[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":886},["ShallowReactive",2],{"i-kinnu:logo":3,"i-kinnu:origami-folding":8,"tile-culture-an-intro-to-the-big-architectural-movements-the-first-influencers-asian-and-islamic-architecture":12,"i-lucide:chevron-right":881,"i-lucide:menu":884},{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":7},0,27,false,"\u003Cg fill=\"none\">\u003Cpath d=\"M0.046875 1.05555C0.046875 1.03541 0.048197 1.01579 0.0507438 0.996728C0.0987149 0.438619 0.586845 0 1.18194 0H25.4398C26.451 0 26.9575 1.171 26.2424 1.85585L15.7301 11.9243L1.31574 0.903476C1.17475 0.79568 1.01137 0.761884 0.859586 0.784111L26.2936 25.1441C27.0086 25.829 26.5022 27 25.4909 27H1.18194C0.555061 27 0.046875 26.5133 0.046875 25.9129V1.05555Z\" fill=\"currentColor\"/>\u003C/g>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":9,"height":10,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":11},1000,236,"\u003Cg fill=\"none\">\u003Cpath fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\"\n    d=\"M193.68 38.2238C195.994 38.2238 197.87 40.0989 197.87 42.412V231.812C197.87 234.125 195.994 236 193.68 236H4.19013C1.87603 236 2.02305e-07 234.125 0 231.812V42.412C-2.02305e-07 40.0989 1.87603 38.2238 4.19013 38.2238H193.68ZM111.76 89.0072C111.685 87.9474 110.572 87.2905 109.608 87.7376L96.8872 93.641C95.7786 94.1554 95.702 95.7016 96.7545 96.3225L101.579 99.167C94.7045 109.365 90.5733 122.892 90.5732 137.642C90.5733 154.323 95.8569 169.439 104.416 179.945C105.301 181.032 106.9 181.196 107.987 180.311C109.075 179.426 109.238 177.828 108.353 176.741C100.621 167.25 95.6522 153.305 95.6521 137.642C95.6522 123.661 99.6138 111.051 105.963 101.754L110.456 104.403C111.508 105.024 112.826 104.21 112.74 102.991L111.76 89.0072ZM9.63194 136.286C9.14864 136.286 8.75684 136.678 8.75684 137.161C8.7569 137.644 9.14868 138.035 9.63194 138.035H17.2161C17.6993 138.035 18.0912 137.644 18.0912 137.161C18.0912 136.678 17.6994 136.286 17.2161 136.286H9.63194ZM22.6813 136.286C22.198 136.286 21.8062 136.678 21.8062 137.161C21.8063 137.644 22.1981 138.035 22.6813 138.035H30.2655C30.7487 138.035 31.1406 137.644 31.1406 137.161C31.1406 136.678 30.7488 136.286 30.2655 136.286H22.6813ZM35.7464 136.286C35.2631 136.286 34.8713 136.678 34.8713 137.161C34.8713 137.644 35.2631 138.035 35.7464 138.035H44.4973C44.9805 138.035 45.3724 137.644 45.3724 137.161C45.3724 136.678 44.9806 136.286 44.4973 136.286H35.7464ZM49.9977 136.286C49.5144 136.286 49.1226 136.678 49.1226 137.161C49.1226 137.644 49.5144 138.035 49.9977 138.035H57.5819C58.0651 138.035 58.4569 137.644 58.457 137.161C58.457 136.678 58.0651 136.286 57.5819 136.286H49.9977ZM63.0783 136.286C62.595 136.286 62.2032 136.678 62.2032 137.161C62.2033 137.644 62.5951 138.035 63.0783 138.035H70.6625C71.1457 138.035 71.5375 137.644 71.5376 137.161C71.5376 136.678 71.1457 136.286 70.6625 136.286H63.0783ZM76.1277 136.286C75.6444 136.286 75.2526 136.678 75.2526 137.161C75.2527 137.644 75.6445 138.035 76.1277 138.035H83.7119C84.1951 138.035 84.5869 137.644 84.587 137.161C84.587 136.678 84.1951 136.286 83.7119 136.286H76.1277ZM102.266 136.286C101.782 136.286 101.39 136.678 101.39 137.161C101.391 137.644 101.782 138.035 102.266 138.035H109.85C110.333 138.035 110.725 137.644 110.725 137.161C110.725 136.678 110.333 136.286 109.85 136.286H102.266ZM115.338 136.286C114.855 136.286 114.463 136.678 114.463 137.161C114.463 137.644 114.855 138.035 115.338 138.035H122.923C123.406 138.035 123.798 137.644 123.798 137.161C123.798 136.678 123.406 136.286 122.923 136.286H115.338ZM128.403 136.286C127.92 136.286 127.528 136.678 127.528 137.161C127.528 137.644 127.92 138.035 128.403 138.035H135.988C136.471 138.035 136.863 137.644 136.863 137.161C136.863 136.678 136.471 136.286 135.988 136.286H128.403ZM141.468 136.286C140.985 136.286 140.593 136.678 140.593 137.161C140.593 137.644 140.985 138.035 141.468 138.035H149.053C149.536 138.035 149.928 137.644 149.928 137.161C149.928 136.678 149.536 136.286 149.053 136.286H141.468ZM154.541 136.286C154.058 136.286 153.666 136.678 153.666 137.161C153.666 137.644 154.058 138.035 154.541 138.035H162.125C162.609 138.035 163 137.644 163.001 137.161C163.001 136.678 162.609 136.286 162.125 136.286H154.541ZM167.614 136.286C167.131 136.286 166.739 136.678 166.739 137.161C166.739 137.644 167.131 138.035 167.614 138.035H175.198C175.681 138.035 176.073 137.644 176.073 137.161C176.073 136.678 175.681 136.286 175.198 136.286H167.614ZM180.671 136.286C180.188 136.286 179.796 136.678 179.796 137.161C179.796 137.644 180.188 138.035 180.671 138.035H188.255C188.739 138.035 189.13 137.644 189.131 137.161C189.131 136.678 188.739 136.286 188.255 136.286H180.671Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\"\n    d=\"M444.85 38.2277C447.164 38.2277 449.04 40.1028 449.04 42.4159V132.928C449.04 135.241 447.164 137.116 444.85 137.116H255.36C253.046 137.116 251.17 135.241 251.17 132.928V42.4159C251.17 40.1028 253.046 38.2277 255.36 38.2277H444.85ZM361.96 125.388C361.618 125.046 361.064 125.046 360.722 125.388L354.534 131.572C354.192 131.914 354.192 132.468 354.534 132.81C354.876 133.151 355.43 133.151 355.772 132.81L361.96 126.624C362.301 126.283 362.301 125.73 361.96 125.388ZM371.047 116.311C370.705 115.969 370.15 115.969 369.809 116.311L364.446 121.671C364.104 122.012 364.104 122.567 364.446 122.908C364.788 123.249 365.342 123.25 365.684 122.908L371.047 117.548C371.388 117.207 371.388 116.652 371.047 116.311ZM380.124 107.246C379.782 106.904 379.227 106.904 378.885 107.246L373.523 112.606C373.181 112.948 373.181 113.502 373.523 113.844C373.864 114.185 374.419 114.185 374.761 113.844L380.124 108.483C380.465 108.142 380.465 107.587 380.124 107.246ZM385.736 65.8841C385.891 64.6727 384.622 63.7845 383.536 64.3434L371.069 70.7636C370.124 71.2504 369.96 72.5334 370.752 73.2424L381.2 82.5938C382.11 83.4081 383.561 82.8672 383.717 81.6557L384.393 76.3725C391.143 77.1933 398.567 80.7709 404.771 86.9711C411.124 93.3213 414.726 100.952 415.43 107.827C415.573 109.221 416.819 110.236 418.214 110.093C419.609 109.95 420.624 108.703 420.481 107.309C419.644 99.1317 415.435 90.4514 408.362 83.3817C401.466 76.489 393.038 72.3185 385.038 71.338L385.736 65.8841ZM389.2 98.1733C388.859 97.8319 388.304 97.8318 387.962 98.1733L382.6 103.534C382.258 103.875 382.258 104.429 382.6 104.771C382.941 105.112 383.496 105.112 383.838 104.771L389.2 99.4108C389.542 99.0693 389.542 98.5149 389.2 98.1733ZM398.262 89.1047C397.92 88.7633 397.365 88.7632 397.024 89.1047L391.661 94.4649C391.319 94.8065 391.319 95.3608 391.661 95.7024C392.002 96.0436 392.557 96.0438 392.899 95.7024L398.262 90.3421C398.603 90.0007 398.603 89.4463 398.262 89.1047ZM416.431 70.9616C416.089 70.6202 415.534 70.6201 415.193 70.9616L409.83 76.3218C409.488 76.6634 409.488 77.2177 409.83 77.5592C410.172 77.9005 410.726 77.9007 411.068 77.5592L416.431 72.199C416.772 71.8575 416.772 71.3032 416.431 70.9616ZM425.508 61.891C425.166 61.5496 424.611 61.5495 424.27 61.891L418.907 67.2512C418.565 67.5928 418.565 68.1471 418.907 68.4887C419.249 68.8299 419.803 68.8301 420.145 68.4887L425.508 63.1284C425.849 62.787 425.849 62.2326 425.508 61.891ZM434.569 52.8146C434.227 52.4731 433.673 52.4731 433.331 52.8146L427.968 58.1748C427.626 58.5163 427.627 59.0706 427.968 59.4122C428.31 59.7534 428.864 59.7537 429.206 59.4122L434.569 54.052C434.91 53.7105 434.91 53.1562 434.569 52.8146ZM443.638 43.7479C443.296 43.4065 442.742 43.4064 442.4 43.7479L437.037 49.1081C436.695 49.4496 436.696 50.004 437.037 50.3455C437.379 50.6868 437.933 50.687 438.275 50.3455L443.638 44.9853C443.98 44.6438 443.979 44.0895 443.638 43.7479Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\"\n    d=\"M684.066 38.2277C687.798 38.2281 689.667 42.7391 687.027 45.3773L596.473 135.889C595.687 136.675 594.621 137.116 593.51 137.116H506.335C504.021 137.116 502.145 135.241 502.145 132.928V42.4159C502.145 40.1028 504.021 38.2277 506.335 38.2277H684.066ZM514.603 124.566C514.261 124.224 513.707 124.224 513.365 124.566L507.178 130.751C506.836 131.093 506.836 131.646 507.178 131.988C507.519 132.329 508.073 132.329 508.415 131.988L514.603 125.803C514.945 125.462 514.945 124.908 514.603 124.566ZM523.689 115.491C523.348 115.15 522.794 115.15 522.452 115.491L517.09 120.852C516.748 121.193 516.748 121.747 517.09 122.088C517.431 122.43 517.985 122.43 518.327 122.088L523.689 116.728C524.031 116.386 524.031 115.833 523.689 115.491ZM532.102 65.8295C530.707 65.6872 529.46 66.7017 529.318 68.0957C529.175 69.4896 530.189 70.7355 531.584 70.8787C538.463 71.5825 546.096 75.1826 552.45 81.5329C558.723 87.8037 562.312 95.3226 563.079 102.13L557.738 102.392C556.518 102.452 