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Comedy'","Worldbuilders often use real-life settings as templates, like pseudo-medieval and steampunk",1,{"id":36,"data":37,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"08a30782-ec93-4803-85ee-1e71b2b5c915",{"type":38,"title":39,"intro":40},10,"What is worldbuilding? intro",[41,42],"Who was the first known worldbuilder?","What are some common worldbuilding templates?",[44,63,89],{"id":45,"data":46,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34,"reviews":50},"6011b691-26c8-448b-b594-75a2dabbe7b4",{"type":34,"title":47,"markdownContent":48,"audioMediaId":49},"What is worldbuilding? page 1","A fantasy world can also be called a Secondary World. This term was coined by J.R.R. Tolkien in his famous essay, *On Fairy-Stories*. He contrasted it to the Primary World, which is the version of the world we actually live in.\n\nIn any work of fantasy, the Secondary World did not blink into being of its own accord. Somebody needed to design that world, working hard to come up with a setting, a history, a culture and more. This process is known as worldbuilding – the meticulous process of constructing an imaginary world.\n","d1705897-70cf-4d72-8ff0-c2e2e36c8fe2",[51],{"id":52,"data":53,"type":54,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"8090eed2-d415-4d60-83bd-036d0b52443c",{"type":54,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":55,"multiChoiceCorrect":57,"multiChoiceIncorrect":59,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},11,[56],"Who coined the term Secondary World in his famous essay, 'On Fairy-Stories'?",[58],"JRR Tolkien",[60,61,62],"CS Lewis","George MacDonald","William Morris",{"id":64,"data":65,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":69},"16304a1e-9816-4a09-ab44-6bf634907e79",{"type":34,"title":66,"markdownContent":67,"audioMediaId":68},"What is worldbuilding? page 2","\nTolkien is probably the most famous example of a worldbuilder, but he was not the first. That title goes to Dante Alighieri, who wrote the *Divine Comedy* at the start of the 14th century. This work may not officially count as fantasy, but it definitely counts as worldbuilding.\n\n![Graph](image://ef22d0ab-08e9-462c-a4c8-c71d2b90b3d6 \" \")\n\nDante constructed a vision of the afterlife, complete with Nine Circles of Hell. Each Circle has a sense of culture and place, and together, give the sense of a Secondary World. Other writers have been building Secondary Worlds in the centuries ever since.\n","9ff4d8cf-f848-454b-b293-c0a3db739bfc",[70],{"id":71,"data":72,"type":54,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"5b0d5760-9bb6-4b9a-9d66-aa45171f6e46",{"type":54,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"collapsingSiblings":73,"multiChoiceQuestion":77,"multiChoiceCorrect":79,"multiChoiceIncorrect":81,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":84,"matchPairsPairs":86},[74,75,76],"af544a1a-d96b-4904-98c4-4d8739f6e485","34c3ef14-0117-40a7-8c41-81b8720891e4","eb8bd0d9-a25f-452d-bcae-20b4f1b7ef01",[78],"Who was the first worldbuilder (The Divine Comedy)?",[80],"Dante Alighieri",[61,82,83],"Georges Méliès","Saint Hildegard",[85],"Match the pairs below:",[87],{"left":80,"right":88,"direction":19},"First worldbuilder (The Divine Comedy)",{"id":90,"data":91,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":95},"8cf54929-483a-4fd8-982e-9739a1f92da9",{"type":34,"title":92,"markdownContent":93,"audioMediaId":94},"What is worldbuilding? page 3","\nBuilding a world from scratch takes a lot of time, which is why worldbuilders often use a real-life setting as a template. This setting functions like a canvas, with the worldbuilder painting new details on top until they create something fresh and unique.\n\nThe most common template is something known as pseudo-medieval: a romanticized version of the Middle Ages, complete with knights, castles and kings. A lot of Secondary Worlds are based on this template, but with some magical details, like wizards and dragons, added in.\n\nSteampunk is another example. This template is based on the industrial era of Victorian England, complete with steam-powered machines and top hats. Shenmo, meanwhile, is a template based on folklore in Classical China. Even Tolkien used a template: medieval Scandinavia.\n","c467b3f8-fef8-47c4-aa2d-40cb6b876643",[96],{"id":97,"data":98,"type":54,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"753628d9-d8f5-4b39-913a-fb1ea3c5e9d4",{"type":54,"reviewType":99,"spacingBehaviour":34,"matchPairsQuestion":100,"matchPairsPairs":101,"matchPairsShowExamples":6},6,[85],[102,105,108,111],{"left":103,"right":104,"direction":19},"Steampunk stories","Victorian England",{"left":106,"right":107,"direction":19},"Shenmo stories","Classical China",{"left":109,"right":110,"direction":19},"Pseudo-medieval stories","Middle Ages",{"left":112,"right":113,"direction":19},"The Lord of the Rings","Medieval Scandinavia",{"id":115,"data":116,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":118,"introPage":126,"pages":133},"31a50dd9-e350-4b88-aa68-d98a8f5ab005",{"type":24,"title":117},"What do worlds need?",{"id":119,"data":120,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24},"5a90660e-4328-444f-b7ad-5242a6abffe6",{"type":19,"title":121,"summary":122},"What do worlds need? summary",[123,124,125],"Secondary Worlds in the fantasy genre will often include a magic system","Fantastical races and constructed languages can add depth and diversity to a Secondary World","Local cultures, traditions, history and geography can make a Secondary World feel authentic",{"id":127,"data":128,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24},"76bdacb9-d2bc-483d-8a39-23fc9e98d96f",{"type":38,"title":129,"intro":130},"What do worlds need? intro",[131,132],"What are the key components of a Secondary World?","How do writers use these components?",[134,152,181,207,213,227],{"id":135,"data":136,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":140},"93712d0c-e5e5-4ab6-aa15-8963b1e8a653",{"type":34,"title":137,"markdownContent":138,"audioMediaId":139},"What do worlds need? page 1","After choosing a template for their Secondary World, one of the first things a fantasy worldbuilder adds is usually a type of magic system.\n\nMagic is not an essential component of a Secondary World, but if that world is meant to break the laws of possibility, magic is a good place to start.\n\nA famous magic system was created by Robert Jordan for his world in *The Wheel of Time*. This world is based on a pseudo-medieval template, but with a type of magic called the One Power. This magic is channeled differently depending on the gender of the user.\n\nA magic system will have knock-on effects on the rest of the Secondary World. For example, if magic can be used to make food, does the world need farms and farmers? If magic can be used as a source of light, does the world need electricity?","8b4058fa-5b26-4bd0-912f-b0277ff3aedf",[141],{"id":142,"data":143,"type":54,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"85956e91-4a50-4f7f-b718-75555fe74291",{"type":54,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":144,"multiChoiceCorrect":146,"multiChoiceIncorrect":148,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[145],"What is the name of the magic system in Robert Jordan's 'The Wheel of Time'?",[147],"The One Power",[149,150,151],"The True Power","The Old Power","The Deep Power",{"id":153,"data":154,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":158},"1b55e529-64eb-413a-bc24-7a106d581d17",{"type":34,"title":155,"markdownContent":156,"audioMediaId":157},"What do worlds need? page 2","Many Secondary Worlds are inhabited by humans, but in a lot of cases, worldbuilders choose to add fantastical races too. Classic examples are elves and dwarves, but there are lots of different examples.