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fantasy",{"id":36,"data":37,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":43},"74dfb282-2434-42b9-8ad4-460c0d2b5425",{"type":38,"title":39,"intro":40},10,"What is fantasy? intro",[41,42],"What makes fantasy fiction unique from other genres like science fiction?","How does a reader's belief system influence their perception of a story?",1,[45,60,66],{"id":46,"data":47,"type":43,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":51},"ed72fe91-cfcc-449f-8240-f57f303fa3c5",{"type":43,"title":48,"markdownContent":49,"audioMediaId":50},"What is fantasy? page 1","Fantasy fiction is hard to define. Where one story soars with golden dragons, another one creeps through magical woods, or crawls through sewers full of talking rats.\n\n![Graph](image://f8d79f89-ac09-47a9-8669-9d9ce11df3c1 \" \")\n\nIn the last few decades, scholars have established a general principle to connect these different works. Fantasy fiction explores the impossible: from talking rats to walking trees, these stories always contain an element that breaks the laws of possibility.","e7811dc1-19bb-4c58-aa39-dae03898a1e5",[52],{"id":53,"data":54,"type":55,"version":43,"maxContentLevel":19},"1a284f93-cd1d-488f-bca5-020d930d37d5",{"type":55,"reviewType":27,"spacingBehaviour":43,"clozeQuestion":56,"clozeWords":58},11,[57],"Fantasy fiction is defined by elements that break the laws of possibility.",[59],"possibility",{"id":61,"data":62,"type":43,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25},"7e40f957-481c-4b74-8fdb-f41eaf94f258",{"type":43,"title":63,"markdownContent":64,"audioMediaId":65},"What is fantasy? page 2","Other genres, like science fiction, will push the limits of possibility, but never quite cross the line. Fantasy fiction is unique in this – and without the laws of possibility to restrain it, fantasy stories can take us to places that no other genre can go.\n\nThis definition of fantasy does raise an important question: does it still count as fantasy if the audience believes the impossible elements are possible? For example, most modern readers would say that witches break the rules of possibility, but a lot of people in the 19th century thought the opposite.","9c5cd046-11ae-43e5-9012-72e7056de30f",{"id":67,"data":68,"type":43,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":72},"9000e0d3-35b0-4d31-afc0-d3d0488dbb6f",{"type":43,"title":69,"markdownContent":70,"audioMediaId":71},"What is fantasy? page 3","If different people have different definitions of possibility, a story which feels like fantasy to one person might feel like realism to another. It all depends on the beliefs of the reader: are these phenomena possible or not?\n\nIn 2014, a study asked children to decide whether stories were fantastical or realistic. The study found that children brought up in a religious environment were less likely to call a story fantastical, even if it included magical elements. Those children thought magic and miracles were possible, where non-religious children did not.","f5870f85-6f65-44d3-bb92-cb5fd5bea9ca",[73],{"id":74,"data":75,"type":55,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":19},"3c2646bf-1510-4ba8-a92d-017372b6d29a",{"type":55,"reviewType":43,"spacingBehaviour":43,"activeRecallQuestion":76,"activeRecallAnswers":78},[77],"According to a 2014 study, what factor influenced children's perception of stories as fantastical or realistic?",[79],"Their religious upbringing",{"id":81,"data":82,"type":25,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":84,"introPage":93,"pages":100},"b9d6722a-c15b-46e2-a4f1-cc08747e171e",{"type":25,"title":83},"Historical fantasy",{"id":85,"data":86,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25},"a9641be0-6241-4791-b8a8-d30b1b20209f",{"type":19,"title":87,"summary":88},"Historical fantasy summary",[89,90,91,92],"The Epic of Gilgamesh (the oldest story ever discovered) featured fantastical beings and monsters","Norse mythology featured shapeshifting gods like Loki, and magical beings like elves and trolls","'One Thousand and One Nights' featured stories of Sinbad the Sailor and Aladdin, filled with fantastical creatures","In the 19th century, Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm collected and wrote down hundreds of European fairy tales",{"id":94,"data":95,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":43},"3848da5a-b1d5-444d-a39b-06379a01341c",{"type":38,"title":96,"intro":97},"Historical fantasy intro",[98,99],"What is the oldest example of a fantasy story?","Who were the Brothers Grimm?",[101,128,134,162],{"id":102,"data":103,"type":43,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":107},"15ab3503-b85c-4d1b-a34d-cd3f4c465346",{"type":43,"title":104,"markdownContent":105,"audioMediaId":106},"Historical fantasy page 1","Fantasy has been a part of literature since the earliest days of storytelling. In the 1850s, archaeologists in Iraq discovered the remains of an ancient tablet, whose fragmented pieces told a story dating back to 2100 BCE.