555.865 103.855 556.607 104.827L565.115 115.969C565.76 116.814 567.051 116.751 567.611 115.847L574.992 103.928C575.635 102.889 574.848 101.555 573.628 101.615L568.161 101.882C568.161 101.878 568.162 101.874 568.161 101.871C567.324 93.6931 563.114 85.0124 556.041 77.9425C548.968 70.873 540.283 66.6668 532.102 65.8295ZM532.766 106.421C532.425 106.079 531.871 106.079 531.529 106.421L526.166 111.781C525.825 112.123 525.825 112.676 526.166 113.018C526.508 113.359 527.062 113.359 527.403 113.018L532.766 107.657C533.108 107.316 533.108 106.762 532.766 106.421ZM541.843 97.3445C541.501 97.003 540.948 97.003 540.606 97.3445L535.243 102.705C534.901 103.046 534.902 103.6 535.243 103.941C535.585 104.283 536.139 104.283 536.48 103.941L541.843 98.5809C542.185 98.2393 542.185 97.686 541.843 97.3445ZM550.92 88.2778C550.578 87.9363 550.025 87.9363 549.683 88.2778L544.32 93.638C543.978 93.9796 543.978 94.5329 544.32 94.8745C544.662 95.2161 545.215 95.2161 545.557 94.8745L550.92 89.5142C551.262 89.1727 551.262 88.6193 550.92 88.2778ZM569.066 70.1405C568.724 69.799 568.17 69.7991 567.829 70.1405L562.466 75.5008C562.124 75.8423 562.124 76.3956 562.466 76.7372C562.808 77.0788 563.361 77.0788 563.703 76.7372L569.066 71.377C569.407 71.0354 569.407 70.4821 569.066 70.1405ZM578.143 61.0699C577.801 60.7284 577.247 60.7285 576.906 61.0699L571.543 66.4302C571.201 66.7717 571.201 67.3251 571.543 67.6666C571.885 68.0082 572.438 68.0082 572.78 67.6666L578.143 62.3064C578.484 61.9648 578.484 61.4115 578.143 61.0699ZM587.219 51.9896C586.878 51.6481 586.324 51.6481 585.982 51.9896L580.62 57.3498C580.278 57.6914 580.278 58.2447 580.62 58.5863C580.961 58.9279 581.515 58.9279 581.857 58.5863L587.219 53.2261C587.561 52.8845 587.561 52.3312 587.219 51.9896ZM596.288 42.9249C595.947 42.5833 595.392 42.5833 595.05 42.9249L589.689 48.2851C589.347 48.6267 589.347 49.18 589.689 49.5216C590.03 49.863 590.584 49.8631 590.926 49.5216L596.288 44.1613C596.63 43.8198 596.63 43.2664 596.288 42.9249Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\"\n    d=\"M850.814 38.2277C854.547 38.2281 856.416 42.739 853.777 45.3773L763.223 135.889C762.437 136.674 761.371 137.116 760.26 137.116H673.176C669.443 137.116 667.574 132.605 670.213 129.966L760.768 39.4544C761.554 38.6692 762.62 38.2277 763.731 38.2277H850.814ZM761.338 121.8C760.855 121.8 760.463 122.191 760.463 122.674V131.13H762.213V122.674C762.213 122.191 761.821 121.8 761.338 121.8ZM761.338 108.971C760.855 108.971 760.463 109.363 760.463 109.846V118.301H762.213V109.846C762.213 109.363 761.821 108.971 761.338 108.971ZM761.338 96.1402C760.855 96.1406 760.463 96.5321 760.463 97.0149V105.47H762.213V97.0149C762.213 96.532 761.821 96.1404 761.338 96.1402ZM782.263 71.887C781.043 71.951 780.395 73.3571 781.139 74.3257L784.474 78.6631C779.115 82.951 771.242 85.7443 762.35 85.7444C753.366 85.7442 745.421 82.8944 740.059 78.5305C738.972 77.6461 737.373 77.8099 736.488 78.8961C735.602 79.983 735.766 81.582 736.853 82.467C743.231 87.6574 752.348 90.8207 762.35 90.8209C772.209 90.8208 781.205 87.746 787.568 82.6884L790.833 86.9341C791.577 87.9025 793.103 87.6391 793.479 86.4767L797.791 73.138C798.118 72.127 797.33 71.1017 796.268 71.1566L782.263 71.887ZM761.338 70.4847C760.855 70.4851 760.463 70.8767 760.463 71.3594V79.8147H762.213V71.3594C762.213 70.8766 761.821 70.485 761.338 70.4847ZM761.338 57.656C760.855 57.6564 760.463 58.048 760.463 58.5307V66.986H762.213V58.5307C762.213 58.0479 761.821 57.6563 761.338 57.656ZM761.338 44.8293C760.855 44.8297 760.463 45.2212 760.463 45.704V54.1592H762.213V45.704C762.213 45.2211 761.821 44.8295 761.338 44.8293Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath\n    d=\"M995.759 38.2277C999.53 38.228 1001.42 42.5171 998.752 45.0253L959.55 81.9005L905.796 41.5363C905.271 41.1418 904.662 41.0182 904.096 41.0994L997.485 130.319C1000.15 132.828 998.262 137.116 994.491 137.116H905.298C902.96 137.116 901.065 135.333 901.065 133.134V42.0941C901.065 42.0204 901.07 41.9483 901.079 41.8786C901.258 39.8345 903.079 38.2277 905.298 38.2277H995.759Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath\n    d=\"M505.873 0C506.657 4.57042e-05 507.307 0.195499 507.823 0.587023C508.338 0.969046 508.596 1.53802 508.596 2.29251C508.596 2.76034 508.467 3.19015 508.209 3.58162C507.951 3.96344 507.497 4.26401 506.848 4.48361V4.54114C507.65 4.67487 508.205 4.96191 508.51 5.4012C508.816 5.83087 508.969 6.31772 508.969 6.86193C508.969 7.74056 508.672 8.41851 508.08 8.89604C507.497 9.38304 506.733 9.62731 505.787 9.62738C504.861 9.62738 504.158 9.42172 503.68 9.0111C503.212 8.60054 502.935 8.08005 502.849 7.44993L503.881 7.10571L503.924 7.24028C504.035 7.54934 504.211 7.82925 504.454 8.07986C504.731 8.36635 505.166 8.50986 505.758 8.50989C506.465 8.50989 506.943 8.32772 507.191 7.9648C507.449 7.6019 507.579 7.20078 507.579 6.7615C507.579 6.2173 507.378 5.80683 506.977 5.52992C506.585 5.25295 505.93 5.10026 505.013 5.07161V4.15402C505.901 4.12537 506.489 3.92484 506.776 3.55237C507.062 3.18009 507.206 2.82242 507.206 2.47876C507.206 1.62801 506.752 1.17539 505.845 1.12237L505.658 1.11749C505.467 1.11752 505.242 1.14605 504.985 1.2033C504.736 1.25105 504.511 1.3274 504.31 1.43245L504.081 2.56457L503.05 2.44951L503.322 0.687461C503.666 0.49653 504.068 0.33454 504.526 0.200875C504.985 0.0671945 505.434 0 505.873 0Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath\n    d=\"M905.727 2.30616L904.638 2.4066L904.466 1.26083H901.428V3.72497C901.533 3.71544 901.643 3.71034 901.757 3.71034H902.086C902.755 3.71034 903.386 3.78668 903.979 3.93949C904.58 4.09229 905.068 4.38363 905.44 4.8132C905.822 5.23335 906.014 5.84949 906.014 6.66106C906.014 7.64468 905.722 8.38068 905.14 8.86776C904.557 9.36434 903.783 9.6127 902.818 9.61275C901.91 9.61275 901.213 9.40711 900.725 8.99648C900.248 8.59544 899.96 8.08007 899.865 7.44993L900.911 7.10571C901.007 7.49723 901.203 7.8271 901.499 8.09449C901.795 8.37131 902.211 8.50985 902.746 8.50989C903.395 8.50989 903.869 8.33787 904.165 7.99405C904.461 7.65981 904.609 7.22507 904.609 6.69031C904.609 5.87861 904.337 5.3625 903.792 5.14279C903.248 4.91361 902.612 4.79958 901.886 4.79955C901.695 4.79955 901.489 4.80365 901.27 4.8132C901.059 4.82275 900.854 4.83701 900.653 4.85611L900.224 4.44071V0.143343H905.569L905.727 2.30616Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\"\n    d=\"M765.49 6.04576H766.966L766.837 7.14862H765.49V9.48404H764.185V7.14862H759.857L759.713 6.04576L762.909 0.143343H765.49V6.04576ZM760.96 6.04576H764.185V1.26083H763.541L760.96 6.04576Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath d=\"M4.80573 6.47481H6.41154V7.60693H1.81068V6.47481H3.50235V1.27546H1.81068V0.143343H4.80573V6.47481Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\n  \u003Cpath\n    d=\"M254.359 0C255.353 0 256.055 0.239186 256.466 0.716715C256.877 1.18447 257.083 1.68072 257.083 2.20573C257.083 2.85516 256.849 3.44346 256.38 3.96875C255.912 4.49397 255.348 4.96638 254.689 5.38657C254.039 5.79717 253.437 6.15968 252.883 6.47481H256.423L256.538 5.42948L257.599 5.51529L257.426 7.60693H251.407L251.292 6.58987C252.582 5.73032 253.638 4.98523 254.46 4.35489C255.281 3.71509 255.693 3.05632 255.693 2.37832C255.693 1.53787 255.166 1.11749 254.115 1.12237L254.115 1.11749C253.924 1.11754 253.695 1.14604 253.427 1.2033C253.16 1.25104 252.916 1.32238 252.697 1.41783L252.467 2.47876L251.45 2.3637L251.707 0.60165C252.118 0.401088 252.563 0.253475 253.041 0.15797C253.519 0.0529708 253.958 1.99446e-05 254.359 0Z\"\n    fill=\"currentColor\" />\u003C/g>",{"tile":13,"orbsWithOnlyMarkdownPages":273},{"id":14,"data":15,"type":16,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"orbs":21},"82184f56-bf3c-4ee5-9256-97ad58c35ac2",{"type":16,"title":17,"tagline":18},9,"The First Influencers: Asian and Islamic Architecture","Explore the rich history of non-Western architecture including Asian and Islamic architectural philosophy and design.",3,1,[22,145,215],{"id":23,"data":24,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":27},"986e1a43-65a0-4b17-b323-b2f98a5c5a4f",{"type":25,"title":26},2,"History of Asian Architecture",[28,54,81,106,120],{"id":29,"data":30,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":34},"3aa26371-909a-4f82-b350-5b281580fa37",{"type":20,"title":31,"markdownContent":32,"audioMediaId":33},"History of Asian Architecture "," ![Graph](image://c60d3eb2-0bea-488a-89ce-2dd7ab579ce5 \"The Yingzao Fashi - the bible of Chinese architecture\")\n\n**Asian architecture, dating thousands of years before the Common Era, was some of the most sophisticated in the world, with indoor plumbing appearing as early as 3000 