\n\nChina Miéville's *Perdido Street Station* uses a grubby, industrial, Victorian city as a template for its Secondary World. This city is inhabited by a number of species, including insect-like humanoids called Khepri, and a race of bird-people called Garuda.\n\n![Graph](image://b4cc31ad-cfe9-4d8e-be5d-7f842d2341f0 \" \")\n\nJust like the general setting of the world, writers often use templates for their races. For example, Miéville's fantastical races are based on real-world insects and birds. In other stories, like the *Harry Potter* series, the world is inhabited by centaurs, a race drawn from Greek mythology.","da7bf3e1-34ca-4894-91f4-4838a69d67d0",[159,170],{"id":160,"data":161,"type":54,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"3511e42d-bb81-4a1a-b01e-a2ef4096a509",{"type":54,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":162,"multiChoiceCorrect":164,"multiChoiceIncorrect":166,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[163],"What type of animal are the Khepri based on in China Miéville's 'Perdido Street Station'?",[165],"Insects",[167,168,169],"Birds","Fish","Reptiles",{"id":171,"data":172,"type":54,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"db84a3a7-82e5-4188-8f9c-eb0cba914d14",{"type":54,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":173,"multiChoiceCorrect":175,"multiChoiceIncorrect":177,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[174],"In fantasy books, like 'Harry Potter', centaurs are inspired by which real-life mythology?",[176],"Greek",[178,179,180],"Norse","Egyptian","Roman",{"id":182,"data":183,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":187},"1a2d914b-b3f2-47bf-9190-d224518405d4",{"type":34,"title":184,"markdownContent":185,"audioMediaId":186},"What do worlds need? page 3","If a Secondary World includes different races, or even just different tribes of humans, it makes sense that these groups would speak some different languages.\n\nSome writers take the time to write conlangs – or constructed languages – to provide more depth to their world. A notable example is Dovahzul, a language that appears in the *Skyrim* fantasy video game. It is officially the language of dragons, but it can also be used by other races as a means of casting spells.\n\n![Graph](image://4acdb8a9-8fcb-44c6-8174-0b3b84ec589e \" \")\n\nWorldbuilders might use real languages as a template. For example, Dovahzul was inspired by Old English, plus some elements of Swedish and German. The written version of the language was based on ancient cuneiform, and designed to look like scratch marks made by a dragon’s claw.","2a0d0abe-8db1-4830-9ef0-2f47cb9261ae",[188],{"id":189,"data":190,"type":54,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"408e735e-c755-4a46-b5fd-fb4e81fda242",{"type":54,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"collapsingSiblings":191,"multiChoiceQuestion":195,"multiChoiceCorrect":197,"multiChoiceIncorrect":199,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6,"matchPairsQuestion":203,"matchPairsPairs":204},[192,193,194],"d5eb0fe8-b7ba-4cae-9767-5902bdb303e6","c2aa2789-6eeb-4887-ad23-40f277f6f97f","1c1d3bde-620b-44b0-b1a6-069174cee58d",[196],"Which of these best describes Dovahzul?",[198],"A language in the 'Skyrim' video game",[200,201,202],"A simple language created by Tolkien","A language created by David J. Peterson ","A runic alphabet created by Tolkien",[85],[205],{"left":206,"right":198,"direction":19},"Dovahzul",{"id":208,"data":209,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19},"bf74c58b-ed42-4a0e-ad43-5f3735636c80",{"type":34,"title":210,"markdownContent":211,"audioMediaId":212},"What do worlds need? page 4","When it comes to worldbuilding, a Secondary World can be enhanced by adding a sense of local culture. In the Primary World, every place has its own traditions, fashions and architectural styles, and a Secondary World needs these too.\n\nA striking example is the island of Kekon, in Fonda Lee's *Green Bone Saga*. This unique environment showcases a blend of Asian-inspired culture, with intricate descriptions of jade jewelry, noodle dishes, and other local customs.\n\n![Graph](image://e702589f-8280-45fa-aec4-3911f6efbe65 \" \")\n\nIn the same world is the island of Espenia; it has an American-inspired culture, which contrasts sharply with the cultural details in Kekon. In real life, even neighboring villages have cultural quirks, and different regions in a Secondary World should have cultural differences too.","4b2b5764-ad82-4746-ba61-7fa9f7a46f5c",{"id":214,"data":215,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":219},"33e279e4-dd2a-4fcd-9b45-a7b2c0d23110",{"type":34,"title":216,"markdownContent":217,"audioMediaId":218},"What do worlds need? page 5","A Secondary World will feel stronger and deeper if it features a sense of history. When a reader feels as though the fantasy world just popped into existence on page one of the book, it does not feel authentic.\n\nIn Patrick Rothfuss' *The Kingkiller Chronicle*, the people living in the Secondary World tell stories and sing songs about historical events. There is a sense that these songs have been passed through generations. The entire world feels more real, and lived in, with this clear sense of past.\n\nIn fantasy writing, the history of the world is often referred to as lore. Sometimes, a piece of lore feels concrete, like the date of a historical battle. At other times, it leans towards myth and legend, like a song about how a tribe of gods created the world’s first humans.","01862742-8c11-49f1-b9e2-51951ac14de0",[220],{"id":221,"data":222,"type":54,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"010990ac-b483-4468-a8ba-859795cf732c",{"type":54,"reviewType":34,"spacingBehaviour":34,"activeRecallQuestion":223,"activeRecallAnswers":225},[224],"In fantasy writing, the history of the world is often referred to as:",[226],"Lore",{"id":228,"data":229,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":233},"284c404e-7d9d-49a6-a85a-581b5fbaa476",{"type":34,"title":230,"markdownContent":231,"audioMediaId":232},"What do worlds need? page 6","Along with societal details, like history and culture, worldbuilders also need to consider the physical geography of the Secondary World. This includes the shapes of continents, the positions of mountains, even climate patterns and the location of natural resources.\n\nThe Al-Rassan setting in Guy Gavriel Kay's *The Lions of Al-Rassan* is based on the geography of the Iberian Peninsula. The land is divided into different kingdoms, all of them competing for limited space, with the ocean pinning them on three sides. The climate is hot and dry, and two moons hover in the sky.