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An Introduction to Architecture","Uncover the basic ruling principles of architecture, its importance to history, and how we define changes in style and form.",3,[37],{"id":38,"data":39,"type":25,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":41},"3a95f0ab-c55e-4390-b459-95d817c99e1d",{"type":25,"title":40},"Understanding Architecture",[42,57,80,109],{"id":43,"data":44,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":48},"78493d5b-d6d3-4cc6-8dce-ead59ced21c0",{"type":24,"title":45,"markdownContent":46,"audioMediaId":47},"What Do We Talk About, When We Talk About Architecture? "," ![Graph](image://b05f6afe-3c0d-4439-a486-0acf8d778e24 \"Frank Lloyd Wright's 'Fallingwater' house\")\n\nWe might think that architecture only refers to the designing and building of structures. But the term covers much more than that. From planning and design, to the unifying of coherent form, to the knowledge of art, science and humans, to a finished building’s interior and exterior.\n\nFrom the overall footprint or layout of a building down to the single brick, **architectural study observes how all pieces of a structure come together.**\n\nArchitecture also looks at both the **functionality of a building** and its **aesthetic or artistic qualities.**","bc7aa165-c273-45c7-bc19-2ebe029eeb03",[49],{"id":50,"data":51,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"c5926c53-ef61-4e84-89f6-bd1839ca921b",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":53,"clozeWords":55},11,[54],"Architecture is concerned with both the functionality of a building and its aesthetics",[56],"aesthetics",{"id":58,"data":59,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":63},"7086ef8e-f45a-4e9d-a5b3-ee72187fc14b",{"type":24,"title":60,"markdownContent":61,"audioMediaId":62},"Orders & Movements"," ![Graph](image://9d68d806-aff1-47e3-b1b7-cfe5eb44227b \"The St. Pancras hotel is an example of the Neo-Gothic movement\")\n\nWhen we discuss architecture, we often talk in terms of **styles, orders, and movements.**\n\nThe earliest known structures were of ‘vernacular’ architecture, homes and other buildings created out of a combination of need and means, or access to materials. Across the world, ‘vernacular’ can refer to log cabins, thatch-roofed huts, yurts, igloos, and more.\n\nGenerally speaking, the major architectural movements begin with ancient architectural styles for which we still have enough existing structures to begin to understand them. These are divided into **‘orders,’** while later shifts are usually designated as **‘movements.’**\n\nMovements can be defined by time period, location, dominant style, philosophy, resources and materials, or other factors. **Often it is a combination of these.**","1adb9fa5-b420-4ff0-8661-24da0fd45216",[64,73],{"id":65,"data":66,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"5813db0c-ddf9-49a2-a2e2-71dac93b1d7e",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":67,"binaryCorrect":69,"binaryIncorrect":71},[68],"What term refers to the earliest style of architecture, which includes log cabins, thatch-roofed huts and igloos?",[70],"Vernacular",[72],"Verticular",{"id":74,"data":75,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"83681008-869d-442f-944c-1ce3c2d3ad83",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":76,"activeRecallAnswers":78},[77],"Ancient architectural styles are often divided into 'orders'. What are later architectural styles often divided into?",[79],"Movements",{"id":81,"data":82,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":86},"eb6cf881-b7d6-40d4-bd44-efe2f0ced535",{"type":24,"title":83,"markdownContent":84,"audioMediaId":85},"History of Architecture","**Göbekli Tepe**, a former temple site in Southeastern Turkey, is the oldest recorded building site known today, with evidence from the site dated to 9500-8000 BCE. This means that we have over 10,000 years of architectural history.\n\n ![Graph](image://13f34369-4f1f-4643-93bd-e289ef986483 \"Göbekli Tepe\")\n\nOver time, many different styles and design movements have come and gone and tracking these movements is an important aspect of architectural study.\n\nHowever, the field of architecture also has its own internal history. Many of history’s greatest thinkers have written on the philosophy of architecture or have been architects themselves. In fact, the earliest surviving written work on architecture is *De architectura*, written by **Vitruvius** in the 1st century – but even Vitruvius cites earlier texts that are now lost.\n\n ![Graph](image://94b8c1c3-86ec-43de-b7a2-1d4c4b890ae1 \"A copy of 'De Architectura' by Vitruvius\")\n\nFrom Plato to Foucault, many philosophers have written treatises on architecture, and artists from Michelangelo and Da Vinci to contemporary names such as Anish Kapoor and Frank Gehry have lent their talents to architectural design. ","5d3a5c83-2742-41d8-b8c6-d3c972d2db09",[87,95],{"id":88,"data":89,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"0e8cb719-911b-4266-a314-c4d4a5b0e4e0",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":90,"binaryCorrect":92,"binaryIncorrect":94},[91],"Who wrote the earliest surviving work on architecture?",[93],"Vitruvius",[70],{"id":96,"data":97,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"1fd6d208-b156-4992-9369-5c5590f4a59f",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":98,"multiChoiceCorrect":100,"multiChoiceIncorrect":102},[99],"Which is the oldest recorded building site?",[101],"Göbekli Tepe",[103,104,105,106,107,108],"De architectura","Pompeii","Stonehenge","Petra","Ankor Watt","Acropolis",{"id":110,"data":111,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":115},"154e5873-56e5-4e58-a337-c426f37f931d",{"type":24,"title":112,"markdownContent":113,"audioMediaId":114},"Architecture & Culture "," ![Graph](image://3e69a8a8-9863-40da-b934-0d2bf367f65e \"Angkor Wat, a huge temple built by the Khmer Empire\")\n\nFor many ancient cultures around the world, architectural ruins are some of the last remaining traces of entire civilizations.\n\n**Architecture gives us a window through which these long-lost people can be brought to life.**\n\nMuch can be learned about a people’s resources, technological capabilities, influences and priorities from the types of buildings they built, the materials they used, and even the design and positioning of the buildings. \n\nBeing able to extract this cultural information from prehistoric and ancient architectural sites is critically important. However, this is also relevant to the present day, where historians are able to track important cultural movements through style, scale, and investment in materials and decoration up to the modern day.\n\nThrough learning about and studying advancements in technology and building systems, **we can reveal much about our own culture, and the world we have built.**","6c72043d-f605-4505-9d2d-3b05baeaa913",[116],{"id":117,"data":118,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"5ca515cc-9978-42cc-863b-0730ecb3e911",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":119,"clozeWords":121},[120],"Much can be learned about a lost civilization from the types of buildings they built, the materials they used, and the design and positioning of buildings.",[122,123],"materials","positioning",{"id":125,"data":126,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":129},"3be36440-64df-4eca-8fb3-ced80df47182",{"type":27,"title":127,"tagline":128},"The Basic Qualities of Buildings","Let’s start with the basics. What are the three key principles of every building?",[130],{"id":131,"data":132,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":134},"7e575550-f2c9-479b-9255-1bee58b7a7f4",{"type":25,"title":133},"Basic Qualities of Architecture",[135,159,182,206],{"id":136,"data":137,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":141},"45b16586-b8f4-480a-b62c-e5f452c1e1e0",{"type":24,"title":138,"markdownContent":139,"audioMediaId":140},"Basic Qualities: Durability","![Graph](image://2953147f-26b5-47ed-8a68-8bdc26c40d3c \"An Ancient Greek temple - built to be both durable and beautiful\")\n\nIn *De Architectura*, Vitruvius lays out 3 key principles that any good building should satisfy: *firmitas* (firmness), *utilitas* (commodity), and *venustas* (delight). In modern architecture, the terms have been slightly updated to **durability, functionality/utility, and beauty**; these ideals continue to play an important role in architectural design and construction.\n\nAccording to Vitruvius, when it comes to good architecture, **a building must first and foremost be durable**. That is, it should work as a building. A durable structure should be able to stand against the elements and should remain in good condition for a long time. As such, it should have a **strong foundation** and be **well-designed to hold together** without shifting or cracking.\n\nWhile this seems simple enough, large structures require a great deal of engineering to be safe and durable. A good architect must be knowledgeable not only in aesthetics but must also understand how to design a ‘firm’ structure.","2f120785-b191-4287-9b7f-40ee8a3e671d",[142,151],{"id":143,"data":144,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"59b4d5bf-2d04-4fc5-a379-3a6175764957",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":145,"activeRecallAnswers":147},[146],"What are the three key principles that Vitruvius said a good building should display?",[148,149,150],"Firmness (Firmitas)","Commodity (Utilitas)","Delight (Venustas)",{"id":152,"data":153,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"92decdf3-5de3-45c3-b637-8c1704481fbf",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":154,"clozeWords":156},[155],"Durability means a building should have a strong foundation and be well-designed to hold together without shifting or cracking",[157,158],"foundation","cracking",{"id":160,"data":161,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":165},"7855355e-52ca-47fd-8528-36a7f185f92a",{"type":24,"title":162,"markdownContent":163,"audioMediaId":164},"Basic Qualities: Functionality","![Graph](image://03f45088-7976-4b9c-af58-23a55b6c131c \"London's Trellick Tower, which prioritises functionality over form\")\n\nThe 2nd key principle for good architecture is **functionality.** In other words, **a building should be suitable for the purpose for which it is created**.\n\nOn one level, functionality is practical: **it deals with layout and usability**. A school needs classrooms, while a theater needs a stage. However, architects also have to consider more detailed needs like what happens in a school when all the classes are let out simultaneously, are the hallways large enough? Are there intersections that may cause congestion? For a theater, one may need to address how sound carries or how actors are able to move behind the scenes.\n\nThere are also more abstract functionalities that a building may need to meet. For example, a cathedral may need to not only house its parishioners but also inspire them. Or a government building may need to communicate solidity and longevity.","14501903-4409-43f4-a4a6-b2ea039f5fd5",[166,173],{"id":167,"data":168,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"47c976f0-3562-4ffd-840b-e60af8e4541f",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":169,"clozeWords":171},[170],"Functionality is the principle of architecture that states a building should be suitable for the purpose for which it was created",[172],"Functionality",{"id":174,"data":175,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"64617701-4984-4ce3-aed0-12e45ce880ff",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":176,"binaryCorrect":178,"binaryIncorrect":180},[177],"What two things should functionality provide in architecture?",[179],"layout and usability",[181],"durability and beauty",{"id":183,"data":184,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":188},"a8452708-1d49-4385-abce-24484236dc8a",{"type":24,"title":185,"markdownContent":186,"audioMediaId":187},"Basic Qualities: Beauty","![Graph](image://7d5f7688-64b4-4d93-a032-a83d12ccb870 \"The 'dancing house' in Prague - an example of the divisive post-modern style of architecture.\")\n\nThe **3rd key principle is beauty**, in other words, a well-built building should be aesthetically pleasing. However, **beauty is subjective**: what one person considers beautiful may be an eyesore to someone else.\n\nArchitectural movements are often based largely on the aesthetics of buildings. While other factors come into play, such as materials and available technology and engineering knowledge, how buildings look often has a large impact on a given architectural movement and its place in history.\n\n**Shifting priorities and ideas of beauty are key factors in the transitions between movements**. For example, the simplicity of Neoclassicism was a direct response to the overly decorative Renaissance and Baroque styles. Later, **Postmodernism, with its bright campy style, arose to counter the minimalism of Modernism**. While beauty should be a consideration for any good architectural project, just what beauty is will continue to be under debate.","4f89c79b-325e-4b34-9f6c-7a3bb43aa945",[189,196],{"id":190,"data":191,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"22c95b2e-46d9-4dda-a730-d820fc70e4a0",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":192,"clozeWords":194},[193],"Shifting priorities and ideas of beauty are key factors in the transitions between architectural movements",[195],"movements",{"id":197,"data":198,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"f5907407-978c-4ed3-bf0c-520eb1b83766",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":199,"multiChoiceCorrect":201,"multiChoiceIncorrect":203},[200],"What is the most subjective of Vitruvius' principles of architecture?",[202],"Beauty",[172,204,205],"Durability","Raw Ability",{"id":207,"data":208,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":212},"2c83f959-b6a8-4a6a-80cd-e6ae0873951c",{"type":24,"title":209,"markdownContent":210,"audioMediaId":211},"Basic Qualities: Harmony","![Graph](image://6da5a84a-2fc7-488c-baaa-83335c100dd1 \"Chatsworth House is a harmonious building.\")\n\nUltimately, an important aspect of good architecture is how the 3 key principles of **durability, functionality, and beauty** work together. Architectural projects fail when functionality or longevity are sacrificed for beauty, or vice versa. It is the careful balance and harmony of these various qualities that will make an architectural project a success. **The necessity for harmony means that a good architect must also be knowledgeable about all 3 aspects of architecture** and needs to be able to envision how these qualities will work together in a finished building. This requires a great deal of knowledge and skill.\n\nIn addition to the key principles, **a structure should also be constructed in harmony with the surrounding geography**. Geography has an effect on durability, functionality, and beauty. As such, an architect must consider climate, humidity, and even the type of ground. For reasons of both functionality and aesthetics, how a building fits into its surroundings is vitally important.","e0fd0b83-857b-4b09-ad6e-044e23ddb88c",[213,220],{"id":214,"data":215,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"045f1ab9-73a1-4718-848c-08b93fec8eee",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":216,"clozeWords":218},[217],"A good architect needs to be knowledgeable about Vitruvius' 3 aspects of architecture to provide harmony to the building",[219],"harmony",{"id":221,"data":222,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"1775f8ae-34b4-45fb-9fb8-97896e8c8162",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":223,"clozeWords":225},[224],"Geography has an effect on durability, functionality and beauty, meaning that architects must consider climate, humidity and geology",[226,227,228],"Geography","functionality","beauty",{"id":230,"data":231,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":234},"3e409514-f68e-4807-abf1-888afd037524",{"type":27,"title":232,"tagline":233},"It’s all Greek: Classical Greek Architecture & Its Influence","Learn about the building blocks of Western architecture and its roots in Greece’s Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders.",[235,337,415],{"id":236,"data":237,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":239},"4d41befe-5048-4d39-a50e-879cbcd1de33",{"type":25,"title":238},"Greek Architectural Foundations",[240,266,291,316],{"id":241,"data":242,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":246},"1f60022e-3d82-42b2-b51e-b900a2b01598",{"type":24,"title":243,"markdownContent":244,"audioMediaId":245},"Defining Greek Architecture","![Graph](image://69a43ce8-8c95-45bd-90e8-57be62c944d7 \"The Parthenon is the greatest example of Greek Architecture\")\n\n**Classical Greek architecture, also referred to as Ancient Greek architecture, is a style and form that originated with Greek-speaking people**, not only from mainland Greece but also from the Peloponnese and the Aegean Islands, and later Greek colonies in Italy and Anatolia.\n\nClassical Greek architecture was the dominant style for nearly 1000 years, dating from approximately 900 BCE to 100 CE. The oldest remaining example of Classical Greek architecture is from roughly 700 BCE and is the South Stoa, a part of the Sanctuary of Hera on the island of Samos.\n\nToday, **Ancient Greek architecture is known best for its temples and public buildings**, often built on high ground with careful considerations as to light, elegance, and the surrounding landscape. There are 3 distinct orders of Greek architecture: the **Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian**.\n\n![Graph](image://7321d82c-227e-4e69-8fa4-354eee47b45e \"A picture of The Sactuary of Hera on the island of Samos\")","2e61f809-6a12-4e70-95df-542c834a19f5",[247,257],{"id":248,"data":249,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"7cc686aa-d7b4-4890-a5ff-ed6fc0fd513c",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":250,"multiChoiceCorrect":252,"multiChoiceIncorrect":254},[251],"What is the oldest remaining example of Classical Greek architecture?",[253],"Sanctuary of Hera",[105,255,256],"Erechtheion","Parthenon",{"id":258,"data":259,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"d536fb7c-1ca3-4531-bf5a-f44a6ab1d9f5",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":260,"activeRecallAnswers":262},[261],"What are the three orders of Classical Greek architecture?",[263,264,265],"Doric","Ionic","Corinthian",{"id":267,"data":268,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":272},"9e0f6f4c-86a9-41bc-9bcd-a21edf272144",{"type":24,"title":269,"markdownContent":270,"audioMediaId":271},"History & Overview of Greek Architecture","Today, most examples of Ancient Greek architecture are ruins: while some buildings are partially intact, others are now little more than errant stones and toppled columns.\n\nPieces of Ancient Greek edifices have also been removed from their original locations and are displayed in museums around the world. Sculptural elements have been particularly prized, and the Elgin Marbles, otherwise known as the Parthenon Marbles, are a particularly famous example. These marbles, which include a number of panels carved in bas-relief, a sculptural style in which the elements are carved into a flat surface that bonds the pieces to a solid background, are now – somewhat controversially – housed in the British Museum in London.\n\n**Most remaining Ancient Greek structures were buildings of significance, including temples, theaters, and public squares or ‘agoras.’** This is because only the most important buildings were made of **stone**. Homes, markets, and other day-to-day buildings were made of **wood**; none of these buildings now remain.