BCE**. Architecture developed differently in various parts of Asia, with Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture taking on unique characteristics. \n\nAncient Asian architecture was affected by a variety of factors, including religion, empire, and regional neighbors. For example, Japanese architecture has had a long and largely consistent history but, being an island separated from mainland Asia, had little impact on other styles. In contrast, Chinese architecture had a tremendous impact on surrounding regions. \n\nIn 1100, Song Dynasty architect **Li Jie** completed the _Yingzao Fashi_, a book of Chinese architecture that set the standard for design and construction for the next 300 years, the resulting work serving as a launching point for many regional varieties of Asian architecture. ","b6dde8a6-2789-4f5d-a045-98800cae86fa",[35,43],{"id":36,"data":37,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"75d84a11-c180-4896-ac98-6c9764cd4c2b",{"type":38,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":20,"activeRecallQuestion":39,"activeRecallAnswers":41},11,[40],"What foundational architectural text did the Song Dynasty complete in 1100 CE? ",[42],"Yingzao Fashi",{"id":44,"data":45,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"bb8814f0-8f1a-4b4a-8b19-a7270ec2c847",{"type":38,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":20,"multiChoiceQuestion":46,"multiChoiceCorrect":48,"multiChoiceIncorrect":50},[47],"When did indoor plumbing first appear in Asian architecture?",[49],"3000 BCE",[51,52,53],"2000 BCE","1000 BCE","4000 BCE",{"id":55,"data":56,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":60},"a45683c0-449c-434a-8e77-2ecd8e0b003e",{"type":20,"title":57,"markdownContent":58,"audioMediaId":59},"Chinese Architecture"," ![Graph](image://dc77d27e-0e80-46c4-9344-dc75b7a4013c \"A Ming Dynasty building\")\n\n**Chinese architecture** has clear characteristics that hold the tradition together across time and space. Made primarily of thatch and timber, magnificent early cities have disappeared, leaving footprints that reveal an extraordinary level of planning. Distinctive Asian architecture was fairly well-established in China by the Imperial Period, 1250 CE. **Chinese architectural style has remained largely consistent through the centuries and across a wide geographic area, due in part to their well-developed architectural standard.**\n\nAs even the grandest imperial buildings were made of wood, most surviving structures date only as far as the **Ming Dynasty**, which lasted from 1368-1644.\n\nChinese architecture is defined by a number of key features, including **bilateral symmetry** that prioritizes being symmetrical from left to right, **enclosed open spaces**, and feng shui – **a directional hierarchy** for arranging spaces to harmonize individuals with their environment. With some notable exceptions, such as pagodas, **most structures had a single story.** Colors were used symbolically, with yellow reserved for emperors, red promising good fortune, and green representing wealth, growth and harmony. ","3e0c5a60-fd76-4e87-99b7-f6216bea622e",[61,70],{"id":62,"data":63,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"5e81d18e-ebd2-4d42-8594-0a5f99fc17f6",{"type":38,"reviewType":64,"spacingBehaviour":20,"clozeQuestion":65,"clozeWords":67},4,[66],"Chinese architecture is defined by bilateral symmetry, enclosed open spaces and a directional hierarchy of spaces",[68,69],"bilateral","hierarchy",{"id":71,"data":72,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"c3d14795-4f57-4ca0-abbc-58369ef3efaf",{"type":38,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":20,"multiChoiceQuestion":73,"multiChoiceCorrect":75,"multiChoiceIncorrect":77},[74],"What were buildings largely made of in Chinese Architecture during the Imperial Period?",[76],"Wood",[78,79,80],"Stone","Solid Bricks","Straw",{"id":82,"data":83,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":87},"2bf7cc0d-4607-4952-8b55-d1ee47f996f3",{"type":20,"title":84,"markdownContent":85,"audioMediaId":86},"Feature: Hip and Gable Roof","The hip and gable roof originated in China during the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220 CE) before spreading throughout Asia. Originally used for temples, palaces, and gardens, it is now also used for Taoist and Buddhist shrines. Hip and gable roofs use a combination of the 2 roof forms, with a hipped roof – a roof that slopes down on all sides – and 2 gables – a triangular portion of wall between intersecting roofs – on opposing sides. \n\n ![Graph](image://cea0842b-35e7-46c7-ad44-5d2611350270 \"A Chinese gable roof\")\n\nA Chinese hip and gable roof, also known as a _xieshan_ roof, has 9 ridges, and a peristyle, or continuous porch, formed by a row of columns surrounding the building. The double-eaved xieshan roof with colored ceramic tiles and heavy ornamentation at the end of the eaves is the stereotypical Chinese architectural form. \n\nThis roof style spread, with unique cultural changes, from China to Japan, where they have _Irimoya_ roofs, Sri Lanka (_Kandyan_), Korea (_Pajlakbung_), Vietnam, Mongolia, Tibet, and Nepal. \t\n\n\n","801fa751-b7d8-480b-aa4b-c8df185d19ce",[88,99],{"id":89,"data":90,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"8ddb4fdc-8a7f-4b99-8e1d-379bce2d1bb7",{"type":38,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":20,"multiChoiceQuestion":91,"multiChoiceCorrect":93,"multiChoiceIncorrect":95},[92],"How many ridges do Chinese roofs have along with the continuous porches?",[94],"9",[96,97,98],"4","16","25",{"id":100,"data":101,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"b4f73eae-99c4-42ae-b55c-d0b5c1d01943",{"type":38,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":20,"activeRecallQuestion":102,"activeRecallAnswers":104},[103],"What type of roof was most popular in ancient China?",[105],"Hip and Gable",{"id":107,"data":108,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":112},"82cb3de9-8bc4-4b2b-bb73-7864422c1304",{"type":20,"title":109,"markdownContent":110,"audioMediaId":111},"Buddhist Architecture","Originating in India, Buddhist architecture consists of _viharas_ (monasteries), _stupas_ (places to venerate relics or texts), and _chaityas_ (temples). The oldest Buddhist structures are the ‘caves’ or ‘grottos,’ which are viharas cut from stone with a central hall connected to small cells. More generally, _vihara_ refers to any living quarters for monks with an open, shared courtyard. \n\nOften connected to monasteries, _stupas_ are bell-shaped, solid structures without entrances and with holy relics or texts hidden inside in the walls or core. The earliest stupas were sculptures, but the form became increasingly elaborate. The oldest existing stupa was built by King Ashoka (273-236 BCE). \n\nThe grandest examples of Buddhist architecture are chaityas or temples containing at least one statue of Buddha with space for incense, fruit, flowers and worshippers. Larger temples have multiple statues and may include displays of the bones of holy people, lecture halls, libraries, shrines and large bells.\n\n ![Graph](image://5a050be2-6629-43a7-9c5d-37d16ba70aac \"King Ashoka's stupa, which still stands today\")","4120ad13-884c-4095-9675-ab26a015c367",[113],{"id":114,"data":115,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"b2e2703c-b183-42e5-b909-74cadf7843eb",{"type":38,"reviewType":64,"spacingBehaviour":20,"clozeQuestion":116,"clozeWords":118},[117],"In Buddhist architecture, stupas are bell-shaped, solid structures without entrances",[119],"stupas",{"id":121,"data":122,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":126},"613e5ebf-18cb-4e7a-83bb-3be074bcd00c",{"type":20,"title":123,"markdownContent":124,"audioMediaId":125},"Overview of Byzantine Architecture "," ![Graph](image://c15f8d61-c274-4c50-a33d-95e04af037a5 \"The Hagia Sophia, which was originally built as a Byzantine church but was turned into a mosque by the Ottoman Emperor Mehmed II in 1453\")\n\n**Byzantine architecture** emerged when Constantine the Great rebuilt Byzantium and filled it with churches and monasteries, establishing the eastern center of Orthodox Christianity. Constantinople became the focal point of an artistic perspective different from that of Western Europe. Most notably, **Byzantine architects retained the ability to build large domes**, typically made of light and porous stone or pottery and situated on pendentives, 4 concave triangles, or squinches, semi-circles that open into octagons.  \n\nByzantine churches had a symmetrical floor plan with square walls and flat roofs. In contrast to the Latin cross design, the Greek cross had equal arms. Columns, rather than walls, were used to support the weight of the roof, creating larger, lighter enclosed spaces. Interiors were embellished with intricate mosaics. \n\n**Hagia Sophia** in Istanbul, which saw some recent controversy when the Turkish government declared it a mosque in 2020 after having been secularised in 1935 by Ataturk, is a quintessential Byzantine building. Western architects encountered the wonders of Byzantine architecture during the crusades, reshaping their views of what was possible. \t\n\n ![Graph](image://b1ced184-ba59-484f-baad-b58ee4f0b413 \"The interior of the Hagia Sophia\")","257bcbf2-0641-4628-8fce-d525d168ab33",[127,136],{"id":128,"data":129,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"52d18440-cd0f-4da0-a2a4-81f966f23716",{"type":38,"reviewType":64,"spacingBehaviour":20,"clozeQuestion":130,"clozeWords":132},[131],"Byzantine churches had a symmetrical floor plan with square walls and flat roofs, which were supported by columns.",[133,134,135],"square","flat","columns",{"id":137,"data":138,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"5e27ffeb-f228-42a7-80ac-f5e641a4cf3b",{"type":38,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":20,"binaryQuestion":139,"binaryCorrect":141,"binaryIncorrect":143},[140],"Which famous Istanbul church was converted into a Mosque by Mehmed the Conqueror in 1453?",[142],"Hagia Sophia",[144],"Church of St. Anthony of Padua",{"id":146,"data":147,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":149},"d28d6a23-4ef7-49d0-8339-dc60ba0de793",{"type":25,"title":148},"Overview of Islamic Architecture",[150,173,194],{"id":151,"data":152,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":155},"7fc3d763-1814-42da-a5b2-60964ee30d59",{"type":20,"title":148,"markdownContent":153,"audioMediaId":154},"**Islamic architecture emerged in the 800s and spread with the growth of Islam**. One distinctive element of this style is the minaret, a tall thin building with small windows and an enclosed staircase that facilitates the call to prayer and is attached to a mosque. Ornate domes with muqarnas vaulting – often with a superimposed pointed-arch structure commonly referred to as ‘honeycomb’ or ‘stalactite’ design – are also quintessential Islamic features. \n\nThis vaulting adds complexity to the otherwise unadorned space inside the dome. \n\nIslamic architects use 4 styles of arches: First there is the **pointed arch**, which looks similar to a gothic arch though wider and shallower. Second, the **ogee arch** has the same basic construction as a pointed arch, but the crown has 2 s-shaped lines that create a more pronounced point at the top. Third, **the horseshoe arch**, sometimes known as a keyhole arch, is wider at the top – like a keyhole – and rounded. This style is typical of Moorish architecture. Finally, **the multifoil arch** features a scalloped design with a series of small arches in the crown. Islamic architecture is also known for its colorful ornamental details created from jewel-like tiles, perhaps the most striking architectural element.  \n\n ![Graph](image://c2f52506-485b-4629-9b21-752445cdfdd8 \"The 'honeycomb' style of vaulting common in classic Islamic architecture\")","2a4f4f81-0a63-4aae-867e-9e2990bbe00a",[156,163],{"id":157,"data":158,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"24402d8c-4a32-4f53-bca7-37fab1df44fc",{"type":38,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":20,"activeRecallQuestion":159,"activeRecallAnswers":161},[160],"What is the name of a tall thin building with small windows and an enclosed staircase, attached to a Mosque?",[162],"Minaret",{"id":164,"data":165,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"5bc40138-5729-4187-9113-2687082adc00",{"type":38,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":20,"activeRecallQuestion":166,"activeRecallAnswers":168},[167],"What are the four types of arch in Islamic architecture?",[169,170,171,172],"Pointed","Ogee","Horseshoe","Multifoil",{"id":174,"data":175,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":179},"3c71a8f6-1da3-45bf-b254-5f741433ec47",{"type":20,"title":176,"markdownContent":177,"audioMediaId":178},"Umayyad and Abbasid Eras","The Umayyad (661-750) and Abbasid (750-1227) Caliphates were great periods of architectural development. The Umayyad era produced the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, a pinnacle of Islamic architecture. Reflecting a strong Byzantine influence with intricate mosaics against a gold background and an Islamic epigraphic frieze (the part of the frieze featuring inscriptions), **desert palaces also captured emerging Islamic forms in their wall paintings**. \n\n ![Graph](image://fbf23906-843e-4449-9f00-f7bf98b6f49c \"The Dome of the Rock, built by the Umayyads in Jerusalem\")\n\nDuring this time, Islamic artists moved from Greco-Roman themes toward **Iranian influences**, creating uniquely Islamic architecture.\n\nDuring the Abbasid period, the Islamic capital moved from Damascus to Baghdad and then to Samarra, further separating Islamic art from Mediterranean influences and adding elements from Eurasia, China and India. \n\nBaghdad’s Al-Khulafa Mosque best exemplifies Abbasid architecture with its 120 foot minaret decorated with muqarnas, Kufic inscriptions, and geometric patterns. Artists also made great strides in ceramics, inventing the white tin glaze and lusterware. **The caliphate’s architectural innovations continued to spread throughout the Islamic world long after its political influence ended**. \n\n ![Graph](image://d63bc161-851d-4152-bf0b-061d18983ab3 \"A photograph of Baghdad's Al-Khulafa Mosque\")","8d6b549f-b49f-4225-ae3d-f95bc696f8b7",[180,187],{"id":181,"data":182,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"4d3d686c-105c-46b0-b3b1-d4387a7723e4",{"type":38,"reviewType":64,"spacingBehaviour":20,"clozeQuestion":183,"clozeWords":185},[184],"The Umayyad period produced the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, using intricate mosaics against a gold background and an Islamic epigraphic frieze",[186],"Umayyad",{"id":188,"data":189,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"58685272-7a72-4f29-a13f-7c896706adf5",{"type":38,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":20,"activeRecallQuestion":190,"activeRecallAnswers":192},[191],"Which famous Baghdad Abbasid Mosque has a 120-foot minaret decorated with muqarnas, Kufic inscriptions and geometric patterns?",[193],"Al-Khulafa",{"id":195,"data":196,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":200},"7f99cb69-bf03-43ce-90d2-de9c7862d20e",{"type":20,"title":197,"markdownContent":198,"audioMediaId":199},"Feature: Arches and Vaults\t","Islamic arches and vaults developed along 2 different lines. Umayyad architects followed Syrian models, while eastern Islamic architects followed forms originating in Persia during the Sasanian Dynasty (224-651). Umayyad builders used diaphragm arches with lintelled ceilings and beams made of stone or wood: diaphragm arches include a partial wall and divide spaces into compartments. \n\nUmayyad architects also introduced the method of covering diaphragm arches with **barrel vaults, a series of arches that create a rounded ceiling**. \n\nA common feature of mosques throughout the Islamic world is a system of squinches – a construction used to fill the angles of a square room so that it will accommodate a round dome. This technique originated with the Sasanians and passed to architects in eastern Islam. The complex structure creates an ornamental pattern that hides the weight of the dome. **Ribbed vaults with a spherical dome** are the characteristic architectural form of eastern Islam. \n\n![Graph](image://94465605-d903-4ce1-98e1-95758df4f787 \"Diaphragm arches covered with barrel vaults in Sasanian architecture\")","c0d34b5f-76d7-4509-a250-b29579affd01",[201,208],{"id":202,"data":203,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"06888611-667d-455a-b458-fb00c99d7b1d",{"type":38,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":20,"activeRecallQuestion":204,"activeRecallAnswers":206},[205],"What system was used to ensure a square room would accommodate a round dome?",[207],"Squinches",{"id":209,"data":210,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"d43385d7-0dbb-4b43-b6b0-5dd77c88b9e5",{"type":38,"reviewType":64,"spacingBehaviour":20,"clozeQuestion":211,"clozeWords":213},[212],"Umayyad builders used diaphragm arches with lintelled ceilings and beams made of stone or