\n\n![Graph](image://a17963db-a3f0-4c09-9f93-97d3c7008edf \" \")\n\nSome worldbuilders come up with visual maps to give their readers a picture of the world as physical, geographical settings. This is especially helpful when characters travel, and readers need to know how far it is between the start and the destination.","f236e6f7-2a7f-4e40-8021-c0c2da2a26a6",[234,243],{"id":235,"data":236,"type":54,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"7136686d-e253-4452-b671-fcc435e6b5e5",{"type":54,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":34,"binaryQuestion":237,"binaryCorrect":239,"binaryIncorrect":241},[238],"In Guy Gavriel Kay's 'The Lions of Al-Rassan', the geographical setting is inspired by which real world location?",[240],"The Iberian Peninsula",[242],"The Italian Peninsula",{"id":244,"data":245,"type":54,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"b76a023a-4625-44d0-b171-a036410842fc",{"type":54,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":34,"binaryQuestion":246,"binaryCorrect":248,"binaryIncorrect":250},[247],"The Dovahzul conlang was mainly inspired by which three real world languages?",[249],"Old English, Swedish, German",[251],"Latin, French, Greek",{"id":253,"data":254,"type":24,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":256,"introPage":264,"pages":271},"419cf4cc-7e00-43c3-a8dc-b4fdafb4b393",{"type":24,"title":255},"Different approaches",{"id":257,"data":258,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24},"8005e441-f65b-4153-bd77-b41dcbac1745",{"type":19,"title":259,"summary":260},"Different approaches summary",[261,262,263],"Outside-in worldbuilding starts by building the broader world, before narrowing in to the specifics","Inside-out worldbuilding starts by building a specific detail, before broadening out to the wider world","Inferred worldbuilding can hide the holes in a Secondary World by letting the reader's imagination fill the gaps",{"id":265,"data":266,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"b1ff756f-fc73-454b-9371-95acf48a0378",{"type":38,"title":267,"intro":268},"Different approaches intro",[269,270],"What is the difference between outside-in and inside-out worldbuilding?","What is inferred worldbuilding?",[272,295],{"id":273,"data":274,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34,"reviews":278},"eba8fc19-480d-4005-8f4f-e8580eb34509",{"type":34,"title":275,"markdownContent":276,"audioMediaId":277},"Different approaches page 1","When putting together all the different elements of a Secondary World, worldbuilders can take two very different approaches. These are often referred to as outside-in and inside-out, and they are generally just a matter of preference.\n\nUsing the outside-in method, a worldbuilder starts with a broader world, often thinking about the physical geography of the continents. From there, they start to narrow in on specific details, until they get down to the level of tiny villages, and the individuals who live there.\n\nThe inside-out method is the opposite. These worldbuilders start with something niche and narrow, like a village at the edge of a forest, or even a single character. They expand outwards from there, fleshing out the world as they build toward a global scale.\n\n![Graph](image://1c1a46cf-e179-4ad2-89f6-d74e836a3ed4 \" \")\n","2e2346ae-a144-4cf4-98f7-f7bc5553a575",[279,288],{"id":280,"data":281,"type":54,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"73ec4714-75c6-4179-9d85-914139dfb328",{"type":54,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":34,"binaryQuestion":282,"binaryCorrect":284,"binaryIncorrect":286},[283],"What is the starting point for the outside-in method of worldbuilding?",[285],"The broader world",[287],"The narrow details",{"id":289,"data":290,"type":54,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"0294846b-63f8-436e-b054-84ab4750cffc",{"type":54,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":34,"binaryQuestion":291,"binaryCorrect":293,"binaryIncorrect":294},[292],"What is the starting point for the inside-out method of worldbuilding?",[287],[285],{"id":296,"data":297,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34,"reviews":301},"125bceaf-14a5-4f9b-8e93-e620c2800172",{"type":34,"title":298,"markdownContent":299,"audioMediaId":300},"Different approaches page 2","\nWhen it comes to worldbuilding, one thing is certain: a Secondary World will always have some holes in it. No one has time to think of a culture for every single tiny village, or a unique geography for every part of the world.\n\nTo hide these holes, writers use a technique called inferred worldbuilding. This is when they hint at something, but let the reader fill in the gaps. For example, the story might mention a strange-looking hut. The reader will try to imagine who lives there, without needing to know that the writer does not know the answer.\n\nThis process is all about balance: give just enough details to make the world feel real, then let the reader’s imagination do the rest. Ultimately, constructing an entire world is impossible, but with inferred worldbuilding, a writer does not need to.\n","be0c509b-5d6c-450a-82b0-3b810ec88495",[302],{"id":303,"data":304,"type":54,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"9a3bff5e-e739-4a01-8c6d-1ecdd1e75609",{"type":54,"reviewType":305,"spacingBehaviour":34,"clozeQuestion":306,"clozeWords":308},4,[307],"Inferred worldbuilding is when a writer hints at something, but lets the reader's imagination fill in the gaps.",[309],"Inferred",{"id":311,"data":312,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":314,"introPage":323,"pages":330},"060a831b-60d5-4f80-8ad9-ab96b990da83",{"type":24,"title":313},"Four types of world",{"id":315,"data":316,"type":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24},"35c03ac5-6823-402c-bb50-b2471b0f6b67",{"type":19,"title":317,"summary":318},"Four types of world summary",[319,320,321,322],"Immersive fantasy stories are set in a completely different world","Portal fantasies involve characters stumbling into a magical world through a gateway","Intrusive fantasies feature elements from a magical world encroaching on the primary world","Liminal fantasies blur the lines between fantasy and reality",{"id":324,"data":325,"type":38,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34},"50d05ef5-9226-4dea-ae8b-a1e67d9a473d",{"type":38,"title":326,"intro":327},"Four types of world intro",[328,329],"What are the four categories of Secondary World?","Do all Secondary Worlds fit these categories?",[331,347,361,384,399,405],{"id":332,"data":333,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":337},"fa4a7265-ce69-4959-b6bc-3bc5f2499fcf",{"type":34,"title":334,"markdownContent":335,"audioMediaId":336},"Four types of world page 1","In Tolkien’s stories, the Primary World and the Secondary World are separate entities, but other writers have linked their worlds together.\n\nIn *The Chronicles of Narnia*, the Secondary World and the Primary World are connected by a portal at the back of a wardrobe. In *Harry Potter*, the Primary World and the Secondary World co-exist, with some elements shared and others accessible only by magical means.\n\n![Graph](image://fb3f5e6b-a608-4606-a340-a634602b3539 \" \")\n\nIn 2008, Farah Mendlesohn – an academic historian – studied a range of fantasy novels written in the last few decades. She identified four approaches to the link between Primary and Secondary Worlds: immersive, portal, intrusive, and liminal.","ea266f9c-b7e0-40fc-a6e6-a6c95ce7049c",[338],{"id":339,"data":340,"type":54,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"c796e188-e660-4bc6-92a8-a86c1e8bf111",{"type":54,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":34,"binaryQuestion":341,"binaryCorrect":343,"binaryIncorrect":345},[342],"Which academic historian studied the links between Primary Worlds and Secondary Worlds in fantasy fiction?",[344],"Farah Mendlesohn",[346],"Colin Manlove",{"id":348,"data":349,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":353},"9198d897-22d6-4d12-b6bb-dd7d148f5ec0",{"type":34,"title":350,"markdownContent":351,"audioMediaId":352},"Four types of world page 2","An immersive fantasy is a story about a Secondary World with no links or connections to our own. Maybe it is set on a faraway planet, or in a completely different dimension. The characters in these stories never interact with the Primary World – the Secondary is all they know.