\n\nThis story became known as the *Epic of Gilgamesh*. It features the character of Gilgamesh, a hero who battles fantastical monsters, including a monstrous giant named Humbaba the Terrible. The story also features a magical plant with the power to grant immortality.\n\n![Graph](image://1f6f1305-2a8c-4f80-a12c-84b1aa661103 \" \")\n\nMonstrous giants and magical plants break the laws of possibility, which means the *Epic of Gilgamesh* fits the definition of fantasy. This text is actually the oldest story that archaeologists have ever discovered, which means fantasy fiction might be older than any other genre.","5ba8526e-4719-4096-b48d-30ab67a24add",[108],{"id":109,"data":110,"type":55,"version":43,"maxContentLevel":19},"a0e2473e-b784-456d-abeb-6ea200a622c4",{"type":55,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":43,"collapsingSiblings":111,"multiChoiceQuestion":115,"multiChoiceCorrect":117,"multiChoiceIncorrect":119,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":123,"matchPairsPairs":125},[112,113,114],"1c97f743-21c6-4a58-99db-555f9f0ef86a","320b08b4-4811-4468-9e3c-0378ad4d559b","85797774-0790-48aa-8a2c-e5e8f7c69175",[116],"Which of these characters appears in The Epic of Gilgamesh?",[118],"Humbaba the Terrible",[120,121,122],"Aladdin","Rapunzel","Anodos",[124],"Match the characters to the stories:",[126],{"left":118,"right":127,"direction":19},"The Epic of Gilgamesh",{"id":129,"data":130,"type":43,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25},"056439b0-4fb0-434a-aed2-e703f86b1a52",{"type":43,"title":131,"markdownContent":132,"audioMediaId":133},"Historical fantasy page 2","Thousands of years after the *Epic of Gilgamesh* was written in ancient Mesopotamia, people were still telling fantastical stories in places like medieval Europe.\n\nThe Norse were renowned for their vivid tales about magical beings, where shapeshifting was a common theme. In different stories, the trickster god Loki transformed himself into a horse, a giant, or a salmon. The Norse also told stories about non-human races, including elves, trolls and dwarves.\n\nAnother fantasy story from the medieval period was *Beowulf* – an Old English poem from the 11th century. It tells the tale of a brave warrior who fights an evil giant and a treasure-hoarding dragon. These monsters symbolize the darker elements of human nature, like violence and greed.","ecf614d3-7d9c-480d-9699-49de99579b8b",{"id":135,"data":136,"type":43,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":140},"242610be-1c6e-418f-b702-234a5388ef57",{"type":43,"title":137,"markdownContent":138,"audioMediaId":139},"Historical fantasy page 3","While stories like *Beowulf* were being written in medieval Europe, similar stories were being told in the Middle East. Between the 8th century and the 13th century, Islamic scholars compiled these stories into a collection known as *One Thousand and One Nights*.\n\nThis collection included iconic stories like *Sinbad the Sailor*, about a seafaring hero who travels the world. During his voyages, he encounters fantastical creatures, like giant birds called Rocs, and a whale so large that trees are growing on its back.\n\n![Graph](image://594ff1bf-b2b4-42e1-a50d-63d82b1c03d0 \" \")\n\nA late addition to the collection was the story of Aladdin, about a young man who is tricked by an evil sorcerer into entering a magical cave. Inside the cave, Aladdin discovers an enchanted lamp. When he rubs the lamp, a djinn (genie) appears, and helps Aladdin become rich and powerful.","a3b4f067-b990-43a5-bd74-b9c1a52b6c77",[141,151],{"id":142,"data":143,"type":55,"version":43,"maxContentLevel":19},"0e05084e-8be5-4c14-b21b-15c103ec084f",{"type":55,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":43,"multiChoiceQuestion":144,"multiChoiceCorrect":146,"multiChoiceIncorrect":148,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[145],"In one Islamic story, which seafaring hero meets a whale so large that trees are growing on its back?",[147],"Sinbad",[120,149,150],"Beowulf","Shahryār",{"id":112,"data":152,"type":55,"version":43,"maxContentLevel":19},{"type":55,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":43,"collapsingSiblings":153,"multiChoiceQuestion":154,"multiChoiceCorrect":156,"multiChoiceIncorrect":157,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":158,"matchPairsPairs":159},[109,113,114],[155],"Which of these characters appears in One Thousand and One Nights?",[120],[118,121,122],[124],[160],{"left":147,"right":161,"direction":19},"One Thousand and One Nights",{"id":163,"data":164,"type":43,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":168},"c0b8e4ba-1bda-476a-99ba-28e968175396",{"type":43,"title":165,"markdownContent":166,"audioMediaId":167},"Historical fantasy page 4","In 19th century Germany, two brother academics – Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm – decided to compile a written collection of European fairy tales. Some of these stories had been around for centuries, but never officially written down.