wood",[214],"diaphragm",{"id":216,"data":217,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":219},"0ca48696-4aeb-47bb-b26e-c638c37c70f0",{"type":25,"title":218},"Key Locations in Asian Architecture",[220,237,259],{"id":221,"data":222,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":226},"cba59930-c958-40be-bd5c-a5669722499a",{"type":20,"title":223,"markdownContent":224,"audioMediaId":225},"Key Location: Temple of Heaven","Built between 1406 and 1420, the **Temple of Heaven** is a masterpiece that impacted architecture in the Far East for centuries: the entire area is 4 times larger than the Forbidden City, built by the same emperor. It is a beautiful circular building covered in blue glazed tiles, having 6 ‘heavenly’ gates and connected to other buildings in the temple complex by the Vermillion Steps Bridge. \n\n ![Graph](image://a18b88f2-e16f-4c3d-abf5-98f9807bb05a \"The Temple of Heaven in Beijing\")\n\nThe **Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests** is a 3-gabled circular structure built on a marble stone base and made entirely of wood with no nails. Painted gold and green, it has triple eaves, and a highly symbolic interior design. \n\nThe Circular Mound Altar is a 3-level platform of lavishly decorated marble designed to carry sound over long distances. Since circles symbolize heaven and squares symbolize earth, the design of the temple grounds symbolizes the connection between heaven and earth. ","b4a74afc-e1bb-4bfa-8926-edc20ae9ad01",[227],{"id":228,"data":229,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"c2e7f46c-7394-4b82-93e9-ea51d071da17",{"type":38,"reviewType":19,"spacingBehaviour":20,"multiChoiceQuestion":230,"multiChoiceCorrect":232,"multiChoiceIncorrect":234},[231],"How many heavenly gates does the Temple of Heaven have?",[233],"6",[235,94,236],"3","12",{"id":238,"data":239,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":243},"713d0b83-2df7-4ed8-a13b-0ae34286dd8e",{"type":20,"title":240,"markdownContent":241,"audioMediaId":242},"Key Location: Angkor Wat"," ![Graph](image://f26859f4-5e21-4051-82f7-4a969733e232 \"Angkor Wat in Cambodia, sometimes called the '8th Wonder of the World'\")\n\nOne of the best examples of religious architecture in Asia, **Angkor Wat** was built between 1115 and 1145 near Siem Reap in northern Cambodia. Constructed as a mausoleum for King Suryavarman II, it was first a Hindu shrine and later a Buddhist temple. Built from 10 million blocks of sandstone, it reflects the religious and political ideas of its time and place. \n\nAngkor Wat sits on a rise surrounded by a moat and is laid out symmetrically with tiered platforms rising to a central tower. **Concentric rings with rectangular galleries connect the towers at each level.** The walls of the galleries are lined with sculptures and relief carvings. The towers themselves represent the homes of the gods with detailed carvings cut into the sandstone and volcanic rock. Miles of relief carvings depict Hindu gods, griffins, unicorns, lions, snakes, warriors, and abstract motifs carved by the greatest sculptors in Southeast Asia. ","0ccea3cb-da3e-4943-959f-59be53891aeb",[244,251],{"id":245,"data":246,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"abc773e5-8ab1-439c-9b62-82d2eca18baf",{"type":38,"reviewType":64,"spacingBehaviour":20,"clozeQuestion":247,"clozeWords":249},[248],"Angkor Wat sits on a rise surrounded by a moat and is laid out symmetrically with tiered platforms rising to a central tower",[250],"symmetrically",{"id":252,"data":253,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"c0cdad26-6936-4439-958a-1a11b3501e52",{"type":38,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":20,"activeRecallQuestion":254,"activeRecallAnswers":256},[255],"What two things are the walls of the galleries of Angkor Wat lined with?",[257,258],"Sculptures","Relief carvings",{"id":260,"data":261,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":265},"c76ba0ff-b8af-40d7-8b59-d36ba3f0ce69",{"type":20,"title":262,"markdownContent":263,"audioMediaId":264},"Key Location: Jameh Mosque","Begun in 771, the **Jameh Mosque** in Isfahān, Iran, amalgamates architectural styles from the 8th to the 20th century. The first structure, mud brick decorated with stucco, was replaced in 840 by a larger structure with a courtyard and hall of baked bricks and pillars that houses 10 bays including the main prayer hall. Tenth century architects added minarets on either side of the entrance and an arcade with geometric block designs.\n\n![Graph](image://311ac5a5-4174-426c-ba09-12ddb4074a65 \"A photograph of the Jameh Mosque\")\n\nIn the 11th century, architects added 2 domes. The first was the largest dome in the Islamic world, and the 2nd is a masterpiece with interlacing ribs forming pentagons and stars. \n\nBefore 1230, builders added  4 iwans, vaulted walls, one leading to the domed vault and others surrounding the courtyard. In the 14th century, builders divided the arcade into 2 levels and added a prayer hall covered by a series of transverse vaults. Today the mosque fluidly combines styles from throughout its 1251-year history.","eadde91a-56a5-451b-9893-008fc728c424",[266],{"id":267,"data":268,"type":38,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19},"803b32d9-1c25-418b-b00a-2ca27249fd33",{"type":38,"reviewType":20,"spacingBehaviour":20,"activeRecallQuestion":269,"activeRecallAnswers":271},[270],"What was the first design of the Jameh Mosque made out of?",[272],"Mud Brick",[274,584,757],{"id":23,"data":24,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":275},[276,333,408,466,530],{"id":29,"data":30,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":34,"parsed":277},{"data":278,"body":280,"toc":331},{"title":279,"description":279},"",{"type":281,"children":282},"root",[283,295,307,312],{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":286,"children":287},"element","p",{},[288],{"type":284,"tag":289,"props":290,"children":294},"img",{"alt":291,"src":292,"title":293},"Graph","image://c60d3eb2-0bea-488a-89ce-2dd7ab579ce5","The Yingzao Fashi - the bible of Chinese architecture",[],{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":296,"children":297},{},[298,305],{"type":284,"tag":299,"props":300,"children":301},"strong",{},[302],{"type":303,"value":304},"text","Asian architecture, dating thousands of years before the Common Era, was some of the most sophisticated in the world, with indoor plumbing appearing as early as 3000 BCE",{"type":303,"value":306},". Architecture developed differently in various parts of Asia, with Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture taking on unique characteristics.",{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":308,"children":309},{},[310],{"type":303,"value":311},"Ancient Asian architecture was affected by a variety of factors, including religion, empire, and regional neighbors. For example, Japanese architecture has had a long and largely consistent history but, being an island separated from mainland Asia, had little impact on other styles. In contrast, Chinese architecture had a tremendous impact on surrounding regions.",{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":313,"children":314},{},[315,317,322,324,329],{"type":303,"value":316},"In 1100, Song Dynasty architect ",{"type":284,"tag":299,"props":318,"children":319},{},[320],{"type":303,"value":321},"Li Jie",{"type":303,"value":323}," completed the ",{"type":284,"tag":325,"props":326,"children":327},"em",{},[328],{"type":303,"value":42},{"type":303,"value":330},", a book of Chinese architecture that set the standard for design and construction for the next 300 years, the resulting work serving as a launching point for many regional varieties of Asian architecture.",{"title":279,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":332},[],{"id":55,"data":56,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":60,"parsed":334},{"data":335,"body":336,"toc":406},{"title":279,"description":279},{"type":281,"children":337},[338,346,361,373],{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":339,"children":340},{},[341],{"type":284,"tag":289,"props":342,"children":345},{"alt":291,"src":343,"title":344},"image://dc77d27e-0e80-46c4-9344-dc75b7a4013c","A Ming Dynasty building",[],{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":347,"children":348},{},[349,354,356],{"type":284,"tag":299,"props":350,"children":351},{},[352],{"type":303,"value":353},"Chinese architecture",{"type":303,"value":355}," has clear characteristics that hold the tradition together across time and space. Made primarily