\n\n![Graph](image://c08a7dc8-9a05-4005-aec1-a66567d03606 \"An image of the Elgin Marbles, which sit in the British Museum in London\")","36b3ea93-c43c-45bd-b086-df759dd3e861",[273,282],{"id":274,"data":275,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"5653d796-e1ca-43c4-8a1b-138058dec4b7",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":276,"binaryCorrect":278,"binaryIncorrect":280},[277],"What were important buildings made out of in Ancient Greece, unlike normal buildings?",[279],"Stone",[281],"Wood",{"id":283,"data":284,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"d30e7389-9689-4318-8a9f-9efac92bc962",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":285,"clozeWords":287},[286],"Most remaining Ancient Greek structures were buildings of significance, including temples, theatres and public squares, which were also known as agoras",[288,289,290],"temples","theatres","agoras",{"id":292,"data":293,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":297},"e4415bb4-789a-4ac4-90f2-cb70ce8e5ff5",{"type":24,"title":294,"markdownContent":295,"audioMediaId":296},"Feature: Post & Lintel ","A key feature of Classical Greek architecture is the **post-and-lintel form**, sometimes also called a ‘trabeated’ form, which is composed of **upright beams with a supporting horizontal beam across the top**. Post-and-lintel is one of the oldest forms of construction and can be found in structures from Britain’s Stonehenge to ancient Egyptian temples. The post-and-lintel system is also used in all types of construction from simple wooden homes to awe-inspiring marble temples.\n\n![Graph](image://14799c58-c7eb-4329-91ca-ae3a136d422f \"An photograph of Stonehenge in Southern England\")\n\nIn Grecian architecture, many of the ancient temples, including the Parthenon, utilize a post-and-lintel system that consists of massive stone columns and cross-beam lintels, also called architraves, that support other architectural elements. **When the posts and lintels are constructed in a repeated form, as is common in Greek architecture, they create a ‘colonnade,’** or a row of columns set at regular intervals usually designed to support the base of a roof structure.","5db4bad5-04e5-46d1-a663-abbc8c484467",[298,305],{"id":299,"data":300,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"3dfa2365-aa95-49e4-8538-c86bbf59d602",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":301,"activeRecallAnswers":303},[302],"What is the Classical Greek architectural structure with upright beams and a supporting horizontal beam across the top called?",[304],"The post-and-lintel",{"id":306,"data":307,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"967a5eb1-05a8-4a7f-9308-9a1abfe9813e",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":308,"multiChoiceCorrect":310,"multiChoiceIncorrect":312},[309],"What is it called when posts and lintels are constructed in a repeated form?",[311],"Colonnade",[313,314,315],"Orangeade","Band-aid","Arcade",{"id":317,"data":318,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":322},"89136bcc-6ee3-45bc-b4b3-7dbe68c99ac6",{"type":24,"title":319,"markdownContent":320,"audioMediaId":321},"Feature: Entablature & Tympanum","![Graph](image://d9c48aff-014f-4caa-9a6d-f742e7032d5f \"The Acropolis in Athens, an example of an entablature supported by posts and lintels\")\n\nIn much Greek architecture, **posts and lintels are used to support the entablature**: a horizontal structural element that encircles the entire building. This has a number of important design features and is where most of the sculptural elements of a building would have been located.\n\n**Above the architrave, or lintel, which serves as the first ‘stage’ of the entablature is a 2nd horizontal stage called the ‘frieze.’** The frieze is a major decorative element of a building and, in ancient Greek structures, it often featured a bas-relief sculpture. Above the frieze, and making up the top band of the entablature, is the cornice, or decorative crown molding.\n\nOften, **the entablature supports a triangular structure called a pediment** that would have supported a building’s roof. The ‘tympanum’ is a large triangular space within the pediment that often displays significant sculptural decoration.","78ce3bb3-9751-4606-8b84-0792cfb35704",[323,330],{"id":324,"data":325,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"ad1317fc-4e03-4d0f-a2f0-fa39d69c0d9a",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":326,"clozeWords":328},[327],"In much Greek architecture, posts and lintels are used to support the entablature.",[329],"entablature",{"id":331,"data":332,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"f5a5c008-d1ab-420f-b967-a8e715294662",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":333,"clozeWords":335},[334],"In Ancient Greek architecture, the entablature supports a triangular structure called a pediment, which might contain a tympanum of sculptures",[336],"pediment",{"id":338,"data":339,"type":25,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":341},"aebb9a79-c77b-493b-a549-abc2854a7619",{"type":25,"title":340},"Greek Architectural Orders",[342,373,394],{"id":343,"data":344,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":348},"569562cc-472e-4fb2-9000-93cdea568a8d",{"type":24,"title":345,"markdownContent":346,"audioMediaId":347},"The Doric Order","Classical Greek Architecture is generally divided into 3 orders: **Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian**, reflecting the regional origins of the styles. Although there are a number of differences between the orders, the 3 are popularly distinguished by their different styles of capitals – the topmost part of a column.\n\n ![Graph](image://17ca2d8c-c444-405d-89c5-a142a00adc40 \"An illustration of a Doric column capital\")\n\n**Doric is the oldest of the 3 Classical Greek orders**, and its capital is easily recognized by its simplicity. Doric capitals are the least adorned of the 3 styles and have 2 parts: a funnel-like circular form under a square cushion. Doric columns are often fluted with ridges and do not have any additional adornment on the base. \n\nThe Doric style also differentiates itself in its friezes. In architecture, **a frieze is a broad horizontal band that runs along the exterior of a building**. While Ionic and Corinthian friezes display continuous bands, Doric friezes are divided into separate rectangles called ‘metopes’ by repeating groove designs known as ‘triglyphs.’ The triglyphs break up the frieze into individual metopes that display independent sculptural images or scenes.  ","a6db7d9e-53e6-469e-95a0-3882b01805e3",[349,357,364],{"id":350,"data":351,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"0c8d0544-9aa5-4f41-afa3-619f02ae7260",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":352,"multiChoiceCorrect":354,"multiChoiceIncorrect":355},[353],"What is the oldest of the 3 Classical Greek orders?",[263],[264,265,356],"Covalent",{"id":358,"data":359,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"287e35d3-2aa5-4ee7-b508-3aace19182a5",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":360,"activeRecallAnswers":362},[361],"What distinguishes between the three Ancient Greek architectural orders?",[363],"The capitals, which are the topmost parts of a column",{"id":365,"data":366,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"fbade6ca-d3f0-484a-b865-b396c6212daa",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":367,"clozeWords":369},[368],"The Doric order contains friezes that are broken up into metopes by triglyphs and have the least adorned capitals",[370,371,372],"metopes","triglyphs","capitals",{"id":374,"data":375,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":379},"b3e42ed0-3d59-465d-bb3d-9fbd394ef148",{"type":24,"title":376,"markdownContent":377,"audioMediaId":378},"The Ionic Order","The ancient Greek **Ionic order is best known for its scroll-like column capitals**. Structurally, these capitals are very similar to the Doric. Both have a tapered, round portion topped by a square cushion; however, unlike the Doric order, each element of an Ionic capital is decorated. The lower section of the capital often has a repeating design, and the square top displays one of the Ionic order’s most defining features: a horizontal band that scrolls under to either side. **These spirals, also called ‘volutes,’ are designed to evoke a nautilus shell or ram’s horn**.\n\n ![Graph](image://34f0ea0d-45e8-4e0e-9780-8547b84e552b \"An illustration of an Ionic column capital\")\n\nIonic columns have bases, often made of 2 convex moldings.  Another unique element of Ionic style is ‘caryatids’, sculptures of draped female figures that were sometimes used instead of columns for a portion of a structure. According to Vitruvius, these figures represented the women of Caryae, who were doomed to hard labor by the Persians when they sided with Greece during a time of political upheaval. **The most famous caryatids can be seen at the Erechtheion, or Temple of Athena, on the Acropolis.**","97ab628e-42fa-49f2-bdeb-bb9fa66a3773",[380,387],{"id":381,"data":382,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"c8e55619-4c18-4956-8c54-9c40fa13ccea",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":383,"activeRecallAnswers":385},[384],"What are the sculptures of draped female figures used in Ionic order architecture called?",[386],"Caryatids",{"id":388,"data":389,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"ed47c8c7-3b8f-4b7d-b7d9-6952e459d43b",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":390,"multiChoiceCorrect":392,"multiChoiceIncorrect":393},[391],"Which order has scroll like column capitals and spiralled volutes?",[264],[356,265,263],{"id":395,"data":396,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":400},"9a9bcfc1-26fa-4bde-bbbb-29a24951d7f6",{"type":24,"title":397,"markdownContent":398,"audioMediaId":399},"The Corinthian Order","**The Corinthian order of Classical Greek architecture is the only one of the 3 orders that does not have its origins in wooden architecture**. While both Ionic and Doric stone structures have stylistic holdovers from wood construction, Corinthian does not have the same constraints. It is also the youngest of the 3 orders, growing out of the Ionic order around 500 BCE. \n\n ![Graph](image://7e917bde-0097-43fa-8ee5-352724d688d4 \"An illustration of a Corinthian column capital\")\n\nCorinthian capitals are distinct from Ionic and Doric styles in both form and decoration. The capitals are taller (taking up 1/10 of the column’s height), and do not have the 2-part structure of the other orders. Instead, Corinthian capitals are designed after a ‘krater,’ a type of bell-shaped mixing bowl, and are decorated with leaves and tendrils. The most common decoration on Corinthian capitals is a double row of acanthus leaves.","5f0b14a2-89b2-48af-86d0-822389864147",[401,408],{"id":402,"data":403,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"7de139f0-6db9-4123-ae8b-5a9e69be1764",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":404,"multiChoiceCorrect":406,"multiChoiceIncorrect":407},[405],"Which of the Ancient Greek orders didn't originate in a wooden form?",[265],[264,356,263],{"id":409,"data":410,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"b1e12f9a-66f6-4e7a-9eba-7b6d4e054667",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":411,"clozeWords":413},[412],"Corinthian capitals contain a krater of leaves, often in double acanthus rows, and tendrils",[265,414],"acanthus",{"id":416,"data":417,"type":25,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":419},"ef7fe89a-188a-4ed4-8005-61726c059b3d",{"type":25,"title":418},"Key Greek Structures",[420,441],{"id":421,"data":422,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":426},"9b756ab0-d4cb-4de8-bae7-e5829f876be0",{"type":24,"title":423,"markdownContent":424,"audioMediaId":425},"Key Location: Parthenon","**The Parthenon in Athens, Greece, is one of the most famous ancient structures in the world today**, and millions of people visit it each year. The structure is a largely intact set of ruins that once served as a temple to the Greek goddess Athena, whom the residents of Athens considered their patron. \n\nAlong with the Erechtheion, the Parthenon is located on the Acropolis of Athens, an ancient citadel that overlooks the rest of the city. Although the word ‘acropolis’ is a generic term that means ‘highest point in the city,’ the Acropolis of Athens is often referred to simply as ‘The Acropolis.’\n\n**The Parthenon was constructed from 447 BCE to 432 BCE, and is built in the Doric order**. The decorative reliefs on its frieze and tympanum were removed by the Earl of Elgin in 1800, during the rule of the Ottoman Empire. \n\n ![Graph](image://d49ac7d0-a775-41fd-8c74-845dd6840448 \"A photograph of the Parthenon of Athens\")\n\n","66a8adf5-41be-411b-b9e8-e42647f404fa",[427,434],{"id":428,"data":429,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"5ba0caef-afef-411b-a942-9970bcafea77",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":430,"activeRecallAnswers":432},[431],"Which goddess was the Parthenon dedicated to?",[433],"Athena",{"id":435,"data":436,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"7d637f73-b8e7-40e6-b799-093d19c015b2",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":437,"multiChoiceCorrect":439,"multiChoiceIncorrect":440},[438],"What order is the Parthenon built in?",[263],[264,265,356],{"id":442,"data":443,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":447},"aa526d6f-4cad-4b5c-9e2c-f852844555e4",{"type":24,"title":444,"markdownContent":445,"audioMediaId":446},"Key Location: Temple of Olympian Zeus","The **Temple of Olympian Zeus**, also called the Olympieion, is arguably the most famous example of Corinthian design. Located in Athens, this temple was intended to be the largest temple in the world. Now only a portion of it remains intact, with just 16 of the original 104 columns still standing, at a massive 55 ft height each. \n\n ![Graph](image://a9c2a705-205e-4b92-8144-64f215ec0b17 \"A photograph of the temple of Olympian Zeus\")\n\nConstruction on the Temple of Olympian Zeus began in the 6th century BCE, and it was originally designed to be completed in the Doric order. However, the project was soon halted and remained incomplete until the rule of the Roman emperor Hadrian who finished the construction in the 2nd century CE. In the interim, the design for the temple shifted from Doric to Corinthian, which was favored by the Romans. \n\nThe temple remains include trademark Corinthian elements, including column capitals featuring double rows of acanthus leaves. \n\n","a24297fc-8d59-4990-b9e2-8848a7deac19",[448],{"id":449,"data":450,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"197dbc24-e94a-4fed-834d-a2ff49542800",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":451,"multiChoiceCorrect":453,"multiChoiceIncorrect":454},[452],"What order is the temple of Olympian Zeus built in?",[265],[264,356,263],{"id":456,"data":457,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"orbs":460},"2691a794-d24b-4c10-ab81-9af9b4f0a44a",{"type":27,"title":458,"tagline":459},"Classical Roman Architecture’s Well-Rounded Style","Learn about key features of Roman architecture and discover its impact on architecture through the ages. ",[461,548,610],{"id":462,"data":463,"type":25,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":465},"218ecc88-e17c-4a7c-982d-2b2ec4bcb3f6",{"type":25,"title":464},"Defining Roman Architecture",[466,480,503,525],{"id":467,"data":468,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":471},"2515d523-193d-4b65-87dc-ad1c2bc22cc2",{"type":24,"title":464,"markdownContent":469,"audioMediaId":470},"![Graph](image://93487b6d-75ef-4f6e-96b8-3da1b25ed30a \"The Pantheon in Rome\")\n\nClassical Roman architecture, also referred to as Ancient Roman architecture, is an architectural style that lasted from the establishment of the Roman Republic in 509 BCE, to approximately the 4th century CE. After the 4th century CE, architecture began to transition into a period often classified as Late Antiquity.\n\nRoman architecture borrowed much from the Ancient Greeks and, in turn, influenced Classical Greek architecture. Although Roman architecture has many unique elements - such as the arch and the dome - Roman and Greek architecture are sometimes considered a single architectural style known as classical architecture. Later architectural movements that revive classical styles draw from both Greek and Roman, often mixing elements of the two.\n\nMany Classical Roman structures were built during the height of the Roman Empire and the era known as Classical Antiquity. Classical antiquity was the post-Republican period of ancient Rome, lasting from the accession of Caesar Augustus in 27 BCE, to 380 CE, the date of the fall of the Western Roman Empire.","e66b7b6d-1921-4226-be01-51017f3f55cd",[472],{"id":473,"data":474,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"14928bcb-5351-41a0-afc0-5cefda7130ea",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":475,"activeRecallAnswers":477},[476],"What are the two key elements of Roman architecture that didn't exist to the same extent in Greek architecture? ",[478,479],"Domes","Arches",{"id":481,"data":482,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":486},"4c71eeb1-cd49-464c-a90f-2aedd3f7b8b4",{"type":24,"title":483,"markdownContent":484,"audioMediaId":485},"History & Overview of Roman Architecture","Although Roman architecture is defined as beginning in 509 BCE with the establishment of the Roman Republic, **the architecture of Rome was not particularly notable until the Roman Imperial period began**, only slightly before the beginning of the Common Era. This shift to a distinct ‘Roman’ style was, in fact, a combining of architectural styles from other places, including Etruscan and Greek architecture, and with architectural advancements in the development of arches and, later, domes.\n\n**Few Roman buildings earlier than 100 BCE exist**, even in ruins, though large numbers remain from later years and some are still largely intact and in use today.\n\nThe **Maison Carrée** in France, finished in 2 CE, is one of the best-preserved examples of a Roman temple and displays Greek influence in many of its architectural features,  including post-and-lintel construction, Corinthian columns, and a colonnade. In contrast, the **Roman Colosseum** is an excellent example of a number of uniquely Roman characteristics.\n\n![Graph](image://1f42d3b7-6c9b-4dd9-ba91-6a1eacbb7607 \"A photograph of the Maison Carrée in France\")","4777ca55-7eb9-4130-8bec-ad9e9f40d3ec",[487,496],{"id":488,"data":489,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"7de33f6c-926c-4d24-a0ef-bd3a2705fd0f",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":490,"binaryCorrect":492,"binaryIncorrect":494},[491],"Which of these Roman architectural buildings displays more prominent Greek influences?",[493],"Maison Carrée",[495],"Roman Colosseum",{"id":497,"data":498,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"fb8c4abe-fffe-40e1-8d5d-cc743d744748",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":499,"activeRecallAnswers":501},[500],"When is Roman Architecture defined as beginning?",[502],"509 BCE",{"id":504,"data":505,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":509},"adc13a13-62b3-4e93-a698-d210c30e8e70",{"type":24,"title":506,"markdownContent":507,"audioMediaId":508},"Feature: Arch","![Graph](image://a5d10318-81fb-4893-8ee5-2be9cd256b4a \"The Arch of Constantine in Rome\")\n\n**The Roman arch marks an important development in Western architecture**. Although the arch was not invented by the Romans, and was in fact borrowed from the Etruscans, it was the Roman architectural revolution that promoted arches to a mainstay in architecture. Along with the introduction of concrete, the use of arches was at the heart of Rome’s ability to build massive projects across the empire.\n\n**Arches are important architecturally because they allow for larger and wider openings than post-and lintel-constructions**. With a post-and-lintel system, pressure is distributed across the lintel; therefore, posts can’t be very far apart or, without proper support, the lintel could sag or break. It also limits the amount of weight one can put above the lintel. Arches, on the other hand, redirect weight out to the posts and down into the ground; and very little of the pressure of a building’s weight is sustained by the top of the arch. **Roman arches are rounded at the top, with a keystone at the apex**, which helps to keep the other stones in place and redirects the weight of the structure to the posts.