\n\nAs a reader, these stories are rich and immersive. They thrust us into impossible worlds unlike anything we have seen before. Place names are different, races are different, even physics are different, with magic often commonplace.\n\n*The Lord of the Rings* is a classic example, along with urban fantasies like *Perdido Street Station*, a story set in an industrialized, magical city. Whatever the setting, immersive fantasy relies on detailed world-building. For the Secondary World to feel real, it requires a lot of depth.","ce534b86-ed40-4dd4-8e35-432bf085de86",[354],{"id":355,"data":356,"type":54,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"53616fcd-a49a-4432-b648-4b683f35c2d7",{"type":54,"reviewType":34,"spacingBehaviour":34,"activeRecallQuestion":357,"activeRecallAnswers":359},[358],"What type of fantasy story is about a Secondary World with no links or connections to our own?",[360],"Immersive fantasy",{"id":362,"data":363,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":367},"0a4f2db1-e603-4f30-addd-4034152719f5",{"type":34,"title":364,"markdownContent":365,"audioMediaId":366},"Four types of world page 3","Portal fantasies are stories in which a magical gateway connects the Primary World to the Secondary World. A character from the Primary World will often stumble by chance into the Secondary World, then struggle to find their way back.\n\nThere are countless examples, from *The Chronicles of Narnia* to *The Wizard of Oz*. In Japan, portal fantasies are called ‘isekai’. Hundreds of Japanese books, films, anime, and games fall into this category.\n\n![Graph](image://f71ac24c-6128-4607-adcd-458e72890d56 \" \")\n\nThe lost character in a portal fantasy might function as a reader surrogate. As they encounter a world for the very first time, we share their feelings of surprise and wonder. This is very different to an immersive fantasy, where the characters are already familiar with the world; what seems strange to the reader might not seem strange to them.","695622b5-a830-40ce-980b-d4b43ba23385",[368,375],{"id":369,"data":370,"type":54,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"939fbcea-8fc5-448d-a0f3-15ee6bf2d2c6",{"type":54,"reviewType":305,"spacingBehaviour":34,"clozeQuestion":371,"clozeWords":373},[372],"In portal fantasies, a magical gateway connects the Primary World to the Secondary World.",[374],"portal",{"id":376,"data":377,"type":54,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"7bb060ce-77bf-46fc-a0fd-c00320cba3c2",{"type":54,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":34,"binaryQuestion":378,"binaryCorrect":380,"binaryIncorrect":382},[379],"What is the Japanese term for portal fantasy stories?",[381],"Isekai",[383],"Ikigai",{"id":385,"data":386,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":390},"9fbd19e6-052b-424e-bede-730747ea409b",{"type":34,"title":387,"markdownContent":388,"audioMediaId":389},"Four types of world page 4","Intrusive fantasies are superficially set in the Primary World, but in a place where elements from a Secondary World have found a way to encroach. It is the opposite of a portal fantasy: instead of a character entering a Secondary World, the Secondary World comes to us.\n\nOften, these intrusions are malevolent, like a magical monster turning up in the middle of a town. The monster disrupts the status quo of the local community, which might come together to chase it away – or in some cases, find a way to build a new life alongside it.\n\nIn *Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell*, by Susanna Clarke, malevolent faeries find a way to enter 19th century England, bringing magical misfortune with them. Another famous example is Bram Stoker’s *Dracula*, about a vampire who arrives in the seaside town of Whitby.","8b09f7f5-b116-4b4f-a6c4-b6e85b2772f5",[391],{"id":392,"data":393,"type":54,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"d4b798e7-108a-4982-aa39-97eadfc645a8",{"type":54,"reviewType":305,"spacingBehaviour":34,"clozeQuestion":394,"clozeWords":396},[395],"In intrusive fantasies, elements from the Secondary World find a way to encroach on the Primary World.",[397,398],"intrusive","Primary",{"id":400,"data":401,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19},"b4794066-a5a4-497e-aafb-6e1a6b0586a9",{"type":34,"title":402,"markdownContent":403,"audioMediaId":404},"Four types of world page 5","Liminal fantasies are stories with small, fantastical elements hovering at the edge of the plot. These elements are often so faint and subtle that the reader wonders if they are there at all. Is this story taking place in a Primary World or a Secondary World?\n\nLiminal fantasies are rare, but one famous example is *Wizard of the Pigeons* by Megan Lindholm. In this story, a homeless man wanders the streets of Seattle. He presents himself as a wizard, but readers suspect he is deluded. Maybe the magic only exists in this man’s broken mind.\n\n![Graph](image://66f506db-22d2-4245-8ecb-071b92af3cc6 \" \")\n\nStories like this one blur the lines between reality and fantasy, and encourage readers to question their assumptions about the Primary World. If we saw the same world, through another person’s eyes, would it suddenly feel magical?","3bd3440a-1cb2-4c67-af4c-df328a3c6c09",{"id":406,"data":407,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":411},"590233c0-c52c-4996-9788-cbfa26b4da12",{"type":34,"title":408,"markdownContent":409,"audioMediaId":410},"Four types of world page 6","When Mendlesohn outlined her four types of fantasy, she made it clear that stories can be hard to classify. J.K. Rowling's *Harry Potter* series initially feels like an intrusive fantasy, as Hagrid the half-giant turns up on Harry’s doorstep. Later, it becomes a portal fantasy, as Harry enters the magical world through a gateway in London’s King’s Cross station.\n\n![Graph](image://6997dfc4-f2f5-431f-85c3-330e5ebe16ec \" \")\n\nPhilip Pullman's *His Dark Materials* is another good example. This series starts off as an immersive fantasy set in a magical version of Oxford. But later, it evolves into an intrusive fantasy, when the characters living in this Secondary World find a way to enter our Primary World.