of thatch and timber, magnificent early cities have disappeared, leaving footprints that reveal an extraordinary level of planning. Distinctive Asian architecture was fairly well-established in China by the Imperial Period, 1250 CE. ",{"type":284,"tag":299,"props":357,"children":358},{},[359],{"type":303,"value":360},"Chinese architectural style has remained largely consistent through the centuries and across a wide geographic area, due in part to their well-developed architectural standard.",{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":362,"children":363},{},[364,366,371],{"type":303,"value":365},"As even the grandest imperial buildings were made of wood, most surviving structures date only as far as the ",{"type":284,"tag":299,"props":367,"children":368},{},[369],{"type":303,"value":370},"Ming Dynasty",{"type":303,"value":372},", which lasted from 1368-1644.",{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":374,"children":375},{},[376,378,383,385,390,392,397,399,404],{"type":303,"value":377},"Chinese architecture is defined by a number of key features, including ",{"type":284,"tag":299,"props":379,"children":380},{},[381],{"type":303,"value":382},"bilateral symmetry",{"type":303,"value":384}," that prioritizes being symmetrical from left to right, ",{"type":284,"tag":299,"props":386,"children":387},{},[388],{"type":303,"value":389},"enclosed open spaces",{"type":303,"value":391},", and feng shui – ",{"type":284,"tag":299,"props":393,"children":394},{},[395],{"type":303,"value":396},"a directional hierarchy",{"type":303,"value":398}," for arranging spaces to harmonize individuals with their environment. With some notable exceptions, such as pagodas, ",{"type":284,"tag":299,"props":400,"children":401},{},[402],{"type":303,"value":403},"most structures had a single story.",{"type":303,"value":405}," Colors were used symbolically, with yellow reserved for emperors, red promising good fortune, and green representing wealth, growth and harmony.",{"title":279,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":407},[],{"id":82,"data":83,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":87,"parsed":409},{"data":410,"body":412,"toc":464},{"title":279,"description":411},"The hip and gable roof originated in China during the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220 CE) before spreading throughout Asia. Originally used for temples, palaces, and gardens, it is now also used for Taoist and Buddhist shrines. Hip and gable roofs use a combination of the 2 roof forms, with a hipped roof – a roof that slopes down on all sides – and 2 gables – a triangular portion of wall between intersecting roofs – on opposing sides.",{"type":281,"children":413},[414,418,426,438],{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":415,"children":416},{},[417],{"type":303,"value":411},{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":419,"children":420},{},[421],{"type":284,"tag":289,"props":422,"children":425},{"alt":291,"src":423,"title":424},"image://cea0842b-35e7-46c7-ad44-5d2611350270","A Chinese gable roof",[],{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":427,"children":428},{},[429,431,436],{"type":303,"value":430},"A Chinese hip and gable roof, also known as a ",{"type":284,"tag":325,"props":432,"children":433},{},[434],{"type":303,"value":435},"xieshan",{"type":303,"value":437}," roof, has 9 ridges, and a peristyle, or continuous porch, formed by a row of columns surrounding the building. The double-eaved xieshan roof with colored ceramic tiles and heavy ornamentation at the end of the eaves is the stereotypical Chinese architectural form.",{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":439,"children":440},{},[441,443,448,450,455,457,462],{"type":303,"value":442},"This roof style spread, with unique cultural changes, from China to Japan, where they have ",{"type":284,"tag":325,"props":444,"children":445},{},[446],{"type":303,"value":447},"Irimoya",{"type":303,"value":449}," roofs, Sri Lanka (",{"type":284,"tag":325,"props":451,"children":452},{},[453],{"type":303,"value":454},"Kandyan",{"type":303,"value":456},"), Korea (",{"type":284,"tag":325,"props":458,"children":459},{},[460],{"type":303,"value":461},"Pajlakbung",{"type":303,"value":463},"), Vietnam, Mongolia, Tibet, and Nepal.",{"title":279,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":465},[],{"id":107,"data":108,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":112,"parsed":467},{"data":468,"body":470,"toc":528},{"title":279,"description":469},"Originating in India, Buddhist architecture consists of viharas (monasteries), stupas (places to venerate relics or texts), and chaityas (temples). The oldest Buddhist structures are the ‘caves’ or ‘grottos,’ which are viharas cut from stone with a central hall connected to small cells. More generally, vihara refers to any living quarters for monks with an open, shared courtyard.",{"type":281,"children":471},[472,504,515,520],{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":473,"children":474},{},[475,477,482,484,488,490,495,497,502],{"type":303,"value":476},"Originating in India, Buddhist architecture consists of ",{"type":284,"tag":325,"props":478,"children":479},{},[480],{"type":303,"value":481},"viharas",{"type":303,"value":483}," (monasteries), ",{"type":284,"tag":325,"props":485,"children":486},{},[487],{"type":303,"value":119},{"type":303,"value":489}," (places to venerate relics or texts), and ",{"type":284,"tag":325,"props":491,"children":492},{},[493],{"type":303,"value":494},"chaityas",{"type":303,"value":496}," (temples). The oldest Buddhist structures are the ‘caves’ or ‘grottos,’ which are viharas cut from stone with a central hall connected to small cells. More generally, ",{"type":284,"tag":325,"props":498,"children":499},{},[500],{"type":303,"value":501},"vihara",{"type":303,"value":503}," refers to any living quarters for monks with an open, shared courtyard.",{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":505,"children":506},{},[507,509,513],{"type":303,"value":508},"Often connected to monasteries, ",{"type":284,"tag":325,"props":510,"children":511},{},[512],{"type":303,"value":119},{"type":303,"value":514}," are bell-shaped, solid structures without entrances and with holy relics or texts hidden inside in the walls or core. The earliest stupas were sculptures, but the form became increasingly elaborate. The oldest existing stupa was built by King Ashoka (273-236 BCE).",{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":516,"children":517},{},[518],{"type":303,"value":519},"The grandest examples of Buddhist architecture are chaityas or temples containing at least one statue of Buddha with space for incense, fruit, flowers and worshippers. Larger temples have multiple statues and may include displays of the bones of holy people, lecture halls, libraries, shrines and large bells.",{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":521,"children":522},{},[523],{"type":284,"tag":289,"props":524,"children":527},{"alt":291,"src":525,"title":526},"image://5a050be2-6629-43a7-9c5d-37d16ba70aac","King Ashoka's stupa, which still stands today",[],{"title":279,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":529},[],{"id":121,"data":122,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":126,"parsed":531},{"data":532,"body":533,"toc":582},{"title":279,"description":279},{"type":281,"children":534},[535,543,560,565,574],{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":536,"children":537},{},[538],{"type":284,"tag":289,"props":539,"children":542},{"alt":291,"src":540,"title":541},"image://c15f8d61-c274-4c50-a33d-95e04af037a5","The Hagia Sophia, which was originally built as a Byzantine church but was turned into a mosque by the Ottoman Emperor Mehmed II in 1453",[],{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":544,"children":545},{},[546,551,553,558],{"type":284,"tag":299,"props":547,"children":548},{},[549],{"type":303,"value":550},"Byzantine architecture",{"type":303,"value":552}," emerged when Constantine the Great rebuilt Byzantium and filled it with churches and monasteries, establishing the eastern center of Orthodox Christianity. Constantinople became the focal point of an artistic perspective different from that of Western Europe. Most notably, ",{"type":284,"tag":299,"props":554,"children":555},{},[556],{"type":303,"value":557},"Byzantine architects retained the ability to build large domes",{"type":303,"value":559},", typically made of light and porous stone or pottery and situated on pendentives, 4 concave triangles, or squinches, semi-circles