\n\nInstead of colonnades, Roman architecture often features ‘arcades,’ or a series of rounded arches side by side.","5ea1e3f6-fde4-412a-962c-5b36819764c0",[510,517],{"id":511,"data":512,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"63454498-6834-4495-a34b-119f3bd52e31",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":513,"activeRecallAnswers":515},[514],"Which world empire first promoted arches to becoming a mainstay in architecture?",[516],"Rome",{"id":518,"data":519,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"e365d9ef-ee01-417d-9399-0c97b61f9776",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":520,"binaryCorrect":522,"binaryIncorrect":523},[521],"Which allow for wider constructions?",[479],[524],"Post and Lintel",{"id":526,"data":527,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":25,"reviews":531},"7e0470b7-3cab-4013-ae41-08f4345ee955",{"type":24,"title":528,"markdownContent":529,"audioMediaId":530},"Feature: Dome","**The Romans were the first architects in history to bring into practice the full potential of domes for creating large interior spaces**. The dome was utilized by the Romans in a variety of building types including temples, palaces, mausoleums, bath houses, and, later, churches.\n\nAlthough domes have been traced back to ancient Mesopotamia, ‘monumental domes,’ or the immense domes associated with Roman architecture, were first constructed in the 1st century BCE in Rome and its surrounding provinces.\n\n**Roman domes were usually hemispherical in shape and often featured an ‘oculus’ or circular opening at the center**. The development of Roman concrete helped to advance the building of monumental domes, as structures were no longer limited to the shape and weight of stone. Roman concrete, also known as ‘opus caementicium,’ was made from pozzolanic ash, which provided durability and helped prevent cracks. In fact, concrete became such a popular medium at the time that the Roman architectural revolution is sometimes also known as the ‘concrete revolution.’ **Many monumental domes are made from concrete with brick facing**. One of the most famous and best-preserved examples of a monumental Roman dome is the Pantheon in Rome, Italy.\n\n![Graph](image://3d148ac3-7035-4c4a-b1ff-7a68b45fee5d \"The dome of the Pantheon in Rome remains the largest unsupported dome in the world\")","634618c2-42d8-4bad-9317-d91183e19392",[532,539],{"id":533,"data":534,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"218b2d40-3e7b-40ad-9757-2bd7bdd3504e",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":535,"clozeWords":537},[536],"Roman domes, which were made out of pozzolanic ash for durability, were usually hemispherical in shape and often featured a circular occulus in the centre of the dome",[538],"pozzolanic",{"id":540,"data":541,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"25504017-d818-4739-86b3-7ffa89ceaea8",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":542,"binaryCorrect":544,"binaryIncorrect":546},[543],"Where were the first monumental domes created?",[545],"Ancient Rome",[547],"Ancient Mesopotamia",{"id":549,"data":550,"type":25,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":552},"8a044369-e56e-47e2-903f-ceb9d2801558",{"type":25,"title":551},"Architectural Orders and Innovations",[553,574,594],{"id":554,"data":555,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":559},"399066df-b991-48c9-80f8-410114c1e330",{"type":24,"title":556,"markdownContent":557,"audioMediaId":558},"The Tuscan Order","**The Tuscan order, also sometimes called the Etruscan order, derives influence from Doric design as well as Etruscan architecture**. \n\nTuscan columns are **similar to Doric in shape and simplicity**; however, while the capitals look the same, **Tuscan columns are un-fluted**, having smooth sides. In Tuscan order design, the entablature that runs around the building is also simpler than Doric, with no triglyph framing designs dividing up the decorative frieze.\n\nIn overall building design, the Tuscan order used proportions that created stocky but solid buildings and were considered best for ‘fortified places.’ \n\nIn Rome and surrounding areas, Tuscan architecture was used for practical locations such as city gates, fortresses, treasuries, ports, warehouses, and armories. Although the Etruscans heavily adorned their buildings, **Roman structures built in the Tuscan style were usually left plain, due to the practical nature of their uses**. \n","0f13df06-5ba3-437d-a977-ce4af65017ac",[560,567],{"id":561,"data":562,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"6a612a01-2855-41d5-9f81-632468d12f9f",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":563,"clozeWords":565},[564],"Tuscan columns are similar to Doric ones in shape and simplicity, but the columns are unfluted.",[566],"unfluted",{"id":568,"data":569,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"d41b9026-9d4d-4a53-9a76-775c98f58c85",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":570,"activeRecallAnswers":572},[571],"What order derives influences from Etruscan and Doric design?",[573],"Tuscan",{"id":575,"data":576,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":580},"58d9d7ac-beb6-47bd-a530-10c6c605486d",{"type":24,"title":577,"markdownContent":578,"audioMediaId":579},"The Composite Order","The ancient **Roman Composite order is exactly what it sounds like** – bringing together key elements of other orders, in particular Greek Ionic and Corinthian. The Composite order is considered an imperial Roman form of Corinthian, and indeed the 2 orders hold many similarities, having similar proportions and entablature heights, while both feature acanthus leaves on the capitals. \n\n**The key difference in the Composite order is that above the acanthus leaves sits an Ionic ‘volute’ or scroll design**. Unlike Ionic capitals, Composite order capitals present these volutes in a variety of ways, with later designs thinning and sometimes altogether doing away with the horizontal portion of the Ionic style and treating the volutes as 4 independent units.\n\nThe Composite order was highly ornamental and used for honorific arches, such as the Arch of Titus in Rome, as well as churches and cloisters.  \n\n","e5b72b97-0297-4b62-82b5-5e6edf33bbe5",[581,587],{"id":582,"data":583,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"302c4f8b-3b8b-45a5-975b-193d62e8f70b",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":584,"activeRecallAnswers":586},[585],"What two Greek orders does the Roman Composite Order primarily blend?",[264,265],{"id":588,"data":589,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"3c3157ad-860c-433d-951c-743b05ef762e",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":590,"clozeWords":592},[591],"Unlike in the Ionic order, in the composite order the Ionic volute sits above the acanthus",[593],"volute",{"id":595,"data":596,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":600},"260e02d4-10bb-483a-a80d-1644eaef6424",{"type":24,"title":597,"markdownContent":598,"audioMediaId":599},"Key Figure: Vitruvius","When it comes to Classical architecture, **no individual was more influential than the Roman architect and engineer Vitruvius**. The author of _De Architectura_, a treatise on architecture, **Vitruvius defined the Roman ideal that all buildings should have 3 key attributes: strength, utility, and beauty**.\n\nVitruvius was also influential on the topic of proportions in architecture and the human body. Where the Greeks looked to the Golden Ratio for inspiration, **Roman architecture, under the influence of Vitruvius, turned to the proportions of the body for a concept of ideal proportion**. \n\nVitruvius’s descriptions on human proportions in De architectura led to DaVinci’s famous illustration of the Vitruvian Man. \n\nVitruvius lived from approximately 70 BCE to 15 CE. Although he is sometimes considered the ‘first architect,' this is a misnomer; however, his work is the first surviving record of the study of architecture. \n","403e515f-6438-400f-b7a7-d71f63a8d935",[601],{"id":602,"data":603,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"999a5f3c-b27f-4059-89a7-995f7d46a9d3",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":604,"binaryCorrect":606,"binaryIncorrect":608},[605],"What did Vitruvius base his architectural proportions on?",[607],"The Body",[609],"The Golden Ratio",{"id":611,"data":612,"type":25,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":614},"5b03eb58-3f37-4a8b-a819-ab0a9dc8370a",{"type":25,"title":613},"Key Locations and Figures",[615,629],{"id":616,"data":617,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":621},"2134aa0d-3825-490b-9f3b-03827a2fecc3",{"type":24,"title":618,"markdownContent":619,"audioMediaId":620},"Key Location: Aqueducts","**The Roman aqueducts are widely recognized as one of the greatest engineering feats of antiquity**. They were built first throughout the Roman Republic, and later the Empire, in order to **transport water** into cities and towns. These aqueducts supplied water for public baths, fountains, and private households as well as for farming, milling, and gardening. \n\nThe first Roman aqueduct was built in 312 BCE, and, by the 3rd century CE, the city of Rome had eleven aqueducts serving over a million residents; other cities and towns throughout the empire followed. These feats of construction were well-maintained for centuries and some are still in partial use today.\n\nAlthough many portions of the aqueducts were buried, conduits were also carried on bridgework across valleys, rivers, and lowlands. These bridges consist of massive multi-piered arcades made up of rounded Roman arches. The Pont du Gard in Nîmes, France, is one of the best preserved aqueducts standing today.  \n\n ![Graph](image://cf9c566e-2418-4dcd-9bb0-918fd4f8a5c1 \"A photograph of the Pont du Gard aqueduct in Nîmes, France\")\n","fe012a63-7b1c-4e33-81dd-f70a0c670ec2",[622],{"id":623,"data":624,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"cd46ef03-6e49-45e0-b0ba-93a564b386d3",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":625,"activeRecallAnswers":627},[626],"What was the name for Roman structures that supplied public water?",[628],"Aqueduct",{"id":630,"data":631,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":635},"49d15a7f-94ab-4645-b962-68aaa8a18156",{"type":24,"title":632,"markdownContent":633,"audioMediaId":634},"Key Location: Colosseum","**The Colosseum** is one of Rome’s most recognizable and notable buildings. Today, millions of visitors flock to the landmark each year, and the structure is as synonymous with Rome as the Eiffel Tower is with Paris. \n\nThe Colosseum is an oval, free-standing structure made up of 3 stories of arcade Roman arches, topped with a podium (or platform) and an attic. **Framing the arches are half-columns, the first story of which is Doric, the 2nd story Ionic, and the 3rd story Corinthian**. \n\nConstruction on the Colosseum began in 72 CE and was completed in 80 CE. It was originally built to host gladiatorial contests and other grand spectacles including animal hunts, battle reenactments, executions, and even mock sea battles. The edifice remains the largest amphitheater ever built, and the interior stone rows of seats would have held 50,000-80,000 spectators.\n\nThe original building also had a retractable awning known as the ‘velarium,’ which covered ⅔ of the arena and was designed to protect spectators from sun and rain. The cover was made of canvas, with a net-like structure underneath, and it was operated by sailors from the nearby Roman naval headquarters.\n\n ![Graph](image://839e6400-0b88-4cf1-a0a6-9c018debfb59 \"The Colosseum could hold up to 80,000 spectators\")","71f64b54-36ac-4d06-8ae7-643a5af4200c",[636,647],{"id":637,"data":638,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"417ba786-ab61-4950-95b0-e927756a4599",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":639,"multiChoiceCorrect":641,"multiChoiceIncorrect":643},[640],"What was the name for the retractable awning of the Roman Colosseum?",[642],"Velarium",[644,645,646],"Aquarium","Stadium","Folium",{"id":648,"data":649,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"eb0cef18-b5a5-4c9c-9a2f-c17f807197dd",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":650,"activeRecallAnswers":652},[651],"What famous building is made up of 3 stories of arcade Roman arches, each with half-columns from a different order, topped with a podium?",[653],"The Colosseum of Rome",{"id":655,"data":656,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"orbs":659},"82184f56-bf3c-4ee5-9256-97ad58c35ac2",{"type":27,"title":657,"tagline":658},"The First Influencers: Asian and Islamic Architecture","Explore the rich history of non-Western architecture including Asian and Islamic architectural philosophy and design.",[660,778,848],{"id":661,"data":662,"type":25,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":664},"986e1a43-65a0-4b17-b323-b2f98a5c5a4f",{"type":25,"title":663},"History of Asian Architecture",[665,690,714,739,753],{"id":666,"data":667,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":671},"3aa26371-909a-4f82-b350-5b281580fa37",{"type":24,"title":668,"markdownContent":669,"audioMediaId":670},"History of Asian Architecture "," ![Graph](image://c60d3eb2-0bea-488a-89ce-2dd7ab579ce5 \"The Yingzao Fashi - the bible of Chinese architecture\")\n\n**Asian architecture, dating thousands of years before the Common Era, was some of the most sophisticated in the world, with indoor plumbing appearing as early as 3000 BCE**. Architecture developed differently in various parts of Asia, with Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture taking on unique characteristics. \n\nAncient Asian architecture was affected by a variety of factors, including religion, empire, and regional neighbors. For example, Japanese architecture has had a long and largely consistent history but, being an island separated from mainland Asia, had little impact on other styles. In contrast, Chinese architecture had a tremendous impact on surrounding regions. \n\nIn 1100, Song Dynasty architect **Li Jie** completed the _Yingzao Fashi_, a book of Chinese architecture that set the standard for design and construction for the next 300 years, the resulting work serving as a launching point for many regional varieties of Asian architecture. ","b6dde8a6-2789-4f5d-a045-98800cae86fa",[672,679],{"id":673,"data":674,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"75d84a11-c180-4896-ac98-6c9764cd4c2b",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":675,"activeRecallAnswers":677},[676],"What foundational architectural text did the Song Dynasty complete in 1100 CE? ",[678],"Yingzao Fashi",{"id":680,"data":681,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"bb8814f0-8f1a-4b4a-8b19-a7270ec2c847",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":682,"multiChoiceCorrect":684,"multiChoiceIncorrect":686},[683],"When did indoor plumbing first appear in Asian architecture?",[685],"3000 BCE",[687,688,689],"2000 BCE","1000 BCE","4000 BCE",{"id":691,"data":692,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":696},"a45683c0-449c-434a-8e77-2ecd8e0b003e",{"type":24,"title":693,"markdownContent":694,"audioMediaId":695},"Chinese Architecture"," ![Graph](image://dc77d27e-0e80-46c4-9344-dc75b7a4013c \"A Ming Dynasty building\")\n\n**Chinese architecture** has clear characteristics that hold the tradition together across time and space. Made primarily of thatch and timber, magnificent early cities have disappeared, leaving footprints that reveal an extraordinary level of planning. Distinctive Asian architecture was fairly well-established in China by the Imperial Period, 1250 CE. **Chinese architectural style has remained largely consistent through the centuries and across a wide geographic area, due in part to their well-developed architectural standard.**\n\nAs even the grandest imperial buildings were made of wood, most surviving structures date only as far as the **Ming Dynasty**, which lasted from 1368-1644.\n\nChinese architecture is defined by a number of key features, including **bilateral symmetry** that prioritizes being symmetrical from left to right, **enclosed open spaces**, and feng shui – **a directional hierarchy** for arranging spaces to harmonize individuals with their environment. With some notable exceptions, such as pagodas, **most structures had a single story.** Colors were used symbolically, with yellow reserved for emperors, red promising good fortune, and green representing wealth, growth and harmony. ","3e0c5a60-fd76-4e87-99b7-f6216bea622e",[697,705],{"id":698,"data":699,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"5e81d18e-ebd2-4d42-8594-0a5f99fc17f6",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":700,"clozeWords":702},[701],"Chinese architecture is defined by bilateral symmetry, enclosed open spaces and a directional hierarchy of spaces",[703,704],"bilateral","hierarchy",{"id":706,"data":707,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"c3d14795-4f57-4ca0-abbc-58369ef3efaf",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":708,"multiChoiceCorrect":710,"multiChoiceIncorrect":711},[709],"What were buildings largely made of in Chinese Architecture during the Imperial Period?",[281],[279,712,713],"Solid Bricks","Straw",{"id":715,"data":716,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":720},"2bf7cc0d-4607-4952-8b55-d1ee47f996f3",{"type":24,"title":717,"markdownContent":718,"audioMediaId":719},"Feature: Hip and Gable Roof","The hip and gable roof originated in China during the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220 CE) before spreading throughout Asia. Originally used for temples, palaces, and gardens, it is now also used for Taoist and Buddhist shrines. Hip and gable roofs use a combination of the 2 roof forms, with a hipped roof – a roof that slopes down on all sides – and 2 gables – a triangular portion of wall between intersecting roofs – on opposing sides. \n\n ![Graph](image://cea0842b-35e7-46c7-ad44-5d2611350270 \"A Chinese gable roof\")\n\nA Chinese hip and gable roof, also known as a _xieshan_ roof, has 9 ridges, and a peristyle, or continuous porch, formed by a row of columns surrounding the building. The double-eaved xieshan roof with colored ceramic tiles and heavy ornamentation at the end of the eaves is the stereotypical Chinese architectural form. \n\nThis roof style spread, with unique cultural changes, from China to Japan, where they have _Irimoya_ roofs, Sri Lanka (_Kandyan_), Korea (_Pajlakbung_), Vietnam, Mongolia, Tibet, and Nepal. \t\n\n\n","801fa751-b7d8-480b-aa4b-c8df185d19ce",[721,732],{"id":722,"data":723,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"8ddb4fdc-8a7f-4b99-8e1d-379bce2d1bb7",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":724,"multiChoiceCorrect":726,"multiChoiceIncorrect":728},[725],"How many ridges do Chinese roofs have along with the continuous porches?",[727],"9",[729,730,731],"4","16","25",{"id":733,"data":734,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"b4f73eae-99c4-42ae-b55c-d0b5c1d01943",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":735,"activeRecallAnswers":737},[736],"What type of roof was most popular in ancient China?",[738],"Hip and Gable",{"id":740,"data":741,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":745},"82cb3de9-8bc4-4b2b-bb73-7864422c1304",{"type":24,"title":742,"markdownContent":743,"audioMediaId":744},"Buddhist Architecture","Originating in India, Buddhist architecture consists of _viharas_ (monasteries), _stupas_ (places to venerate relics or texts), and _chaityas_ (temples). The oldest Buddhist structures are the ‘caves’ or ‘grottos,’ which are viharas cut from stone with a central hall connected to small cells. More generally, _vihara_ refers to any living quarters for monks with an open, shared courtyard. \n\nOften connected to monasteries, _stupas_ are bell-shaped, solid structures without entrances and with holy relics or texts hidden inside in the walls or core. The earliest stupas were sculptures, but the form became increasingly elaborate. The oldest existing stupa was built by King Ashoka (273-236 BCE). \n\nThe grandest examples of Buddhist architecture are chaityas or temples containing at least one statue of Buddha with space for incense, fruit, flowers and worshippers. Larger temples have multiple statues and may include displays of the bones of holy people, lecture halls, libraries, shrines and large bells.