\n\nFantasy fiction is supposed to break free from conventions, and challenge the rules of possibility. Because of this, it makes sense that certain fantasy stories also challenge the rules of categorization.","0c940c41-ee1f-4b0d-b201-dc2004719e5d",[412,421,432],{"id":413,"data":414,"type":54,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"09a98c91-ccc5-47c4-a856-ca6f1a44b12a",{"type":54,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":34,"binaryQuestion":415,"binaryCorrect":417,"binaryIncorrect":419},[416],"What is a famous example of a liminal fantasy?",[418],"Wizard of the Pigeons",[420],"Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell",{"id":422,"data":423,"type":54,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"fa3843e8-4d03-4580-8120-8891c5f5c359",{"type":54,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":34,"multiChoiceQuestion":424,"multiChoiceCorrect":426,"multiChoiceIncorrect":428,"multiChoiceMultiSelect":6,"multiChoiceRevealAnswerOption":6},[425],"Which classic novel is an example of intrusive fantasy?",[427],"Dracula",[429,430,431],"Moby Dick","Frankenstein","Bleak House",{"id":433,"data":434,"type":54,"version":34,"maxContentLevel":19},"8c7318ce-312a-4f7a-b515-4d053698ad8c",{"type":54,"reviewType":305,"spacingBehaviour":34,"clozeQuestion":435,"clozeWords":437},[436],"The Harry Potter series starts as an intrusive fantasy, but later becomes a portal fantasy.",[374],[439,529,745,798],{"id":22,"data":23,"type":24,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":26,"introPage":35,"pages":440},[441,472,507],{"id":45,"data":46,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34,"reviews":50,"parsed":442},{"data":443,"body":446,"toc":470},{"title":444,"description":445},"","A fantasy world can also be called a Secondary World. This term was coined by J.R.R. Tolkien in his famous essay, On Fairy-Stories. He contrasted it to the Primary World, which is the version of the world we actually live in.",{"type":447,"children":448},"root",[449,465],{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":452,"children":453},"element","p",{},[454,457,463],{"type":455,"value":456},"text","A fantasy world can also be called a Secondary World. This term was coined by J.R.R. Tolkien in his famous essay, ",{"type":450,"tag":458,"props":459,"children":460},"em",{},[461],{"type":455,"value":462},"On Fairy-Stories",{"type":455,"value":464},". He contrasted it to the Primary World, which is the version of the world we actually live in.",{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":466,"children":467},{},[468],{"type":455,"value":469},"In any work of fantasy, the Secondary World did not blink into being of its own accord. Somebody needed to design that world, working hard to come up with a setting, a history, a culture and more. This process is known as worldbuilding – the meticulous process of constructing an imaginary world.",{"title":444,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":471},[],{"id":64,"data":65,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":69,"parsed":473},{"data":474,"body":476,"toc":505},{"title":444,"description":475},"Tolkien is probably the most famous example of a worldbuilder, but he was not the first. That title goes to Dante Alighieri, who wrote the Divine Comedy at the start of the 14th century. This work may not officially count as fantasy, but it definitely counts as worldbuilding.",{"type":447,"children":477},[478,490,500],{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":479,"children":480},{},[481,483,488],{"type":455,"value":482},"Tolkien is probably the most famous example of a worldbuilder, but he was not the first. That title goes to Dante Alighieri, who wrote the ",{"type":450,"tag":458,"props":484,"children":485},{},[486],{"type":455,"value":487},"Divine Comedy",{"type":455,"value":489}," at the start of the 14th century. This work may not officially count as fantasy, but it definitely counts as worldbuilding.",{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":491,"children":492},{},[493],{"type":450,"tag":494,"props":495,"children":499},"img",{"alt":496,"src":497,"title":498},"Graph","image://ef22d0ab-08e9-462c-a4c8-c71d2b90b3d6"," ",[],{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":501,"children":502},{},[503],{"type":455,"value":504},"Dante constructed a vision of the afterlife, complete with Nine Circles of Hell. Each Circle has a sense of culture and place, and together, give the sense of a Secondary World. Other writers have been building Secondary Worlds in the centuries ever since.",{"title":444,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":506},[],{"id":90,"data":91,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":95,"parsed":508},{"data":509,"body":511,"toc":527},{"title":444,"description":510},"Building a world from scratch takes a lot of time, which is why worldbuilders often use a real-life setting as a template. This setting functions like a canvas, with the worldbuilder painting new details on top until they create something fresh and unique.",{"type":447,"children":512},[513,517,522],{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":514,"children":515},{},[516],{"type":455,"value":510},{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":518,"children":519},{},[520],{"type":455,"value":521},"The most common template is something known as pseudo-medieval: a romanticized version of the Middle Ages, complete with knights, castles and kings. A lot of Secondary Worlds are based on this template, but with some magical details, like wizards and dragons, added in.",{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":523,"children":524},{},[525],{"type":455,"value":526},"Steampunk is another example. This template is based on the industrial era of Victorian England, complete with steam-powered machines and top hats. Shenmo, meanwhile, is a template based on folklore in Classical China. Even Tolkien used a template: medieval Scandinavia.",{"title":444,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":528},[],{"id":115,"data":116,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":118,"introPage":126,"pages":530},[531,565,608,644,680,709],{"id":135,"data":136,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":140,"parsed":532},{"data":533,"body":535,"toc":563},{"title":444,"description":534},"After choosing a template for their Secondary World, one of the first things a fantasy worldbuilder adds is usually a type of magic system.",{"type":447,"children":536},[537,541,546,558],{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":538,"children":539},{},[540],{"type":455,"value":534},{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":542,"children":543},{},[544],{"type":455,"value":545},"Magic is not an essential component of a Secondary World, but if that world is meant to break the laws of possibility, magic is a good place to start.",{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":547,"children":548},{},[549,551,556],{"type":455,"value":550},"A famous magic system was created by Robert Jordan for his world in ",{"type":450,"tag":458,"props":552,"children":553},{},[554],{"type":455,"value":555},"The Wheel of Time",{"type":455,"value":557},". This world is based on a pseudo-medieval template, but with a type of magic called the One Power. This magic is channeled differently depending on the gender of the user.",{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":559,"children":560},{},[561],{"type":455,"value":562},"A magic system will have knock-on effects on the rest of the Secondary World. For example, if magic can be used to make food, does the world need farms and farmers? If magic can be used as a source of light, does the world need electricity?",{"title":444,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":564},[],{"id":153,"data":154,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":158,"parsed":566},{"data":567,"body":569,"toc":606},{"title":444,"description":568},"Many Secondary Worlds are inhabited by humans, but in a lot of cases, worldbuilders choose to add fantastical races too. Classic examples are elves and dwarves, but there are lots of different