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human",3,[37,152],{"id":38,"data":39,"type":21,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":41},"2e4e50b7-2221-4908-a8f6-60f71e96d2a8",{"type":21,"title":40},"Understanding Folklore",[42,48,81,108,126],{"id":43,"data":44,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25},"cca2b761-2bc9-4ecc-9cba-fab1bbbd4800",{"type":25,"title":45,"markdownContent":46,"audioMediaId":47},"What is folklore?","Folklore refers to the stories and beliefs of a particular culture or group. From spirits and monsters, to enchanted worlds, these stories have been around for thousands of years, shared over campfires and sung beside beds in every corner of the world. \n\nFolklore can be seen as an expression of the collective imagination, with its stories reflecting the beliefs and values of cultures throughout history. These stories examine profound themes such as good versus evil, love and loss, and life after death.\n\n ![Graph](image://f05f910a-292b-4067-881a-32b2faa56eee \"Stories have been told around the campfire for thousands of years\")\n\nFolk tales exist in every culture on earth - from the great superpowers to the tiniest tribal communities. What is striking is how often these stories share common themes.\n\nMany of these stories are as relevant now as they were thousands of years ago. The world is changing at an alarming rate, but folklore shows that human nature stays much the same.\n\n\n","4287e179-5cb6-49ce-8e5d-d42eedb038a3",{"id":49,"data":50,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":54},"f947045e-a8b3-48ab-8e38-cfecf16cfd3d",{"type":25,"title":51,"markdownContent":52,"audioMediaId":53},"Types of folklore","\nThere are many types of folklore, but the most common examples are myths, legends and fables. Though these three forms of folklore may seem similar at first glance, they each serve distinct purposes in storytelling.\n\n\n![Graph](image://80cf7320-3ee5-4201-a019-8931b84c24e6 \"Ariadne, a figure from Greek mythology\")\n\nMyths are stories which explain the origins of natural phenomena; they provide explanations for why things happen in the world around us. Legends are tales about heroic figures who often perform extraordinary feats; they celebrate heroes who inspire us to be brave and noble. Fables, on the other hand, are moralistic stories with a lesson at their core; they offer wisdom on how we should behave towards one another.\n\nDespite these differences, these approaches all share one common trait: they help us navigate the world around us, and be better versions of ourselves.\n\n","955e05ba-0fc8-4e83-ab1d-b9439edc7174",[55,65,74],{"id":56,"data":57,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"229c81ec-2340-40c0-9d34-efcb120153d5",{"type":58,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":59,"binaryCorrect":61,"binaryIncorrect":63},11,[60],"Which folk tales are supposed to explain the world around us?",[62],"Myths",[64],"Legends",{"id":66,"data":67,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"4c3dfae8-1a11-4bb8-9977-a0ff0af765a7",{"type":58,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":68,"binaryCorrect":70,"binaryIncorrect":72},[69],"What is the purpose of fables?",[71],"To offer wisdom on how we should behave towards one another.",[73],"To explain the origins of natural phenomena.",{"id":75,"data":76,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"9a82ea60-5088-4825-b8bf-b1a9bbf4aee5",{"type":58,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":77,"activeRecallAnswers":79},[78],"What are the three most common types of folklore?",[62,64,80],"Fables",{"id":82,"data":83,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":87},"4b82f169-e0f1-4b93-b41b-d967b1f0ac8f",{"type":25,"title":84,"markdownContent":85,"audioMediaId":86},"A universal experience","\nFolklore is a universal phenomenon, and found in cultures all around the world. From the ancient Greek myths of gods and goddesses to the Native American tales of Coyote, the trickster-spirit, stories have been an important part of human culture since the dawn of time. Even today, films like Star Wars draw heavily upon classic mythological archetypes.\n\n\nThe universality of folklore can also be seen in its ability to transcend cultural boundaries. While different cultures may tell stories that reflect their own beliefs and values, they often share similar themes. For example, many stories feature heroic characters overcoming monsters, or characters entering strange, enchanted realms. No matter where we come from or what language we speak, these themes resonate with us all.\n\n","c6153e8d-5aba-4464-b0ca-a9551bd236cc",[88,97],{"id":89,"data":90,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"4500234b-1075-4f70-9806-33449f0296f8",{"type":58,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":91,"binaryCorrect":93,"binaryIncorrect":95},[92],"What has been an important part of human culture since the dawn of time?",[94],"Stories",[96],"Writing",{"id":98,"data":99,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"d3fdaa16-9318-4d3f-ba05-319a37e2b212",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":100,"multiChoiceCorrect":102,"multiChoiceIncorrect":104},[101],"Who was the Native American trickster spirit?",[103],"Coyote",[105,106,107],"Wolf","Jackal","Fox",{"id":109,"data":110,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":114},"56546a93-5352-4840-9dcd-036852652e19",{"type":25,"title":111,"markdownContent":112,"audioMediaId":113},"The spread of folklore","\nBefore the invention of writing, folklore was spread primarily through oral tradition. Travelling bards and storytellers would travel from village to village, sharing stories of gods and heroes that had been passed down for generations. \n\n ![Graph](image://81cbe232-9d14-40b0-8668-5943c9bad9f5 \"A storyteller in the 19th century\")\n\nThey often picked up new stories on their travels, which they later transmitted to other cultures. This allowed people to learn about different customs and beliefs without ever leaving their homes.\n\nStories were told around campfires or during long journeys – a method of storytelling which is still used today. These small, personal exchanges of folklore allowed people to better connect with one another by sharing their experiences and beliefs about the wider world.","c4ca9778-0366-46d0-8091-24c1c5f3976c",[115],{"id":116,"data":117,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"88f61280-5d41-48f5-bc56-b50fa21a5fc4",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":118,"multiChoiceCorrect":120,"multiChoiceIncorrect":122},[119],"What kind of storyteller was important to the early transmission of folk tales?",[121],"Travelling bards",[123,124,125],"Writers","Actors","Novelists",{"id":127,"data":128,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":132},"7ce5747a-0626-464d-9ae1-1d7bcd16d4c3",{"type":25,"title":129,"markdownContent":130,"audioMediaId":131},"The study of folklore"," ![Graph](image://eebd1e16-07d9-4ecb-8587-15ffe3e2e01e \"Johann Gottfried von Herder\")\n\nJohann Gottfried von Herder, an 18th century German philosopher, was one of the first people to recognize the importance of folklore in understanding human culture. He argued that these stories were essential to preserving cultural identity and should be studied as part of a nation’s history. His work laid the foundation for modern folkloristics – the scientific study of folklore.\n\nToday, scholars from many disciplines are interested in studying folklore; anthropologists use it to understand different cultures while linguists examine how language is used in storytelling. By looking at how these stories have evolved over time we can gain a better understanding not only about our past but also about ourselves today.","bb1726af-b28d-4d49-9354-943ed82143e5",[133,144],{"id":134,"data":135,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"844aab29-2f6b-4bfd-a768-a950fb4d2baf",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":136,"multiChoiceCorrect":138,"multiChoiceIncorrect":140},[137],"Who was the first 18th century German philosopher to argue that folklore is essential to preserving cultural identity?",[139],"Johann Gottfried von Herder",[141,142,143],"Immanuel Kant","Carl Jung","Georg Hegel",{"id":145,"data":146,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"b47b9e7e-14e1-4948-a660-3feadec14cc1",{"type":58,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":147,"binaryCorrect":149,"binaryIncorrect":150},[148],"What term is used to describe the scientific study of folklore?",[26],[151],"Folklology",{"id":153,"data":154,"type":21,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":156},"682a2f0a-3bd1-4c42-95ab-52d140928eb1",{"type":21,"title":155},"The Role of Storytelling",[157,182,209,234],{"id":158,"data":159,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":163},"53f89628-1ac6-4831-aca7-6bb407f82353",{"type":25,"title":160,"markdownContent":161,"audioMediaId":162},"Why humans tell stories","\nWilliam Bascom, an American anthropologist and folklorist, proposed four functions of folklore: entertainment, education, validation, and control. \n\nEntertainment is perhaps the most obvious function of folklore; stories provide us with an escape from reality and allow us to spend time with different characters and worlds. In terms of education, a story can provide moral guidance and allows us to learn about right and wrong without having to experience it ourselves. \n\nFolklore can also be a source of validation, as it justifies a culture’s beliefs and rituals; for example, stories about rain gods justify the ritual of praying before a harvest. An extension of this is social control: folklore can be used to deliberately change a person’s behavior, with stories introduced into new societies to transform the way they think.","d32b704d-98db-4364-afb1-a1059e575f7c",[164,175],{"id":165,"data":166,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"081775e5-de56-40c7-bf13-ce51d851a27e",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":167,"multiChoiceCorrect":169,"multiChoiceIncorrect":171},[168],"Who proposed the four main functions of folklore?",[170],"William Bascom",[172,173,174],"William Butler Yeats","William Empson","Paul de Man",{"id":176,"data":177,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"64e4666a-265a-4669-8d51-0472a64b9342",{"type":58,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":178,"clozeWords":180},[179],"Folklore can provide entertainment, education, validation, and control.",[181],"validation",{"id":183,"data":184,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":188},"89c6630e-67d7-4f93-b4da-f2300738807f",{"type":25,"title":185,"markdownContent":186,"audioMediaId":187},"Do animals tell stories?","Humans are not alone in telling stories. Studies have shown that animals such as chimpanzees use vocalizations to describe their recent experiences, while bees use complex dance routines to communicate the location of nearby food.\n\nBut when it comes to storytelling, no animal comes close to human beings. This is due to the evolution of our brains which allowed us to develop language skills more effectively than other species. \n\n ![Graph](image://09c3c3a7-ae39-42af-842a-d9d4beea4dc6 \"Chimpanzees communicating\")\n\nOur capacity for storytelling has provided an evolutionary advantage, as it allows us to pass on knowledge from one generation to the next without having direct experience with it ourselves. \n\nFor example, when early humans were learning how to hunt they would share their experiences with each other by telling stories about successful hunts or near misses. These tales helped them remember what worked and what didn’t so they could become better hunters over time.","ba2191ff-fb78-49c1-85f3-21cd7ccfad8a",[189,200],{"id":190,"data":191,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"a6384ab8-a374-4eb5-91e4-5c6dd68a065d",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":192,"multiChoiceCorrect":194,"multiChoiceIncorrect":196},[193],"Which animal uses complex dance routines to communicate the location of food?",[195],"Bees",[197,198,199],"Humans","Flamingos","Butterflies",{"id":201,"data":202,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"ecd288fa-dcdf-4df4-8c6e-3052893061de",{"type":58,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":203,"binaryCorrect":205,"binaryIncorrect":207},[204],"How did storytelling provide an evolutionary advantage for early humans?",[206],"It allowed them to pass on knowledge from one generation to the next.",[208],"It provided valuable relaxation.",{"id":210,"data":211,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":215},"81372f77-bafd-477a-a9a0-18746807f655",{"type":25,"title":212,"markdownContent":213,"audioMediaId":214},"Ancient folklore","\nIt is hard to know when humans first started telling stories, but folklore has been a part of our lives for thousands and thousands of years.\n\n ![Graph](image://b05487bf-1b20-43dd-9e63-74952e386f69 \"Aboriginal Dreamtime\")\n\nThe concept of Dreamtime is an ancient example of Aboriginal folklore. This spiritual belief system refers to an era in the distant past when ancestral spirits created and inhabited the world. This belief system has been integral to Aboriginal life for 65,000 years, providing tribes with a sense of cultural identity and a divine connection to the natural world.\n\nDreamtime stories are still told around campfires, allowing members of the community to come together and share their knowledge. These tales are also used as teaching tools for younger generations, imparting lessons about morality and respect which other children were also taught all those thousands of years earlier.","56a968a3-6c94-4d99-82ec-e1ff1411aae0",[216,225],{"id":217,"data":218,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"18d3a3f7-6060-4d10-8f4f-d7fe27d2038c",{"type":58,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":219,"binaryCorrect":221,"binaryIncorrect":223},[220],"What does Dreamtime represent in Aboriginal folklore?",[222],"An era where ancestral spirits created the world.",[224],"A symbol of the value of sleep and rest.",{"id":226,"data":227,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"82d9234c-c11b-460d-bdd9-586c67d62564",{"type":58,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":228,"binaryCorrect":230,"binaryIncorrect":232},[229],"What is the name of the ancient Aboriginal belief system that has been integral to their culture for 65,000 years?",[231],"Dreamtime",[233],"Dreamland",{"id":235,"data":236,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":240},"8dc3f37a-6c39-476c-b4ba-ef5cecf78ebb",{"type":25,"title":237,"markdownContent":238,"audioMediaId":239},"Modern folklore","\nFolklore is not just a feature of history; it also exists today. Urban legends have become increasingly popular as people share stories and anecdotes online. These tales often feature mysterious or supernatural elements, such as ghosts, monsters, and curses. They are designed to shock and surprise readers while also providing an entertaining escape from everyday life.