\n\n*Grimms' Fairy Tales* included plenty of fantastical elements. One of the most famous examples is *Hansel and Gretel*, a story about a pair of children who encounter a witch in the depths of the forest. The witch tries to eat the children, but the children trick her, and manage to escape.\n\n![Graph](image://f23484bf-1521-473b-b397-59353a937212 \" \")\n\nAnother story, *Rapunzel* is about a young woman with long hair who is imprisoned in a tower by an enchantress. A prince discovers the tower, and asks Rapunzel to lower her hair from the window. He uses the hair as a ladder, and the two of them fall in love.","b256a3c0-bb34-4400-adbc-de4c8b22311c",[169,178,189],{"id":170,"data":171,"type":55,"version":43,"maxContentLevel":19},"1e3c9e62-a7b4-459d-9ed5-49e45faa9751",{"type":55,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":43,"binaryQuestion":172,"binaryCorrect":174,"binaryIncorrect":176},[173],"In the 19th century, which academic brothers compiled a famous collection of European fairy tales?",[175],"Jacob & Wilhelm Grimm",[177],"Hans & Christian Andersen",{"id":113,"data":179,"type":55,"version":43,"maxContentLevel":19},{"type":55,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":43,"collapsingSiblings":180,"multiChoiceQuestion":181,"multiChoiceCorrect":183,"multiChoiceIncorrect":184,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":185,"matchPairsPairs":186},[109,112,114],[182],"Which of these characters appears in Grimms' Fairy Tales?",[121],[118,120,122],[124],[187],{"left":121,"right":188,"direction":19},"Grimms' Fairy Tales",{"id":190,"data":191,"type":55,"version":43,"maxContentLevel":19},"a3413137-745f-4dd8-b124-9ae1c1f2d1fb",{"type":55,"reviewType":192,"spacingBehaviour":43,"matchPairsQuestion":193,"matchPairsPairs":195,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},6,[194],"Match the pairs below:",[196,198,200,202],{"left":197,"right":127,"direction":19},"Mesopotamia",{"left":199,"right":149,"direction":19},"England",{"left":201,"right":161,"direction":19},"Middle East",{"left":203,"right":188,"direction":19},"Germany",{"id":205,"data":206,"type":25,"version":27,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":208,"introPage":216,"pages":223},"ef3e4f2f-4602-4a7e-8b0e-02b34b0d248d",{"type":25,"title":207},"Modern fantasy",{"id":209,"data":210,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25},"da00ea89-63ac-48be-8ff2-f303f5035e97",{"type":19,"title":211,"summary":212},"Modern fantasy summary",[213,214,215],"The first fantasy novel was George MacDonald's 'Phantastes', published in 1858","'Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs' was the first animated fantasy film","Modern fantasy has branched into subgenres like high fantasy and urban fantasy",{"id":217,"data":218,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":43},"57b625ce-98d5-47b6-aa4d-18df544f1266",{"type":38,"title":219,"intro":220},"Modern fantasy intro",[221,222],"Who was the author of the first official fantasy novel?","How has the fantasy genre evolved across modern mediums?",[224,242,259,273],{"id":225,"data":226,"type":43,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":230},"2bce2140-c829-4691-8971-2dc8dc573063",{"type":43,"title":227,"markdownContent":228,"audioMediaId":229},"Modern fantasy page 1","The long history of fantastical stories reached a peak in the 19th century, with the publication of the first fantasy novels. These books adopted some of the themes and tropes from older literature, like magic and dragons, but threw them against the backdrop of a longer, more sophisticated plot.\n\nThe first official fantasy novel was George MacDonald's *Phantastes*, originally published in 1858. Across several hundred pages, the story follows Anodos, a young man who enters a dreamlike land of fairies. This groundbreaking book inspired later authors, like C.S. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien.\n\n![Graph](image://ce5f34c5-c314-40ca-bee7-eb39caf815aa \" \")\n\nIn the decades since, fantasy novels have been hugely popular all around the world. In a list of the twenty best-selling novels of all time, more than half the list is fantasy fiction, including *Harry Potter*, *The Hobbit*, and *The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe*.","9b9b4445-46e6-4d36-abbb-ebb16d6f909b",[231],{"id":114,"data":232,"type":55,"version":43,"maxContentLevel":19},{"type":55,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":43,"collapsingSiblings":233,"multiChoiceQuestion":234,"multiChoiceCorrect":236,"multiChoiceIncorrect":237,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":238,"matchPairsPairs":239},[109,112,113],[235],"Which of these characters appears in Phantastes?",[122],[118,120,121],[124],[240],{"left":122,"right":241,"direction":19},"Phantastes",{"id":243,"data":244,"type":43,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":248},"8d07c3e2-2dd9-48fb-a4ec-512f4d7262fe",{"type":43,"title":245,"markdownContent":246,"audioMediaId":247},"Modern fantasy page 2","Alongside fantasy novels, the 19th century also saw the creation of the world’s first fantasy movies. One of the earliest was *Cinderella*, directed by Georges Méliès in 1899. This adaptation of a Grimm fairy tale used special effects to bring the story’s magic to life.