that open into octagons.",{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":561,"children":562},{},[563],{"type":303,"value":564},"Byzantine churches had a symmetrical floor plan with square walls and flat roofs. In contrast to the Latin cross design, the Greek cross had equal arms. Columns, rather than walls, were used to support the weight of the roof, creating larger, lighter enclosed spaces. Interiors were embellished with intricate mosaics.",{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":566,"children":567},{},[568,572],{"type":284,"tag":299,"props":569,"children":570},{},[571],{"type":303,"value":142},{"type":303,"value":573}," in Istanbul, which saw some recent controversy when the Turkish government declared it a mosque in 2020 after having been secularised in 1935 by Ataturk, is a quintessential Byzantine building. Western architects encountered the wonders of Byzantine architecture during the crusades, reshaping their views of what was possible.",{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":575,"children":576},{},[577],{"type":284,"tag":289,"props":578,"children":581},{"alt":291,"src":579,"title":580},"image://b1ced184-ba59-484f-baad-b58ee4f0b413","The interior of the Hagia Sophia",[],{"title":279,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":583},[],{"id":146,"data":147,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":585},[586,650,714],{"id":151,"data":152,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":155,"parsed":587},{"data":588,"body":590,"toc":648},{"title":279,"description":589},"Islamic architecture emerged in the 800s and spread with the growth of Islam. One distinctive element of this style is the minaret, a tall thin building with small windows and an enclosed staircase that facilitates the call to prayer and is attached to a mosque. Ornate domes with muqarnas vaulting – often with a superimposed pointed-arch structure commonly referred to as ‘honeycomb’ or ‘stalactite’ design – are also quintessential Islamic features.",{"type":281,"children":591},[592,602,607,640],{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":593,"children":594},{},[595,600],{"type":284,"tag":299,"props":596,"children":597},{},[598],{"type":303,"value":599},"Islamic architecture emerged in the 800s and spread with the growth of Islam",{"type":303,"value":601},". One distinctive element of this style is the minaret, a tall thin building with small windows and an enclosed staircase that facilitates the call to prayer and is attached to a mosque. Ornate domes with muqarnas vaulting – often with a superimposed pointed-arch structure commonly referred to as ‘honeycomb’ or ‘stalactite’ design – are also quintessential Islamic features.",{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":603,"children":604},{},[605],{"type":303,"value":606},"This vaulting adds complexity to the otherwise unadorned space inside the dome.",{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":608,"children":609},{},[610,612,617,619,624,626,631,633,638],{"type":303,"value":611},"Islamic architects use 4 styles of arches: First there is the ",{"type":284,"tag":299,"props":613,"children":614},{},[615],{"type":303,"value":616},"pointed arch",{"type":303,"value":618},", which looks similar to a gothic arch though wider and shallower. Second, the ",{"type":284,"tag":299,"props":620,"children":621},{},[622],{"type":303,"value":623},"ogee arch",{"type":303,"value":625}," has the same basic construction as a pointed arch, but the crown has 2 s-shaped lines that create a more pronounced point at the top. Third, ",{"type":284,"tag":299,"props":627,"children":628},{},[629],{"type":303,"value":630},"the horseshoe arch",{"type":303,"value":632},", sometimes known as a keyhole arch, is wider at the top – like a keyhole – and rounded. This style is typical of Moorish architecture. Finally, ",{"type":284,"tag":299,"props":634,"children":635},{},[636],{"type":303,"value":637},"the multifoil arch",{"type":303,"value":639}," features a scalloped design with a series of small arches in the crown. Islamic architecture is also known for its colorful ornamental details created from jewel-like tiles, perhaps the most striking architectural element.",{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":641,"children":642},{},[643],{"type":284,"tag":289,"props":644,"children":647},{"alt":291,"src":645,"title":646},"image://c2f52506-485b-4629-9b21-752445cdfdd8","The 'honeycomb' style of vaulting common in classic Islamic architecture",[],{"title":279,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":649},[],{"id":174,"data":175,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":179,"parsed":651},{"data":652,"body":654,"toc":712},{"title":279,"description":653},"The Umayyad (661-750) and Abbasid (750-1227) Caliphates were great periods of architectural development. The Umayyad era produced the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, a pinnacle of Islamic architecture. Reflecting a strong Byzantine influence with intricate mosaics against a gold background and an Islamic epigraphic frieze (the part of the frieze featuring inscriptions), desert palaces also captured emerging Islamic forms in their wall paintings.",{"type":281,"children":655},[656,668,676,688,693,704],{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":657,"children":658},{},[659,661,666],{"type":303,"value":660},"The Umayyad (661-750) and Abbasid (750-1227) Caliphates were great periods of architectural development. The Umayyad era produced the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, a pinnacle of Islamic architecture. Reflecting a strong Byzantine influence with intricate mosaics against a gold background and an Islamic epigraphic frieze (the part of the frieze featuring inscriptions), ",{"type":284,"tag":299,"props":662,"children":663},{},[664],{"type":303,"value":665},"desert palaces also captured emerging Islamic forms in their wall paintings",{"type":303,"value":667},".",{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":669,"children":670},{},[671],{"type":284,"tag":289,"props":672,"children":675},{"alt":291,"src":673,"title":674},"image://fbf23906-843e-4449-9f00-f7bf98b6f49c","The Dome of the Rock, built by the Umayyads in Jerusalem",[],{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":677,"children":678},{},[679,681,686],{"type":303,"value":680},"During this time, Islamic artists moved from Greco-Roman themes toward ",{"type":284,"tag":299,"props":682,"children":683},{},[684],{"type":303,"value":685},"Iranian influences",{"type":303,"value":687},", creating uniquely Islamic architecture.",{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":689,"children":690},{},[691],{"type":303,"value":692},"During the Abbasid period, the Islamic capital moved from Damascus to Baghdad and then to Samarra, further separating Islamic art from Mediterranean influences and adding elements from Eurasia, China and India.",{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":694,"children":695},{},[696,698,703],{"type":303,"value":697},"Baghdad’s Al-Khulafa Mosque best exemplifies Abbasid architecture with its 120 foot minaret decorated with muqarnas, Kufic inscriptions, and geometric patterns. Artists also made great strides in ceramics, inventing the white tin glaze and lusterware. ",{"type":284,"tag":299,"props":699,"children":700},{},[701],{"type":303,"value":702},"The caliphate’s architectural innovations continued to spread throughout the Islamic world long after its political influence ended",{"type":303,"value":667},{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":705,"children":706},{},[707],{"type":284,"tag":289,"props":708,"children":711},{"alt":291,"src":709,"title":710},"image://d63bc161-851d-4152-bf0b-061d18983ab3","A photograph of Baghdad's Al-Khulafa Mosque",[],{"title":279,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":713},[],{"id":195,"data":196,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":200,"parsed":715},{"data":716,"body":718,"toc":755},{"title":279,"description":717},"Islamic arches and vaults developed along 2 different lines. Umayyad architects followed Syrian models, while eastern Islamic architects followed forms originating in Persia during the Sasanian Dynasty (224-651). Umayyad builders used diaphragm arches with lintelled ceilings and beams made of stone or wood: diaphragm arches include a partial wall and divide spaces into compartments.",{"type":281,"children":719},[720,724,735,747],{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":721,"children":722},{},[723],{"type":303,"value":717},{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":725,"children":726},{},[727,729,734],{"type":303,"value":728},"Umayyad