\n\n ![Graph](image://d552d26a-110f-4677-837a-d40482b21f48 \"Ghosts hold as much fascination as ever to modern cultures\")\n\nThe internet has made it easier than ever for these stories to spread quickly across the globe. This has created an interesting dialogue between different communities. This global exchange of storytelling means that folklore today is as powerful now as it has ever been before.","396c4419-16dc-4e7c-a989-61ddac4ee53a",[241],{"id":242,"data":243,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"0bf9af8e-749f-43ca-908d-0adce7ae9242",{"type":58,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":244,"binaryCorrect":246,"binaryIncorrect":248},[245],"What type of stories have become more popular with the spread of the internet?",[247],"Urban legends",[249],"Ancient myths",{"id":251,"data":252,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":255},"ac682f2d-fcf6-4d64-9df5-cae701174315",{"type":27,"title":253,"tagline":254},"Magic and Ghosts","Stories of the supernatural",[256,344,391],{"id":257,"data":258,"type":21,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":260},"dc2fd769-1970-4aaa-87a9-26a794ced549",{"type":21,"title":259},"Supernatural Folklore",[261,278,303,328],{"id":262,"data":263,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":266},"381af786-4ba2-4424-8d7e-c3a712501751",{"type":25,"title":254,"markdownContent":264,"audioMediaId":265}," ![Graph](image://c68f9923-de1a-4914-9d07-53f0166fedf7 \"An Early Modern depiction of a witch\")\n\nThroughout history, folklore has often featured supernatural elements: phenomena which exist outside the rules of science and nature. Spirits and demons are one example of this, as well as magic, curses and spells. \n\nIn some cultures, supernatural entities are seen as benevolent protectors who can be called upon for help in times of need. For example, the Ancient Greeks believed in *eudaemon*, or protective spirits.\n\nIn other cultures, these supernatural forces may be viewed with fear or suspicion, with people seeking ways to protect themselves using rituals and spells. For example, in Early Modern Europe, many people believed in malign spirits called familiars, who would supposedly assist witches in their dastardly plots.\n\nWith the supernatural comes a mix of emotions: curiosity mixed with caution; wonderment combined with dread. It is this tension between fascination and fear that has kept these stories alive for centuries.","a782bc21-1a46-4625-af61-2ee0d56dd9f2",[267],{"id":268,"data":269,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"12dfe29a-22c1-4244-b2eb-5c63c9d27931",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":270,"multiChoiceCorrect":272,"multiChoiceIncorrect":274},[271],"Which malign spirits were commonly believed to assist witches in medieval Europe?",[273],"Familiars",[275,276,277],"Pixies","Sprites","Gnomes",{"id":279,"data":280,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":284},"86a9a771-195c-410d-9a34-86b3686ffd38",{"type":25,"title":281,"markdownContent":282,"audioMediaId":283},"Ghosts and spirits","\nGhosts and spirits are a common example of supernatural folklore. In many cultures, they are believed to be the souls of deceased people who have not yet passed on to the afterlife. They may appear as apparitions or take physical form, often with glowing eyes or other features that distinguish them from living humans. \n\n\n\n![Graph](image://b50368a5-efa5-4907-90db-d3e698797ab1 \"The Japanese kami\")\n\nIn Chinese mythology, ghosts are often depicted as vengeful entities that haunt the living, seeking retribution for wrongs done to them in life or seeking revenge against those who have wronged their descendants. The Japanese yurei is another type of ghostly spirit; these specters may appear as an apparition with long black hair or a white-clad figure shrouded in mist.\n\nGhosts and spirits are not always malicious. The Japanese kami are divine spirits that inhabit natural objects such as mountains and rivers; they are believed to bring good luck and prosperity when respected and honored.\n","85fdca8e-f9c6-4cfd-9f31-e7a4db31ce4d",[285,293],{"id":286,"data":287,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"245d35b9-4d90-4347-9029-1ee1f0fe51e8",{"type":58,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":288,"binaryCorrect":290,"binaryIncorrect":292},[289],"What type of ghostly spirit is often depicted in Japanese mythology?",[291],"Yurei",[273],{"id":294,"data":295,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"70296d94-dbc1-4f49-9f67-e6ee9854cab2",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":296,"multiChoiceCorrect":298,"multiChoiceIncorrect":300},[297],"What are the divine spirits believed to bring good luck and prosperity when respected and honored in Japanese culture?",[299],"Kami",[301,291,302],"Oni","Eudaemon",{"id":304,"data":305,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":309},"f0d53484-ba65-4812-98c0-05ad1fad59b8",{"type":25,"title":306,"markdownContent":307,"audioMediaId":308},"Demons and devils","\nDemons and devils are usually thought of as forces of chaos and evil. In some stories, they bring misfortune to those who cross their paths. Other tales depict them as tricksters or shape-shifters who use cunning and deception to get what they want. \n\n ![Graph](image://978531eb-c3d9-402b-b0b3-6967f3b6a614 \"A medieval Christian depiction of demons\")\n\nIn Christian mythology, demons are often fallen angels – evil spirits that seek to tempt humans away from God’s path. Islamic tradition tells of a devil named Iblis: a demon (known as a Jinn) cast out of heaven by Allah for refusing to bow down before Adam. In Islamic theology, demons and devils are the creation of God from a smokeless fire. \n\n\nChinese mythology features figures such as Sun Wukong (the Monkey King) who battle against a range of powerful demons, including the Demon King of Confusion, who has been killing and enslaving Sun Wukong’s fellow monkeys.","937376b9-b8cd-4c18-a27d-c00e1966ff8b",[310,317],{"id":311,"data":312,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"6b84be6f-9639-4312-9286-bfe69fdf913a",{"type":58,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":313,"activeRecallAnswers":315},[314],"What is the name of the devil in Islamic tradition?",[316],"Iblis",{"id":318,"data":319,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"7829a7d1-ca86-4d02-8682-01460fa5b33d",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":320,"multiChoiceCorrect":322,"multiChoiceIncorrect":324},[321],"In Chinese mythology, who does Sun Wukong battle against?",[323],"The Demon King of Confusion",[325,326,327],"The Demon King of Chaos","The Demon King of Destruction","The Demon King of Mischief",{"id":329,"data":330,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":334},"51ff67c0-c111-4ca3-8916-db7a23f3ea43",{"type":25,"title":331,"markdownContent":332,"audioMediaId":333},"Magic and spells","\nMagic and spellcasting can be found in folklore all around the world. In some tales, they are seen as powerful tools to be used with caution; in others, they are viewed as dangerous forces that can bring about great destruction.\n\n ![Graph](image://acf48e1a-f8b6-42d2-a920-37264c41c4a5 \"A modern-day model of a book of spells\")\n\nIn European mythology, witches and wizards often use their magical powers to help or harm people – from healing the sick to cursing enemies. Similarly, African folktales tell of powerful sorcerers who can transform into animals or summon rain with their spells – an important skill during periods of heat and drought. \n\nIn most traditional stories, spellcasting involves chanting incantations, using magical objects like wands or potions, or performing rituals with specific ingredients. Sometimes, spellcasters are born with magic; at other times, they are imbued with power by demons or gods.","298342ef-a8bd-428e-998a-b1338a971aa5",[335],{"id":336,"data":337,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"93894642-b9ae-4d6f-8bee-4158af14d4ea",{"type":58,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":338,"binaryCorrect":340,"binaryIncorrect":342},[339],"Which of these is an important part of spellcasting in most folk traditions?",[341],"Chanting incantations",[343],"Praying to the deity",{"id":345,"data":346,"type":21,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":348},"2e0a39bd-1b13-42cb-8045-cd55b7e45d0b",{"type":21,"title":347},"Examples of Supernatural Entities",[349,373],{"id":350,"data":351,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":355},"11910154-7de1-482c-a7c4-3c6813c2462b",{"type":25,"title":352,"markdownContent":353,"audioMediaId":354},"An example: Yōkai"," ![Graph](image://667ac7e2-b73f-4f1b-87a8-e51074e2a7dc \"Yōkai\")\n\nYōkai are a type of supernatural creature found in traditional Japanese folklore. These creatures range from benevolent spirits to malevolent demons, and their stories have been passed down for centuries. Yōkai stories were traditionally shared orally from generation to generation, with each storyteller adding their own unique spin to the tale.\n\nOne popular example is the tengu, a long-nosed creature who lives in mountains and forests. It is said that tengu protect sacred places from evil spirits while also teaching martial arts to those brave enough to seek them out. There are also malicious yōkai such as kappa – water imps who enjoy the taste of cucumber, and sometimes lure unsuspecting victims into rivers. Kappas may serve as cautionary tales about being careful around bodies of water.","4980eaf7-c2d0-4ade-8d4b-cb9514af87fa",[356,365],{"id":357,"data":358,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"a6d0c868-bb02-40bb-b245-f22aa843f008",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":359,"multiChoiceCorrect":361,"multiChoiceIncorrect":363},[360],"What type of creature is the tengu, which is said to protect sacred places and teach martial arts?",[362],"Yōkai",[301,364,291],"Kappa",{"id":366,"data":367,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"bfcedd94-8322-48f1-9012-808ba6dfcb7e",{"type":58,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":368,"clozeWords":370},[369],"Yōkai are supernatural creatures found in Japanese folklore, such as the tengu and the kappa.",[371,372],"tengu","kappa",{"id":374,"data":375,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":379},"e200cce5-1720-48d2-8a01-efd799fbaff1",{"type":25,"title":376,"markdownContent":377,"audioMediaId":378},"An example: Witches"," ![Graph](image://11c6aa1e-42c7-4178-b0bc-55f26e81d7b3 \"The Pendle Witches in 1612\")\n\nIn early modern Britain, stories of witches and witchcraft were rife. Witchcraft was believed to be a form of sorcery that involved summoning spirits and using magical objects such as charms, potions and talismans. It was thought that witches had the power to control nature, manipulate people’s minds, and even cause death with their dark arts.\n\nThe fear of witchcraft led to many witch trials, where those accused were put on trial for practicing black magic. The most famous example in Britain is that of the Pendle Witches in 1612, who were accused of murdering ten people using magic. The trial was one of the most notorious witch trials in British history and resulted in ten executions.\n\nSimilarly the Salem Witch Trials in New England America, which took place in 1692 and 1693, resulted in the execution of twenty people who were wrongfully accused of witchcraft.\n\nThese stories demonstrate the darker side of folklore: how superstition can lead to hysteria and tear societies apart. Throughout the centuries, thousands of women (and a number of men as well) have been accused of witchcraft, and many of them killed.","5b7142fd-d08b-4601-8591-5a3f5eee44bd",[380],{"id":381,"data":382,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"1266c8e5-d029-44c5-a191-4b1a8a505ef0",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":383,"multiChoiceCorrect":385,"multiChoiceIncorrect":387},[384],"What was the most famous example of a witch trial in British history?",[386],"The Pendle Witches in 1612",[388,389,390],"The Salem Witch Trials in 1692","The York Witch Trials in 1645","The North Berwick Witch Trials in 1590",{"id":392,"data":393,"type":21,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":395},"f24bfa84-4d7f-4e61-9ef9-a049db291dbb",{"type":21,"title":394},"Supernaturalism in Modern Culture",[396,414],{"id":397,"data":398,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":402},"7d2b6d9d-f4d1-4a0e-88de-7980ca58678e",{"type":25,"title":399,"markdownContent":400,"audioMediaId":401},"Supernaturalism in modern media","\nThe supernatural elements of traditional folklore have had a lasting influence on modern culture, inspiring works of art and literature that have captivated audiences around the world. \n\n ![Graph](image://12a3257a-3672-4e18-a60c-65a7e8d2a54a \"The poster for Spirited Away\")\n\nThe Japanese animated film ‘Spirited Away’ is about a young girl who is transported to a magical world populated by Yōkai spirits and demons. Similarly, the Harry Potter books and films draw heavily on folktales about witchcraft and wizardry. In both stories, supernatural themes are combined with questions of good versus evil, and friendship in times of adversity.\n\nThese stories demonstrate how folklore continues to inspire new generations of storytellers today. We may no longer believe in witches or wizards but their legacy lives on through books, films, television shows and video games.","0dfd1099-489f-446d-9cf1-8bd4c8220feb",[403],{"id":404,"data":405,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"0991c1e1-1c3a-4c87-ba8c-5cde032d29d7",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":406,"multiChoiceCorrect":408,"multiChoiceIncorrect":410},[407],"Which modern animated film depicts a magical world populated by Yokai spirits and demons?",[409],"Spirited Away",[411,412,413],"Monsters Inc.","Pokemon","The Sorcerer's Apprentice",{"id":415,"data":416,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":420},"e485cd04-7387-4c18-be6d-d9d8ec3a1bdb",{"type":25,"title":417,"markdownContent":418,"audioMediaId":419},"Do people still believe?"," ![Graph](image://4aad4bcb-1b96-46d2-8d40-700aee685fd6 \"Many people still believe in ghosts\")\n\nIn modern society, there are many who reject the supernatural and embrace a more rational approach. This is often seen in scientific circles where belief in magic is viewed as outdated or irrational. We have debunked a number of traditional beliefs, and offered new explanations for strange phenomena which were previously linked to magic.\n\nDespite this, some people still believe in magic and ghosts. In recent years there has been a resurgence of interest in paranormal activity, with ghost hunting becoming increasingly popular. While skeptics may dismiss these ghost hunters, believers argue that supernatural phenomena are out there. It is a controversial and divisive topic, and one which might never go away.","05e92865-b7d2-4adb-b46c-3f9422844ee0",[421],{"id":422,"data":423,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"65614021-c472-4d1b-a4b2-f6a3592b12a9",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":424,"multiChoiceCorrect":426,"multiChoiceIncorrect":428},[425],"What supernatural activity has become increasingly popular in recent years, despite skepticism from some?",[427],"Ghost hunting",[429,430,431],"Buddhism","Occult rituals","Necromancy",{"id":433,"data":434,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":437},"11a8368b-085a-4ca1-823f-25c05ff025cd",{"type":27,"title":435,"tagline":436},"Heroes and Monsters","Stories of good versus evil",[438,507,611],{"id":439,"data":440,"type":21,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":442},"25385615-6ee7-4498-9406-2a4c142039be",{"type":21,"title":441},"The Battle Between Good and Evil",[443,457,484],{"id":444,"data":445,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":449},"d6635be3-1dd5-46f4-965e-22bf6ad16398",{"type":25,"title":446,"markdownContent":447,"audioMediaId":448},"Stories of good and evil","\nFor as long as humans have told stories, they have told stories of good and evil. These often manifest as confrontations between heroes and monsters. Heroes represent the best qualities that humans can strive for, while monsters embody fear and chaos.\n\n ![Graph](image://bb695fd7-838a-497b-b8be-98f069900f34 \"Batman and The Joker. Image: Richie S from Brooklyn, NY, United States, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThese stories serve as powerful metaphors for life’s struggles; they remind us that no matter how dark things may seem, we should never give up because there is always a chance to triumph over evil forces. \n\nThis message has been passed through generations, and still resonates with people today. Modern culture has embraced the theme, as superheroes like Batman or Spider-Man battle against villains like The Joker or Doctor Octopus.