\n\nAfterwards, this film inspired countless filmmakers who wanted to explore the visual power of fantasy. In 1937, Walt Disney released *Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs*. This was one of the first ever animated feature-length films, and another adaptation of a Grimm fairy tale.\n\nDecades later, Peter Jackson directed a three-part adaptation of *The Lord of the Rings*. In the history of cinema, no single film has won more Oscars than the third film in the trilogy: *The Return of the King*.","ea319679-44d3-4756-9f7f-7aaba002357d",[249],{"id":250,"data":251,"type":55,"version":43,"maxContentLevel":19},"4b76f3fb-5d3a-49b9-b0d8-e726b34bc197",{"type":55,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":43,"multiChoiceQuestion":252,"multiChoiceCorrect":254,"multiChoiceIncorrect":256,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[253],"In 1937, Disney released an adaptation of which Grimm fairy tale?",[255],"Snow White",[257,121,258],"Cinderella","Briar Rose",{"id":260,"data":261,"type":43,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":265},"570aaed3-cb15-4f08-88bc-072062709b23",{"type":43,"title":262,"markdownContent":263,"audioMediaId":264},"Modern fantasy page 3","As well as books and films, fantasy also appears in interactive games. For example, *Dungeons & Dragons* was first released in the 1970s. This tabletop game lets players assume the roles of characters, from half-orc druids to elven rogues, and embark on adventures in a collaborative fantasy world.\n\n![Graph](image://a81e1121-0aee-41e6-838a-3ef438481d82 \" \")\n\nIn the 1990s, this concept inspired video games series like *The Elder Scrolls*. These open-world games provide players with landscapes to explore, and narratives to unravel, pushing the limits of the fantasy genre as a medium for entertainment.\n\nIt makes sense that fantasy lends itself well to interactive games. This is a genre without rules, where imaginations are allowed to run wild. In an interactive game, where players are able to choose their own path, there is even more freedom than there is in a book or film.","d16af03c-d5c4-4eb5-a00d-75083afb0d4e",[266],{"id":267,"data":268,"type":55,"version":43,"maxContentLevel":19},"3eb7ed33-8c73-48cb-b455-f0fced631d9f",{"type":55,"reviewType":43,"spacingBehaviour":43,"activeRecallQuestion":269,"activeRecallAnswers":271},[270],"What tabletop game, released in the 1970s, allows players to assume the roles of characters in a collaborative fantasy world?",[272],"Dungeons & Dragons",{"id":274,"data":275,"type":43,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":279},"bbf359d1-6433-449f-8d8e-912b67c2266b",{"type":43,"title":276,"markdownContent":277,"audioMediaId":278},"Modern fantasy page 4","As fantasy fiction has become more and more popular, it has branched into a number of subgenres. For example, high fantasy focuses on epic adventures in grand, alternative worlds. *The Lord of the Rings* is the most iconic example, with its bearded wizards and sword-bearing knights.\n\nUrban fantasy blends magical elements with contemporary urban settings, like Neil Gaiman's *Neverwhere*, which explores a hidden world below the streets of London, complete with a society of talking rats.\n\nParanormal romance fuses magical beings with love stories. Stephenie Meyer’s *Twilight* books are a popular example, with their romantic entanglements between humans, vampires and werewolves.\n\nThere are plenty of other fantasy subgenres, but they all have something in common. These stories all contain an element that breaks the laws of possibility.","1e7aeb66-4d8b-4d51-a697-fb2d147a5226",[280,287,306],{"id":281,"data":282,"type":55,"version":43,"maxContentLevel":19},"37fa5692-3d2a-4fb5-a745-6bd463db4ff3",{"type":55,"reviewType":27,"spacingBehaviour":43,"clozeQuestion":283,"clozeWords":285},[284],"High fantasy, urban fantasy and paranormal romance are examples of fantasy subgenres.",[286],"subgenres",{"id":288,"data":289,"type":55,"version":43,"maxContentLevel":19},"af544a1a-d96b-4904-98c4-4d8739f6e485",{"type":55,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":43,"collapsingSiblings":290,"multiChoiceQuestion":294,"multiChoiceCorrect":296,"multiChoiceIncorrect":298,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":302,"matchPairsPairs":303},[291,292,293],"34c3ef14-0117-40a7-8c41-81b8720891e4","5b0d5760-9bb6-4b9a-9d66-aa45171f6e46","eb8bd0d9-a25f-452d-bcae-20b4f1b7ef01",[295],"Who was the first fantasy novelist (Phantastes)?",[297],"George MacDonald",[299,300,301],"Georges Méliès","Dante Alighieri","Saint Hildegard",[194],[304],{"left":297,"right":305,"direction":19},"First fantasy novelist (Phantastes)",{"id":291,"data":307,"type":55,"version":43,"maxContentLevel":19},{"type":55,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":43,"collapsingSiblings":308,"multiChoiceQuestion":309,"multiChoiceCorrect":311,"multiChoiceIncorrect":312,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":313,"matchPairsPairs":314},[288,292,293],[310],"Who was the first fantasy director (Cinderella)?",[299],[297,300,301],[194],[315],{"left":299,"right":316,"direction":19},"First fantasy director (Cinderella)",[318,386,561],{"id":23,"data":24,"type":25,"version":27,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":28,"introPage":35,"pages":319},[320,352,369],{"id":46,"data":47,"type":43,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":51,"parsed":321},{"data":322,"body":325,"toc":350},{"title":323,"description":324},"","Fantasy fiction is hard to define. Where one story soars with golden dragons, another one creeps through magical woods, or crawls through sewers full of talking rats.",{"type":326,"children":327},"root",[328,335,345],{"type":329,"tag":330,"props":331,"children":332},"element","p",{},[333],{"type":334,"value":324},"text",{"type":329,"tag":330,"props":336,"children":337},{},[338],{"type":329,"tag":339,"props":340,"children":344},"img",{"alt":341,"src":342,"title":343},"Graph","image://f8d79f89-ac09-47a9-8669-9d9ce11df3c1"," ",[],{"type":329,"tag":330,"props":346,"children":347},{},[348],{"type":334,"value":349},"In the last few decades, scholars have established a general principle to connect these different works. Fantasy fiction explores the impossible: from talking rats to walking trees, these stories always contain an element that breaks the laws of possibility.",{"title":323,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":351},[],{"id":61,"data":62,"type":43,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"parsed":353},{"data":354,"body":356,"toc":367},{"title":323,"description":355},"Other genres, like science fiction, will push the limits of possibility, but never quite cross the line. Fantasy fiction is unique in this – and without the laws of possibility to restrain it, fantasy stories can take us to places that no other genre can go.",{"type":326,"children":357},[358,362],{"type":329,"tag":330,"props":359,"children":360},{},[361],{"type":334,"value":355},{"type":329,"tag":330,"props":363,"children":364},{},[365],{"type":334,"value":366},"This definition of fantasy does raise an important question: does it still count as fantasy if the audience believes the impossible elements are possible? For example, most modern readers would say that witches break the rules of possibility, but a lot of people in the 19th century thought the opposite.",{"title":323,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":368},[],{"id":67,"data":68,"type":43,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":72,"parsed":370},{"data":371,"body":373,"toc":384},{"title":323,"description":372},"If different people have different definitions of possibility, a story which feels like fantasy to one person might feel like realism to another. It all depends on the beliefs of the reader: are these phenomena possible or not?",{"type":326,"children":374},[375,379],{"type":329,"tag":330,"props":376,"children":377},{},[378],{"type":334,"value":372},{"type":329,"tag":330,"props":380,"children":381},{},[382],{"type":334,"value":383},"In 2014, a study asked children to decide whether stories were fantastical or realistic. The study found that children brought up in a religious environment were less likely to call a story fantastical, even if it included magical elements. Those children thought magic and miracles were possible, where non-religious children did not.",{"title":323,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":385},[],{"id":81,"data":82,"type":25,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":84,"introPage":93,"pages":387},[388,431,466,515],{"id":102,"data":103,"type":43,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":107,"parsed":389},{"data":390,"body":392,"toc":429},{"title":323,"description":391},"Fantasy has been a part of literature since the earliest days of storytelling. In the 1850s, archaeologists in Iraq discovered the remains of an ancient tablet, whose fragmented pieces told a story dating back to 2100 BCE.",{"type":326,"children":393},[394,398,411,418],{"type":329,"tag":330,"props":395,"children":396},{},[397],{"type":334,"value":391},{"type":329,"tag":330,"props":399,"children":400},{},[401,403,409],{"type":334,"value":402},"This story became known as the ",{"type":329,"tag":404,"props":405,"children":406},"em",{},[407],{"type":334,"value":408},"Epic of Gilgamesh",{"type":334,"value":410},". It features the character of Gilgamesh, a hero who battles fantastical monsters, including a monstrous giant named Humbaba the Terrible. The story also features a magical plant with the power to grant immortality.",{"type":329,"tag":330,"props":412,"children":413},{},[414],{"type":329,"tag":339,"props":415,"children":417},{"alt":341,"src":416,"title":343},"image://1f6f1305-2a8c-4f80-a12c-84b1aa661103",[],{"type":329,"tag":330,"props":419,"children":420},{},[421,423,427],{"type":334,"value":422},"Monstrous