\n\n ![Graph](image://5a050be2-6629-43a7-9c5d-37d16ba70aac \"King Ashoka's stupa, which still stands today\")","4120ad13-884c-4095-9675-ab26a015c367",[746],{"id":747,"data":748,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"b2e2703c-b183-42e5-b909-74cadf7843eb",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":749,"clozeWords":751},[750],"In Buddhist architecture, stupas are bell-shaped, solid structures without entrances",[752],"stupas",{"id":754,"data":755,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":759},"613e5ebf-18cb-4e7a-83bb-3be074bcd00c",{"type":24,"title":756,"markdownContent":757,"audioMediaId":758},"Overview of Byzantine Architecture "," ![Graph](image://c15f8d61-c274-4c50-a33d-95e04af037a5 \"The Hagia Sophia, which was originally built as a Byzantine church but was turned into a mosque by the Ottoman Emperor Mehmed II in 1453\")\n\n**Byzantine architecture** emerged when Constantine the Great rebuilt Byzantium and filled it with churches and monasteries, establishing the eastern center of Orthodox Christianity. Constantinople became the focal point of an artistic perspective different from that of Western Europe. Most notably, **Byzantine architects retained the ability to build large domes**, typically made of light and porous stone or pottery and situated on pendentives, 4 concave triangles, or squinches, semi-circles that open into octagons.  \n\nByzantine churches had a symmetrical floor plan with square walls and flat roofs. In contrast to the Latin cross design, the Greek cross had equal arms. Columns, rather than walls, were used to support the weight of the roof, creating larger, lighter enclosed spaces. Interiors were embellished with intricate mosaics. \n\n**Hagia Sophia** in Istanbul, which saw some recent controversy when the Turkish government declared it a mosque in 2020 after having been secularised in 1935 by Ataturk, is a quintessential Byzantine building. Western architects encountered the wonders of Byzantine architecture during the crusades, reshaping their views of what was possible. \t\n\n ![Graph](image://b1ced184-ba59-484f-baad-b58ee4f0b413 \"The interior of the Hagia Sophia\")","257bcbf2-0641-4628-8fce-d525d168ab33",[760,769],{"id":761,"data":762,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"52d18440-cd0f-4da0-a2a4-81f966f23716",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":763,"clozeWords":765},[764],"Byzantine churches had a symmetrical floor plan with square walls and flat roofs, which were supported by columns.",[766,767,768],"square","flat","columns",{"id":770,"data":771,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"5e27ffeb-f228-42a7-80ac-f5e641a4cf3b",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":772,"binaryCorrect":774,"binaryIncorrect":776},[773],"Which famous Istanbul church was converted into a Mosque by Mehmed the Conqueror in 1453?",[775],"Hagia Sophia",[777],"Church of St. Anthony of Padua",{"id":779,"data":780,"type":25,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":782},"d28d6a23-4ef7-49d0-8339-dc60ba0de793",{"type":25,"title":781},"Overview of Islamic Architecture",[783,806,827],{"id":784,"data":785,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":788},"7fc3d763-1814-42da-a5b2-60964ee30d59",{"type":24,"title":781,"markdownContent":786,"audioMediaId":787},"**Islamic architecture emerged in the 800s and spread with the growth of Islam**. One distinctive element of this style is the minaret, a tall thin building with small windows and an enclosed staircase that facilitates the call to prayer and is attached to a mosque. Ornate domes with muqarnas vaulting – often with a superimposed pointed-arch structure commonly referred to as ‘honeycomb’ or ‘stalactite’ design – are also quintessential Islamic features. \n\nThis vaulting adds complexity to the otherwise unadorned space inside the dome. \n\nIslamic architects use 4 styles of arches: First there is the **pointed arch**, which looks similar to a gothic arch though wider and shallower. Second, the **ogee arch** has the same basic construction as a pointed arch, but the crown has 2 s-shaped lines that create a more pronounced point at the top. Third, **the horseshoe arch**, sometimes known as a keyhole arch, is wider at the top – like a keyhole – and rounded. This style is typical of Moorish architecture. Finally, **the multifoil arch** features a scalloped design with a series of small arches in the crown. Islamic architecture is also known for its colorful ornamental details created from jewel-like tiles, perhaps the most striking architectural element.  \n\n ![Graph](image://c2f52506-485b-4629-9b21-752445cdfdd8 \"The 'honeycomb' style of vaulting common in classic Islamic architecture\")","2a4f4f81-0a63-4aae-867e-9e2990bbe00a",[789,796],{"id":790,"data":791,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"24402d8c-4a32-4f53-bca7-37fab1df44fc",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":792,"activeRecallAnswers":794},[793],"What is the name of a tall thin building with small windows and an enclosed staircase, attached to a Mosque?",[795],"Minaret",{"id":797,"data":798,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"5bc40138-5729-4187-9113-2687082adc00",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":799,"activeRecallAnswers":801},[800],"What are the four types of arch in Islamic architecture?",[802,803,804,805],"Pointed","Ogee","Horseshoe","Multifoil",{"id":807,"data":808,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":812},"3c71a8f6-1da3-45bf-b254-5f741433ec47",{"type":24,"title":809,"markdownContent":810,"audioMediaId":811},"Umayyad and Abbasid Eras","The Umayyad (661-750) and Abbasid (750-1227) Caliphates were great periods of architectural development. The Umayyad era produced the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, a pinnacle of Islamic architecture. Reflecting a strong Byzantine influence with intricate mosaics against a gold background and an Islamic epigraphic frieze (the part of the frieze featuring inscriptions), **desert palaces also captured emerging Islamic forms in their wall paintings**. \n\n ![Graph](image://fbf23906-843e-4449-9f00-f7bf98b6f49c \"The Dome of the Rock, built by the Umayyads in Jerusalem\")\n\nDuring this time, Islamic artists moved from Greco-Roman themes toward **Iranian influences**, creating uniquely Islamic architecture.\n\nDuring the Abbasid period, the Islamic capital moved from Damascus to Baghdad and then to Samarra, further separating Islamic art from Mediterranean influences and adding elements from Eurasia, China and India. \n\nBaghdad’s Al-Khulafa Mosque best exemplifies Abbasid architecture with its 120 foot minaret decorated with muqarnas, Kufic inscriptions, and geometric patterns. Artists also made great strides in ceramics, inventing the white tin glaze and lusterware. **The caliphate’s architectural innovations continued to spread throughout the Islamic world long after its political influence ended**. \n\n ![Graph](image://d63bc161-851d-4152-bf0b-061d18983ab3 \"A photograph of Baghdad's Al-Khulafa Mosque\")","8d6b549f-b49f-4225-ae3d-f95bc696f8b7",[813,820],{"id":814,"data":815,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"4d3d686c-105c-46b0-b3b1-d4387a7723e4",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":816,"clozeWords":818},[817],"The Umayyad period produced the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, using intricate mosaics against a gold background and an Islamic epigraphic frieze",[819],"Umayyad",{"id":821,"data":822,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"58685272-7a72-4f29-a13f-7c896706adf5",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":823,"activeRecallAnswers":825},[824],"Which famous Baghdad Abbasid Mosque has a 120-foot minaret decorated with muqarnas, Kufic inscriptions and geometric patterns?",[826],"Al-Khulafa",{"id":828,"data":829,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":833},"7f99cb69-bf03-43ce-90d2-de9c7862d20e",{"type":24,"title":830,"markdownContent":831,"audioMediaId":832},"Feature: Arches and Vaults\t","Islamic arches and vaults developed along 2 different lines. Umayyad architects followed Syrian models, while eastern Islamic architects followed forms originating in Persia during the Sasanian Dynasty (224-651). Umayyad builders used diaphragm arches with lintelled ceilings and beams made of stone or wood: diaphragm arches include a partial wall and divide spaces into compartments. \n\nUmayyad architects also introduced the method of covering diaphragm arches with **barrel vaults, a series of arches that create a rounded ceiling**. \n\nA common feature of mosques throughout the Islamic world is a system of squinches – a construction used to fill the angles of a square room so that it will accommodate a round dome. This technique originated with the Sasanians and passed to architects in eastern Islam. The complex structure creates an ornamental pattern that hides the weight of the dome. **Ribbed vaults with a spherical dome** are the characteristic architectural form of eastern Islam. \n\n![Graph](image://94465605-d903-4ce1-98e1-95758df4f787 \"Diaphragm arches covered with barrel vaults in Sasanian architecture\")","c0d34b5f-76d7-4509-a250-b29579affd01",[834,841],{"id":835,"data":836,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"06888611-667d-455a-b458-fb00c99d7b1d",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":837,"activeRecallAnswers":839},[838],"What system was used to ensure a square room would accommodate a round dome?",[840],"Squinches",{"id":842,"data":843,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"d43385d7-0dbb-4b43-b6b0-5dd77c88b9e5",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":844,"clozeWords":846},[845],"Umayyad builders used diaphragm arches with lintelled ceilings and beams made of stone or wood",[847],"diaphragm",{"id":849,"data":850,"type":25,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":852},"0ca48696-4aeb-47bb-b26e-c638c37c70f0",{"type":25,"title":851},"Key Locations in Asian Architecture",[853,870,892],{"id":854,"data":855,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":859},"cba59930-c958-40be-bd5c-a5669722499a",{"type":24,"title":856,"markdownContent":857,"audioMediaId":858},"Key Location: Temple of Heaven","Built between 1406 and 1420, the **Temple of Heaven** is a masterpiece that impacted architecture in the Far East for centuries: the entire area is 4 times larger than the Forbidden City, built by the same emperor. It is a beautiful circular building covered in blue glazed tiles, having 6 ‘heavenly’ gates and connected to other buildings in the temple complex by the Vermillion Steps Bridge. \n\n ![Graph](image://a18b88f2-e16f-4c3d-abf5-98f9807bb05a \"The Temple of Heaven in Beijing\")\n\nThe **Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests** is a 3-gabled circular structure built on a marble stone base and made entirely of wood with no nails. Painted gold and green, it has triple eaves, and a highly symbolic interior design. \n\nThe Circular Mound Altar is a 3-level platform of lavishly decorated marble designed to carry sound over long distances. Since circles symbolize heaven and squares symbolize earth, the design of the temple grounds symbolizes the connection between heaven and earth. ","b4a74afc-e1bb-4bfa-8926-edc20ae9ad01",[860],{"id":861,"data":862,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"c2e7f46c-7394-4b82-93e9-ea51d071da17",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":863,"multiChoiceCorrect":865,"multiChoiceIncorrect":867},[864],"How many heavenly gates does the Temple of Heaven have?",[866],"6",[868,727,869],"3","12",{"id":871,"data":872,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":876},"713d0b83-2df7-4ed8-a13b-0ae34286dd8e",{"type":24,"title":873,"markdownContent":874,"audioMediaId":875},"Key Location: Angkor Wat"," ![Graph](image://f26859f4-5e21-4051-82f7-4a969733e232 \"Angkor Wat in Cambodia, sometimes called the '8th Wonder of the World'\")\n\nOne of the best examples of religious architecture in Asia, **Angkor Wat** was built between 1115 and 1145 near Siem Reap in northern Cambodia. Constructed as a mausoleum for King Suryavarman II, it was first a Hindu shrine and later a Buddhist temple. Built from 10 million blocks of sandstone, it reflects the religious and political ideas of its time and place. \n\nAngkor Wat sits on a rise surrounded by a moat and is laid out symmetrically with tiered platforms rising to a central tower. **Concentric rings with rectangular galleries connect the towers at each level.** The walls of the galleries are lined with sculptures and relief carvings. The towers themselves represent the homes of the gods with detailed carvings cut into the sandstone and volcanic rock. Miles of relief carvings depict Hindu gods, griffins, unicorns, lions, snakes, warriors, and abstract motifs carved by the greatest sculptors in Southeast Asia. ","0ccea3cb-da3e-4943-959f-59be53891aeb",[877,884],{"id":878,"data":879,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"abc773e5-8ab1-439c-9b62-82d2eca18baf",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":880,"clozeWords":882},[881],"Angkor Wat sits on a rise surrounded by a moat and is laid out symmetrically with tiered platforms rising to a central tower",[883],"symmetrically",{"id":885,"data":886,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"c0cdad26-6936-4439-958a-1a11b3501e52",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":887,"activeRecallAnswers":889},[888],"What two things are the walls of the galleries of Angkor Wat lined with?",[890,891],"Sculptures","Relief carvings",{"id":893,"data":894,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":898},"c76ba0ff-b8af-40d7-8b59-d36ba3f0ce69",{"type":24,"title":895,"markdownContent":896,"audioMediaId":897},"Key Location: Jameh Mosque","Begun in 771, the **Jameh Mosque** in Isfahān, Iran, amalgamates architectural styles from the 8th to the 20th century. The first structure, mud brick decorated with stucco, was replaced in 840 by a larger structure with a courtyard and hall of baked bricks and pillars that houses 10 bays including the main prayer hall. Tenth century architects added minarets on either side of the entrance and an arcade with geometric block designs.\n\n![Graph](image://311ac5a5-4174-426c-ba09-12ddb4074a65 \"A photograph of the Jameh Mosque\")\n\nIn the 11th century, architects added 2 domes. The first was the largest dome in the Islamic world, and the 2nd is a masterpiece with interlacing ribs forming pentagons and stars. \n\nBefore 1230, builders added  4 iwans, vaulted walls, one leading to the domed vault and others surrounding the courtyard. In the 14th century, builders divided the arcade into 2 levels and added a prayer hall covered by a series of transverse vaults. Today the mosque fluidly combines styles from throughout its 1251-year history.","eadde91a-56a5-451b-9893-008fc728c424",[899],{"id":900,"data":901,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"803b32d9-1c25-418b-b00a-2ca27249fd33",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":902,"activeRecallAnswers":904},[903],"What was the first design of the Jameh Mosque made out of?",[905],"Mud Brick",{"id":907,"data":908,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"orbs":911},"c20b6b2b-0a93-47ac-9ccf-4f206fa8f8fd",{"type":27,"title":909,"tagline":910},"Arch Rivals: Romanesque & Gothic Architecture","Understand the architecture of Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, and learn about the contrast between Roman and Gothic influences.",[912,981,1052],{"id":913,"data":914,"type":25,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":916},"88e3a71f-adf9-48b4-8204-6cf9ef359190",{"type":25,"title":915},"Romanesque Architecture",[917,942,958],{"id":918,"data":919,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":923},"95943921-1d80-4999-ae5a-b616a04a171b",{"type":24,"title":920,"markdownContent":921,"audioMediaId":922},"Definition of Romanesque","Experts debate the beginning date for the emergence of Romanesque architecture, but there is significant agreement that the **11th century is the high point when it flourished across Europe**. \n\nIt combines features of Roman and Byzantine buildings with other local traditions and is mainly recognized by its **semi-circular arches, thick walls, massive towers, and barrel vaults**. Arcades are also a common Romanesque feature, serving both structural and decorative purposes. Although the round arch was carried over from classical architecture, most medieval builders lacked the skill to build expansive domes, so their structures appear dense, relying on thick walls to bear the building’s weight. The **First** Romanesque era (circa 800-900) used **rubble walls, smaller windows and unvaulted roofs**, while the **Second** period (1000s) shows greater refinement with **wider vaults, larger windows, and dressed stone**. Some churches from the second period have wheeled or rose windows, a precursor to their popularity in the Gothic period. \n\n ![Graph](image://dd5b3050-d3c0-437e-bab8-cf23f6d329fa \"The Basilica of Sant-Ambrogio, an early example of Romanesque architecture\")","4b3cbd9f-4736-455b-a5c2-062bbc1ff763",[924,935],{"id":925,"data":926,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"4b12dab8-835c-46dc-b959-56241a2290be",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":927,"multiChoiceCorrect":929,"multiChoiceIncorrect":931},[928],"What century did Romanesque architecture flourish in?",[930],"11th Century",[932,933,934],"1st Century"," 2nd Century"," 3rd Century",{"id":936,"data":937,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"587ecc66-c0b4-4f7c-8e26-623191e232db",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":938,"clozeWords":940},[939],"The first Romanesque era used rubble walls, smaller windows and unvaulted roofs because architects lacked the skill to build expansive domes",[941],"Romanesque",{"id":943,"data":944,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":948},"e2dc7ef5-a409-4e69-908b-2d3ccca92341",{"type":24,"title":945,"markdownContent":946,"audioMediaId":947},"Overview of Romanesque Architecture","During the Roman Empire, architecture flourished and builders mastered the techniques of arches and domes with wide vaults, creating large interior spaces. At the end of the Empire, building methods such as the rounded arch survived in Western Europe and continued to appear in churches, monasteries and palaces; however, **other techniques, such as the displacement of weight to support expansive domes, were lost**. \n\nNear the beginning of the 6th century, the Romanesque style began to emerge, building on the Roman arch and the architectural opportunities it presented.  Over the following centuries, the Crusades exposed Europeans to the churches of Constantinople where dome construction had continued unabated from the time of the Roman Empire. This era of upheaval led to the construction of fortresses and the fortification of towns using Romanesque techniques. Perhaps the best-known Romanesque structure is the **Tower of London**, built by William the Conqueror in the 11th century.