examples.",{"type":447,"children":570},[571,575,587,594],{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":572,"children":573},{},[574],{"type":455,"value":568},{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":576,"children":577},{},[578,580,585],{"type":455,"value":579},"China Miéville's ",{"type":450,"tag":458,"props":581,"children":582},{},[583],{"type":455,"value":584},"Perdido Street Station",{"type":455,"value":586}," uses a grubby, industrial, Victorian city as a template for its Secondary World. This city is inhabited by a number of species, including insect-like humanoids called Khepri, and a race of bird-people called Garuda.",{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":588,"children":589},{},[590],{"type":450,"tag":494,"props":591,"children":593},{"alt":496,"src":592,"title":498},"image://b4cc31ad-cfe9-4d8e-be5d-7f842d2341f0",[],{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":595,"children":596},{},[597,599,604],{"type":455,"value":598},"Just like the general setting of the world, writers often use templates for their races. For example, Miéville's fantastical races are based on real-world insects and birds. In other stories, like the ",{"type":450,"tag":458,"props":600,"children":601},{},[602],{"type":455,"value":603},"Harry Potter",{"type":455,"value":605}," series, the world is inhabited by centaurs, a race drawn from Greek mythology.",{"title":444,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":607},[],{"id":182,"data":183,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":187,"parsed":609},{"data":610,"body":612,"toc":642},{"title":444,"description":611},"If a Secondary World includes different races, or even just different tribes of humans, it makes sense that these groups would speak some different languages.",{"type":447,"children":613},[614,618,630,637],{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":615,"children":616},{},[617],{"type":455,"value":611},{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":619,"children":620},{},[621,623,628],{"type":455,"value":622},"Some writers take the time to write conlangs – or constructed languages – to provide more depth to their world. A notable example is Dovahzul, a language that appears in the ",{"type":450,"tag":458,"props":624,"children":625},{},[626],{"type":455,"value":627},"Skyrim",{"type":455,"value":629}," fantasy video game. It is officially the language of dragons, but it can also be used by other races as a means of casting spells.",{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":631,"children":632},{},[633],{"type":450,"tag":494,"props":634,"children":636},{"alt":496,"src":635,"title":498},"image://4acdb8a9-8fcb-44c6-8174-0b3b84ec589e",[],{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":638,"children":639},{},[640],{"type":455,"value":641},"Worldbuilders might use real languages as a template. For example, Dovahzul was inspired by Old English, plus some elements of Swedish and German. The written version of the language was based on ancient cuneiform, and designed to look like scratch marks made by a dragon’s claw.",{"title":444,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":643},[],{"id":208,"data":209,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"parsed":645},{"data":646,"body":648,"toc":678},{"title":444,"description":647},"When it comes to worldbuilding, a Secondary World can be enhanced by adding a sense of local culture. In the Primary World, every place has its own traditions, fashions and architectural styles, and a Secondary World needs these too.",{"type":447,"children":649},[650,654,666,673],{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":651,"children":652},{},[653],{"type":455,"value":647},{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":655,"children":656},{},[657,659,664],{"type":455,"value":658},"A striking example is the island of Kekon, in Fonda Lee's ",{"type":450,"tag":458,"props":660,"children":661},{},[662],{"type":455,"value":663},"Green Bone Saga",{"type":455,"value":665},". This unique environment showcases a blend of Asian-inspired culture, with intricate descriptions of jade jewelry, noodle dishes, and other local customs.",{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":667,"children":668},{},[669],{"type":450,"tag":494,"props":670,"children":672},{"alt":496,"src":671,"title":498},"image://e702589f-8280-45fa-aec4-3911f6efbe65",[],{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":674,"children":675},{},[676],{"type":455,"value":677},"In the same world is the island of Espenia; it has an American-inspired culture, which contrasts sharply with the cultural details in Kekon. In real life, even neighboring villages have cultural quirks, and different regions in a Secondary World should have cultural differences too.",{"title":444,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":679},[],{"id":214,"data":215,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":219,"parsed":681},{"data":682,"body":684,"toc":707},{"title":444,"description":683},"A Secondary World will feel stronger and deeper if it features a sense of history. When a reader feels as though the fantasy world just popped into existence on page one of the book, it does not feel authentic.",{"type":447,"children":685},[686,690,702],{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":687,"children":688},{},[689],{"type":455,"value":683},{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":691,"children":692},{},[693,695,700],{"type":455,"value":694},"In Patrick Rothfuss' ",{"type":450,"tag":458,"props":696,"children":697},{},[698],{"type":455,"value":699},"The Kingkiller Chronicle",{"type":455,"value":701},", the people living in the Secondary World tell stories and sing songs about historical events. There is a sense that these songs have been passed through generations. The entire world feels more real, and lived in, with this clear sense of past.",{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":703,"children":704},{},[705],{"type":455,"value":706},"In fantasy writing, the history of the world is often referred to as lore. Sometimes, a piece of lore feels concrete, like the date of a historical battle. At other times, it leans towards myth and legend, like a song about how a tribe of gods created the world’s first humans.",{"title":444,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":708},[],{"id":228,"data":229,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":233,"parsed":710},{"data":711,"body":713,"toc":743},{"title":444,"description":712},"Along with societal details, like history and culture, worldbuilders also need to consider the physical geography of the Secondary World. This includes the shapes of continents, the positions of mountains, even climate patterns and the location of natural resources.",{"type":447,"children":714},[715,719,731,738],{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":716,"children":717},{},[718],{"type":455,"value":712},{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":720,"children":721},{},[722,724,729],{"type":455,"value":723},"The Al-Rassan setting in Guy Gavriel Kay's ",{"type":450,"tag":458,"props":725,"children":726},{},[727],{"type":455,"value":728},"The Lions of Al-Rassan",{"type":455,"value":730}," is based on the geography of the Iberian Peninsula. The land is divided into different kingdoms, all of them competing for limited space, with the ocean pinning them on three sides. The climate is hot and dry, and two moons hover in the