\n","d692f680-a62e-4303-8f6d-d2ea0b7e205d",[450],{"id":451,"data":452,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"48944e70-8a13-43f3-a281-e52038bdbefe",{"type":58,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":453,"activeRecallAnswers":455},[454],"What popular modern narrative genre owes a lot to the folklore of heroes and villains?",[456],"Superheroes",{"id":458,"data":459,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":463},"4eb677cb-d2af-4293-8836-859247be3b02",{"type":25,"title":460,"markdownContent":461,"audioMediaId":462},"Heroes"," ![Graph](image://cfc76550-7ad3-4daa-9974-4e9ad7afa693 \"The hero Beowulf\")\n\nFolklore's archetypal heroes are often symbols of courage and strength. They represent humanity’s highest ideals and inspire us to strive for greatness. They are brave in the face of danger; they have an unwavering sense of morality; they use their skills to protect those who cannot defend themselves.\n\nIn European folklore, heroes such as Beowulf or King Arthur embody these qualities perfectly, demonstrating immense bravery against monstrous foes, including cat-monsters, dragons and divine boars. In Chinese folklore there is Sun Wukong, the Monkey King, who uses his wits to defeat his monstrous enemies. These characters show us that even when faced with overwhelming odds we can still find ways to succeed.","ac23023c-187a-49e9-ba50-3e0c5c45f6e5",[464,475],{"id":465,"data":466,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"79ded3fb-dcfc-4c02-8d08-27b79e8e1aa1",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":467,"multiChoiceCorrect":469,"multiChoiceIncorrect":471},[468],"Sun Wukong, the hero from Chinese folklore, is known by what title?",[470],"The Monkey King",[472,473,474],"The Dragon King","The Tiger King","The Rat King",{"id":476,"data":477,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"b7aec2b6-1c52-4109-bff3-a1d93c3a99d1",{"type":58,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":478,"binaryCorrect":480,"binaryIncorrect":482},[479],"In European folklore, which hero is known for demonstrating immense bravery against monstrous foes?",[481],"Beowulf",[483],"Troilus",{"id":485,"data":486,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":490},"a59162c5-57e4-47cd-84d5-b593dc416db6",{"type":25,"title":487,"markdownContent":488,"audioMediaId":489},"Monsters","\nFolklore's archetypal monsters are often symbols of fear and chaos. They represent humanity’s darkest impulses and challenge us to confront our deepest fears. They have immense strength or supernatural powers; they are driven by an insatiable hunger for destruction; they use their abilities to terrorize innocent people.\n\nExamples of monsters can be found in cultures around the world, such as vampires in Eastern European folklore, werewolves in Germanic mythology, or dragons in Chinese culture. In Greek mythology there is Typhon – a monstrous giant with one hundred fire-breathing snake heads. Stories about monsters keep societies alert, and reminds us that danger could be lurking just around the corner.","d8d04263-97e5-4962-81fe-d265a8f49083",[491,498],{"id":492,"data":493,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"909ed95f-9898-470b-8e64-a2ba686ad5f2",{"type":58,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":494,"clozeWords":496},[495],"Dragons are a prominent form of monster in Chinese folklore.",[497],"Dragons",{"id":499,"data":500,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"c891f923-b7bb-4cbc-8c3d-5b6a4022985f",{"type":58,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":501,"binaryCorrect":503,"binaryIncorrect":505},[502],"In Greek mythology, what is the name of the monstrous giant with one hundred fire-breathing snake heads?",[504],"Typhon",[506],"Cerberus",{"id":508,"data":509,"type":21,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":511},"7d8e7525-2501-42e7-a9e0-19b84b7591f3",{"type":21,"title":510},"The Hero's Journey",[512,543,572,595],{"id":513,"data":514,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":518},"5a151185-29dc-460b-8b0e-58527da3c88c",{"type":25,"title":515,"markdownContent":516,"audioMediaId":517},"Campbell's Monomyth"," ![Graph](image://00c2aa9f-4d4b-4e7d-a65d-4cbae660e82d \"Joseph Campbell. Image: Joan Halifax, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nIn the 1940s, Joseph Campbell outlined the concept of monomyth: a theory that many traditional stories follow a similar narrative structure. This narrative structure is known as the Hero's Journey. \n\nThe Hero's Journey typically begins with a call to action, which leads the hero on an adventure where they must confront enemies or monsters along the way. During this quest, they may receive help from supernatural forces or mentors who provide guidance and wisdom. The hero then faces their ultimate challenge before returning home triumphant.\n\nThis narrative structure can be seen in many classic folktales. The writers did not follow the pattern on purpose, but their stories naturally fell into the rhythm. All across the world, this structure resonated with the people who heard it, and appeared again and again.","0f4d46cf-bacb-4c32-b616-cb01fe035383",[519,526,533],{"id":520,"data":521,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"1ac1d4ed-fb32-4a69-a59c-ef9e97e66d42",{"type":58,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":522,"clozeWords":524},[523],"Joseph Campbell's monomyth theory states that traditional stories follow a similar narrative structure, known as the Hero's Journey.",[525],"narrative",{"id":527,"data":528,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"270855af-2bbe-4646-9342-df8b1cf6dcfb",{"type":58,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":529,"activeRecallAnswers":531},[530],"What term is used to describe the theory that folk narratives all follow one essential structure?",[532],"Monomyth",{"id":534,"data":535,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"a5e687bf-111c-451d-849d-a1e49500926e",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":536,"multiChoiceCorrect":538,"multiChoiceIncorrect":539},[537],"What term did Joseph Campbell use to describe the specific narrative that many folk tales follow?",[510],[540,541,542],"The Hero's Quest","The Hero's Adventure","The Hero's Expedition",{"id":544,"data":545,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":549},"b2bacc71-d24d-4698-bb0e-c83070d30e7e",{"type":25,"title":546,"markdownContent":547,"audioMediaId":548},"An example: Gilgamesh and Humbaba","\nThe ancient Mesopotamian *Epic of Gilgamesh* is one of the oldest stories in human history, dating back to 2100 BCE. It features the character of Gilgamesh, a hero who battles against monsters. \n\n ![Graph](image://a1d78c35-42b7-47db-b681-17f43518ec1a \"Shamash, the sun god. Image: Osama Shukir Muhammed, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nIn this tale, Gilgamesh traveled to the legendary Cedar Forest to confront its guardian: a monstrous giant named Humbaba the Terrible. When they started to fight, the ground split open, and the sky turned dark. \n\nGilgamesh was supported by Shamash, the sun god, who sent thirteen winds to blow against Humbaba’s face. As the giant struggled to break free from the winds, Gilgamesh forced him to surrender, then cut off the giant’s head.","1f023447-2c6c-40a6-820d-0a6933e3f81d",[550,561],{"id":551,"data":552,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"74d2d58d-fddb-44e5-9482-331c7213751b",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":553,"multiChoiceCorrect":555,"multiChoiceIncorrect":557},[554],"When was the Epic of Gilgamesh written?",[556],"2100 BCE",[558,559,560],"1000 BCE","500 BCE","300 BCE",{"id":562,"data":563,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"ce2ec9ab-ae37-4544-82f1-b9574958c439",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":564,"multiChoiceCorrect":566,"multiChoiceIncorrect":568},[565],"In the Epic of Gilgamesh, who did Gilgamesh travel to the Cedar Forest to confront?",[567],"Humbaba the Terrible",[569,570,571],"Enkidu","Ishtar","Utnapishtim",{"id":573,"data":574,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":578},"d56c3a41-8340-4fce-a000-d005876b4657",{"type":25,"title":575,"markdownContent":576,"audioMediaId":577},"An example: Theseus and the Minotaur","\nThe story of Theseus and the Minotaur is one of Ancient Greece’s most famous myths, and it tells of a hero overcoming an evil monster. \n\n ![Graph](image://d5f41dc7-d5c3-42f3-bdcd-2f7fd4f46bb3 \"Theseus and the Minotaur\")\n\nAccording to the story, King Minos of Crete had been given a bull by the gods. In return, Minos was supposed to sacrifice the bull, but instead he kept it for himself. As punishment, the gods cursed Minos, and had his wife give birth to a monstrous creature called the Minotaur. This monster was half man and half bull, and Minos imprisoned it within an elaborate underground labyrinth.\n\nIn order to appease the Minotaur, Minos had to send seven young men and seven young women into its lair each year. A man named Theseus heard about this, and volunteered to go in place of one of these victims. Theseus succeeded in killing the Minotaur, before emerging from the labyrinth triumphant.","de82196a-5a83-46af-a14b-af841d263294",[579,586],{"id":580,"data":581,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"3df7f59b-686d-40b5-a385-e1b894931b53",{"type":58,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":582,"activeRecallAnswers":584},[583],"What did Minos have to do in order to appease the Minotaur?",[585],"Send seven young men and seven young women into its lair each year",{"id":587,"data":588,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"655629ec-57b0-4663-977b-060dde623469",{"type":58,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":589,"binaryCorrect":591,"binaryIncorrect":593},[590],"Who volunteered to go into the Minotaur's lair in place of one of the victims?",[592],"Theseus",[594],"Perseus",{"id":596,"data":597,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":601},"b56b97cf-45cb-46d0-9140-4f4d20c1429e",{"type":25,"title":598,"markdownContent":599,"audioMediaId":600},"An example: Beowulf and Grendel"," ![Graph](image://b80a1652-d12a-4559-a4d7-48a8f564ce28 \"The monstrous giant named Grendel. Image: John Henry Frederick Bacon, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nThe story of Beowulf is the defining legend of Old English literature. It tells the tale of a brave warrior who defeats a monstrous giant named Grendel.\n\nGrendel is described as a creature of darkness who feeds on humankind. After Grendel repeatedly attacked a mead hall in Denmark, a hero named Beowulf travels to intervene. Beowulf’s courage and strength are legendary; he faces off against Grendel with no weapons or armor, and manages to tear off the monster’s arm.\n\nGrendel may symbolize the darker sides of human nature: violence, greed, jealousy. When Beowulf defeats him, it is not just a victory for heroes over monsters, but a reminder that people should strive for goodness over evil.","489e95b8-4d4e-4842-aba4-237d14a78958",[602],{"id":603,"data":604,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"b160852a-94f2-4e7f-8b6a-7cba8c822f04",{"type":58,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":605,"binaryCorrect":607,"binaryIncorrect":609},[606],"What is the name of the monstrous giant in the story of Beowulf?",[608],"Grendel",[610],"Grima",{"id":612,"data":613,"type":21,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":615},"2ebb77da-3454-4fb0-8bcd-ce817b831879",{"type":21,"title":614},"The Hero's Journey in Modern Media",[616,630],{"id":617,"data":618,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":622},"00e40737-c6ce-45ca-af8d-576ff3448ca3",{"type":25,"title":619,"markdownContent":620,"audioMediaId":621},"Monomyths in modern media"," ![Graph](image://14c94339-f655-4bc4-91db-373622803454 \"Luke Skywalker and Darth Vader in Star Wars\")\n\nThe monomyth structure is also used in modern stories, like J.R.R Tolkien’s *The Lord Of The Rings* and George Lucas’ *Star Wars* series. In both stories, a hero is called to action and embarks on a journey to save the world from an evil force. \n\nFrodo Baggins must journey across Middle Earth to destroy the One Ring and defeat Sauron, while Luke Skywalker embarks on a quest to restore balance to the Force by confronting Darth Vader. Both heroes face numerous obstacles along their journeys, including powerful enemies and inner demons, and receive help from supernatural mentors in the form of Gandalf and Obi-Wan Kenobi. \n\nThese tales demonstrate how traditional folklore can be adapted for modern audiences, while still retaining its core themes. The monomyth structure is no less appealing to audiences today than it was thousands of years ago.","a47f4d0d-acb1-4436-b374-2f745b017e51",[623],{"id":624,"data":625,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"85e2720c-24a4-4bae-9b8d-e97aa28a6b39",{"type":58,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":626,"clozeWords":628},[627],"J.R.R Tolkien's 'The Lord Of The Rings' is structured according to the monomyth, where a hero embarks on a journey.",[629],"monomyth",{"id":631,"data":632,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":636},"4f1ddc17-e9ad-4f25-9e53-924a15dc0086",{"type":25,"title":633,"markdownContent":634,"audioMediaId":635},"Monsters in the modern world"," ![Graph](image://b25c952e-3c44-4269-b886-efcade5de03d \"Godzilla\")\n\nIn the modern age, monsters have come to symbolize some of the contemporary issues which endanger our lives today. For example, the rise of artificial intelligence has been depicted as a monster in films like ‘2001: A Space Odyssey’ and the ‘Terminator’ series – a reminder that technology can be both a blessing and a curse depending on how it is used.\n\nGodzilla is another powerful example. This reptilian monster was conceived in the aftermath of the nuclear bombs used on Japan at the end of World War II. The creature is a metaphor for the destructive power of nuclear weapons – and possibly a metaphor for the USA, who used these fearsome new weapons.\n\nJust like in stories of the past, such as the tale of Beowulf, these monsters provide insight into current issues, while reminding people of what needs to be done in order to protect our communities from harm.","cfae8f97-6a04-4d87-9d0c-755d9b0f1c61",[637],{"id":638,"data":639,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"a6aa105a-b4cb-4a34-8568-cf622bf720b1",{"type":58,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":640,"activeRecallAnswers":642},[641],"Which Japanese monster may be a metaphor for the USA in World War II?",[643],"Godzilla",{"id":645,"data":646,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":649},"255fabdf-6b10-4887-90e3-91b6e4b23be6",{"type":27,"title":647,"tagline":648},"Divine Intervention","Stories of gods and deities",[650,750],{"id":651,"data":652,"type":21,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":654},"ccedc539-3551-4d39-b0f1-b581d4aab54b",{"type":21,"title":653},"The Role of Gods in Folklore",[655,670,696,712,736],{"id":656,"data":657,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":660},"e8548424-567c-4589-bfac-d7120789fcb0",{"type":25,"title":648,"markdownContent":658,"audioMediaId":659},"\nGods and deities have been a part of folklore since the dawn of time. They are often seen as powerful, immortal beings who can intervene in human affairs. They can be seen as embodiments of natural forces, such as gods of thunder and lightning, or act as divine protectors.