giants and magical plants break the laws of possibility, which means the ",{"type":329,"tag":404,"props":424,"children":425},{},[426],{"type":334,"value":408},{"type":334,"value":428}," fits the definition of fantasy. This text is actually the oldest story that archaeologists have ever discovered, which means fantasy fiction might be older than any other genre.",{"title":323,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":430},[],{"id":129,"data":130,"type":43,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"parsed":432},{"data":433,"body":435,"toc":464},{"title":323,"description":434},"Thousands of years after the Epic of Gilgamesh was written in ancient Mesopotamia, people were still telling fantastical stories in places like medieval Europe.",{"type":326,"children":436},[437,448,453],{"type":329,"tag":330,"props":438,"children":439},{},[440,442,446],{"type":334,"value":441},"Thousands of years after the ",{"type":329,"tag":404,"props":443,"children":444},{},[445],{"type":334,"value":408},{"type":334,"value":447}," was written in ancient Mesopotamia, people were still telling fantastical stories in places like medieval Europe.",{"type":329,"tag":330,"props":449,"children":450},{},[451],{"type":334,"value":452},"The Norse were renowned for their vivid tales about magical beings, where shapeshifting was a common theme. In different stories, the trickster god Loki transformed himself into a horse, a giant, or a salmon. The Norse also told stories about non-human races, including elves, trolls and dwarves.",{"type":329,"tag":330,"props":454,"children":455},{},[456,458,462],{"type":334,"value":457},"Another fantasy story from the medieval period was ",{"type":329,"tag":404,"props":459,"children":460},{},[461],{"type":334,"value":149},{"type":334,"value":463}," – an Old English poem from the 11th century. It tells the tale of a brave warrior who fights an evil giant and a treasure-hoarding dragon. These monsters symbolize the darker elements of human nature, like violence and greed.",{"title":323,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":465},[],{"id":135,"data":136,"type":43,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":140,"parsed":467},{"data":468,"body":470,"toc":513},{"title":323,"description":469},"While stories like Beowulf were being written in medieval Europe, similar stories were being told in the Middle East. Between the 8th century and the 13th century, Islamic scholars compiled these stories into a collection known as One Thousand and One Nights.",{"type":326,"children":471},[472,489,501,508],{"type":329,"tag":330,"props":473,"children":474},{},[475,477,481,483,487],{"type":334,"value":476},"While stories like ",{"type":329,"tag":404,"props":478,"children":479},{},[480],{"type":334,"value":149},{"type":334,"value":482}," were being written in medieval Europe, similar stories were being told in the Middle East. Between the 8th century and the 13th century, Islamic scholars compiled these stories into a collection known as ",{"type":329,"tag":404,"props":484,"children":485},{},[486],{"type":334,"value":161},{"type":334,"value":488},".",{"type":329,"tag":330,"props":490,"children":491},{},[492,494,499],{"type":334,"value":493},"This collection included iconic stories like ",{"type":329,"tag":404,"props":495,"children":496},{},[497],{"type":334,"value":498},"Sinbad the Sailor",{"type":334,"value":500},", about a seafaring hero who travels the world. During his voyages, he encounters fantastical creatures, like giant birds called Rocs, and a whale so large that trees are growing on its back.",{"type":329,"tag":330,"props":502,"children":503},{},[504],{"type":329,"tag":339,"props":505,"children":507},{"alt":341,"src":506,"title":343},"image://594ff1bf-b2b4-42e1-a50d-63d82b1c03d0",[],{"type":329,"tag":330,"props":509,"children":510},{},[511],{"type":334,"value":512},"A late addition to the collection was the story of Aladdin, about a young man who is tricked by an evil sorcerer into entering a magical cave. Inside the cave, Aladdin discovers an enchanted lamp. When he rubs the lamp, a djinn (genie) appears, and helps Aladdin become rich and powerful.",{"title":323,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":514},[],{"id":163,"data":164,"type":43,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":168,"parsed":516},{"data":517,"body":519,"toc":559},{"title":323,"description":518},"In 19th century Germany, two brother academics – Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm – decided to compile a written collection of European fairy tales. Some of these stories had been around for centuries, but never officially written down.",{"type":326,"children":520},[521,525,541,548],{"type":329,"tag":330,"props":522,"children":523},{},[524],{"type":334,"value":518},{"type":329,"tag":330,"props":526,"children":527},{},[528,532,534,539],{"type":329,"tag":404,"props":529,"children":530},{},[531],{"type":334,"value":188},{"type":334,"value":533}," included