-8c24-39ab0f9823c4",[1579],{"id":1580,"data":1581,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"4beca162-4fa1-42c8-a507-3231c7621003",{"type":48,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":21,"activeRecallQuestion":1582,"activeRecallAnswers":1584},[1583],"Where did Odysseus come close to forgetting that he needed to return to Ithaca?",[1585],"The land of the lotus eaters",{"id":1587,"data":1588,"type":21,"maxContentLevel":23,"version":21,"reviews":1592},"00ea6ca0-b20c-44bc-979d-d71f3cb10827",{"type":21,"title":1589,"markdownContent":1590,"audioMediaId":1591},"The importance of heroes","According to Homer, ‘heroi’ were the greatest living warriors. These men were mortals that demonstrated gifts of strength, cunning, wisdom, or virtue that transcended what is normally seen in humanity. \n\nThe myths of Greek heroes were an important part of Ancient Greek culture. They united the Ancient Greeks in a pseudo-historical version of history, such as the many heroes that emerged from the myths of the Trojan War. \n\nWhile there is little historical evidence for the existence or lives of the Greek heroes, they were an integral part of the history of a community or people and provided a standard of excellence or virtue to live up to. \n\nThese heroic figures are worshiped nearly like gods and hold a mythical place in society, but they are also influenced by folklore and superstition.","0465ce8a-3a4c-409a-85f3-de40bd581852",[1593],{"id":1594,"data":1595,"type":48,"version":21,"maxContentLevel":23},"47450fbb-f6e2-432e-8d3a-de6ead508e83",{"type":48,"reviewType":83,"spacingBehaviour":21,"clozeQuestion":1596,"clozeWords":1598},[1597],"Homer's 'heroi' were the greatest living warriors, whose strength and wisdom went beyond anything normally seen in humanity",[1599,1600],"warriors","wisdom",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":1602,"height":1602,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":1603},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":1602,"height":1602,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":1605},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M12.586 2.586A2 2 0 0 0 11.172 2H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v7.172a2 2 0 0 0 .586 1.414l8.704 8.704a2.426 2.426 0 0 0 3.42 0l6.58-6.58a2.426 2.426 0 0 0 0-3.42z\"/>\u003Ccircle cx=\"7.5\" cy=\"7.5\" r=\".5\" fill=\"currentColor\"/>\u003C/g>",1778224699753]