architects also introduced the method of covering diaphragm arches with ",{"type":284,"tag":299,"props":730,"children":731},{},[732],{"type":303,"value":733},"barrel vaults, a series of arches that create a rounded ceiling",{"type":303,"value":667},{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":736,"children":737},{},[738,740,745],{"type":303,"value":739},"A common feature of mosques throughout the Islamic world is a system of squinches – a construction used to fill the angles of a square room so that it will accommodate a round dome. This technique originated with the Sasanians and passed to architects in eastern Islam. The complex structure creates an ornamental pattern that hides the weight of the dome. ",{"type":284,"tag":299,"props":741,"children":742},{},[743],{"type":303,"value":744},"Ribbed vaults with a spherical dome",{"type":303,"value":746}," are the characteristic architectural form of eastern Islam.",{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":748,"children":749},{},[750],{"type":284,"tag":289,"props":751,"children":754},{"alt":291,"src":752,"title":753},"image://94465605-d903-4ce1-98e1-95758df4f787","Diaphragm arches covered with barrel vaults in Sasanian architecture",[],{"title":279,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":756},[],{"id":216,"data":217,"type":25,"version":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"pages":758},[759,804,843],{"id":221,"data":222,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":226,"parsed":760},{"data":761,"body":763,"toc":802},{"title":279,"description":762},"Built between 1406 and 1420, the Temple of Heaven is a masterpiece that impacted architecture in the Far East for centuries: the entire area is 4 times larger than the Forbidden City, built by the same emperor. It is a beautiful circular building covered in blue glazed tiles, having 6 ‘heavenly’ gates and connected to other buildings in the temple complex by the Vermillion Steps Bridge.",{"type":281,"children":764},[765,777,785,797],{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":766,"children":767},{},[768,770,775],{"type":303,"value":769},"Built between 1406 and 1420, the ",{"type":284,"tag":299,"props":771,"children":772},{},[773],{"type":303,"value":774},"Temple of Heaven",{"type":303,"value":776}," is a masterpiece that impacted architecture in the Far East for centuries: the entire area is 4 times larger than the Forbidden City, built by the same emperor. It is a beautiful circular building covered in blue glazed tiles, having 6 ‘heavenly’ gates and connected to other buildings in the temple complex by the Vermillion Steps Bridge.",{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":778,"children":779},{},[780],{"type":284,"tag":289,"props":781,"children":784},{"alt":291,"src":782,"title":783},"image://a18b88f2-e16f-4c3d-abf5-98f9807bb05a","The Temple of Heaven in Beijing",[],{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":786,"children":787},{},[788,790,795],{"type":303,"value":789},"The ",{"type":284,"tag":299,"props":791,"children":792},{},[793],{"type":303,"value":794},"Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests",{"type":303,"value":796}," is a 3-gabled circular structure built on a marble stone base and made entirely of wood with no nails. Painted gold and green, it has triple eaves, and a highly symbolic interior design.",{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":798,"children":799},{},[800],{"type":303,"value":801},"The Circular Mound Altar is a 3-level platform of lavishly decorated marble designed to carry sound over long distances. Since circles symbolize heaven and squares symbolize earth, the design of the temple grounds symbolizes the connection between heaven and earth.",{"title":279,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":803},[],{"id":238,"data":239,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":243,"parsed":805},{"data":806,"body":807,"toc":841},{"title":279,"description":279},{"type":281,"children":808},[809,817,829],{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":810,"children":811},{},[812],{"type":284,"tag":289,"props":813,"children":816},{"alt":291,"src":814,"title":815},"image://f26859f4-5e21-4051-82f7-4a969733e232","Angkor Wat in Cambodia, sometimes called the '8th Wonder of the World'",[],{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":818,"children":819},{},[820,822,827],{"type":303,"value":821},"One of the best examples of religious architecture in Asia, ",{"type":284,"tag":299,"props":823,"children":824},{},[825],{"type":303,"value":826},"Angkor Wat",{"type":303,"value":828}," was built between 1115 and 1145 near Siem Reap in northern Cambodia. Constructed as a mausoleum for King Suryavarman II, it was first a Hindu shrine and later a Buddhist temple. Built from 10 million blocks of sandstone, it reflects the religious and political ideas of its time and place.",{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":830,"children":831},{},[832,834,839],{"type":303,"value":833},"Angkor Wat sits on a rise surrounded by a moat and is laid out symmetrically with tiered platforms rising to a central tower. ",{"type":284,"tag":299,"props":835,"children":836},{},[837],{"type":303,"value":838},"Concentric rings with rectangular galleries connect the towers at each level.",{"type":303,"value":840}," The walls of the galleries are lined with sculptures and relief carvings. The towers themselves represent the homes of the gods with detailed carvings cut into the sandstone and volcanic rock. Miles of relief carvings depict Hindu gods, griffins, unicorns, lions, snakes, warriors, and abstract motifs carved by the greatest sculptors in Southeast Asia.",{"title":279,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":842},[],{"id":260,"data":261,"type":20,"maxContentLevel":19,"version":20,"reviews":265,"parsed":844},{"data":845,"body":847,"toc":879},{"title":279,"description":846},"Begun in 771, the Jameh Mosque in Isfahān, Iran, amalgamates architectural styles from the 8th to the 20th century. The first structure, mud brick decorated with stucco, was replaced in 840 by a larger structure with a courtyard and hall of baked bricks and pillars that houses 10 bays including the main prayer hall. Tenth century architects added minarets on either side of the entrance and an arcade with geometric block designs.",{"type":281,"children":848},[849,861,869,874],{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":850,"children":851},{},[852,854,859],{"type":303,"value":853},"Begun in 771, the ",{"type":284,"tag":299,"props":855,"children":856},{},[857],{"type":303,"value":858},"Jameh Mosque",{"type":303,"value":860}," in Isfahān, Iran, amalgamates architectural styles from the 8th to the 20th century. The first structure, mud brick decorated with stucco, was replaced in 840 by a larger structure with a courtyard and hall of baked bricks and pillars that houses 10 bays including the main prayer hall. Tenth century architects added minarets on either side of the entrance and an arcade with geometric block designs.",{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":862,"children":863},{},[864],{"type":284,"tag":289,"props":865,"children":868},{"alt":291,"src":866,"title":867},"image://311ac5a5-4174-426c-ba09-12ddb4074a65","A photograph of the Jameh Mosque",[],{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":870,"children":871},{},[872],{"type":303,"value":873},"In the 11th century, architects added 2 domes. The first was the largest dome in the Islamic world, and the 2nd is a masterpiece with interlacing ribs forming pentagons and stars.",{"type":284,"tag":285,"props":875,"children":876},{},[877],{"type":303,"value":878},"Before 1230, builders added  4 iwans, vaulted walls, one leading to the domed vault and others surrounding the courtyard. In the 14th century, builders divided the arcade into 2 levels and added a prayer hall covered by a series of transverse vaults. Today the mosque fluidly combines styles from throughout its 1251-year history.",{"title":279,"searchDepth":25,"depth":25,"links":880},[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":882,"height":882,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":883},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":882,"height":882,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":885},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M4 5h16M4 12h16M4 19h16\"/>",1778224709778]