plenty of fantastical elements. One of the most famous examples is ",{"type":329,"tag":404,"props":535,"children":536},{},[537],{"type":334,"value":538},"Hansel and Gretel",{"type":334,"value":540},", a story about a pair of children who encounter a witch in the depths of the forest. The witch tries to eat the children, but the children trick her, and manage to escape.",{"type":329,"tag":330,"props":542,"children":543},{},[544],{"type":329,"tag":339,"props":545,"children":547},{"alt":341,"src":546,"title":343},"image://f23484bf-1521-473b-b397-59353a937212",[],{"type":329,"tag":330,"props":549,"children":550},{},[551,553,557],{"type":334,"value":552},"Another story, ",{"type":329,"tag":404,"props":554,"children":555},{},[556],{"type":334,"value":121},{"type":334,"value":558}," is about a young woman with long hair who is imprisoned in a tower by an enchantress. A prince discovers the tower, and asks Rapunzel to lower her hair from the window. He uses the hair as a ladder, and the two of them fall in love.",{"title":323,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":560},[],{"id":205,"data":206,"type":25,"version":27,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":208,"introPage":216,"pages":562},[563,618,667,710],{"id":225,"data":226,"type":43,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":230,"parsed":564},{"data":565,"body":567,"toc":616},{"title":323,"description":566},"The long history of fantastical stories reached a peak in the 19th century, with the publication of the first fantasy novels. These books adopted some of the themes and tropes from older literature, like magic and dragons, but threw them against the backdrop of a longer, more sophisticated plot.",{"type":326,"children":568},[569,573,584,591],{"type":329,"tag":330,"props":570,"children":571},{},[572],{"type":334,"value":566},{"type":329,"tag":330,"props":574,"children":575},{},[576,578,582],{"type":334,"value":577},"The first official fantasy novel was George MacDonald's ",{"type":329,"tag":404,"props":579,"children":580},{},[581],{"type":334,"value":241},{"type":334,"value":583},", originally published in 1858. Across several hundred pages, the story follows Anodos, a young man who enters a dreamlike land of fairies. This groundbreaking book inspired later authors, like C.S. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien.",{"type":329,"tag":330,"props":585,"children":586},{},[587],{"type":329,"tag":339,"props":588,"children":590},{"alt":341,"src":589,"title":343},"image://ce5f34c5-c314-40ca-bee7-eb39caf815aa",[],{"type":329,"tag":330,"props":592,"children":593},{},[594,596,601,603,608,610,615],{"type":334,"value":595},"In the decades since, fantasy novels have been hugely popular all around the world. In a list of the twenty best-selling novels of all time, more than half the list is fantasy fiction, including ",{"type":329,"tag":404,"props":597,"children":598},{},[599],{"type":334,"value":600},"Harry Potter",{"type":334,"value":602},", ",{"type":329,"tag":404,"props":604,"children":605},{},[606],{"type":334,"value":607},"The Hobbit",{"type":334,"value":609},", and ",{"type":329,"tag":404,"props":611,"children":612},{},[613],{"type":334,"value":614},"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe",{"type":334,"value":488},{"title":323,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":617},[],{"id":243,"data":244,"type":43,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":248,"parsed":619},{"data":620,"body":622,"toc":665},{"title":323,"description":621},"Alongside fantasy novels, the 19th century also saw the creation of the world’s first fantasy movies. One of the earliest was Cinderella, directed by Georges Méliès in 1899. This adaptation of a Grimm fairy tale used special effects to bring the story’s magic to life.",{"type":326,"children":623},[624,635,647],{"type":329,"tag":330,"props":625,"children":626},{},[627,629,633],{"type":334,"value":628},"Alongside fantasy novels, the 19th century also saw the creation of the world’s first fantasy movies. One of the earliest was ",{"type":329,"tag":404,"props":630,"children":631},{},[632],{"type":334,"value":257},{"type":334,"value":634},", directed by Georges Méliès in 1899. This adaptation of a Grimm fairy tale used special effects to bring the story’s magic to life.",{"type":329,"tag":330,"props":636,"children":637},{},[638,640,645],{"type":334,"value":639},"Afterwards, this film inspired countless filmmakers who wanted to explore the visual power of fantasy. In 1937, Walt Disney released ",{"type":329,"tag":404,"props":641,"children":642},{},[643],{"type":334,"value":644},"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs",{"type":334,"value":646},". This was one of the first ever animated feature-length films, and another adaptation of a Grimm fairy tale.",{"type":329,"tag":330,"props":648,"children":649},{},[650,652,657,659,664],{"type":334,"value":651},"Decades later, Peter Jackson