\n\n\n ![Graph](image://2877f7dd-e1e6-470b-a685-2122e1a827b1 \"Buddhism has its own powerful folklore\")\n\nSome cultures operate under polytheistic systems, believing that there are many gods representing many different aspects of the world. Others are monotheistic, believing only in one god. \n\nIt is easy to see why human beings are drawn to the concept of gods. By believing in something greater than ourselves, we find security and comfort in the face of an unpredictable world. Instead of worrying that a storm will destroy our home, we pray to the gods, and trust them to keep us safe.\n\nThroughout history, godless societies have been exceedingly rare. No matter the place, no matter the time, people have told stories of divine beings who influence the wider world.\n\n","751c9448-5050-4afa-8cf3-0056a65616ff",[661],{"id":662,"data":663,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"1f07aae1-f85e-49e7-a61f-eb5277983448",{"type":58,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":664,"binaryCorrect":666,"binaryIncorrect":668},[665],"Which system of belief believes in many gods?",[667],"Polytheism",[669],"Monotheism",{"id":671,"data":672,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":676},"11559939-36e3-42e2-94d5-5fff3cce3879",{"type":25,"title":673,"markdownContent":674,"audioMediaId":675},"Forces of nature"," ![Graph](image://b6dc6dd4-32b2-47d2-b2d4-a1b463e03872 \"The modern-day Marvel depiction of Thor, inspired by the ancient Norse god\")\n\nTraditional folklore often links the gods to natural phenomena, such as storms, floods, and earthquakes. These stories served an important purpose: they provided explanations for natural events which science could not yet explain.\n\nIn Ancient Greece it was believed that the god Zeus controlled the weather and caused storms if he was displeased. In Norse mythology, Thor was responsible for thunder and lightning, and Chinese folklore has stories about divine dragons bringing rain during times of drought.\n\nThe idea of gods controlling nature also extended to other aspects of life such as fertility or agriculture. In some cultures, rituals were performed to honor these deities and ask for their blessing on crops or livestock; the more a person felt connected with the gods, the more they felt a sense of security against potential disasters like drought or famine.","1a3d3a83-f8cf-4ded-9950-1bcffb9d7aed",[677,686],{"id":678,"data":679,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"5ac8e5d5-07ce-4b38-9a3f-07a472ac47f8",{"type":58,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":680,"binaryCorrect":682,"binaryIncorrect":684},[681],"In Norse mythology, who was responsible for thunder and lightning?",[683],"Thor",[685],"Odin",{"id":687,"data":688,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"903f62b2-db59-47f1-8bd5-6839f876a3b3",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":689,"multiChoiceCorrect":691,"multiChoiceIncorrect":692},[690],"Chinese folklore has stories about which creatures bringing rain during droughts?",[497],[693,694,695],"Eagles","Albatrosses","Water nymphs",{"id":697,"data":698,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":702},"72d5ed97-19ba-4676-a9a2-a1a50443903b",{"type":25,"title":699,"markdownContent":700,"audioMediaId":701},"Divine creation"," ![Graph](image://db82e762-d3bc-408d-bde5-7b66f7eb38b3 \"Prometheus\")\n\nIn traditional folklore, the gods are often linked to the creation of the world and the birth of humanity – something which most historical societies found it otherwise hard to explain.\n\nIn Greek mythology, Prometheus is credited with creating mankind from clay and water. The Norse god Odin is said to have crafted the first humans from a pair of logs he found on the beach. In Christianity, God created the first man from dust, then fashioned the first woman from the man’s rib. \n\nBy attributing human creation to a godly figure, people could explain their own existence in ways that would later begin to be supplanted by scientific explanations in much of the world. The theory of evolution by natural selection, for example, appeared many centuries later.","90e20e7d-23f5-4467-825b-9be549ad72d4",[703],{"id":704,"data":705,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"aac05842-b023-4523-8839-6508c40d183f",{"type":58,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":706,"binaryCorrect":708,"binaryIncorrect":710},[707],"In Norse myth, Odin is said to have crafted the first humans from what?",[709],"A pair of logs he found on the beach",[711],"The trunk of a pine tree he felled with Thor's axe",{"id":713,"data":714,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":718},"946670ca-ad48-40a3-bf78-dbe83b030e02",{"type":25,"title":715,"markdownContent":716,"audioMediaId":717},"Divine protection","\nIn many cultures, gods and deities were seen as divine protectors. Humans did not need to worry about demons, and diseases, and other evil forces, because the gods would keep them safe.\n\n\n ![Graph](image://1651a138-a59d-4c97-bd74-71317b0dfe72 \"Apollo. Image: Leochares, CC BY 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\n\nIn Hinduism, Vishnu is said to have taken on many forms throughout history in order to protect humanity from destruction. He is credited with slaying evil forces such as Hiranyaksha – an angry demigod who tried to destroy the earth. \n\nIn Ancient Greece, the god Apollo was believed to be a protector against plague and disease – but he also had the power to send disease if the people of earth displeased him. \n\nPeople also turned to the gods for protection from bad luck and poverty. In Hinduism there is a goddess called Lakshmi who is associated with wealth and prosperity; worshiping her can bring good fortune into a person’s life. Daikoku is a cheerful Japanese god who serves a similar purpose.","74378e9e-9576-46da-a16c-6eca07e50b0f",[719,728],{"id":720,"data":721,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"1e66166c-b402-49bf-9803-ff6120cc2cc9",{"type":58,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":722,"binaryCorrect":724,"binaryIncorrect":726},[723],"Who is credited with slaying the angry demigod Hiranyaksha in Hinduism?",[725],"Vishnu",[727],"Lakshmi",{"id":729,"data":730,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"cceae82a-b34d-49a1-8847-20c3d6bd33b8",{"type":58,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":731,"binaryCorrect":733,"binaryIncorrect":734},[732],"Who is the Hindu goddess associated with wealth and prosperity?",[727],[735],"Shiva",{"id":737,"data":738,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":742},"9961d1d3-e954-466c-9673-fe6bbcc4399b",{"type":25,"title":739,"markdownContent":740,"audioMediaId":741},"Can we talk to the gods?","\nHumans have long sought to communicate with gods and deities. Prayers are a common form of communication, as people offer words of thanks or ask for help in times of need. \n\n ![Graph](image://1ee4aa04-3fd9-45f1-be57-52508af8430c \"Prayers being said \")\n\nSacrifices are also made as offerings to appease the gods and gain their favor. In some cultures, offerings such as food or animals were made to show respect and devotion; in others, humans would offer their own blood, or sacrifice lives, in exchange for divine favor.\n\nIn many cultures, shamans acted as intermediaries between humans and gods, using ritual chanting and dancing to invoke supernatural powers. Dreams have been seen as a link between mortals and deities – messages sent from beyond our world which provide guidance on important decisions.","9295627a-de86-42f4-bdc5-b9d761e34006",[743],{"id":744,"data":745,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"4a3efa80-6d8a-4f05-9632-2141a2e86729",{"type":58,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":746,"clozeWords":748},[747],"In many cultures, shamans act as intermediaries between humans and gods.",[749],"shamans",{"id":751,"data":752,"type":21,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":754},"8bbfad71-c268-471a-a31a-d8909e0f640a",{"type":21,"title":753},"Polytheism and Monotheism",[755,773,800,824],{"id":756,"data":757,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":761},"2064eadd-29d5-4e3e-8d02-50b202bc8f02",{"type":25,"title":758,"markdownContent":759,"audioMediaId":760},"Traditional polytheism","\nPolytheism is the belief in multiple gods. It was a common practice among ancient societies. In many cultures, each deity had its own domain or area of influence; for example, some gods were associated with war while others were connected to fertility or agriculture. \n\n ![Graph](image://d4d7a995-9a29-413b-9511-59061b77e4e0 \"A polytheistic shrine\")\n\nWhen it came to worship, different individuals would focus more on different gods. A soldier, for example, would spend most of his time praying to the god of war - such as Mars in ancient Rome - while a farmer focused on the god of fertility - such as Min in ancient Egypt. They still believed that the other gods existed, but did not need them to influence their lives.\n\nThe worshiping practices for these polytheistic religions varied from culture to culture. In Egypt, people would make offerings to their gods at temples or shrines. Meanwhile, Greek worshippers often made sacrifices at altars or performed rituals where they poured wine on statues representing their chosen gods.","f944c632-1906-4862-8577-e04958ef8c9e",[762],{"id":763,"data":764,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"a5410b0a-2efd-4ec9-95df-cfee2fb99a6d",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":765,"multiChoiceCorrect":767,"multiChoiceIncorrect":769},[766],"Who was the Ancient Egyptian god of fertility?",[768],"Min",[770,771,772],"Mon","Mun","Mien",{"id":774,"data":775,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":779},"23f240cd-e37c-4272-adcc-7375e21c15a4",{"type":25,"title":776,"markdownContent":777,"audioMediaId":778},"The rise of monotheism","\n\n ![Graph](image://b489d6c1-8550-49f3-939c-5178e09fb5a4 \"Christians worshipping. Image: NHRHS2010, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nMonotheism – the belief in one god – has become increasingly popular over time. Judaism was founded on the belief in Yahweh as an all-powerful creator deity. Christianity spread rapidly throughout Europe during the Middle Ages, while Islam also grew quickly after its founding by Muhammad in 610 CE. Together, Judaism, Christianity and Islam have more than 4 billion followers worldwide.\n\nUltimately, monotheism became more widely accepted because it offered something that polytheistic religions did not: a strong community unified under a single set of beliefs. This helped create strong social bonds between members which could then be used for political purposes such as forming alliances or waging wars, which helped the faith to spread.","30cdfcd9-c73a-4ba6-92b2-121215c06817",[780,791],{"id":781,"data":782,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"3f0a0312-3660-4dc4-a788-461320de9a39",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":783,"multiChoiceCorrect":785,"multiChoiceIncorrect":787},[784],"How many followers do Judaism, Christianity and Islam have worldwide?",[786],"More than 4 billion",[788,789,790],"More than 2 billion","More than 6 billion","More than 8 billion",{"id":792,"data":793,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"e49de398-125c-4030-a467-81a1dd4ec213",{"type":58,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":794,"binaryCorrect":796,"binaryIncorrect":798},[795],"What did monotheism offer that polytheistic religions did not, helping it to spread?",[797],"A strong community unified under a single set of beliefs",[799],"Bold ceremonies and committed believers",{"id":801,"data":802,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":806},"bbf4a332-eb19-42f7-a9f8-a5e1a409eed0",{"type":25,"title":803,"markdownContent":804,"audioMediaId":805},"Godless societies","\n ![Graph](image://2a946303-f87b-4977-b560-bf5049d2aa32 \"The Academy at Athens - home to Ancient Greece's greatest philosophers\")\n\nGods and deities are common in folklore, but there have been examples of godless societies throughout history.\n\nThe Epicureans were an ancient Greek philosophical school who believed that the cosmos was composed of atoms and voids, and while gods might exist somewhere else in the universe, they played no role in the workings of the human world. \n\nIn India, Buddhism placed less emphasis on the idea of a creator god and instead focused on achieving enlightenment through meditation and self-discipline.\n\nOther godless societies rely on spiritual beliefs to explain the world around them. Animists believe that all living things contain spirits which can be communicated with through rituals and offerings. These beliefs provide an alternative way of understanding the universe without relying on divine intervention.","f365e7f6-53ba-4b4d-a63e-1be4569e3de3",[807,815],{"id":808,"data":809,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"7da4ec3e-2b74-4876-9b80-058b5c471a8f",{"type":58,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":810,"binaryCorrect":812,"binaryIncorrect":813},[811],"What belief system rejects the idea of a creator god and instead focuses on achieving enlightenment through meditation and self-discipline?",[429],[814],"Stoicism",{"id":816,"data":817,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"ede6010d-523e-4244-91ef-b694ea294855",{"type":58,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":818,"binaryCorrect":820,"binaryIncorrect":822},[819],"What is the term used to describe spiritual beliefs that all living things contain spirits?",[821],"Animism",[823],"Pantheism",{"id":825,"data":826,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":830},"790a3537-112d-41ba-b86a-a00be38cc9a9",{"type":25,"title":827,"markdownContent":828,"audioMediaId":829},"Modern atheism"," ![Graph](image://107ab551-5787-4c51-9402-e15c48258ef9 \"A sign from the Freedom From Religion Foundation. Image: Jeffrey M Dean, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nAtheism is an increasingly popular belief system. This can be attributed to a number of factors, including advances in science and technology, which have allowed us to better understand our universe without relying on supernatural explanations. \n\nThe rise of atheism also reflects an increased focus on individualism and self-determination in society today; many countries now recognize freedom of religion or lack thereof, allowing individuals to choose their own beliefs without fear of persecution.\n\nThe internet has also been instrumental in spreading atheist ideas around the world, with websites like Reddit providing forums for discussion and debate about religious topics. \n\nAtheist organizations such as the Freedom From Religion Foundation are actively working towards promoting secular values. Overall, modern humans are challenging the traditional notion of gods – a trend that is likely to continue into the future.","2e8c6bf8-e1b2-4abd-840d-7be188baff0f",[831],{"id":832,"data":833,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"72931212-d6a4-4f67-91c1-d2f56ca549bd",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":834,"multiChoiceCorrect":836,"multiChoiceIncorrect":838},[835],"What organization is actively working towards promoting secular values?",[837],"The Freedom From Religion Foundation",[839,840,841],"The Freedom From God Foundation","The Christopher Hitchens Fan Club","The 'No God Thanks' Campaign",{"id":843,"data":844,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":847},"f9298fba-231b-485a-8502-d424112eb600",{"type":27,"title":845,"tagline":846},"Broken Hearts","Stories of love and loss",[848,968],{"id":849,"data":850,"type":21,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":852},"3d16ab77-d6b7-4e4e-b777-c19371066cd5",{"type":21,"title":851},"Love and Loss in Folklore",[853,868,886,913,939],{"id":854,"data":855,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":858},"35c5865b-8224-473f-b5ae-bcc4adeae798",{"type":25,"title":846,"markdownContent":856,"audioMediaId":857}," ![Graph](image://0a7d78e8-a608-4cc8-a418-a8b7d1f9e014 \"A broken heart\")\n\n\nLove and loss are powerful themes that have been explored in folklore for centuries. In many cultures, love stories form the basis of traditional tales, often featuring a hero or heroine who must overcome obstacles to be reunited with their beloved. \n\nEvery culture has its own stories of love and loss - Britain has Romeo and Juliet, India has Anarkali and Salim, Persia has Khosrow and Shirin, to name a few.