\n\n![Graph](image://e0edf1e3-497a-498d-9f7f-cdd1b17c4468 \"The Tower of London, built by William the Conqueror in the 11th century\")","79b180bc-ce12-4a21-8df9-f2a1f7d9967e",[949],{"id":950,"data":951,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"3572dd40-c7d8-4b85-a6b6-0e6859dbcf8f",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":952,"multiChoiceCorrect":954,"multiChoiceIncorrect":955},[953],"What architectural movement does the Tower of London belong to?",[941],[956,957,263],"Gothic","Neoclassical",{"id":959,"data":960,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":964},"15b97895-80e5-432d-8ea8-6a3a39ee3f67",{"type":24,"title":961,"markdownContent":962,"audioMediaId":963},"Definition of Gothic Architecture"," ![Graph](image://c098dce3-a6f7-427b-a9f6-0a54e8c1148e \"The Chartres Cathedral exemplifies Gothic Architecture\")\n\n**Gothic architecture emerged in the 12th century**, building on the best features of Romanesque designs. Where Romanesque buildings appear massive, Gothic structures are delicate and seem to defy gravity. \n\nAdopted from Islamic designs, the most prominent feature of Gothic architecture is the **tall, thin, pointed arch**, drawing the eye upward and accentuating the cathedral’s height. **Stained glass windows** are particularly spectacular in Gothic churches, providing detailed depictions of Biblical stories. The rose window, also found in Romanesque churches, was greatly elaborated in Gothic structures. \n\n**Intersecting barrel vaults** add beauty to Gothic ceilings, but they also support the taller, more ethereal structures. A key structural element in Gothic architecture is the **flying buttress**, a projecting stone structure that redistributes the weight of the roof and allows for thin walls and large windows. A range of decorative embellishments such as gargoyles, pinnacles, and spires also set Gothic architecture apart from other styles.","0a8e286e-6136-485d-ab89-700b53254782",[965,975],{"id":966,"data":967,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"2b4c6272-8e4f-4ecc-84a6-57503a57a306",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":968,"multiChoiceCorrect":970,"multiChoiceIncorrect":972},[969],"When did Gothic Architecture emerge?",[971],"12th Century",[930,973,974],"13th Century","14th Century",{"id":976,"data":977,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"8b32dbf7-43fd-4a07-8dbe-625ffaae991b",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":978,"clozeWords":980},[979],"Thin pointed arches, intersecting barrel vaults, flying buttresses and decorative gargoyles are all tropes of the Gothic architectural movement",[956],{"id":982,"data":983,"type":25,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":985},"eedae01e-0b51-4598-a780-ce8b856bb598",{"type":25,"title":984},"Gothic Architecture",[986,1010,1031],{"id":987,"data":988,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":992},"02a519a5-32f3-4758-875a-aa0a77f9595a",{"type":24,"title":989,"markdownContent":990,"audioMediaId":991},"Overview of Gothic Architecture","![Graph](image://24351c21-d1bc-4617-82dd-61d2d651f339 \"The Abbey of Saint-Denis\")\n\nRomanesque architecture dominated Western Europe throughout the 11th century, but, in 1095, the Crusades began, drawing increasing numbers of noblemen and soldiers to Constantinople where they were exposed to Islamic architecture that had developed along different aesthetic lines though using many Romanesque techniques. Most notably, **Islamic structures incorporated pointed arches and large domes**. \n\nThe Crusades prompted religious fervor, and surviving nobles built churches to commemorate their safe return. New elements seen in Constantinople inspired innovations in Romanesque styles, gradually leading to the emergence of Gothic. Starting in France, Gothic architecture was known as ‘French Work,’ and the **Abbey of Saint-Denis**, built in 1134-44, is the first fully Gothic structure, using rib vaulting, flying buttresses and pointed arches. **Chartres Cathedral** is the first example of High Gothic. Never widely used in Italy, Gothic architecture began to decline and lost dominance in the mid-15th century with the advent of the Italian Renaissance.\n\n ![Graph](image://d0456bec-7b39-4e47-9045-bff006a53a40 \"A photograph of the interior and exterior of Chartes Cathedral\")","c3ac8ace-7022-4eb6-9602-dee19ca9eb51",[993,1003],{"id":994,"data":995,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"09db79c1-75ea-4e31-9208-45576fcc8ba4",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":996,"multiChoiceCorrect":998,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1000},[997],"What French building, completed in 1134, is considered to be the first fully Gothic structure?",[999],"Abbey of Saint-Denis",[1001,775,1002],"Notre-Dame","Cathedral Saint-Sulpice",{"id":1004,"data":1005,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"97e9ef90-ebe9-4ae1-8b05-240cdfb6d140",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1006,"activeRecallAnswers":1008},[1007],"What prompted religious fervor in Europe, allowing Gothic architecture to spread?",[1009],"The Crusades",{"id":1011,"data":1012,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1016},"de26fcc6-38e4-4b4f-8f0f-268607531762",{"type":24,"title":1013,"markdownContent":1014,"audioMediaId":1015},"Contrasting Features: Arches","**Romanesque arches are commonly found in arcades, doors, and windows**, and smaller arches adjoining a large arch are characteristic of Romanesque design. Round arches are often supported by columns cut from a single piece of stone. Because technology was lost after the fall of Rome, Romanesque builders could not solve the problem of outward thrust on weight-bearing arches, so vaults were narrow and buildings were relatively short. \n\nGothic arches originated in pre-Islamic times and were used in the Near East throughout the Romanesque period.  First used for **lancet windows** that were tall and extremely narrow, pointed arches soon became used throughout construction and are the most visible element of Gothic structures, giving cathedrals greater verticality, both in height and perspective. From a religious point of view, Gothic arches were popular because they drew the eye upwards toward the heavens. \n\nCathedrals featured lavish pointed details with a pointed arch over a doorway topped by a pointed sculptural element and by pointed pinnacles at either side. **Intersecting Gothic arches created rib vaulting**, which helped solve the problem of outward thrust, making greater height and width of structures possible.\n\n ![Graph](image://c7170f6f-8326-4fc0-a3cc-617e4b6d6fa4 \"An example of a Romanesque style of arch\")","32703f9d-b5c3-4918-9c9e-e7505e208445",[1017,1024],{"id":1018,"data":1019,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"1d5a87d1-9202-45a0-93b0-3dca3446b792",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1020,"clozeWords":1022},[1021],"Gothic arches created rib vaulting, which helped solve the problem of outward thrust",[1023],"rib vaulting",{"id":1025,"data":1026,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"e3404b8b-63c6-4424-b9b9-1ecbe995ebf0",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1027,"clozeWords":1029},[1028],"In Gothic architecture, pointed arches were used for lancet windows that were tall and extremely narrow",[1030],"lancet",{"id":1032,"data":1033,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1037},"13cddab9-2e55-48a6-9062-51ae33c9980d",{"type":24,"title":1034,"markdownContent":1035,"audioMediaId":1036},"Contrasting Features: Buttresses"," ![Graph](image://e8002c6e-a1c4-4823-b537-1a81d03ebb92 \"The flying buttresses of Westminster Abbey\")\n\n**One problem in medieval architecture, particularly for cathedrals, was how to support the weight of the roof and still allow a wide enough space beneath for large numbers of people to gather**. One solution adopted by Romanesque architects was to build **thick, strong walls**, but they also had to add buttresses for additional support. Buttresses are structural elements that project out from the wall to reinforce it and to transfer some of the weight of the vault to the ground. Romanesque buttresses were a solid mass that extended out in tiers from the supported wall. \n\n**Flying buttresses also displace weight from the vault**, but they consist of an arch extending from the top of a wall to a massive pier. Solving the problem of weight displacement, flying buttresses were a structural necessity, but they also enhanced the aesthetics of the Gothic cathedrals, becoming highly decorative exterior elements that further point the viewers’ eyes toward the heavens. \n\n","129f4787-733c-4bb2-89ed-714dd453a96a",[1038,1045],{"id":1039,"data":1040,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"0d81e1c6-a247-4745-8389-5c8acd294055",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1041,"activeRecallAnswers":1043},[1042],"What Gothic feature displaced weight from the vault using an arch extending from the top of a wall to a massive pier?",[1044],"Flying Buttresses",{"id":1046,"data":1047,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"e319dfb8-f5c9-43dc-97c1-27b8a30f9d1f",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1048,"activeRecallAnswers":1050},[1049],"What Romanesque elements projected out from walls to reinforce the roof?",[1051],"Buttresses",{"id":1053,"data":1054,"type":25,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":1056},"0f4ae7a0-35d3-47c3-8260-38e979b7a6be",{"type":25,"title":1055},"Contrasting Features",[1057,1071,1098],{"id":1058,"data":1059,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1063},"20cf4edd-4b83-4879-81c4-5e5d41310521",{"type":24,"title":1060,"markdownContent":1061,"audioMediaId":1062},"Contrasting Features: Vaults "," ![Graph](image://ffb4db6b-689d-4f75-be37-31de28f58383 \"Gothic rib vaulting in Exeter Cathedral\")\n\nThe Romanesque barrel vault is a **series of round arches placed side by side to create a semi-cylindrical design**. Because arches create outward thrust against the walls that support them, Romanesque architects made their walls thick and strong with few, small windows. They sometimes placed multiple vaults parallel to each other so the outward thrust from one would counteract the thrust from the other. However, **the walls of the outermost vault usually required buttressing**. \n\nGothic architects used rib vaulting to solve the problem of outward thrust by placing gothic arches into a diagonal framework that evenly displaced the weight,  enabling the buildings to be taller and thinner and making thick walls unnecessary. Pointed arches could be raised as high over a narrow span as over a wide one, so churches could be taller and have more windows. The arches are located at the vault’s joints and carry the ceiling’s weight. ","a4b90bee-a003-4c19-ae5c-bd2a418c7584",[1064],{"id":1065,"data":1066,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"9680280c-6e02-4cf5-9e57-264e158c974f",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1067,"clozeWords":1069},[1068],"The Romanesque barrel vault is a series of round arches placed adjacently to create a semi-cylindrical design",[1070],"barrel vault",{"id":1072,"data":1073,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1077},"ca080a95-a7d2-4ace-af50-d57ae586b74f",{"type":24,"title":1074,"markdownContent":1075,"audioMediaId":1076},"Key Location, Romanesque: Pisa Cathedral & Tower","**Pisa Cathedral and Tower** are among the most impressive examples of Romanesque architecture in the world. Built in the early 11th century, this complex combines elements from Eastern and Byzantine architecture with Lombard Romanesque style – an early iteration of Romanesque architecture that featured thick walls and ornamental blind arches – to create the Pisan Romanesque style. The exterior is marble, built in a symmetrical design with arched doorways and sculpted doors added during the Renaissance. Although the cathedral was originally planned on the model of the Greek cross with 4 equal arms, it was later modified to the Latin cross footprint. More than 40 round arches adorn the front of the building as beautiful examples of the Romanesque style. \n\nThe Cathedral’s bell tower, famously known as **The Leaning Tower of Pisa**, is an extraordinary example of Romanesque design with 8 stories of round arches. Started a century after the cathedral, the tower took 226 years to complete.  This tower currently ‘leans’ at a 4 degree angle. The building began to shift during construction due to a weak foundation and soft soil. However, because of political unrest, construction was halted for nearly a century, giving the ground time to settle and limiting the amount of shifting. The tower has continued to tilt slowly over time, however, and at its worst was at a 5.5 degree angle. Remediation in 1990 and 2013 has  helped to stabilize the building and return it to a 4 degree lean.   \n\n ![Graph](image://34d02cfc-447a-4d3b-b741-cdaa964b3c08 \"The Leaning Tower of Pisa\")","1dc822d3-d0a5-4fe6-a4c2-c1dfc577fe07",[1078,1089],{"id":1079,"data":1080,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"03d423c2-af63-4bb8-acf2-d80533147e29",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1081,"multiChoiceCorrect":1083,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1085},[1082],"What century was Pisa Cathedral built in?",[1084],"11th",[1086,1087,1088],"10th","12th","13th",{"id":1090,"data":1091,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"76adfbb8-b814-4a23-b299-b9e37e90e112",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1092,"binaryCorrect":1094,"binaryIncorrect":1096},[1093],"What is the angle of lean in the Tower of Pisa?",[1095],"4 degrees",[1097],"5.5 degrees",{"id":1099,"data":1100,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1104},"839adb01-387c-459f-adaf-76548ad9df61",{"type":24,"title":1101,"markdownContent":1102,"audioMediaId":1103},"Key Location, Gothic: Cathédral Notre-Dame "," ![Graph](image://69127e2d-c6f8-4ba4-9d3c-289ae993079d \"Notre Dame de Paris, an example of the High Gothic style\")\n\nBuilt between 1163 and 1260, **Notre-Dame de Paris** is one of the finest Gothic cathedrals, boasting rib vaulting, flying buttresses, intricate and colorful rose windows and sculptural decoration. In the early 1200s, transepts were added to the choir to bring in more light. The 4-part ribbing made the roof stronger so that it could be higher.  In the late 1240s, a gabled portal was added to the north transept, completed with a spectacular rose window. In 1258, the same addition was made to the south transept creating the familiar front of the cathedral.\n\n**Flying buttresses were also added in the 13th century, making it possible for the walls to be higher and thinner**. The cathedral has been under construction, renovation or repair throughout her 850 year history, most recently suffering severe damage in a disastrous fire in 2019. Despite modifications and damage, Notre-Dame remains the iconic example of French Gothic construction. \n\n ![Graph](image://506be68d-9798-4d5d-b3f3-d7c8c218d9c2 \"Interior and exterior views of the Notre-Dame Cathedral in France\")","eb70dfa7-a308-44b8-99b4-b7af6ce0afd6",[1105],{"id":1106,"data":1107,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"82e256f5-83e8-432c-aa8d-51c8032fdac1",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1108,"clozeWords":1110},[1109],"The Notre-Dame de Paris boasts rib vaulting, flying buttresses, rose windows and sculptural decoration",[1111,1112],"rib","sculptural",{"id":1114,"data":1115,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"orbs":1118},"b5a43c0e-fa3e-44a2-a5f1-c53021e107df",{"type":27,"title":1116,"tagline":1117},"Getting Busy with Renaissance & Baroque Styles","Discover the secrets of architecture’s most opulent periods and learn about the art, design, and illusion that made it possible.",[1119,1193,1301],{"id":1120,"data":1121,"type":25,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":1123},"e18fc600-6574-426a-b31b-e2d3b95cc6b1",{"type":25,"title":1122},"The Renaissance and Its Evolution",[1124,1152,1168],{"id":1125,"data":1126,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1130},"144a894f-a443-4709-ab16-4afb61091ed6",{"type":24,"title":1127,"markdownContent":1128,"audioMediaId":1129},"Definition of Renaissance Architecture"," ![Graph](image://ec818b05-af9e-4445-ae85-1e6c0e384e3e \"The Cathedral in Florence, which was designed by Brunelleschi\")\n\n**The term ‘Renaissance architecture’ defines European architecture from approximately 1400 CE to 1600 CE** – while the Renaissance began in the 1300s, its impact on architecture was minimal for the first century. Originating in Italy, Renaissance architecture spread to all parts of Europe, including England and Russia. \n\nRenaissance architecture is defined by its **return to the classical orders**, and classical Roman styles in particular. Features include mathematically precise ratios of width and height as well as an overall ethos of symmetry, proportion, and harmony.\n\n**Filippo Brunelleschi** is widely considered the ‘founding father’ of Renaissance architecture and is also now often recognized as the first modern engineer. Like many architects of the era, Brunelleschi was a true ‘Renaissance man,’  an architect and designer as well as a renowned sculptor. Near the end of the Renaissance, Michelangelo would also become not only one of the era’s best-known artists but a respected architect as well. \n","d0c39327-4cf7-4d36-971b-fe8fe1e6b0b6",[1131,1138,1145],{"id":1132,"data":1133,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"04e3c5ed-dc75-4247-87dc-ce660dcf3619",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1134,"clozeWords":1136},[1135],"Renaissance architecture is defined by its return to classical Roman styles with mathematically precise ratios of width and height",[1137],"precise",{"id":1139,"data":1140,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"1b619870-08ab-4a89-9710-9ba9f780f9fa",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1141,"activeRecallAnswers":1143},[1142],"When did the Renaissance span architecturally?",[1144],"1400 CE to 1600 CE",{"id":1146,"data":1147,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"6c1f29da-f85e-46d3-9b52-e363e140027b",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1148,"activeRecallAnswers":1150},[1149],"Who is widely considered to be the founding father of Renaissance architecture? ",[1151],"Filippo Brunelleschi",{"id":1153,"data":1154,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1158},"17cbba3e-2c4e-4fff-abf1-737a2d0a6d31",{"type":24,"title":1155,"markdownContent":1156,"audioMediaId":1157},"Early & High Renaissance & Mannerism","There are 3 principal phases to Renaissance architecture, the first of which is the Early Renaissance, or **Quattrocento**. The term ‘Quattrocento,’ which translates to ‘4 hundred,’ marks the period of Renaissance architecture from 1400-1499. This term is often used instead of ‘Early’ to avoid confusion between early Renaissance architecture and early Renaissance art, which came 100 years earlier. \n\nThe Quattrocento was a period of exploration and formulation for architecture. At this time, the ‘rules’ of Renaissance architecture were defined, with a rejection of the intuition and proportions of Gothic architecture for geometric and logic-driven proportions.\n\nThe **High Renaissance** (1500-1525) saw the plans of the Quattrocento put to use. This period is seen as the ‘full-blooded revival of classicism.’\n\nMannerism, or **Late Renaissance** (1520-onward), exhibited a shift in the style, with classical themes paired with heightened decoration and more invention from architects who began to break the ‘rules’ of Classical architecture in individual ways, such as rounding a façade or using different ratios for posts and lintels. This era is the precursor to the Baroque period.\n\n ![Graph](image://58a31e9f-cf02-4e5c-a7f5-912ef456355e \"The Santa Maria Novella is an example of Quattrocento architecture\")","28df293d-0eb2-4d57-8c39-5de766ce6198",[1159],{"id":1160,"data":1161,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"931bfb75-5c11-41ff-b11c-4aff64e71d94",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1162,"activeRecallAnswers":1164},[1163],"What are the three phases of Renaissance Architecture?",[1165,1166,1167],"Quattrocento","High Renaissance","Late Renaissance (Mannerism)",{"id":1169,"data":1170,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1174},"eabb38f1-92e3-4ad9-b9ff-704d330de70f",{"type":24,"title":1171,"markdownContent":1172,"audioMediaId":1173},"Definition of Baroque Architecture","With its roots in Renaissance architecture, **Baroque is a highly theatrical architectural style that emphasizes spectacle through lighting, color, and design**, as well as dynamic and complex architectural plan forms. It utilizes classical elements such as domes and colonnades to create a new style of grand and dramatic structures. Like Renaissance architecture, Baroque began in Italy in the late 16th century before spreading to the rest of Europe. \n\n**Baroque was originally a religious style**, initiated by the Catholic Church to combat the Protestant Reformation and to inspire awe in viewers: many examples of Baroque architecture standing today are cathedrals and churches. \n\nIn the 1700s, **Baroque evolved into an even more decorative style**, which took root in Central Europe, particularly France. This style, often called Rococo, takes Baroque ornamentation to its extreme, with an intentional show of wealth particularly its use of gilding and sculptural decoration. Baroque continued to influence architecture in some parts of the world, including Germany and South America, through the early 18th century.