directed a three-part adaptation of ",{"type":329,"tag":404,"props":653,"children":654},{},[655],{"type":334,"value":656},"The Lord of the Rings",{"type":334,"value":658},". In the history of cinema, no single film has won more Oscars than the third film in the trilogy: ",{"type":329,"tag":404,"props":660,"children":661},{},[662],{"type":334,"value":663},"The Return of the King",{"type":334,"value":488},{"title":323,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":666},[],{"id":260,"data":261,"type":43,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":265,"parsed":668},{"data":669,"body":671,"toc":708},{"title":323,"description":670},"As well as books and films, fantasy also appears in interactive games. For example, Dungeons & Dragons was first released in the 1970s. This tabletop game lets players assume the roles of characters, from half-orc druids to elven rogues, and embark on adventures in a collaborative fantasy world.",{"type":326,"children":672},[673,684,691,703],{"type":329,"tag":330,"props":674,"children":675},{},[676,678,682],{"type":334,"value":677},"As well as books and films, fantasy also appears in interactive games. For example, ",{"type":329,"tag":404,"props":679,"children":680},{},[681],{"type":334,"value":272},{"type":334,"value":683}," was first released in the 1970s. This tabletop game lets players assume the roles of characters, from half-orc druids to elven rogues, and embark on adventures in a collaborative fantasy world.",{"type":329,"tag":330,"props":685,"children":686},{},[687],{"type":329,"tag":339,"props":688,"children":690},{"alt":341,"src":689,"title":343},"image://a81e1121-0aee-41e6-838a-3ef438481d82",[],{"type":329,"tag":330,"props":692,"children":693},{},[694,696,701],{"type":334,"value":695},"In the 1990s, this concept inspired video games series like ",{"type":329,"tag":404,"props":697,"children":698},{},[699],{"type":334,"value":700},"The Elder Scrolls",{"type":334,"value":702},". These open-world games provide players with landscapes to explore, and narratives to unravel, pushing the limits of the fantasy genre as a medium for entertainment.",{"type":329,"tag":330,"props":704,"children":705},{},[706],{"type":334,"value":707},"It makes sense that fantasy lends itself well to interactive games. This is a genre without rules, where imaginations are allowed to run wild. In an interactive game, where players are able to choose their own path, there is even more freedom than there is in a book or film.",{"title":323,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":709},[],{"id":274,"data":275,"type":43,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":25,"reviews":279,"parsed":711},{"data":712,"body":714,"toc":756},{"title":323,"description":713},"As fantasy fiction has become more and more popular, it has branched into a number of subgenres. For example, high fantasy focuses on epic adventures in grand, alternative worlds. The Lord of the Rings is the most iconic example, with its bearded wizards and sword-bearing knights.",{"type":326,"children":715},[716,727,739,751],{"type":329,"tag":330,"props":717,"children":718},{},[719,721,725],{"type":334,"value":720},"As fantasy fiction has become more and more popular, it has branched into a number of subgenres. For example, high fantasy focuses on epic adventures in grand, alternative worlds. ",{"type":329,"tag":404,"props":722,"children":723},{},[724],{"type":334,"value":656},{"type":334,"value":726}," is the most iconic example, with its bearded wizards and sword-bearing knights.",{"type":329,"tag":330,"props":728,"children":729},{},[730,732,737],{"type":334,"value":731},"Urban fantasy blends magical elements with contemporary urban settings, like Neil Gaiman's ",{"type":329,"tag":404,"props":733,"children":734},{},[735],{"type":334,"value":736},"Neverwhere",{"type":334,"value":738},", which explores a hidden world below the streets of London, complete with a society of talking rats.",{"type":329,"tag":330,"props":740,"children":741},{},[742,744,749],{"type":334,"value":743},"Paranormal romance fuses magical beings with love stories. Stephenie Meyer’s ",{"type":329,"tag":404,"props":745,"children":746},{},[747],{"type":334,"value":748},"Twilight",{"type":334,"value":750}," books are a popular example, with their romantic entanglements between humans, vampires and werewolves.",{"type":329,"tag":330,"props":752,"children":753},{},[754],{"type":334,"value":755},"There are plenty of other fantasy subgenres, but they all have something in common. These stories all contain an element that breaks the laws of possibility.",{"title":323,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":757},[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":759,"height":759,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":760},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":759,"height":759,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":762},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M4 5h16M4 12h16M4 19h16\"/>",1778224712378]