\n\nLove is a universal emotion that transcends culture and time. In many stories, love is presented as an ideal to strive for – something that can bring joy and fulfillment even in the face of adversity. Sometimes the tales end tragically, which reminds us of the fragility of our relationships.","f51b513b-9197-4574-845a-ada348e3c0c6",[859],{"id":860,"data":861,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"4cd69022-8a47-4284-805e-8b3b39cb145f",{"type":58,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":862,"binaryCorrect":864,"binaryIncorrect":866},[863],"The story of Khosrow and Shirin is a love story from which culture?",[865],"Persia",[867],"India",{"id":869,"data":870,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":874},"370216b4-d308-4a59-8f9e-9496c69cbff7",{"type":25,"title":871,"markdownContent":872,"audioMediaId":873},"Gods and humans"," ![Graph](image://6eba6871-67b3-497b-8516-05cdac673bc4 \"The Ramayana. Image: Carma Mira, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nDivine love is a common theme in traditional folktales, with gods and goddesses often falling in love with each other, or even with humans.\n\n This type of story can be found across many cultures, from Greek mythology to Hindu epics such as the Ramayana. In these tales, divine beings are depicted as having human emotions and desires. By showing that even powerful deities can experience feelings of love and longing, these stories remind us that no one is immune from the power of emotion. \n\nIn some tales, divine beings are not only capable of loving humans, but also willing to sacrifice their position as a god in order to have a life together. Again, this demonstrates the power of this simple, universal emotion – love is worth more than magical powers, immortality, or a life in divine paradise.\n","417d8d89-11f7-4bbe-9e82-db492aad19f2",[875],{"id":876,"data":877,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"f09f474b-f467-4cd5-a1a6-782d21083268",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":878,"multiChoiceCorrect":880,"multiChoiceIncorrect":882},[879],"Which Hindu epic features tales of divine love?",[881],"The Ramayana",[883,884,885],"The Epic of Gilgamesh","The Epic of Darkness","The Theogony",{"id":887,"data":888,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":892},"6009ffa8-ea0f-4539-8519-0766aaaf1679",{"type":25,"title":889,"markdownContent":890,"audioMediaId":891},"Tragic endings","\nTales of love have often explored the tragedy of broken hearts. The story of Orpheus and Eurydice is a classic example; it tells the tale of two lovers who are tragically separated when Eurydice dies after being bitten by a snake. Despite his desperate pleas to Hades, ruler of the underworld, Orpheus is unable to bring her back from death. \n\n ![Graph](image://365d9681-477e-47e3-a033-03d05ec4ce3a \"Orpheus and Eurydice\")\n\nThe Japanese legend ‘The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter’ tells the story of an old man who finds a tiny girl inside a bamboo stalk. He raises her as his own daughter, but when she comes of age she must leave him to return to her home in the heavens. Despite their deep love for each other, they are forced apart by fate and never see each other again.\n\nNo matter where you come from or who you are, everyone experiences heartbreak at some point in their lives. Tragedy may be painful, but these stories teach us valuable lessons about love and loss that stay with us forever.","e62e2417-4674-46ff-9204-abf3dadb2fce",[893,902],{"id":894,"data":895,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"df18b232-7164-46d0-8dfc-0810e1125feb",{"type":58,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":896,"binaryCorrect":898,"binaryIncorrect":900},[897],"What happens in the Japanese legend 'The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter'?",[899],"A tiny girl is found inside a bamboo stalk",[901],"A man is tasked with cutting down a giant bamboo tree",{"id":903,"data":904,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"eba4f7cc-4efa-4c73-a2d5-6aca147a008f",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":905,"multiChoiceCorrect":907,"multiChoiceIncorrect":909},[906],"Which figure in Greek mythology fell in love with Eurydice?",[908],"Orpheus",[910,911,912],"Hercules","Apollo","Aeneas",{"id":914,"data":915,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":919},"d942a2b0-77d8-4034-a158-65e5dbb16e01",{"type":25,"title":916,"markdownContent":917,"audioMediaId":918},"An example: Eros and Psyche","\nThe story of Eros and Psyche is a classic example of divine love in folklore. This ancient Greek myth tells the tale of a beautiful princess, Psyche, who is so admired that even Aphrodite, goddess of beauty and love, becomes jealous. To punish her for being so beautiful, Aphrodite orders her son, Eros, to make Psyche fall in love with an ugly creature. \n\n ![Graph](image://111e0ad6-d232-4e8c-9b39-ebd7f22cfec8 \"Eros and Psyche. Image: Louvre Museum, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nHowever, when Eros sees how lovely Psyche is, he falls madly in love with her and whisks her away to his secret palace. Despite many obstacles along their journey – including a series of tasks set by Aphrodite – they eventually marry and live happily ever after. \n\nThis classic tale speaks to our deepest desires for true love; it shows us that no matter what challenges we face or how difficult things seem, if we remain faithful to each other then our dreams can come true.","1675fbc3-4b3b-4a84-983a-326293d877c6",[920,929],{"id":921,"data":922,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"2beb7a89-117d-4b5a-ad5b-8d6baff60d5a",{"type":58,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":923,"binaryCorrect":925,"binaryIncorrect":927},[924],"Who orders Eros to make Psyche fall in love with an ugly creature?",[926],"Aphrodite",[928],"Zeus",{"id":930,"data":931,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"eb51c3fd-4c9c-4ceb-98bd-a89dc0b3b829",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":932,"multiChoiceCorrect":934,"multiChoiceIncorrect":936},[933],"Who does Eros fall madly in love with and eventually marry?",[935],"Psyche",[926,937,938],"Eurydice","Helen",{"id":940,"data":941,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":945},"f549f588-b074-4e37-8b79-c324dafdcb37",{"type":25,"title":942,"markdownContent":943,"audioMediaId":944},"An example: Clíodhna and Ciabhán","\nThe Irish folktale of Clíodhna and Ciabhán is a beautiful story of love and loss. Clíodhna is a god-like beauty who lives in a magical otherworld called Tír na nÓg. The gods of this world watched over Ireland – the home of mortal men.\n\nOne of these mortals was Ciabhán. When Clíodhna fell in love with him, she took the brave decision to leave Tír na nÓg, and live with Ciabhán in the mortal realm. However, when she was crossing the ocean between the two realms, she was struck by a wave and dragged under the sea.\n\nSome versions of the story say that the wave was sent by the other gods, who resented Clíodhna for her betrayal. In some parts of Ireland, the tide is referred to as ‘Clíodhna’s wave’.","d4fe3768-8094-41b7-a464-9d24f6c6272c",[946,957],{"id":947,"data":948,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"6f3f55d9-3968-4496-b88a-8b3ec3a61b2f",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":949,"multiChoiceCorrect":951,"multiChoiceIncorrect":953},[950],"What is the tide referred to as in some parts of Ireland, suggesting that the other gods sent a wave in revenge for Clíodhna's betrayal?",[952],"Clíodhna's wave",[954,955,956],"Ciabhán's wave","Tír na nÓg's wave","Siobhan's wave",{"id":958,"data":959,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"954d8821-8dfe-430a-93bb-7dfbf6d36f45",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":960,"multiChoiceCorrect":962,"multiChoiceIncorrect":964},[961],"What is the name of the other world that Clíodhna comes from in the Irish folktale?",[963],"Tír na nÓg",[965,966,967],"Tír na mEo","Tír na mUll","Tír na átIh",{"id":969,"data":970,"type":21,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":972},"933cc588-dcb2-449a-8526-46fa335a855b",{"type":21,"title":971},"Same-Sex Love in Folklore",[973,1007,1030],{"id":974,"data":975,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":979},"dae974a3-093a-406c-8ac3-90df27bc3336",{"type":25,"title":976,"markdownContent":977,"audioMediaId":978},"Same-sex love"," ![Graph](image://71b98149-22aa-433f-bfe5-d07e2c66e4f0 \"Pelops and Poseidon\")\n\n\nSame-sex love has been featured in traditional folktales for centuries, celebrating and acknowledging homosexual relationships long before the modern LGBT movement. \n\nTu'er Shen (the ‘rabbit deity’) was a god who promoted same-sex relationships in traditional Chinese folklore. Greek mythology includes many examples of same-sex relationships, including the story of Pelops, a beautiful king, falling in love with the sea-god Poseidon. \n\nMeanwhile, Inuits believe that the first two people on earth – Aakulujjuusi and Uumarnituq – were both male. They fell in love, and Uumarnituq was impregnated by Aakulujjuusi. To help him give birth, Uumarnituq’s anatomy was magically altered, which created the world’s first woman.","88eb36ce-f356-4449-b268-b82ec3c1c841",[980,989,1000],{"id":981,"data":982,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"7e5d6ae5-ef99-40da-a9ef-a311ef879133",{"type":58,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":983,"binaryCorrect":985,"binaryIncorrect":987},[984],"According to Inuit mythology, who was the first woman on earth?",[986],"Uumarnituq",[988],"Aakulujjuusi",{"id":990,"data":991,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"904c1615-bb56-41b7-8a20-27855b03990b",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":992,"multiChoiceCorrect":994,"multiChoiceIncorrect":996},[993],"In which mythology is the story of Pelops, a beautiful king, falling in love with the sea-god Poseidon found?",[995],"Greek mythology",[997,998,999],"Hindu mythology","Norse mythology","Egyptian mythology",{"id":1001,"data":1002,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"a4103b49-deae-4b98-9629-ac89e92be618",{"type":58,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1003,"activeRecallAnswers":1005},[1004],"What is the name of the Chinese god who promoted same-sex relationships in traditional folklore?",[1006],"Tu'er Shen",{"id":1008,"data":1009,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1013},"af561edb-7ea8-4080-a1e3-18c16aa6ef9e",{"type":25,"title":1010,"markdownContent":1011,"audioMediaId":1012},"An example: Apollo and Hyacinth","\nGreek mythology is dotted with folktales celebrating same-sex love. One of the most famous – and most tragic – is the story of Apollo and Hyacinth.\n\n ![Graph](image://832ade4f-c9f5-42ee-9c09-a1dd1dd559f7 \"Apollo and Hyacinth\")\n\nApollo was the god of music, poetry, and prophecy. One day, he fell in love with the mortal prince Hyacinth. The pair spent all their time together playing sports and music. However, during a game of discus, a stray throw struck Hyacinth on the back of the head, killing him instantly. \n\nApollo tried everything to bring Hyacinth back to life, but nothing worked. In the end, he created a flower from Hyacinth's blood, and named it after him.","6b4cf1ed-199c-4ae5-9572-b9425695d180",[1014,1021],{"id":1015,"data":1016,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"0b64e1ae-699b-46e0-a3a9-4527a517c133",{"type":58,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1017,"clozeWords":1019},[1018],"Apollo and Hyacinth is an example of a same-sex love story from Greek mythology.",[1020],"same-sex",{"id":1022,"data":1023,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"54854a76-c439-4694-90f8-6f11a2ff16b8",{"type":58,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1024,"binaryCorrect":1026,"binaryIncorrect":1028},[1025],"What is the name of the flower created from the blood of Apollo's lover?",[1027],"Hyacinth",[1029],"Narcissus",{"id":1031,"data":1032,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1036},"ddab00d9-ecdc-4f05-b846-56d6554b046d",{"type":25,"title":1033,"markdownContent":1034,"audioMediaId":1035},"Love in modern media","\nModern humans are no less interested in love and loss than their predecessors were. Romance novels are the best-selling books in the world, and often address the exact same themes as classic folktales, including passion, heartache and redemption. \n\nSome modern romances have even been inspired by specific folktales. For example, the modern musical *West Side Story* draws heavily from the star-crossed lovers of *Romeo and Juliet* – a Shakespeare play which itself was inspired by older stories, like the Greek tale of Pyramus and Thisbe.\n\n ![Graph](image://f27d2313-316c-446c-a962-bd900232696e \"Pyramus and Thisbe\")\n\nIn all of these stories, characters must overcome obstacles in order to find true love, whether those obstacles are family expectations, class imbalances, or the wrath of angry gods. These tales have captivated readers for millennia, and will continue to do so for as long as humans feel love.","c808c1ab-aa3a-459e-948e-860d5edc197d",[1037,1048],{"id":1038,"data":1039,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"3ff976f4-383a-4f66-b3d4-92abc94ada59",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1040,"multiChoiceCorrect":1042,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1044},[1041],"What classic Shakespeare play is the musical West Side Story inspired by?",[1043],"Romeo and Juliet",[1045,1046,1047],"Macbeth","Hamlet","Othello",{"id":1049,"data":1050,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"65061881-3a4d-4b69-b19e-c96dd65c34b0",{"type":58,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1051,"binaryCorrect":1053,"binaryIncorrect":1055},[1052],"Which modern musical is ultimately a retelling of the Greek tale of Pyramus and Thisbe?",[1054],"West Side Story",[1056],"Les Misérables",{"id":1058,"data":1059,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":1062},"9d50c7b1-c1c8-4d81-8d7f-c39353dd5378",{"type":27,"title":1060,"tagline":1061},"Stories of Tricksters","How tricksters have featured in folklore around the world.",[1063,1126],{"id":1064,"data":1065,"type":21,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":1067},"5a214abb-7f3c-4f75-8ab7-b4ecfd45d4d0",{"type":21,"title":1066},"The Role of Tricksters in Folklore",[1068,1083,1097],{"id":1069,"data":1070,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1074},"f3307e1d-926f-47b8-97ba-d102de74ab93",{"type":25,"title":1071,"markdownContent":1072,"audioMediaId":1073},"Stories of tricksters","\nTricksters are a common figure in folklore, appearing in myths and folktales from around the world. They are often depicted as mischievous or cunning, using wit to outsmart others. Tricksters can be animals, gods, humans, or even supernatural beings.