sky.",{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":732,"children":733},{},[734],{"type":450,"tag":494,"props":735,"children":737},{"alt":496,"src":736,"title":498},"image://a17963db-a3f0-4c09-9f93-97d3c7008edf",[],{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":739,"children":740},{},[741],{"type":455,"value":742},"Some worldbuilders come up with visual maps to give their readers a picture of the world as physical, geographical settings. This is especially helpful when characters travel, and readers need to know how far it is between the start and the destination.",{"title":444,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":744},[],{"id":253,"data":254,"type":24,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":256,"introPage":264,"pages":746},[747,776],{"id":273,"data":274,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34,"reviews":278,"parsed":748},{"data":749,"body":751,"toc":774},{"title":444,"description":750},"When putting together all the different elements of a Secondary World, worldbuilders can take two very different approaches. These are often referred to as outside-in and inside-out, and they are generally just a matter of preference.",{"type":447,"children":752},[753,757,762,767],{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":754,"children":755},{},[756],{"type":455,"value":750},{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":758,"children":759},{},[760],{"type":455,"value":761},"Using the outside-in method, a worldbuilder starts with a broader world, often thinking about the physical geography of the continents. From there, they start to narrow in on specific details, until they get down to the level of tiny villages, and the individuals who live there.",{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":763,"children":764},{},[765],{"type":455,"value":766},"The inside-out method is the opposite. These worldbuilders start with something niche and narrow, like a village at the edge of a forest, or even a single character. They expand outwards from there, fleshing out the world as they build toward a global scale.",{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":768,"children":769},{},[770],{"type":450,"tag":494,"props":771,"children":773},{"alt":496,"src":772,"title":498},"image://1c1a46cf-e179-4ad2-89f6-d74e836a3ed4",[],{"title":444,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":775},[],{"id":296,"data":297,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":34,"reviews":301,"parsed":777},{"data":778,"body":780,"toc":796},{"title":444,"description":779},"When it comes to worldbuilding, one thing is certain: a Secondary World will always have some holes in it. No one has time to think of a culture for every single tiny village, or a unique geography for every part of the world.",{"type":447,"children":781},[782,786,791],{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":783,"children":784},{},[785],{"type":455,"value":779},{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":787,"children":788},{},[789],{"type":455,"value":790},"To hide these holes, writers use a technique called inferred worldbuilding. This is when they hint at something, but let the reader fill in the gaps. For example, the story might mention a strange-looking hut. The reader will try to imagine who lives there, without needing to know that the writer does not know the answer.",{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":792,"children":793},{},[794],{"type":455,"value":795},"This process is all about balance: give just enough details to make the world feel real, then let the reader’s imagination do the rest. Ultimately, constructing an entire world is impossible, but with inferred worldbuilding, a writer does not need to.",{"title":444,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":797},[],{"id":311,"data":312,"type":24,"version":19,"maxContentLevel":19,"summaryPage":314,"introPage":323,"pages":799},[800,842,874,916,949,984],{"id":332,"data":333,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":337,"parsed":801},{"data":802,"body":804,"toc":840},{"title":444,"description":803},"In Tolkien’s stories, the Primary World and the Secondary World are separate entities, but other writers have linked their worlds together.",{"type":447,"children":805},[806,810,828,835],{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":807,"children":808},{},[809],{"type":455,"value":803},{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":811,"children":812},{},[813,815,820,822,826],{"type":455,"value":814},"In ",{"type":450,"tag":458,"props":816,"children":817},{},[818],{"type":455,"value":819},"The Chronicles of Narnia",{"type":455,"value":821},", the Secondary World and the Primary World are connected by a portal at the back of a wardrobe. In ",{"type":450,"tag":458,"props":823,"children":824},{},[825],{"type":455,"value":603},{"type":455,"value":827},", the Primary World and the Secondary World co-exist, with some elements shared and others accessible only by magical means.",{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":829,"children":830},{},[831],{"type":450,"tag":494,"props":832,"children":834},{"alt":496,"src":833,"title":498},"image://fb3f5e6b-a608-4606-a340-a634602b3539",[],{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":836,"children":837},{},[838],{"type":455,"value":839},"In 2008, Farah Mendlesohn – an academic historian – studied a range of fantasy novels written in the last few decades. She identified four approaches to the link between Primary and Secondary Worlds: immersive, portal, intrusive, and liminal.",{"title":444,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":841},[],{"id":348,"data":349,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":353,"parsed":843},{"data":844,"body":846,"toc":872},{"title":444,"description":845},"An immersive fantasy is a story about a Secondary World with no links or connections to our own. Maybe it is set on a faraway planet, or in a completely different dimension. The characters in these stories never interact with the Primary World – the Secondary is all they know.",{"type":447,"children":847},[848,852,857],{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":849,"children":850},{},[851],{"type":455,"value":845},{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":853,"children":854},{},[855],{"type":455,"value":856},"As a reader, these stories are rich and immersive. They thrust us into impossible worlds unlike anything we have seen before. Place names are different, races are different, even physics are different, with magic often commonplace.",{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":858,"children":859},{},[860,864,866,870],{"type":450,"tag":458,"props":861,"children":862},{},[863],{"type":455,"value":112},{"type":455,"value":865}," is a classic example, along with urban fantasies like ",{"type":450,"tag":458,"props":867,"children":868},{},[869],{"type":455,"value":584},{"type":455,"value":871},", a story set in an industrialized, magical city. Whatever the setting, immersive fantasy relies on detailed world-building. For the Secondary World to feel real, it requires a lot of depth.",{"title":444,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":873},[],{"id":362,"data":363,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"reviews":367,"parsed":875},{"data":876,"body":878,"toc":914},{"title":444,"description":877},"Portal fantasies are stories in which a magical gateway connects the Primary World to the Secondary World. A character from the Primary World will often stumble