\n","70575f12-aa97-40bb-8d17-066ef453a090",[1175,1184],{"id":1176,"data":1177,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"44d4460e-839c-4d12-b0a4-0dd17a784a1e",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1178,"multiChoiceCorrect":1180,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1182},[1179],"What type of architecture was born out of Renaissance architecture in Italy in the late 16th century?",[1181],"Baroque",[957,1183,956],"Postmodern",{"id":1185,"data":1186,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"477087a5-1c9e-444c-b985-9adbf16fd8e3",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1187,"binaryCorrect":1189,"binaryIncorrect":1191},[1188],"What is the even more decorative style of Baroque architecture called?",[1190],"Rococo",[1192],"Macchiato",{"id":1194,"data":1195,"type":25,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":1197},"801422ae-e726-4d12-b588-71f0140d8005",{"type":25,"title":1196},"The Baroque Era and Its Features",[1198,1225,1246,1260,1274],{"id":1199,"data":1200,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1204},"a2046ad7-7294-4671-beb5-0ea55c6e04be",{"type":24,"title":1201,"markdownContent":1202,"audioMediaId":1203},"Three stages of Baroque: Early, High & Late","![Graph](image://80d25077-dfee-4017-89e7-13e37a8f8242 \"The Wurzburg Residence in Germany is a Rococo building\")\n\nHistorians generally divide Baroque architecture into 3 stages: **Early, High**, and **Late** (or Rococo). Early Baroque dates, generally, from 1584-1625. It was initiated by the Catholic Church to appeal to a wide audience, particularly in the face of the growing Protestant Reformation, and as a reaction against earlier, more severe religious styles. \n\n**High Baroque dates from 1625 to 1675**. During this time, Baroque architectural styles began being used for a variety of buildings, growing out of its origins as a primarily religious style. It is also during the High Baroque that interior decorations grew in importance. In 1661, Louis XIV began his rule of France and decreed that Paris would supersede Rome as the artistic center of the world, and France became a center of Baroque architecture. \n\nIn **Late Baroque, otherwise known as Rococo (1675-1750), architecture took on even more decoration** and began to divide into regional styles, most notably French Rocaille. ","b5c13b5e-aa3c-4daa-a821-10c946f751a0",[1205,1216],{"id":1206,"data":1207,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"3c6bf110-471e-4388-86ed-c7babb030ab2",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1208,"multiChoiceCorrect":1210,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1212},[1209],"Who brought Baroque architecture to the world by decreeing that France would supersede Rome as the world artistic capital?",[1211],"Louis XIV",[1213,1214,1215],"Marie Antoinette","Napoléon Bonaparte","Charles De Gaulle",{"id":1217,"data":1218,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"9a7322fe-42af-42a9-9c53-0469e7a2593e",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1219,"activeRecallAnswers":1221},[1220],"What are the three stages of Baroque architecture?",[1222,1223,1224],"Early","High","Late",{"id":1226,"data":1227,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1231},"4cc01021-a747-4717-b1f4-73656e93eeec",{"type":24,"title":1228,"markdownContent":1229,"audioMediaId":1230},"Colonial Architecture"," ![Graph](image://44d00efd-ad6e-4028-83fd-5b1051f1aa5b \"The Zacatecas Cathedral\")\n\nDuring the Late Baroque period, the style reached beyond Central Europe to the Spanish and Portuguese colonies of Latin America. **‘Colonial Architecture’ is defined as any architectural style from a mother country that has been incorporated into the construction of colonies in distant locations.** \n\nBaroque is one of the most prominent examples of this type of stylistic expansion, and it continued to influence Latin American architecture through the 18th century.\n\nIn Colonial Architecture, the ‘original’ style becomes synthesized with local styles and needs, creating hybrid architectures. One example is **Churrigueresque**, or ‘Ultra Baroque,’ a Spanish Baroque style that features even more elaborate sculptural ornamentation than standard baroque and in an artistic style with Latin American roots. In Mexico, this style took on unique elements of experimentation and expressive design. The main façade of the **Zacatecas Cathedral** is a premier example of Spanish Baroque. \n\n ![Graph](image://0db9d854-7a51-44e6-8984-724badc5fdc5 \"The main facade of the Zacatecas Cathedral\")\n\n","67a37489-71c4-43c4-845c-a145b3a9845d",[1232,1239],{"id":1233,"data":1234,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"7f1ae92f-a007-4f2b-90a8-568d832eda4b",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1235,"clozeWords":1237},[1236],"In Colonial architecture, the original style becomes synthesized with local cultures and needs",[1238],"cultures",{"id":1240,"data":1241,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"cc8d2759-e1a8-4348-b4c3-b4e6d6f016ea",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1242,"clozeWords":1244},[1243],"Colonial architecture is defined as any architectural style from a mother country that has been incorporated into the constructions of colonies",[1245],"Colonial",{"id":1247,"data":1248,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1252},"9aa7fc87-0213-4864-bc9d-6aabbc60c3ff",{"type":24,"title":1249,"markdownContent":1250,"audioMediaId":1251},"Features: Trompe-lœil & Quadratura","**Trompe-l'œil (French for 'optical illusion', or literally ‘deceive the eye’) is an art technique of illusionistic ceiling that experienced a surge of popularity during the Baroque period**. As an architectural feature, trompe-lœil is usually applied to the ceiling to create an illusion of open sky or a higher ceiling. It requires a high level of skill and verisimilitude, or realism, to create the effect. **A trompe-lœil painting always includes the intention toward illusion**; but not every ceiling painting is a trompe-lœil. \n\n ![Graph](image://833263da-abce-4d88-b4be-f3fdd1fc6dc0 \"A trompe-loeil ceiling\")\n\nA type of trompe-lœil called ‘quadratura’ saw particular use in Baroque and Rococo architecture. Quadratura utilizes 17th century theories of perspective and geometry to enhance the architecture of a space. For example, a simple barrel-vaulted ceiling may be painted in a quadratura style to look as if it has an additional dome, ribbing, or other architectural features. In this way, quadratura is much more united with the architecture than other types of trompe-lœil. \n","36eeaac7-43e7-440b-9643-60fdb3aa497c",[1253],{"id":1254,"data":1255,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"6ede1edf-47a6-4ae3-8f46-9c76ab1e2f15",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1256,"activeRecallAnswers":1258},[1257],"What is the French Artistic technique of illusionistic ceiling that experienced a surge in popularity during the Baroque period?",[1259],"Trompe-lœil",{"id":1261,"data":1262,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1266},"43272176-5e0c-409e-a450-21a23bf3b126",{"type":24,"title":1263,"markdownContent":1264,"audioMediaId":1265},"Features: Decoration & Grandeur","**If there is one word to describe Baroque and Rococo style and architecture, it would be ‘grandeur.’** Scale, decor, and materials – particularly gilding – were all carefully chosen to create surprising and awe-inspiring buildings, inside and out.\n\nAlthough at their most basic Baroque buildings utilize the structural elements of classical Greece and Rome, it is the effusion of decoration that makes Baroque architecture truly unique. **Domes and porticos as well as grand staircases are all regular features of Baroque structures.**\n\nElaborate cartouches, or sculpted frames, were also very prevalent and helped to add dimension to otherwise flat surfaces.\n\nBaroque architecture and interior design were also influenced greatly by illusion and a desire to trick the eye. Mirrors were used in large quantities, along with quadratura and overhead sculpture to give an impression of depth, and solomonic columns, with helical spirals, and incomplete architectural elements were often employed to disorient viewers. \n\n ![Graph](image://88e55e3e-a2cf-4037-83df-04a5625ea773 \"An elaborate Rococo interior\")","fe394496-8199-41ad-950d-d1cccf9c976b",[1267],{"id":1268,"data":1269,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"9b9ade40-8936-4e7d-a408-b4a0945c1473",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1270,"activeRecallAnswers":1272},[1271],"What makes the Baroque movement distinct from classical architecture in Greece and Rome?",[1273],"Grandeur of Decoration",{"id":1275,"data":1276,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1280},"8675b1f1-a992-476e-8222-ba4ae1de47be",{"type":24,"title":1277,"markdownContent":1278,"audioMediaId":1279},"Key Location, Renaissance: Sistine Chapel"," ![Graph](image://71acf789-92c3-4e74-aa7b-cb6610129897 \"The Sistine Chapel is a Renaissance building\")\n\n**The Sistine Chapel**, located in Vatican City, was built between 1473 and 1481 under the direction of Pope Sixtus IV. It is a high, rectangular building with a simple exterior structure. Its minimal exterior decoration was common for Renaissance churches – a style which Baroque architecture would later rebel against. \n\nThe main space of the building is the chapel, with a 20.7 meter vaulted ceiling and 14 tall arched windows. The design of the chapel is centered on relative proportions, a common feature of Renaissance architecture inspired by Classical Rome. \n\n**The Sistine Chapel is most famous for its artwork, and in particular the ceiling painted by Michelangelo**, which was completed between 1508 and 1512. The ceiling of the chapel is a flattened barrel vault, though Michelangelo utilized quadratura to add the illusion of architectural design, including moldings and pilasters. The ceiling is considered a cornerstone work of High Renaissance art. ","50a9c5b1-2922-4a1a-98ec-21faabd0200b",[1281,1290],{"id":1282,"data":1283,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"41b6c15b-860b-4eef-b4d5-bbec4dbc6068",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1284,"binaryCorrect":1286,"binaryIncorrect":1288},[1285],"When was the Sistine Chapel completed?",[1287],"1481",[1289],"1592",{"id":1291,"data":1292,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"dd3af2ed-69a3-4243-bdde-0316340aab89",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1293,"multiChoiceCorrect":1295,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1297},[1294],"Who did the ceiling painting in the Sistine Chapel?",[1296],"Michelangelo",[1298,1299,1300],"Raphael","Leonardo","Donatello",{"id":1302,"data":1303,"type":25,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":1305},"fb211e69-eba1-4c25-aa93-8d4a64b5be0c",{"type":25,"title":1304},"Key Baroque Locations",[1306,1327],{"id":1307,"data":1308,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1312},"86e5f763-56e2-4644-ad80-2672606a6240",{"type":24,"title":1309,"markdownContent":1310,"audioMediaId":1311},"Key Location, Baroque: St. Paul’s Cathedral","Although it had a number of predecessors, London’s **St. Paul’s Cathedral** as we know it today was designed by **Sir Christopher Wren** and constructed from 1675 to 1711, following the destruction of its predecessor in the Great Fire of London. \n\nIt exhibits many Baroque architectural features, and its massive dome is a quintessential part of London’s skyline and was the tallest building in London for over 200 years. The cathedral has held many of the nation’s most important events and continues to act as a working church with daily services.\nSt. Paul’s is built in a ‘restrained’ Baroque style, with clear influences from classical and medieval architecture, particularly in its floorplan. However, the overarching design of the cathedral is clearly Baroque. Its dome, barrel-vaulted ceiling, and colonnades of columns evoke classical design while its exquisite interior and exterior decor, in particular its sculptures and gilded niches and cornices, are purely Baroque.  \n\n ![Graph](image://f9b4e37b-ab82-4374-bbbc-cb116c57009e \"St Paul's Cathedral in London\")\n\n","a51bb608-435d-4a28-a2fe-9dfcc5b45019",[1313,1320],{"id":1314,"data":1315,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"41a1b3d4-7799-40be-99ed-d87d716a3dbc",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1316,"clozeWords":1318},[1317],"St Paul's is built in a restrained Baroque style, with clear influences from classical and medieval architecture.",[1319],"restrained",{"id":1321,"data":1322,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"e9b98fb0-0798-43fd-b33d-35d80af71423",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1323,"activeRecallAnswers":1325},[1324],"Who designed St Paul's Cathedral?",[1326],"Sir Christopher Wren",{"id":1328,"data":1329,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1333},"7a2b47b8-070d-4451-988c-a648c1b9d7e7",{"type":24,"title":1330,"markdownContent":1331,"audioMediaId":1332},"Key Location, Baroque: Versailles"," ![Graph](image://5e839043-1141-4d76-8f3f-3e06b0c32fe0 \"The Palace of Versailles is one of the most decadent Rococo buildings\")\n\nThe **Palace of Versailles** is world-renowned for its grandeur and Baroque/Rococo style. Although it is best known for the 18th century additions, the Palace of Versailles is actually a combination of architectural styles, with construction beginning in 1630 and continuing until the 1780s. The earliest portion of the building, the ‘corps de logis,' was built by Louis XIII in the Louis XIII or ‘Louise Treize’ style of French art and architecture.\n\nWhat began as a hunting lodge became the seat of the French government under Louis XIV, who expanded the building to become the palace as it exists today. \n\nThe extreme opulence of the palace reflects the lifestyle and spending of the French monarchs who resided there. The most famous portion of the building is the **Hall of Mirrors**, an incredible gallery of gilt sculpture, **Corinthian columns**, and 578 mirrors arranged to create an illusion of grand scale. **The opulence of the room’s decorations, its use of mirrors to trick the eye, and its quadratura ceiling are all quintessential elements of Late Baroque style.**\n\n ![Graph](image://28a76537-ac55-4c9d-817f-dd03f53bf1b0 \"An aerial photograph of the Palace of Versailles in France\")","a9f0117c-fea8-4a4d-9c57-7058f2444bde",[1334],{"id":1335,"data":1336,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"5dae3d0a-5d31-41c5-aa2b-19d02d9db5ad",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1337,"multiChoiceCorrect":1339,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1341},[1338],"When did construction begin at Versailles?",[1340],"1630",[1342,1343,1344],"1640","1650","1660",{"id":1346,"data":1347,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"orbs":1350},"d396935a-8de5-4665-9e10-dedbe8a49596",{"type":27,"title":1348,"tagline":1349},"Back to Basics: The Neoclassical & Beaux-Arts Movements","Learn about 2 of the most influential movements in European and American architecture and trace their roots to ancient Rome and Greece. ",[1351,1419,1492],{"id":1352,"data":1353,"type":25,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":1355},"c6399c56-70fd-4e0a-8cf4-bc9d14c48c7a",{"type":25,"title":1354},"Neoclassical Architecture Overview",[1356,1380,1396],{"id":1357,"data":1358,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1362},"58bb0321-3861-412c-9229-e35dc99f4c9a",{"type":24,"title":1359,"markdownContent":1360,"audioMediaId":1361},"Definition of Neoclassical Architecture"," ![Graph](image://82a7d07f-9716-4087-b095-8015e56a94ca \"The British Museum is an example of Neoclassicism\")\n\n**Neoclassical architecture marked a rejection of the excesses of Rococo style and embraced a return to classical architectural elements** – and Greek Doric forms in particular. The movement is dated from the 1750s to 1840, and it began in Italy and France before spreading to the rest of the Western world. Although classical Greek and Roman styles continued to be used after 1840, buildings after this date are not considered ‘Neoclassical.’ Instead, they may be ‘revival,’ if built in the 20th century, or ‘New Classical’ if built today.\n\nNeoclassical architecture is commonly identified by a few key features, including a **grandness of scale, simplicity of geometric forms, Greek or Roman details, dramatic columns, and a preference for blank walls**. ","a5b6e873-fba3-4214-bed6-106cdf89bdbf",[1363,1374],{"id":1364,"data":1365,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"4f09bcc6-8e54-4dd5-b88c-d5da37eb2b35",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1366,"activeRecallAnswers":1368},[1367],"What five features are common to Neoclassical architecture?",[1369,1370,1371,1372,1373],"Grandness of scale"," Simplicity of geometric forms"," Greek or Roman details"," Dramatic columns"," A preference for blank walls. ",{"id":1375,"data":1376,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"cbc3ed67-71cb-431a-9f4b-ce12d6f31a1b",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1377,"clozeWords":1379},[1378],"Neoclassical architecture marked a rejection of the excesses of Rococo style and embraced a return to classical architectural elements – and Greek Doric forms in particular",[957,263],{"id":1381,"data":1382,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1386},"392eee4d-da7c-4968-afbc-3e2893430d62",{"type":24,"title":1383,"markdownContent":1384,"audioMediaId":1385},"History of Neoclassical","Although classical styles were also prevalent as part of Renaissance and Baroque architecture, **Neoclassical differs from these in part because of its prioritizing of Greek orders and also because of its embrace of simplicity**.