\n\nThe trickster archetype is defined by its ability to break boundaries and challenge social norms. They are also defined by duality, with positive and negative qualities that make them complex characters. They may bring chaos and disruption through their antics, but can also represent creativity and resourcefulness, and teach us important lessons. \n\nOverall, trickster characters represent a kind of liminal space between order and disorder where anything can happen – a place where rules can be broken and creativity flourishes.","88cbd71d-e515-4989-aa98-177d5d1158ee",[1075],{"id":1076,"data":1077,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"8da5d655-d07d-4275-82ea-59fc52e07a5d",{"type":58,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1078,"clozeWords":1080},[1079],"Tricksters represent a liminal space between order and disorder.",[1081,1082],"order","disorder",{"id":1084,"data":1085,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1089},"bf7da996-7df6-4ec0-a3ed-52ac3f4a65c9",{"type":25,"title":1086,"markdownContent":1087,"audioMediaId":1088},"Breaking boundaries","\nTricksters are often seen as symbols of rebellion, challenging the status quo and pushing boundaries. They represent a force of disruption that can be seen as a metaphor for questioning authority and making positive changes to our lives. \n\nShapeshifting is a common theme amongst tricksters, with these characters often taking on different forms to gain an advantage. In some stories, they can change their physical appearance or even their gender. \n\nBy taking on different forms or genders, these characters demonstrate that identity is fluid rather than fixed; that we all have the potential to become something more than what society expects us to be.\n\nTricksters also represent the power of imagination and creativity that lies within us all; by embracing our inner tricksters we can find strength in ourselves no matter what form we take on.","2cb2df6b-947b-4d7b-ad9e-ede2a2df5084",[1090],{"id":1091,"data":1092,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"e890705f-3fea-4753-a764-376a0ce69177",{"type":58,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1093,"activeRecallAnswers":1095},[1094],"Tricksters are often depicted as having what power?",[1096],"Shapeshifting",{"id":1098,"data":1099,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1103},"6e131f33-ada5-458f-99df-025b72d77a8f",{"type":25,"title":1100,"markdownContent":1101,"audioMediaId":1102},"An example: Loki"," ![Graph](image://06de2268-efc1-4130-8e09-a125809991fa \"Loki\")\n\nLoki, the Norse god famed for his cunning and mischievous antics, once caused a great uproar in Asgard, the realm of the gods. He cut off the beautiful golden hair of Sif, Thor's wife, as part of a prank. When Thor discovered this, he was enraged and threatened Loki. \n\nTo pacify Thor, Loki vowed to replace Sif's hair with real gold strands. He approached the skillful dwarves, the Sons of Ivaldi, for this task.\n\nLoki craftily sparked a rivalry, betting his own head that the Sons of Ivaldi couldn't craft three items better than those by another pair of skilled dwarves, Brokkr and Sindri. Rising to the challenge, both sets of dwarves crafted wondrous treasures, including Mjölnir, Thor's hammer.\n\nWhen the gods judged Brokkr and Sindri's treasures superior, Loki avoided losing his head with a clever loophole, claiming they couldn't harm his neck. Annoyed, the dwarves sewed Loki's mouth shut. Thanks to Loki's wit, the gods gained three splendid gifts without any cost.\n","ef2e83a8-ac53-491b-9f6e-102452627772",[1104,1115],{"id":1105,"data":1106,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"bca7356e-8c45-41b6-bbaa-4ba6a9f141cf",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1107,"multiChoiceCorrect":1109,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1111},[1108],"In the Norse myth, whose hair did Loki steal?",[1110],"Sif",[1112,1113,1114],"Bif","Lif","Wif",{"id":1116,"data":1117,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"fbd42091-4497-49d2-b47d-2fd267b63227",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1118,"multiChoiceCorrect":1120,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1122},[1119],"Who did Loki convince to forge new hair for Sif?",[1121],"The Sons of Ivaldi",[1123,1124,1125],"The Sons of Odin","The Sons of Thor","The Sons of Loki",{"id":1127,"data":1128,"type":21,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":1130},"42ccc07c-53fc-4a63-a1b6-4f687835f841",{"type":21,"title":1129},"Examples of Tricksters in Folklore",[1131,1162,1180],{"id":1132,"data":1133,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1137},"bfb18bf4-98b5-467b-8a9e-0bb10edebe53",{"type":25,"title":1134,"markdownContent":1135,"audioMediaId":1136},"An example: Coyote","\n ![Graph](image://61f2350c-62f6-40ca-aa18-4f0c88ad069a \"Coyote the trickster\")\n\n\nIn Native American folklore, the trickster figure is often represented by Coyote. He appears in many stories from different tribes, including the famous tale of the Frog People. \n\nThe Frog People had built a dam across the river, and secured all the water for themselves. None of the other animals were allowed to drink without asking the Frog People for permission.\n\nCoyote asked for permission to drink. When the Frog People agreed, he dipped his head under the water, and slyly dug a hole in the dam. All the water drained away from the Frog People, and the other animals were able to drink. This story shows how Coyote could use his trickery for the greater good.\n\n","d12be8a2-c36e-4fbb-8535-ba2919b86bf6",[1138,1144,1155],{"id":1139,"data":1140,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"017fa293-5a96-4ace-86ff-ee78e6b55ce2",{"type":58,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1141,"clozeWords":1143},[1142],"In Native American folklore, the trickster figure is often represented by Coyote, who used his trickery for the greater good.",[103],{"id":1145,"data":1146,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"0fac091c-0750-4a21-8fa3-5e5c290d832f",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1147,"multiChoiceCorrect":1149,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1151},[1148],"What had the Frog People done to secure all the water for themselves?",[1150],"Built a dam across the river",[1152,1153,1154],"Diverted the path of a river","Dug a well near the river","Constructed a reservoir near the river",{"id":1156,"data":1157,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"c2b96898-bbfa-4acc-b356-9ad83fabd023",{"type":58,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1158,"binaryCorrect":1160,"binaryIncorrect":1161},[1159],"Which figure is often represented in Native American folklore as a trickster?",[103],[107],{"id":1163,"data":1164,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1168},"641d8701-77b1-4806-8ee3-c6edd5aace85",{"type":25,"title":1165,"markdownContent":1166,"audioMediaId":1167},"An example: Hlakanyana","\n ![Graph](image://dd3f4330-961f-4e4b-aa0d-177b3a79f3fd \"A South African Zulu tribesman\")\n\nThe African continent is home to many trickster tales, with Hlakanyana being one of the most popular. This character appears in various South African folktales and is known for his cunning and mischievous nature. \n\nIn one story, Hlakanyana took the form of a little girl, and tricked an old woman to climb into a pot of boiling water. After the woman was boiled alive, Hlakanyana tricked the rest of the village to eat the stew.\n\nWhen the villagers realized what had happened, they tried to find Hlakanyana and kill him, but Hlakanyana was nowhere to be seen. While no one was watching, he had shapeshifted into a rock.\n\n","61593836-10db-4e8d-a0bd-68fc973b75c5",[1169],{"id":1170,"data":1171,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"cccac200-dc0a-420a-808f-fcd85907d743",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1172,"multiChoiceCorrect":1174,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1176},[1173],"Which form did Hlakanyana take to escape the villagers, according to South African legend?",[1175],"A rock",[1177,1178,1179],"A bird","A tree","A cloud",{"id":1181,"data":1182,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1186},"f93ae434-b3b8-4645-95fb-4ab8d79d23fc",{"type":25,"title":1183,"markdownContent":1184,"audioMediaId":1185},"Tricksters in modern media"," ![Graph](image://e5751c44-5cbf-49b7-b480-75d76e3c19ca \"Marvel's version of Loki. Image: Gage Skidmore, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons\")\n\nTrickster characters can still be found in modern TV and film. From the cunning Loki in Marvel's *The Avengers* to the mischievous Wile E. Coyote in classic Warner Bros. cartoons, these characters have captured our imaginations for decades. These tricksters, with their wit and cunning, offer a refreshing change of pace from the more straightforward heroes and villains of other stories. \n\nThese trickster characters also embody a sense of freedom – the idea that identity is not fixed and we can break boundaries by embracing our own unique qualities. This resonates with people from all walks of life who are looking for ways to express themselves without fear of judgment or ridicule.","05d03fae-1772-49c4-b88a-e917cbda9aab",[1187],{"id":1188,"data":1189,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"8ba1dcc9-0dc6-423c-a76a-85bd68698a2d",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1190,"multiChoiceCorrect":1192,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1194},[1191],"Which of these is an example of a modern trickster character?",[1193],"Wile E. Coyote",[1195,1196,1197],"Road Runner","Donald Duck","Tasmanian Devil",{"id":1199,"data":1200,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":1203},"8438c3de-0279-413a-bef1-337d1f53a3f0",{"type":27,"title":1201,"tagline":1202},"Life after Death","Stories of human mortality",[1204,1289,1351],{"id":1205,"data":1206,"type":21,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":1208},"6fe5bac3-8938-48f9-8a43-2ee26afa4ede",{"type":21,"title":1207},"Concepts of Mortality",[1209,1226,1253],{"id":1210,"data":1211,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1214},"d88239f6-d6d9-4fe4-bf7b-0660192d8706",{"type":25,"title":1202,"markdownContent":1212,"audioMediaId":1213},"\nDeath is a universal experience, and folklore has long sought to explain it. In many cultures, the afterlife is seen as a place of reward or punishment for one’s deeds in life. In other traditions, death marks the beginning of a journey to another realm. \n\n![Graph](image://52646d99-b3cd-41b7-a8bd-31dd6d5eda94 \"A Christian depiction of heaven\")\n\nThe idea of an afterlife is a comforting one for many cultures, providing hope and solace in the face of mortality. This concept has been embraced by numerous religions and spiritual traditions throughout history, from Ancient Greek beliefs about the journey across the river Styx, to modern-day Buddhist teachings about karma and reincarnation.\n\nIn some cultures, ancestor worship is common practice. Native American tribes often tell stories about how their ancestors continue to watch over them from beyond the grave; this provides comfort during difficult times when loved ones are no longer with us physically but remain close in spirit.\n","c4860eb2-e1e6-4f36-8bf2-b66d48480659",[1215],{"id":1216,"data":1217,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"4b240498-30b8-48ce-b801-643882fbcd04",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1218,"multiChoiceCorrect":1220,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1222},[1219],"Which river did the Ancient Greeks believe marked the edge of the afterlife?",[1221],"The river Styx",[1223,1224,1225],"The river Lethe","The river Acheron","The river Cocytus",{"id":1227,"data":1228,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1232},"caea4d2c-bb47-4846-b98b-be08ff4ea7a9",{"type":25,"title":1229,"markdownContent":1230,"audioMediaId":1231},"The origin of death","\nSome folktales explain how death first entered the world. Before this event, the concept of death did not exist – then human existence was changed forever.\n\nIn Asante mythology, death was brought about by an argument between two gods: Ta Kora and Owuo. They decided that, if a person was sick or wounded, they would race to reach that person first. If Ta Kora arrived first, the person would live. If Owuo arrived first, they would die.\n\nIn Polynesian mythology, humans were able to shed their skins in the manner of a snake, rejuvenating their bodies by doing so. This happened until one day, an old woman shed her skin, and her grandchildren started crying. She hastily returned to her old skin - this ended the power of rejuvenation, and cursed humans to die instead.","3f8faf9c-9c4a-4f0f-9594-2f104cf2379b",[1233,1244],{"id":1234,"data":1235,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"6e3055b7-d4d7-4ae1-ac9d-65df9d02abaa",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1236,"multiChoiceCorrect":1238,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1240},[1237],"In Polynesian mythology, what could humans formerly do instead of dying?",[1239],"Shed their skin",[1241,1242,1243],"Reincarnate themselves","Transform themselves into trees","Become immortal",{"id":1245,"data":1246,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"e3530cc6-a483-460b-9804-a5ae7a7d108b",{"type":58,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1247,"binaryCorrect":1249,"binaryIncorrect":1251},[1248],"In Asante mythology, which god needs to arrive first in order for a person to live?",[1250],"Ta Kora",[1252],"Owuo",{"id":1254,"data":1255,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1259},"92867971-ff54-4a62-ab1a-97b604a97560",{"type":25,"title":1256,"markdownContent":1257,"audioMediaId":1258},"Personified death","\nIn many cultures, death is personified as a figure or entity. By characterizing death in this way, folklore provides comfort; if we live good lives then perhaps these entities will treat us kindly when they come for us instead of taking us away against our will.\n\n![Graph](image://4e21ef2e-99c4-492b-839a-f0fd8697ae7e \"The Angau\")\n\nIn Welsh mythology, the Angau is an omen of death who appears in the form of a skeletal figure with a scythe and hooded cloak. He travels through villages at night collecting souls to take away with him. In Japanese folklore Shinigami are supernatural beings that act as messengers between this world and the afterlife. They are often depicted as grim reapers who come to collect people’s souls when their time has come.","4b354d84-2f7d-44de-bb9e-6e0b969def1d",[1260,1270,1281],{"id":1261,"data":1262,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"4fe798ee-ff7a-4e37-90c3-4e55cf5e3fb4",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1263,"multiChoiceCorrect":1265,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1267},[1264],"In which culture is Death personified as a skeletal figure with a scythe and hooded cloak?",[1266],"Welsh mythology",[1268,1269,997],"Japanese folklore","Chinese mythology",{"id":1271,"data":1272,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"c20247bd-dbaf-4a63-ac14-394664a261d1",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1273,"multiChoiceCorrect":1275,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1277},[1274],"What is the name of the omen of death in Welsh mythology?",[1276],"The Ankou",[1278,1279,1280],"The Shinigami","The Grim Reaper","The Banshee",{"id":1282,"data":1283,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"c29da94b-f93f-471c-a76e-68d0eced1005",{"type":58,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1284,"binaryCorrect":1286,"binaryIncorrect":1288},[1285],"In Japanese folklore, what are supernatural beings that act as messengers between this world and the afterlife?",[1287],"Shinigami",[301],{"id":1290,"data":1291,"type":21,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":1293},"0717b196-b0b3-431f-905e-79639f312765",{"type":21,"title":1292},"Afterlife Realms",[1294,1310,1326],{"id":1295,"data":1296,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1300},"77b3cd83-c1ff-49a2-afca-07e37c643450",{"type":25,"title":1297,"markdownContent":1298,"audioMediaId":1299},"Underworlds","The underworld is a common theme in folklore: a subterranean realm where people go when they die. In Greek mythology, Hades is the ruler of an underworld populated by ghosts and monsters. In some stories, people manage to escape the underworld and resume their lives in the world of the living, but this respite does not last for long – death can never be escaped.