by chance into the Secondary World, then struggle to find their way back.",{"type":447,"children":879},[880,884,902,909],{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":881,"children":882},{},[883],{"type":455,"value":877},{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":885,"children":886},{},[887,889,893,895,900],{"type":455,"value":888},"There are countless examples, from ",{"type":450,"tag":458,"props":890,"children":891},{},[892],{"type":455,"value":819},{"type":455,"value":894}," to ",{"type":450,"tag":458,"props":896,"children":897},{},[898],{"type":455,"value":899},"The Wizard of Oz",{"type":455,"value":901},". In Japan, portal fantasies are called ‘isekai’. Hundreds of Japanese books, films, anime, and games fall into this category.",{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":903,"children":904},{},[905],{"type":450,"tag":494,"props":906,"children":908},{"alt":496,"src":907,"title":498},"image://f71ac24c-6128-4607-adcd-458e72890d56",[],{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":910,"children":911},{},[912],{"type":455,"value":913},"The lost character in a portal fantasy might function as a reader surrogate. As they encounter a world for the very first time, we share their feelings of surprise and wonder. This is very different to an immersive fantasy, where the characters are already familiar with the world; what seems strange to the reader might not seem strange to them.",{"title":444,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":915},[],{"id":385,"data":386,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":390,"parsed":917},{"data":918,"body":920,"toc":947},{"title":444,"description":919},"Intrusive fantasies are superficially set in the Primary World, but in a place where elements from a Secondary World have found a way to encroach. It is the opposite of a portal fantasy: instead of a character entering a Secondary World, the Secondary World comes to us.",{"type":447,"children":921},[922,926,931],{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":923,"children":924},{},[925],{"type":455,"value":919},{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":927,"children":928},{},[929],{"type":455,"value":930},"Often, these intrusions are malevolent, like a magical monster turning up in the middle of a town. The monster disrupts the status quo of the local community, which might come together to chase it away – or in some cases, find a way to build a new life alongside it.",{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":932,"children":933},{},[934,935,939,941,945],{"type":455,"value":814},{"type":450,"tag":458,"props":936,"children":937},{},[938],{"type":455,"value":420},{"type":455,"value":940},", by Susanna Clarke, malevolent faeries find a way to enter 19th century England, bringing magical misfortune with them. Another famous example is Bram Stoker’s ",{"type":450,"tag":458,"props":942,"children":943},{},[944],{"type":455,"value":427},{"type":455,"value":946},", about a vampire who arrives in the seaside town of Whitby.",{"title":444,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":948},[],{"id":400,"data":401,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":19,"parsed":950},{"data":951,"body":953,"toc":982},{"title":444,"description":952},"Liminal fantasies are stories with small, fantastical elements hovering at the edge of the plot. These elements are often so faint and subtle that the reader wonders if they are there at all. Is this story taking place in a Primary World or a Secondary World?",{"type":447,"children":954},[955,959,970,977],{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":956,"children":957},{},[958],{"type":455,"value":952},{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":960,"children":961},{},[962,964,968],{"type":455,"value":963},"Liminal fantasies are rare, but one famous example is ",{"type":450,"tag":458,"props":965,"children":966},{},[967],{"type":455,"value":418},{"type":455,"value":969}," by Megan Lindholm. In this story, a homeless man wanders the streets of Seattle. He presents himself as a wizard, but readers suspect he is deluded. Maybe the magic only exists in this man’s broken mind.",{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":971,"children":972},{},[973],{"type":450,"tag":494,"props":974,"children":976},{"alt":496,"src":975,"title":498},"image://66f506db-22d2-4245-8ecb-071b92af3cc6",[],{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":978,"children":979},{},[980],{"type":455,"value":981},"Stories like this one blur the lines between reality and fantasy, and encourage readers to question their assumptions about the Primary World. If we saw the same world, through another person’s eyes, would it suddenly feel magical?",{"title":444,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":983},[],{"id":406,"data":407,"type":34,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":24,"reviews":411,"parsed":985},{"data":986,"body":988,"toc":1025},{"title":444,"description":987},"When Mendlesohn outlined her four types of fantasy, she made it clear that stories can be hard to classify. J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series initially feels like an intrusive fantasy, as Hagrid the half-giant turns up on Harry’s doorstep. Later, it becomes a portal fantasy, as Harry enters the magical world through a gateway in London’s King’s Cross station.",{"type":447,"children":989},[990,1001,1008,1020],{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":991,"children":992},{},[993,995,999],{"type":455,"value":994},"When Mendlesohn outlined her four types of fantasy, she made it clear that stories can be hard to classify. J.K. Rowling's ",{"type":450,"tag":458,"props":996,"children":997},{},[998],{"type":455,"value":603},{"type":455,"value":1000}," series initially feels like an intrusive fantasy, as Hagrid the half-giant turns up on Harry’s doorstep. Later, it becomes a portal fantasy, as Harry enters the magical world through a gateway in London’s King’s Cross station.",{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":1002,"children":1003},{},[1004],{"type":450,"tag":494,"props":1005,"children":1007},{"alt":496,"src":1006,"title":498},"image://6997dfc4-f2f5-431f-85c3-330e5ebe16ec",[],{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":1009,"children":1010},{},[1011,1013,1018],{"type":455,"value":1012},"Philip Pullman's ",{"type":450,"tag":458,"props":1014,"children":1015},{},[1016],{"type":455,"value":1017},"His Dark Materials",{"type":455,"value":1019}," is another good example. This series starts off as an immersive fantasy set in a magical version of Oxford. But later, it evolves into an intrusive fantasy, when the characters living in this Secondary World find a way to enter our Primary World.",{"type":450,"tag":451,"props":1021,"children":1022},{},[1023],{"type":455,"value":1024},"Fantasy fiction is supposed to break free from conventions, and challenge the rules of possibility. Because of this, it makes sense that certain fantasy stories also challenge the rules of categorization.",{"title":444,"searchDepth":24,"depth":24,"links":1026},[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":1028,"height":1028,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":1029},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":1028,"height":1028,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":1031},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M4 5h16M4 12h16M4 19h16\"/>",1778224712794]