\n\nAdditionally, the growing popularity of archeology and the uncovering of classical Greek and Roman ruins, along with accurate publications of the findings, served to revive an interest in classical forms. The Neoclassical architectural style is closely associated with predominant schools of thought in the 18th century including the Enlightenment and empiricism. \n\nThe simplicity of Neoclassicism was also influenced by the European revolutions and their rejection of late Baroque and Rococo opulence. \n","85b4d953-7e19-4bda-9552-5dc1ac73fd5c",[1387],{"id":1388,"data":1389,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"594bfb48-7c17-4651-aa97-81fb6eb1b56f",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1390,"binaryCorrect":1392,"binaryIncorrect":1394},[1391],"What does Neoclassical architecture prioritize, unlike Baroque?",[1393],"Greek Orders",[1395],"Roman Orders",{"id":1397,"data":1398,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1402},"6d7b12d6-f9b1-4248-98a4-62e33983f838",{"type":24,"title":1399,"markdownContent":1400,"audioMediaId":1401},"Features: Simplicity & Geometry","Neoclassical architecture emphasized the ‘planar qualities’ of classical architecture and rejected elaborate sculptural ornamentation. Likewise, **where Baroque styles emphasized the importance of ‘chiaroscuro,’ or light and shadow, Neoclassical designs lean toward flatter, more consistent lighting**. \n\nAlthough Neoclassical structures may still have some decorative elements, they tend to be bas-relief sculptures, not freestanding, and are usually framed by friezes, tablets, or panels. \n\nIn terms of shape, Neoclassical architects embraced simple geometric forms inspired by the Greeks and Romans. \n\nWhere Baroque architecture highlighted the oval and played with optical illusion, **Neoclassical presents symmetrical, simple shapes such as a rounded dome, triangular pediment, or rectangular colonnade**. For the neoclassicist, power and importance were not communicated through gilding or ornamentation but by sheer scale. The drama of Neoclassical architecture comes from its size, not its decor or a trick of the light. \n\n ![Graph](image://578e6f3a-2f76-44fb-ac45-7db64b4168fd \"Stowe House is an example of neoclassical architecture\")\n\n","82b0b46f-06b3-4272-9738-27cadd7d490c",[1403,1412],{"id":1404,"data":1405,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"0b0eb458-f344-4998-a9cb-d6b8b6de1ba7",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1406,"binaryCorrect":1408,"binaryIncorrect":1410},[1407],"How did Neoclassicists convey importance?",[1409],"Scale of Building",[1411],"Ornateness of Decoration",{"id":1413,"data":1414,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"1c45da67-58db-49b4-89f2-9ea60b0f2578",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1415,"clozeWords":1417},[1416],"Neoclassical architecture emphasized the ‘planar qualities’ of classical architecture and rejected elaborate sculptural ornamentation",[1418,1112],"planar",{"id":1420,"data":1421,"type":25,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":1423},"042323f6-7819-48b0-8f2b-405bb18b50ca",{"type":25,"title":1422},"Beaux-Arts and Its Influence",[1424,1446,1471],{"id":1425,"data":1426,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1430},"bc996d06-5519-4664-8539-e64b122f2661",{"type":24,"title":1427,"markdownContent":1428,"audioMediaId":1429},"Beaux-Arts","Beaux-Arts, pronounced bohz-AR, architectural style originated in France and was a style from the 1830s to the end of the century. It was an academic architectural style originally taught at the École des Beaux-Arts, or School of Fine Arts, in Paris. As an architectural style, **Beaux-Arts incorporates both French Neoclassical elements as well as characteristics from the Renaissance and Baroque movements**. These various architectural schools are brought together using modern materials such as iron and glass. \n\nAlthough the Beaux-Art style originated in France, it became an important architectural movement across the West, and particularly in the United States, through to the end of the 1800s. \n\nImportant characteristics of Beaux-Arts architecture include a careful balance of sculptural decoration with conservative lines, classical details with a tendency toward eclecticism, arched windows and doors, and symmetry. \n\n ![Graph](image://aa5f3255-2e78-46e1-8a11-114680b7481c \"A photograph of the Beaux-Arts School in France\")\n\n","86fa05fe-9beb-4741-a7fe-506c4645d47e",[1431,1438],{"id":1432,"data":1433,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"c1ac1362-1aa8-459a-85e7-aca2e64baf14",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1434,"activeRecallAnswers":1436},[1435],"Where did Beaux-Arts originate?",[1437],"L'École des Beaux-Arts in Paris",{"id":1439,"data":1440,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"d4c1d71f-edf6-4db7-b95f-2b94ef45d513",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1441,"binaryCorrect":1443,"binaryIncorrect":1444},[1442],"What architectural movement prioritized a careful balance of sculptural decoration with conservative lines, classical details and a tendency towards eclecticism with arched windows, doors and symmetry?",[1427],[1445],"American Neoclassical",{"id":1447,"data":1448,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1452},"ddd06e56-9869-498e-9a0c-371854cbbc32",{"type":24,"title":1449,"markdownContent":1450,"audioMediaId":1451},"Feature: Synthesis "," ![Graph](image://1fe439b9-2727-471d-b6b0-ad37f5417ffe \"The grand staircase of the Palais Garnier mixes several styles\")\n\nThe Beaux-Arts architectural style represents the culmination of two and a half centuries of architectural instruction at the École des Beaux-Arts. Because of this, it brings together a wide variety of styles as an expression of the architect’s well-rounded education and fluency in a number of architectural schools. \n\nFor the Beaux-Arts architect, it is a matter of pride to be able to **synthesize various historical styles into a single, cohesively designed structure**, utilizing multiple styles at once while attempting to do so in a way that is balanced. Beaux-Arts style is defined not by invention but by its architects’ ability to bring elements of previous styles together to look like a single style instead of a patchwork.\n\n**Beaux-Arts buildings may contain any combination of columns, pediments, arches, domes, cupolas and balustrades**. They may also feature a number of different sculptural decorative elements, including garlands, cartouche scrolling frameworks, acroteria ornamental pedestals, bas-relief sculptures, and statues. \n\nIn the best examples of Beaux-Arts architecture, these varying elements from different times and cultures are brought together into a singular and well-balanced design, which often relies on symmetry, reservation, and classical structural forms.","0388204f-8558-4849-a7b6-5f56886219ae",[1453,1464],{"id":1454,"data":1455,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"20db5076-14fc-4be1-89c7-6c5b6f3e3180",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1456,"activeRecallAnswers":1458},[1457],"What are the five sculptural decorative elements of Beaux-Arts buildings?",[1459,1460,1461,1462,1463],"Garlands","Cartouche scrolling frameworks","Acroteria ornamental pedestals","Bas-relief structures","Statues",{"id":1465,"data":1466,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"988ea700-17cb-45f9-8dc4-3b4fcb5399a5",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1467,"clozeWords":1469},[1468],"In Beaux-Arts architecture, elements of different times and cultures are brought into a singular, well-balanced design",[1470],"Beaux",{"id":1472,"data":1473,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1477},"84e72ef6-1b4c-41d4-832c-f208229609ed",{"type":24,"title":1474,"markdownContent":1475,"audioMediaId":1476},"American Neoclassical & Beaux-Arts"," ![Graph](image://6f3bd3d8-1044-4bf7-b53a-a51477f2d1e7 \"The Lincoln Memorial is an example of American neoclassical architecture\")\n\n**Neoclassicism and Beaux-Arts had an oversized impact on American architecture**. No other architectural movements have had such a lasting influence on the design of American institutions. According to the United States’ current official Architect of the Capitol, Neoclassical architecture is the “definitive architectural style on Capitol Hill.” \n\nInspired by the public buildings of Ancient Greece and Rome, the United States’ founders wanted federal buildings that evoked the democratic ideals that guided their new republic. They understood the impact architecture could play in defining the new government in the minds of the people and chose styles with specific connotations: solidity, history, and democracy.  \n\nNeoclassical subgenres Federal (1780-1840) and U.S. Greek Revival (1800-1860) heavily influenced the foundational buildings of the United States government, which were constructed during this period. \n\n**Beaux-Arts also played an important role in American architecture**, finding a foothold in the United States at a time when many other countries were beginning to focus on their own unique styles. Many prominent American architects, such as **Henry Hobson Richardson, John Galen Howard, Daniel Burnham**, and **Louis Sullivan**, studied at the **French École des Beaux-Arts**.","e176f8e6-cebe-4667-90f6-fdc6d0c7fa0b",[1478,1484],{"id":1479,"data":1480,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"16311ef7-e5b1-4120-b156-1faef225f9e9",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1481,"activeRecallAnswers":1483},[1482],"What is the definitive architectural style on Capitol Hill?",[957],{"id":1485,"data":1486,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"d60e5622-a7d7-4343-a4c6-fcaaa9c71c45",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1487,"activeRecallAnswers":1489},[1488],"What are the two Neoclassical subgenres which influenced the foundational buildings of the US government?",[1490,1491],"Federal","US Greek Revival",{"id":1493,"data":1494,"type":25,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":1496},"638f6046-50e1-4340-8bf7-a21173244da3",{"type":25,"title":1495},"Key Neoclassical Locations",[1497,1512,1536],{"id":1498,"data":1499,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1503},"cf083096-0fd1-4b80-a0be-304a948e6f1e",{"type":24,"title":1500,"markdownContent":1501,"audioMediaId":1502},"Key Location, Neoclassical: US Capitol","**The United States Capitol** is at the heart of the U.S. government and is the location where top policy makers meet to determine the direction of the nation. The Capitol’s design is highly Neoclassical, derived from Ancient Greek and Roman designs. Thomas Jefferson envisioned the Capitol Building as a replica of a ‘spherical’ ancient Roman temple. \n\nConstruction of the Capitol began in 1793, though the dome was not completed until 1866, after the American Civil War. The original design was developed around the ideals of **‘grandeur, simplicity, and beauty.’** Although many changes have been made since the original design, these tenets still remain at the heart of the overall architecture of the building. \n\nIt is a 5-story rectangular building, 751 ft in length, with a rotunda at the center and topped with a massive 100 ft dome.\n\n ![Graph](image://d1e3fb31-bbf3-4add-8941-b4913d8a5d77 \"The U.S. Capitol, built in the American Neoclassical style\")","6db86323-b860-4459-956a-192a7da803ae",[1504],{"id":1505,"data":1506,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"3e5b99ce-165d-4f9c-b746-cd560ccdbbe7",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1507,"activeRecallAnswers":1509},[1508],"When did construction of the Capitol start and finish?",[1510,1511],"1793","1866",{"id":1513,"data":1514,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1518},"8608e41e-86c9-4586-94c4-1a61cc83f81a",{"type":24,"title":1515,"markdownContent":1516,"audioMediaId":1517},"Key Location, Greek Revival: Brandenburg Gate"," ![Graph](image://6ee2cd3f-59cf-4c65-90ba-8a68bb301982 \"The Brandenburg Gate is an example of Greek Revival Necolassical\")\n\n**The Brandenburg Gate** in Berlin, Germany, is a quintessential example of Neoclassical Greek Revival architecture. Built in the 18th century, it is one of the best-known landmarks in Germany. It is built on the site of a former city gate that marked the beginning of the road to the town of Brandenburg an der Havel, which is how the gate received its name. Since its construction, the Brandenburg Gate has been the site of many major historical events, particularly triumphal processions after military success: Napoleon was the first to use it in this way. \n\nThe gate is made of **12 Doric columns** in the style of the Propylaea, the gateway to the Acropolis of Athens. It was designed to be the first element of a Berlin that would become a ‘new Athens on the River Spree.’ The gate is topped with a sculpture of a chariot being drawn by 4 horses, or a ‘quadriga;’ the chariot is being driven by the Roman goddess of victory.  It was commissioned by the Prussian King Frederick William II after suppressing popular unrest. Its use of Greek style reflects the King’s desire to become a ‘new Athens,’ and the goddess of victory reinforces his success at restoring the Orangist power, as does its original name: the Peace Gate. ","4c3da03b-3988-43a2-93b8-6104db11316d",[1519,1530],{"id":1520,"data":1521,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"0198f7ce-6044-455e-8d8e-4837aa00b5ef",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1522,"multiChoiceCorrect":1524,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1526},[1523],"When was Brandenburg Gate built?",[1525],"18th century",[1527,1528,1529],"15th century","16th century","17th century",{"id":1531,"data":1532,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"537d4780-0f07-4600-aeb0-5b6ddeafc71f",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1533,"activeRecallAnswers":1535},[1534],"What type of column is used at Brandenburg Gate?",[263],{"id":1537,"data":1538,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1542},"984f19f8-0901-4899-9b89-3fb9151d305b",{"type":24,"title":1539,"markdownContent":1540,"audioMediaId":1541},"Key Architect, Beaux-Arts: Richard Morris Hunt","**Richard Morris Hunt** was an influential American architect who built the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty, the Met’s 5th Ave façade, and many renowned homes for the new millionaires of America’s Gilded Age, including the Biltmore Estate, America’s largest private house. \n\nNew York City’s Metropolitan Museum of Art, otherwise known as ‘The Met,’ is a collection of styles. Its original structure, built in 1880, is in the Ruskinian Gothic, or High Victorian Gothic, style; however, later additions to the building have completely surrounded the original structure. **The Museum’s Fifth-Avenue façade, Grand Stairway and Great Hall are all constructed in the Beaux-Arts style and were designed by Hunt**. The façade is a balance of Greek columns and Roman arches, topped by a frieze and decorative free-standing acroteria.\n\n ![Graph](image://585f780a-76d9-44c8-a7bf-835dbcbc8814 \"Richard Morris Hunt built the Met in the Beaus-Arts style\")\n\n","8af6480b-65ca-49db-8406-9f17351aeee2",[1543],{"id":1544,"data":1545,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"d612b237-cc3a-4171-9ef8-7704e8fbbe60",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1546,"multiChoiceCorrect":1548,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1550},[1547],"Who designed New York City's Metropolitan Museum of Art?",[1549],"Richard Morris Hunt",[1551,1552,1553],"Frank Lloyd Wright","Frederick Law Olmsted","Ted Evelyn Mosby",{"id":1555,"data":1556,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"orbs":1559},"1f3a6377-9c96-4377-9be0-2175edeb8d97",{"type":27,"title":1557,"tagline":1558},"From Organic to Geometric: Art Nouveau & Art Deco","Discover the artistic side of architecture at the turn of the century, and learn to identify and differentiate these popular movements. ",[1560,1643,1719],{"id":1561,"data":1562,"type":25,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":1564},"274ca25b-cc9e-4c18-882a-f91ae8711b4c",{"type":25,"title":1563},"The Essence of Art Nouveau",[1565,1588,1602,1620],{"id":1566,"data":1567,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1571},"93f63a33-be6a-46b6-beea-f0dfcc655118",{"type":24,"title":1568,"markdownContent":1569,"audioMediaId":1570},"Definition of Art Nouveau"," ![Graph](image://63b97612-863f-4ff5-b181-873172bba4a4 \"The Hotel Central in Prague, an example of Art Nouveau\")\n\nNear the end of the 19th century, artists turned to nature for inspiration, creating an aesthetic movement that influenced art, architecture, and interior design. **Art Nouveau incorporates organic shapes and imitates the flow of nature**. Because the style influenced multiple genres, Art Nouveau structures are often completely harmonious, from windows to door handles to interior décor. \n\nThe style began in Belgium and France and spread throughout the world at the Paris Exposition Universelle in 1900. Known by different names in different countries, it was mainly practiced in Western Europe and the United States. \n\nInfluenced by the Arts and Crafts Movement, **artists focused on quality workmanship, but they also used current technology to create stylized designs with artistic qualities**. Art Nouveau reacted against the rapid spread of industrialization by highlighting the gracious curves of nature and eschewing the right angles and the heavy symmetry of much of the architecture of the time.","f072683b-dd00-4b12-8c34-c721984d6737",[1572,1581],{"id":1573,"data":1574,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"93779b97-ad4f-472a-8d97-99dfe8a513e3",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1575,"binaryCorrect":1577,"binaryIncorrect":1579},[1576],"What did Art Nouveau architects embrace in their designs?",[1578],"Natural curves",[1580],"Right angles",{"id":1582,"data":1583,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"e86a2d2c-afc8-4416-b078-324aaf962ec4",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1584,"activeRecallAnswers":1586},[1585],"Which architectural movement incorporates organic shapes to influence the flow of nature?",[1587],"Art Nouveau",{"id":1589,"data":1590,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1594},"e40216dd-19a7-4f87-b180-08c934ef42d9",{"type":24,"title":1591,"markdownContent":1592,"audioMediaId":1593},"An Introduction to Art Nouveau"," ![Graph](image://c2d34b63-e675-48af-a7c4-a2972bbb5394 \"Tiffany lamps, an early example of Art Nouveau design\")\n\n**Art Nouveau emerged in 1890 as part of the Belle Epoque that ended in 1914 with the start of World War I**. The first Art Nouveau structures appeared in Brussels, but the style spread quickly to France where entrances to the new metro system were the earliest examples. Artists attempted to break down the traditional distinction between the fine arts and the applied arts, so Art Nouveau design principles were applied to graphic arts, furniture, glass art, textiles, ceramics, jewelry and metalwork. \n\nTiffany lamps, created by American **Louis Tiffany**, are iconic examples of Art Nouveau craftsmanship. **Art Nouveau was a reaction against academic art**, which is a forced synthesis of Neoclassicism and Romanticism taught in European art academies. \n\nArt Nouveau also invoked a sense of dynamism and movement through ‘whiplash lines,’ which are asymmetrical, sweeping curves that imitate nature. \n","651cf895-3701-4382-9b25-4c46ad7f620b",[1595],{"id":1596,"data":1597,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"a238ee18-5125-496d-af65-9df5d4e3647a",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1598,"clozeWords":1600},[1599],"Art Nouveau was a reaction against academic art, which is a forced synthesis of Neoclassicism and Romanticism taught in European art academies",[1601],"academic art",{"id":1603,"data":1604,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1608},"f7bd458d-5e07-422b-b5db-1b87af3e8f56",{"type":24,"title":1605,"markdownContent":1606,"audioMediaId":1607},"Feature: Natural Forms","**Art Nouveau architecture embraces plants and wildlife as inspiration** and creates flowing lines in contrast to straight edges and right angles. Flowers, buds, stalks, vines, animals, and female forms provide the natural forms in Art Nouveau buildings. This **embrace of nature** is largely a reaction to 19th century architecture and academic art and seeks to break down the distinction between fine arts and applied arts.\n\nA home in Munich, designed by German architect **Johann Zitter**, exemplifies this style. Near the curved roof, a kidney-shaped window is incorporated into a flowering tree with a lion’s face near the bottom. Birds with long, graceful tails flank the tree. Two arched windows create symmetry with flowing flowers and stems above. Four more flowers on each side complete the façade. One of the first Art Nouveau buildings in Prague, the **Hotel Central** designed by **Friedrich Ohmann**, offers a less elaborate example. A curving bay window is flanked by the undulant curves of a tree; a woman’s face peers out among the swirling branches, and the balcony railing is adorned with flowers.  \n\n ![Graph](image://e2a00fcc-6b95-48a7-8d09-41be8cd3d9a9 \"Johann Zitter's house in Munich\")","c7e08d57-dbb2-49d8-ba70-2dd04af571d3",[1609],{"id":1610,"data":1611,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"5f7925f5-0652-46f7-87b2-f5cd74978e34",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1612,"multiChoiceCorrect":1614,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1616},[1613],"What adorns buildings in Art Nouveau architecture?",[1615],"Plants and Animals",[1617,1618,1619],"Roman Gods","Gargoyles","Golden Nuggets",{"id":1621,"data":1622,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1626},"b15fbcf9-e0de-4917-884e-e9b6fb62f5f9",{"type":24,"title":1623,"markdownContent":1624,"audioMediaId":1625},"Feature: Whiplash Lines","**A primary feature of Art Nouveau is an asymmetrical, curved line that imitates the form of delicate natural objects such as the stems of flowers, vine tendrils, and insect wings**. Although the line can be graceful and elegant, it may also imply the force and rhythm of a whip, the characteristic that gives it its name.