\n\nMayan mythology features an underworld known as Xibalba, which roughly translates as ‘the place of fright’. Xibalba is ruled by twelve gods who test those who enter it with various trials, like swimming across a river of scorpions, or sitting on a burning hot bench.","ca444783-74be-4a23-8d46-de60bf9f51ea",[1301],{"id":1302,"data":1303,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"7d01ffe9-954b-4350-b3f5-e5fa452b39d9",{"type":58,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1304,"binaryCorrect":1306,"binaryIncorrect":1308},[1305],"What is the name of the underworld in Mayan mythology?",[1307],"Xibalba",[1309],"Hades",{"id":1311,"data":1312,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1316},"bb67b654-3098-40ec-8371-bca0aeba939a",{"type":25,"title":1313,"markdownContent":1314,"audioMediaId":1315},"Heaven and Hell"," ![Graph](image://ba2fe15d-31c8-48f6-b450-d11d8e1e37d9 \"A depiction of heaven\")\n\nIn Christianity, heaven is a place of eternal bliss where those who have lived righteous lives will be rewarded with an eternity of joy. Hell, on the other hand, is a place of punishment for sinners and those who have committed grave sins against God. \n\nThis idea of judgment is a common one, and has appeared in folklore all around the world. In Ancient Egyptian mythology, a person’s heart would be weighed on a set of scales after they died. If their heart weighed less than or equal to a feather, they would enter paradise. Otherwise, they were destroyed.\n\nThese stories suggest that our choices in life can determine our fate beyond this world. This encourages people to strive for righteousness and moral goodness, as it is the only way to guarantee peace when we face mortality's embrace.","f25374e1-44da-4d93-bfb5-978754c5deaf",[1317],{"id":1318,"data":1319,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"d56a0c3e-e021-4d32-8384-27f0087a90d5",{"type":58,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1320,"binaryCorrect":1322,"binaryIncorrect":1324},[1321],"What was the test for whether a spirit would be accepted in paradise, according to Egyptian mythology?",[1323],"Whether their heart weighed less than a feather",[1325],"Whether their hands were cleaner than a pearl",{"id":1327,"data":1328,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1332},"f637673c-e4c3-4639-8bc3-66a9ed3c6078",{"type":25,"title":1329,"markdownContent":1330,"audioMediaId":1331},"Reincarnation"," ![Graph](image://b1d9f133-d65e-4575-ac83-602d5b2e529c \"The hero Gilgamesh on his journey to find eternal life\")\n\nReincarnation is another approach to life after death. It is a feature of folklore in many cultures, including Buddhism and Orphism. In Buddhism, reincarnation is part of the cycle of life and death known as Saṃsāra. It teaches that karma determines one’s fate in their next life, with good deeds leading to rebirth in higher realms while bad deeds lead to lower realms. \n\nOrphism was an ancient Greek religion which believed that souls could be reborn multiple times until they achieved perfection and were released from the cycle of reincarnation. This idea has been adopted by some modern spiritualists who believe we are all on a journey towards enlightenment through successive lifetimes.","0d15a69c-994e-430f-928a-137eb834c7fb",[1333,1342],{"id":1334,"data":1335,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"150199be-9423-468f-af38-559ff5084f2d",{"type":58,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1336,"binaryCorrect":1338,"binaryIncorrect":1340},[1337],"What is the name of the ancient Greek belief in reincarnation?",[1339],"Orphism",[1341],"Oraclism",{"id":1343,"data":1344,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"d997f8ba-7fa7-4248-a3cb-689fc0b5e038",{"type":58,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1345,"binaryCorrect":1347,"binaryIncorrect":1349},[1346],"What is the cycle of life and death in Buddhism known as?",[1348],"Saṃsāra",[1350],"Nirvana",{"id":1352,"data":1353,"type":21,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":1355},"b0c852d8-c1d0-42d6-a4de-30e906e91616",{"type":21,"title":1354},"Perspectives on Death",[1356,1382,1396],{"id":1357,"data":1358,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1362},"9303640a-6503-443f-a166-46e6a944472c",{"type":25,"title":1359,"markdownContent":1360,"audioMediaId":1361},"Immortality","The idea of cheating death has always captivated human imagination. Folklore is full of tales about gods who are immortal or heroes who find ways to extend their lives beyond what was thought possible. In the *Epic of Gilgamesh*, the hero embarks on a journey to find eternal life after his friend Enkidu dies. He eventually discovers that immortality is not possible and must accept death as part of life’s cycle.\n\nMany cultures have myths about magical fountains or pools which can grant eternal youth and vitality if one drinks from them. Other stories tell of elixirs or potions which can bring everlasting life. \n\nIn Medieval literature, the Holy Grail granted immortality to those who touched it. The Philosopher’s Stone is another artifact associated with eternal life.","9a65e29f-ff76-4a48-a2e8-398a62cde52e",[1363,1372],{"id":1364,"data":1365,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"296d62d1-5a77-4248-bfca-774823085a32",{"type":58,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1366,"binaryCorrect":1368,"binaryIncorrect":1370},[1367],"What artifact is associated with eternal life in Medieval literature?",[1369],"The Holy Grail",[1371],"The Turin Shroud",{"id":1373,"data":1374,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"53ad3c94-3f38-4adf-96cc-a4ebaa1a2b69",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1375,"multiChoiceCorrect":1377,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1378},[1376],"In the Epic of Gilgamesh, the eponymous hero seeks what?",[1359],[1379,1380,1381],"Fame","Revenge","Justice",{"id":1383,"data":1384,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1388},"2259864f-584b-4318-a491-843733fbd55d",{"type":25,"title":1385,"markdownContent":1386,"audioMediaId":1387},"A permanent end","\nMost societies believed in life after death in one shape or another, but there were a few exceptions. In Ancient Greece, the Epicureans believed that death was simply a permanent end to life. \n\nThis view of mortality was based on their philosophical beliefs about the nature of existence; they argued that since nothing lasts forever, death must be final. They believed that life should be enjoyed while it lasted and focused on living in the present moment rather than worrying about what would happen after death.\n\n ![Graph](image://2badbfba-a4bf-4fa1-96e0-4d97a6bd5c33 \"Meditation\")\n\nThe Epicureans also rejected superstitions about judgment after death, arguing that fear of being punished for one's actions was irrational and unnecessary. Instead, they advocated for living a virtuous life out of respect for oneself and others – not because one feared punishment from some higher power. This philosophy provided comfort to those who were uncertain about mortality by offering alternative explanations which did not rely on faith.\n","5b08033b-ab86-4902-96c7-3355bd96179b",[1389],{"id":1390,"data":1391,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"827f7d7c-024a-46fa-a4ea-c7e6242122c4",{"type":58,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1392,"activeRecallAnswers":1394},[1393],"What philosophical school of thought in Ancient Greece argued that death was a permanent end to life?",[1395],"Epicureans",{"id":1397,"data":1398,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1402},"16c83db3-f1af-428c-929c-3d1e823574ee",{"type":25,"title":1399,"markdownContent":1400,"audioMediaId":1401},"Modern science","\nIn the modern world, people have turned to science and technology in an attempt to cheat death. Advances in medicine have enabled us to extend life expectancy, while the concept of cryonics involves preserving a person at extremely low temperatures, then waking them up in the future. Transhumanism is another movement which uses transplants, gene editing and nanotechnology to extend human lives.\n\nThe idea of using science and technology to prolong life has been met with both enthusiasm and skepticism. On one hand, many see these advances as an opportunity for humans to overcome mortality; on the other hand, there are those who worry about ethical implications such as overpopulation or inequality between those who can afford these treatments versus those who cannot.","e0283bc2-6f89-4596-bb1c-864be9557acd",[1403],{"id":1404,"data":1405,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"a903e869-5d8e-4ec8-b48e-9f21799e7340",{"type":58,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1406,"binaryCorrect":1408,"binaryIncorrect":1410},[1407],"What is the term used to describe the use of freezing to preserve people in order to further prolong life?",[1409],"Cryonics",[1411],"Transhumanism",{"id":1413,"data":1414,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":1417},"10abacf7-a154-430e-a698-4942694f9ad0",{"type":27,"title":1415,"tagline":1416},"Enchanted Realms","Stories of other worlds",[1418,1511],{"id":1419,"data":1420,"type":21,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":1421},"fa842248-4232-4e0a-b777-b3d5148d5892",{"type":21,"title":1415},[1422,1437,1452,1477,1493],{"id":1423,"data":1424,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1427},"a0e485fd-dc88-449e-a6d6-938629625afb",{"type":25,"title":1416,"markdownContent":1425,"audioMediaId":1426},"\n ![Graph](image://31684071-eec9-48a6-beb1-90f92306ec77 \"A medieval depiction of an enchanted realm\")\n\nFolktales often feature distant lands or enchanted realms – places of mystery and wonder. These other worlds will often have some kind of magical quality, with strange creatures, powerful forces, and unusual laws that govern them. \n\nMany cultures have different versions of another world - a fantasy land where things are different. Irish mythology has Faerie, Finnish stories often speak of Lintukoto, and Japanese mythology imagines Takamagahara, the realm of the sun-god.\n\nIt is no surprise that people are drawn to stories about imaginary places. They offer an entertaining escape from the mundane world, allowing us to explore new possibilities and experience something different. \n\nBy journeying through these enchanted lands, we can also learn more about ourselves and our place in the universe – we see our own world in a different light, and learn to better appreciate it.\n\n","12d0306b-373e-42ac-8e06-bb8ac8ae622a",[1428],{"id":1429,"data":1430,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"e236c0e2-8464-4458-a9b0-f890007a3340",{"type":58,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1431,"binaryCorrect":1433,"binaryIncorrect":1435},[1432],"What is the name of the paradise in Finnish mythology?",[1434],"Lintukoto",[1436],"Shangri-La",{"id":1438,"data":1439,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1443},"0e1d84d7-9334-43b3-bcc3-bc065441fba4",{"type":25,"title":1440,"markdownContent":1441,"audioMediaId":1442},"Beautiful realms"," ![Graph](image://111855f6-ba3e-4fb5-b826-10fa3fac89b9 \"A depiction of Shangri-La\")\n\nThe other realms in traditional folklore are often beautiful paradises, with lush landscapes and abundant wildlife. The legend of Shangri-La speaks of an idyllic valley hidden deep within the Himalayas, where people live for centuries without aging or illness. The inhabitants of this realm possess great wisdom and knowledge that they use to help others who come seeking their aid. Real-life explorers have sought this valley, as they struggled to tell the difference between fact and folklore.\n\nIn Finnish mythology, Lintukoto is a paradise at the edge of the world, where birds migrate every winter. The name translates as ‘home of birds’, and was full of golden birdsong. People believed that if they could reach Lintukoto, they would find happiness and contentment there forevermore.","94969eb2-2c21-4e32-8c89-bb3f1ce6dd1f",[1444],{"id":1445,"data":1446,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"4f34fa33-58d9-4f7d-a9ac-cf5b526e367f",{"type":58,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1447,"binaryCorrect":1449,"binaryIncorrect":1450},[1448],"What is the name of the mythical paradise hidden in the Himalayas, where people live for centuries without aging or illness?",[1436],[1451],"Avalon",{"id":1453,"data":1454,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1458},"6033dbc3-4d08-4fbd-9e17-7e9125178f41",{"type":25,"title":1455,"markdownContent":1456,"audioMediaId":1457},"Sacred realms","\nSacred realms are a common feature in traditional folklore – divine places which gods and deities call their home. These places can also serve as symbols for spiritual enlightenment, representing a higher plane of spiritual existence where people can find peace and harmony.\n\n ![Graph](image://1591f4e1-e3eb-4a95-9c6d-d70225135049 \"Amaterasu in Takamagahara\")\n\nTakamagahara is one such example. It appears in Japanese mythology as the heavenly realm where the sun goddess Amaterasu resides. It is said to be located at the highest point of heaven and can only be accessed by those with special powers or knowledge. \n\nThe Land of Manu is another sacred realm, this one found in Ancient Egyptian mythology. When the sun god Ra descended from the sky at the end of the day, he rested in the Land of Manu, before rising again in the morning.","c9f6e5b1-cdd1-4759-b2ba-99d09d409586",[1459,1466],{"id":1460,"data":1461,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"18beb996-6b12-48df-8e25-934d7ba83d70",{"type":58,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1462,"activeRecallAnswers":1464},[1463],"Takamagahara was the residence of which Japanese sun-god?",[1465],"Amaterasu",{"id":1467,"data":1468,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"336293d7-44ab-412b-bc38-1eedf8353e21",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1469,"multiChoiceCorrect":1471,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1473},[1470],"The Land of Manu is the resting-place of which Ancient Egyptian god?",[1472],"Ra",[1474,1475,1476],"Osiris","Horus","Seth",{"id":1478,"data":1479,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1483},"e52c4f7c-f079-43e6-aafb-c5643045f9e8",{"type":25,"title":1480,"markdownContent":1481,"audioMediaId":1482},"Monster realms","\nThe other realms in traditional folklore are not always places of beauty and wonder. They can also be the homes of monstrous beings. These places represent a darker side of reality, where people must confront their inner demons before finding peace within themselves. \n\n ![Graph](image://51df2da0-c0ef-4623-9200-99cc86be3d3a \"The Laestrygonians\")\n\nGreek mythology speaks of an island inhabited by the Laestrygonians. These beings are monstrous giants – ravenous cannibals and the enemies of Greek heroes. This island was meant to be far away from civilization and only accessible by sea. \n\nBiringan is another monster realm, this one found in Filipino mythology. It was said to exist between two worlds – the physical world and the spirit world – and is inhabited by powerful entities known as aswangs, or shape-shifters. People believed that if they ventured too close to this realm, they would never return home again.","8e280b4d-7683-4648-a1dd-037aea7175a2",[1484],{"id":1485,"data":1486,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"4db96de3-6365-4a60-b071-e2bcfa1c4a4c",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1487,"multiChoiceCorrect":1489,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1490},[1488],"The island of the Laestrygonians and Biringan are examples of what kind of otherworldly realms?",[1480],[1491,1492,1297],"Spirit realms","Heavens",{"id":1494,"data":1495,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1499},"0462af79-d05c-493f-a4f5-6c67ad901fc4",{"type":25,"title":1496,"markdownContent":1497,"audioMediaId":1498},"Gateways and portals"," ![Graph](image://eb1d87d6-33d2-4d1d-a1da-72d87a2a2c45 \"The giant in Jack and the Beanstalk\")\n\n\nIn many folktales, gateways and portals allow characters to travel between different realms. In the ancient Greek myth of Persephone, Hades abducts her through a portal in the ground that leads to his underworld kingdom. Similarly, in Irish mythology gateways to the enchanted realm of Faerie can be found at the base of hawthorn trees. \n\nIn some stories these portals are guarded by powerful creatures such as dragons or giants. For example, in ‘Jack and the Beanstalk’, Jack must defeat a giant before he can access its kingdom in the sky.","f4a66a6f-1c28-44f6-ab41-fe37bdb3075f",[1500],{"id":1501,"data":1502,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"bf034ff4-e623-421a-b7df-a64bcd4f75e5",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1503,"multiChoiceCorrect":1505,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1507},[1504],"In which mythology can Faerie be accessed through the base of hawthorn trees?",[1506],"Irish",[1508,1509,1510],"Finnish","Norse","German",{"id":1512,"data":1513,"type":21,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":1515},"f9d3f674-5e1b-4c8a-9cb3-53aad5c7f617",{"type":21,"title":1514},"Modern Interpretations of Mythical Realms",[1516,1533],{"id":1517,"data":1518,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1522},"bb6c864c-4201-4171-8cd5-c2773c680fd8",{"type":25,"title":1519,"markdownContent":1520,"audioMediaId":1521},"Rational explanations"," ![Graph](image://060a9a95-adef-414d-a533-b9d4610fec6f \"Vikings in Asgard\")\n\n\nMythical realms are often inspired by real places. Mount Olympus is a real mountain in Ancient Greece, which was also believed to be the home of the gods. This mountain was said to have a magical aura that could only be accessed by those with divine powers – a concept which may have been based on its remote location and difficult terrain. \n\nSimilarly, Avalon from Arthurian legend is believed to have originated from Glastonbury Tor in England, while Asgard from Norse mythology is thought to have been inspired by Scandinavia’s rugged landscape. Wherever a piece of physical landscape is frightening or breathtaking, it inspires stories of other realms.","17d5b5d3-7a92-4bd6-8b4c-bcea72ebee96",[1523],{"id":1524,"data":1525,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"28b2e5ae-c30a-457a-90f5-bc034210f755",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1526,"multiChoiceCorrect":1528,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1529},[1527],"Which realm is believed to have been inspired by Glastonbury Tor in England?",[1451],[1530,1531,1532],"Asgard","Faerie","Valhalla",{"id":1534,"data":1535,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1539},"2ff7b5b7-82d5-439d-a99f-d5dd18e38028",{"type":25,"title":1536,"markdownContent":1537,"audioMediaId":1538},"Other worlds in modern media","\nModern literature has embraced the idea of other realms. Fantasy novels such as J.R.R Tolkien’s *The Lord of the Rings* or C.S Lewis’ *The Chronicles of Narnia* feature magical realms populated by mythical creatures and powerful wizards. Philip Pullman’s *His Dark Materials* trilogy follows Lyra Belacqua on her journey through multiple worlds in search of knowledge and power.\n\nScience fiction also uses fantastical settings to explore our own reality. For example, Frank Herbert's *Dune* is set on an alien planet with its own unique ecology and culture that serves as a metaphor for human society. These tales provide an escape from reality; they allow readers to imagine themselves in different places where anything is possible – from defeating evil in magical worlds to discovering new galaxies far away from home.","7f51c86f-ea21-4e32-b407-431a4427ced6",[1540],{"id":1541,"data":1542,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"688f1057-cd8d-4f2a-a156-9cb000beedf8",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1543,"multiChoiceCorrect":1545,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1547},[1544],"What is the title of Philip Pullman's trilogy that follows a character's journey through multiple worlds?",[1546],"His Dark Materials",[1548,1549,1550],"The Lord of the Rings","The Chronicles of Narnia","The Golden Compass",{"id":1552,"data":1553,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":1556},"131e45e5-f747-4792-b437-20c28f8d5487",{"type":27,"title":1554,"tagline":1555},"Modern Legends","The future of folklore",[1557,1626],{"id":1558,"data":1559,"type":21,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":1561},"52ff55a8-5af9-4c85-8323-f5e19920a94c",{"type":21,"title":1560},"Modern Folklore Phenomena",[1562,1578,1592,1610],{"id":1563,"data":1564,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1568},"b0c2e3b6-cead-403f-90dc-f68ae2c859aa",{"type":25,"title":1565,"markdownContent":1566,"audioMediaId":1567},"Cryptozoology","\nCryptozoology is a modern form of folklore. It focuses on the search for creatures that may or may not exist, such as Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. These stories have been around for centuries, but they have taken on new life in recent years due to advances in technology. Cryptozoologists use scientific methods to investigate sightings of these mysterious beasts, often relying on eyewitness accounts or photographic evidence.\n\nIn recent years, many people were captivated by the story of Mokele-mbembe – an alleged dinosaur living in Central Africa’s Congo Basin. This creature inspired countless expeditions and documentaries, giving rise to a new generation of monster hunters who seek out evidence for its existence. Similarly, sightings of Bigfoot continue to be reported around North America. Whether these monsters are real or not remains up for debate, but many people enjoy the idea that there are mysteries waiting to be solved.","cfc51d04-9971-4985-a22b-69047b499d68",[1569],{"id":1570,"data":1571,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"51b75460-ba3f-4132-9ed1-e2ed09f0ba53",{"type":58,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1572,"binaryCorrect":1574,"binaryIncorrect":1576},[1573],"What is the name of the alleged dinosaur living in Central Africa’s Congo Basin?",[1575],"Mokele-mbembe",[1577],"Bigfoot",{"id":1579,"data":1580,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1584},"3f901bbd-9634-475d-bef5-ba987fae5440",{"type":25,"title":1581,"markdownContent":1582,"audioMediaId":1583},"Alien encounters","\nUFOs and alien abductions are a popular topic in modern folklore, with stories of mysterious lights in the sky and strange creatures from other planets. These tales often feature themes of otherness, mystery, and transportation to other worlds.\n\n ![Graph](image://431a1ba6-bb1e-4d1a-884b-5b5f0fbdeb36 \"The Loch Ness Monster\")\n\nOne example is the story of Betty and Barney Hill – an American couple who claimed to have been abducted by aliens in 1961. Their story has since become one of the most famous cases of alien abduction ever reported, inspiring countless books, films, and television shows over the years.\n\nAnother widely-shared tale is that of Area 51 – a secret military base located deep within Nevada’s desert which many believe houses evidence for extraterrestrial life forms. This story has captivated people around the world, and while there is no real proof that alien evidence exists at this location, it is treated almost like a mysterious other realm.","94678c9a-7f64-443e-9d34-1942a3595ac1",[1585],{"id":1586,"data":1587,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"7c38b109-8369-4de9-9745-369d627a30bc",{"type":58,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1588,"clozeWords":1590},[1589],"Betty and Barney Hill and Area 51 are examples of alien encounters in modern folklore.",[1591],"alien encounters",{"id":1593,"data":1594,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1598},"725f3a0b-4337-40b7-9d33-c823879facbc",{"type":25,"title":1595,"markdownContent":1596,"audioMediaId":1597},"Modern media","\nPop culture has played a major role in the spread of urban legends, with films and television shows often featuring mysterious creatures or supernatural elements. For example, the X-Files franchise popularized the concept of alien abductions. \n\nThe internet has also revolutionized the speed at which folklore can spread. Social media platforms such as Twitter and Facebook have allowed stories to be shared quickly and globally, reaching a much wider audience than ever before. \n\nThe internet also allows for greater scrutiny of these tales, with skeptics able to debunk false claims and stories. However, the skeptics are usually fighting a losing battle. Often, by the time they debunk an urban myth, it has already spread around the world.","13a73d8a-36f7-4adb-85f5-241dab89b8ad",[1599],{"id":1600,"data":1601,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"e340f8e5-d0a4-43d4-ae5b-a7c82f366742",{"type":58,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1602,"multiChoiceCorrect":1604,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1606},[1603],"Which franchise popularized the concept of alien abductions?",[1605],"The X-Files",[1607,1608,1609],"Star Trek","Star Wars","The Twilight Zone",{"id":1611,"data":1612,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1616},"3848e591-33ff-4caf-85c1-25770fee04d6",{"type":25,"title":1613,"markdownContent":1614,"audioMediaId":1615},"Hoaxes and lies","Modern folklore is amplified by the ease with which hoaxes can now be created. Fake photographs and videos are easier to forge than ever before, thanks to modern editing software, and are often used to start and perpetuate urban myths. \n\nFor example, in 2020 an image circulated online claiming to show a giant alligator walking across a golf course in Florida – although this was later revealed to be fake. Similarly, reports of ‘zombie deer’ have been shared widely on social media platforms despite there being no scientific evidence that such creatures exist.\n\nThe power of these hoaxes lies in their ability to tap into our collective fear and curiosity about the unknown; they offer us tantalizing glimpses into what might be lurking beyond our everyday reality. This is why, even when we suspect that something is false or exaggerated, we still find ourselves drawn towards it.","e8f0aa42-cc5d-4157-937c-9fe99287a922",[1617],{"id":1618,"data":1619,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"33366f71-7a10-4b77-96bc-cf4e8da957c3",{"type":58,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1620,"binaryCorrect":1622,"binaryIncorrect":1624},[1621],"Which creature was allegedly spotted on a golf course in Florida in 2020?",[1623],"A giant alligator",[1625],"A giant cobra",{"id":1627,"data":1628,"type":21,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":1630},"85331d67-af36-4a77-b784-a49749414ea3",{"type":21,"title":1629},"Modern Folklore Examples",[1631,1654,1660],{"id":1632,"data":1633,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1637},"3010bfa0-1b6f-4154-a495-918086bcd6f5",{"type":25,"title":1634,"markdownContent":1635,"audioMediaId":1636},"An example: Slenderman"," ![Graph](image://27fa5f11-7ea6-4e7f-acdf-e76d7a8fc511 \"The Slenderman\")\n\nThe story of Slenderman is a perfect example of modern folklore. The character was created in 2009 by Eric Knudsen as part of an online competition, and quickly gained popularity on the internet. As more people shared their own versions of the story, it began to take on a life of its own.\n\nSlenderman has become so popular that he has been featured in films, television shows and video games, further increasing his reach to new audiences around the world. His influence even extended beyond entertainment media; in 2014 two twelve-year-old girls from Wisconsin attempted to murder their friend after being inspired by Slenderman’s mythology. This incident highlighted just how powerful – and dangerous – modern folklore can be.\n\n\n","77a95fa3-0eb8-4118-96a7-4e0e73cd333f",[1638,1645],{"id":1639,"data":1640,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"77cf9347-61ce-44ad-aaf8-2d934f26b1a8",{"type":58,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1641,"activeRecallAnswers":1643},[1642],"Which figure, created by Eric Knudsen, became a popular folk horror tale on the internet?",[1644],"Slenderman",{"id":1646,"data":1647,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"dc0bee1d-ec87-42cf-9406-01ffaf1db5bc",{"type":58,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1648,"binaryCorrect":1650,"binaryIncorrect":1652},[1649],"In which year was the character Slenderman created?",[1651],"2009",[1653],"2014",{"id":1655,"data":1656,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25},"99c893aa-335c-4b7e-98bc-91177e68f7a3",{"type":25,"title":1657,"markdownContent":1658,"audioMediaId":1659},"An example: Momo","\nThe Momo Challenge is a modern folktale which spread quickly through social media. It began in 2018, when an image of a creepy-looking woman with bulging eyes started appearing on WhatsApp and YouTube. \n\nSupposedly, children were contacted by the figure, who gave them instructions to complete increasingly dangerous tasks such as self-harm or suicide. This story quickly gained traction online, even though there was no evidence that anyone had actually been contacted. The story was debunked by experts as a hoax, but not before it managed to cause widespread panic among parents and children alike.\n\n\n\n\n","8d81c720-f222-4a65-b950-b49340288ca0",{"id":1661,"data":1662,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":1666},"0cb4533d-3e16-4791-b935-11eae7e8eeb1",{"type":25,"title":1663,"markdownContent":1664,"audioMediaId":1665},"Will modern folklore endure?","\n ![Graph](image://b7c9b015-ddb1-4623-9e52-d29745f9a511 \"Folklore continues to fascinate people everywhere\")\n\nThe future of urban legends is uncertain, as it remains to be seen whether they will endure in the same way that traditional folktales have. While modern folklore has been able to spread quickly and widely through social media platforms, this does not necessarily mean that these stories will remain popular for generations to come. Due to their dark themes and lack of any moral or spiritual depth, modern tales may not have the same staying power as traditional ones.\n\nOne thing is certain: social media has given us a powerful platform for sharing modern folklore, and people must remember to use that power responsibly. Throughout history, stories have often been a force for good, but they can also lead to fear and despair if they are not handled with care.","d13c0d06-b824-4bc5-875c-bc8a0b7320da",[1667],{"id":1668,"data":1669,"type":58,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35},"68c69aad-9d53-45d0-8d2f-ad639e9cc72a",{"type":58,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1670,"clozeWords":1672},[1671],"Many of the folk stories that spread on social media lack the spiritual depth of traditional folk tales",[1673],"spiritual depth",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":1675,"height":1675,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":1676},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":1675,"height":1675,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":1678},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M12.586 2.586A2 2 0 0 0 11.172 2H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v7.172a2 2 0 0 0 .586 1.414l8.704 8.704a2.426 2.426 0 0 0 3.42 0l6.58-6.58a2.426 2.426 0 0 0 0-3.42z\"/>\u003Ccircle cx=\"7.5\" cy=\"7.5\" r=\".5\" fill=\"currentColor\"/>\u003C/g>",1778224701852]