\n\nIn architecture, **the whiplash line fuses structure with ornamentation** to create the unified interiors that are the hallmark of this style. Columns and beams may become vines with tendrils, in direct opposition to the traditional architectural values of structural logic and clarity. \n\nThe whiplash line was first introduced by Belgian architect **Victor Horta**, who created wrought iron stairways, ceramic floors, and painted walls at the Hotel Tassel in Brussels. \n\nLong before Art Nouveau, whiplash lines appeared in the arabesque designs from Islamic art, in the Rococo style from the 18th century, and in Japanese prints.\n\n ![Graph](image://48b763ce-d0b5-41f2-9547-85b366458ef9 \"A photograph of Hotel Tassel in Brussels\")\n\n","e9db666b-ddce-4690-ba24-af6a6ce578b7",[1627,1636],{"id":1628,"data":1629,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"3079e878-8047-4062-aa84-de403cca21de",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1630,"binaryCorrect":1632,"binaryIncorrect":1634},[1631],"How did Whiplash lines relate to the traditional architectural values of structural logic and clarity?",[1633],"They defy them",[1635],"They conform to them",{"id":1637,"data":1638,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"78d5c71b-5dbb-4f36-a3c7-483768c35ae1",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1639,"clozeWords":1641},[1640],"A primary feature of Art Nouveau, which is called Whiplash Lines, are an asymmetrical curved line that implies force and rhythm",[1642],"Whiplash",{"id":1644,"data":1645,"type":25,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":1647},"627225b9-18c9-4d71-a0c9-85d48025774d",{"type":25,"title":1646},"The Rise of Art Deco",[1648,1672,1697],{"id":1649,"data":1650,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1654},"5234d584-e52b-4c83-9d4e-75e055047049",{"type":24,"title":1651,"markdownContent":1652,"audioMediaId":1653},"Definition of Art Deco"," ![Graph](image://8a0eaca0-1255-4950-8304-0cde760001e7 \"Art Deco architecture, exemplified in New York's Chrysler Building\")\n\nRather than being a single style, **Art Deco was a collection of styles that were sometimes contradictory**. In architecture, it was a reaction against Art Nouveau, and incorporated geometric figures rather than the undulating lines of nature.  \n\n**Art Deco was strongly influenced by Cubism**, which sought to reduce forms to their geometric essentials: the cylinder, the sphere, and the cone. However, Art Deco elaborated the selective geometry and carried Cubism to a wider audience. Art Deco also incorporated motifs from archaeological discoveries in Egypt, Mesopotamia, Mesoamerica and Oceania. \n\nBoth **Art Nouveau and Art Deco are considered ‘arts and crafts’ movements**, meaning that the style extended from fine art to architecture and even interior decorations,  furniture, fixtures, decorative objects and hardware to create a seamless aesthetic with architects and interior designers working as teams. Typical building materials included reinforced concrete and mass-produced plate glass and aluminum. Art Deco designers also often worked in many fields and, in addition to buildings, created designs for planes, cars and even ocean liners. Across genres, it combined luxurious materials and expert craftsmanship.","b2252086-16ea-4bd1-8f5d-b6d63d441d99",[1655,1664],{"id":1656,"data":1657,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"d0824b6f-e8de-4122-90bf-81e04be54f4d",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1658,"multiChoiceCorrect":1660,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1661},[1659],"What was Art Deco a reaction against?",[1587],[956,1662,1663],"Neo-classical","Brutalist",{"id":1665,"data":1666,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"da4ce295-b829-48ef-aecf-d6908cf87dc8",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1667,"clozeWords":1669},[1668],"Art Deco was strongly influenced by cubism, reducing forms to their geometrical essentials using concrete, aluminium and plate-glass",[1670,1671],"cubism","aluminium",{"id":1673,"data":1674,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1678},"fa92738c-e77b-4b1b-9b34-6a4cc9ffb844",{"type":24,"title":1675,"markdownContent":1676,"audioMediaId":1677},"An Introduction to Art Deco","Emerging in the early 20th century, Art Deco overlapped Art Nouveau, and developed as a protest against it. Strongly aligned with the movement to bring decorative arts to the level of fine arts, **Art Deco takes its name from arts decoratifs**, a term first used in 1875 to designate the designers of furniture, textiles, and glassware. \n\nOne of the earliest Art Deco building, the Stoclet Palace, was completed in Brussels in 1911. A stylistic prototype, it featured geometric shapes, symmetry, and straight lines with a luxurious interior including Klimt friezes. \n\n ![Graph](image://373c08de-015c-4392-b614-7d6f5ed4a7b6 \"The Stoclet Palace in Brussels\")\n\n**The style was strongly influenced by Cubism**, an artistic movement that appeared between 1907 and 1912, reducing forms to basic geometric essentials, the cylinder, sphere and cone. In the 1930s, a less luxuriant version of Art Deco, called Streamline, appeared in response to the Great Depression. It utilized many of the same aesthetic sensibilities but with cheaper materials. After WWII, the International Style architectural movement emerged and Art Deco was relegated to automobiles and jukeboxes.\n\n ![Graph](image://3a2c4954-eeac-47fe-a46f-87cab46c251b \"The Stoclet Palace in Brussels\")\n\n","f825004f-c7e5-4341-a3a0-f549209f6142",[1679,1690],{"id":1680,"data":1681,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"e04eed3d-14c4-4079-a8eb-443d65ce25ed",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1682,"multiChoiceCorrect":1684,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1686},[1683],"What was the first fully Art Deco building?",[1685],"The Stoclet Palace",[1687,1688,1689],"Palace of Versailles","Regus Newcastle Quayside","Battersea Power Station",{"id":1691,"data":1692,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"e6683870-c36f-41f4-9393-fb195c6b4178",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1693,"activeRecallAnswers":1695},[1694],"What is the full name for the Art Deco movement?",[1696],"Arts Décoratifs",{"id":1698,"data":1699,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1703},"3d7582ac-2a99-4a74-bb77-6458652cf0f8",{"type":24,"title":1700,"markdownContent":1701,"audioMediaId":1702},"Feature: ‘Streamlined’ Geometry","**A pared down version of Art Deco called ‘Streamline,’ emerged in the 1930s**, removing ornamentation and reflecting the clean lines of machine-age engineering. During the Great Depression, the opulence of Art Deco was both unseemly and unattainable because it was typically associated with high costs. Strongly influenced by studies in aerodynamics and ballistics, Streamline buildings were asymmetrical with rounded corners, straight lines and flat roofs. They were made of concrete and were typically white or pastel and sometimes had nautical flourishes such as port holes. Modern metals such as aluminum, stainless steel, and chrome were used around the doors and windows. \n\nThe Streamline style began in the United States and spread around the world. In the U.S., its **affordability and visual appeal** made it popular to be used commercially for locations such as stores, gas stations, movie theaters, and motels. Consumer goods such as refrigerators, radios and toasters also often incorporated these designs with polished surfaces, curved edges and strong horizontal lines. The popular and colorful dinnerware called Fiestaware, introduced in the 1930s, exemplifies the style.\n","7b352967-6830-4c8b-a5a8-f3b98eae70e5",[1704,1711],{"id":1705,"data":1706,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"b40b7153-726e-4e16-a393-f99a0e3e285d",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1707,"activeRecallAnswers":1709},[1708],"What was the name of the pared back version of Art Deco that rejected its opulence during the Great Depression?",[1710],"Streamline",{"id":1712,"data":1713,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"c0cde907-d3da-42a3-8c02-507a9d401664",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1714,"clozeWords":1716},[1715],"The Streamline style was influenced by aerodynamics and ballistics to create asymmetrical buildings with rounded corners, straight lines and flat roofs",[1717,1718,767],"rounded","straight",{"id":1720,"data":1721,"type":25,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":1723},"30d06cb1-0d53-483d-b627-2adfa4575a4d",{"type":25,"title":1722},"Comparing Art Nouveau and Art Deco",[1724,1738,1752],{"id":1725,"data":1726,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1730},"cbf3881c-1fc5-42a4-89c6-7b0b3d1d5ae2",{"type":24,"title":1727,"markdownContent":1728,"audioMediaId":1729},"Why Art Nouveau and Art Deco are often confused"," ![Graph](image://a779a5dd-1c62-40d6-9cd2-3b1fb1714a66 \"Art Deco was influenced by Cubism, such as in Juan Gris's 'Guitar and Newspaper'\")\n\n\nArt Nouveau and Art Deco overlapped at the beginning of the 20th century, and both extend from the fine arts to the decorative arts and architecture. Both design philosophies attempted to create a whole experience by including specific design elements for furnishings including carpets, draperies, and fixtures. Perhaps for this reason, they are frequently confused, even though Art Deco arose in opposition to Art Nouveau.  \n\nLikewise, both were responses to world events: Art Nouveau to the Industrial Revolution and Art Deco to World War I. They both developed using emerging technology to create new artistic and architectural possibilities. Flowers are a typical subject for both, and both use stained glass and bas relief structures extensively. **Their design elements differ starkly**, however, in that **Art Nouveau uses organic, curved lines, and Art Deco uses cubist geometric shapes**. Art Deco flourished during the Great Depression, so its luxury was scaled back and its shapes were streamlined.\n","32bc9209-7de7-4bf5-9f06-3b90a0b1235f",[1731],{"id":1732,"data":1733,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"0d093508-06d9-4bf6-964d-647c4ca0c568",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1734,"activeRecallAnswers":1736},[1735],"What two architectural movements overlapped at the beginning of the 20th century?",[1587,1737],"Art Deco",{"id":1739,"data":1740,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1744},"00345416-962f-4a6d-a2e7-ea8500fe9f25",{"type":24,"title":1741,"markdownContent":1742,"audioMediaId":1743},"Key Figure, Art Nouveau: Antoni Gaudi"," ![Graph](image://a3c42d60-2075-4b72-bb1e-09e6c86e579f \"Gaudi's cathedral in Barcelona\")\n\nBecause of the extensive work he completed, **Antoni Gaudi** is the best-known Art Nouveau architect.  His great masterpiece is the Sagrada Familia Cathedral, but UNESCO has also named 6 of his other buildings as World Heritage Sites: Park Guell, Casa Batlo, Casa Mila, Cassa Vicens Gaudi, Guell Palace and El Calvet.  \n\nAlthough the Sagrada Familia was begun in 1866 by another architect as a Gothic cathedral, Gaudi altered the cathedral in almost unimaginable ways, earning him the title ‘The Priest of Beauty.’ The internal structure is a series of trees with multiple branches that support the stone roof. Meant to resemble a forest canopy, the ceiling is filled with ceramic flowers covered with green and gold mosaics. Colored glass allows natural light to illuminate the canopy, creating a dazzling and colorful effect on the interior of the building. The doorways are hyperbolic arches which Gaudi believed were more natural structures than the Romanesque or Gothic arches, and the towers are topped with sculpted vegetation found in Barcelona.","36a56fc5-d2dc-43f9-a3ad-f917a591b526",[1745],{"id":1746,"data":1747,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"cc530d08-4992-438c-859b-0bcb0390162d",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1748,"activeRecallAnswers":1750},[1749],"Who designed Sagrada Familia Cathedral in the Art Nouveau style?",[1751],"Antoni Gaudi",{"id":1753,"data":1754,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1758},"be869452-3690-4e57-b500-70787216fa3c",{"type":24,"title":1755,"markdownContent":1756,"audioMediaId":1757},"Key Location, Art Deco: Chrysler Building","**The Chrysler Building** in New York City is one of the finest examples of Art Deco architecture. Completed in 1930, it was the tallest building in the world until the Empire State Building was finished 11 months later. In line with Art Deco’s use of costly materials, the ground floor is covered with polished black marble, and the next 3 floors are covered in white marble. Between the 4th and 16th floors, the façade is white brick, intersected with white marble bands. Other floors have stainless steel decorations, horizontal bands, abstract reliefs and giant pineapples. \n\nOriginally designed to be the headquarters of the Chrysler automotive company, the 31st floor boasts a gray and white frieze of hubcaps and fenders, and car-hood style ornaments at each corner. Stainless steel eagles serve as gargoyles on the 61st floor. \n\nThe most recognizable aspect of the building is the terrace, a cruciform groin vault with 7 concentric members. Clad in stainless steel and riveted in a radiating sunburst, it has triangular, vaulted windows. **Both the interior and exterior of the building reflect Art Deco style** with an emphasis on **valuable materials and simple, geometric shapes**; this look was an apt choice for a company seeking to communicate simple elegance, strength, and success. \n\n ![Graph](image://cff0dec3-f192-4f46-982d-3af317550ce7 \"A photograph of New York's Chrysler Building\")\n\n","c930b42f-4d98-456a-93c6-152a88eef60e",[1759],{"id":1760,"data":1761,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"a60a67e5-988d-4dc2-aea2-ef7ef3af8294",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1762,"multiChoiceCorrect":1764,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1766},[1763],"When was New York's Chrysler Building completed?",[1765],"1930",[1767,1768,1769],"1910","1920","1940",{"id":1771,"data":1772,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"orbs":1775},"306d1735-597b-4b2d-8d68-010ba8b574cb",{"type":27,"title":1773,"tagline":1774},"From Minimalism to Maximalism: Modern & Postmodern Architecture","Follow the extremes of Modern and Postmodern architecture as taste and style change drastically in the 20th century. ",[1776,1894],{"id":1777,"data":1778,"type":25,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":1780},"7f4038ff-911e-4b5f-8206-8803102143db",{"type":25,"title":1779},"The Rise of Modern Architecture",[1781,1799,1825,1847,1872],{"id":1782,"data":1783,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1787},"05837251-312d-4981-bf85-003efffdd118",{"type":24,"title":1784,"markdownContent":1785,"audioMediaId":1786},"Definition of Modern Architecture"," ![Graph](image://25e16b4c-5d51-4529-87d7-3388a37d69dc \"Le Corbusier's Villa Savoye in France\")\n\nEmerging near the end of the 19th century, **Modern Architecture was made possible by advances in technology, engineering and building materials**. Cast iron, drywall, plate glass, and reinforced concrete made designs possible that could not have been imagined before. In 1851, the **Crystal Palace** in London demonstrated the possibilities of glass in an iron framework. The **Eiffel Tower**, built in 1889, was a striking example of iron frame construction and was the tallest structure in the world. \n\n**Reinforced concrete and cast iron made high-rise buildings possible, and the invention of the elevator made them more appealing**. The electric light reduced the danger of fires caused by gas and flames. All these elements combined in different ways for different architectural styles that fall under the general rubric of Modernism. \n\nOverall, Modernism implies clean lines, use of glass, flat roofs, open floor plans, and modern building materials such as steel, iron, and concrete.","ceb07eea-ea3d-4003-94c2-ec97ac9e7e83",[1788],{"id":1789,"data":1790,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"4cf393be-058a-4f18-b105-2a5899712fcb",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1791,"activeRecallAnswers":1793},[1792],"What five things characterize Modernism in architecture?",[1794,1795,1796,1797,1798],"Clean lines","Use of glass","Flat roofs","Open floor plans","Modern building materials",{"id":1800,"data":1801,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1805},"9a8b7382-f9b1-41f4-a240-24ed23f11f55",{"type":24,"title":1802,"markdownContent":1803,"audioMediaId":1804},"Bauhaus","**Bauhaus was a German art school established in 1919 in response to the liberal spirit of the newly-established Weimar Republic**. Founded by Walter Gropius, the Bauhaus school intended to combine crafts and fine arts into comprehensive art works and to address growing concern over the questions of craftsmanship and mass production, usefulness and beauty. \n\nMotivated by ‘New Objectivity’ – a German artistic movement that arose in the 1920s as **a reaction to Expressionism** – Bauhaus turned away from expressionism and experimentation in favor of **rational, functional standardization**. In 1923, Gropius announced that designs should be adapted to a world of machines and, therefore, should be functional, cheap and consistent with mass production. \n\nBauhaus designs feature simple geometric shapes without elaborate decorations and buildings often feature rounded corners and walls. This movement influenced architectural design, art, graphic design, interior design, and typography. It was closed under pressure from the Nazis in 1933, who saw it as a foreign influence that was creating ‘degenerate art.’ Upon its closing, many of the school’s teachers fled to other countries, spreading the influence of Bauhaus worldwide.","4d137ca4-c4be-40eb-b447-8dede039ecf5",[1806,1816],{"id":1807,"data":1808,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"2b9cae88-921d-4573-b110-827cfe200ba2",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1809,"multiChoiceCorrect":1811,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1812},[1810],"What art school was founded by Walter Gropius to explore 'New Objectivity'?",[1802],[1813,1814,1815],"Hofbräuhaus","Whitehaus","Blockhaus",{"id":1817,"data":1818,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"f1ed5f34-5e18-41bc-ba79-c7e6015f42bf",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1819,"binaryCorrect":1821,"binaryIncorrect":1823},[1820],"Which of these is a feature of Bauhaus architecture?",[1822],"Geometric shapes without elaborate decorations",[1824],"Ornate decorations depicting nature",{"id":1826,"data":1827,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1831},"3375c099-57ca-4d41-ba19-570328f4cd6e",{"type":24,"title":1828,"markdownContent":1829,"audioMediaId":1830},"Brutalism","Originating in England, **Brutalist architecture rose to satisfy the worldwide need for inexpensive housing following the destruction of World War II**. The term ‘Brutalism’ does not refer to the brutal look of the structures but plays on the French word for raw concrete, _béton brut_. \n\n ![Graph](image://430b1476-23bb-48fe-ad7c-e1567dc899af \"The Trellick Tower in London, an example of Brutalist architecture\")\n\nIn 1952, French architect Le Corbusier completed a massive, unadorned housing block in Marseilles, which created units for 1600 people and quickly became the model for other cities trying to provide low-cost housing, particularly in the Soviet Union. \n\nKey elements of Brutalism are its **heavy, blocky appearance**, its **raw concrete construction**, and its use of **simple graphic lines without ornamentation**. Brutalist buildings are highly utilitarian and have small windows. \n\nAppearing between the 1950s and 1980s, the style increasingly came to be seen as cold, alienating and unfit for human occupancy. Although they look indestructible, due to being made mostly almost entirely of concrete, many of these buildings are now deteriorating from the inside due to crumbling and water damage. \n","b6e4149a-21f3-4f58-8c31-483506ab33e0",[1832,1841],{"id":1833,"data":1834,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"2ea2f55d-600c-47c9-849c-4a529f1770e8",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1835,"binaryCorrect":1837,"binaryIncorrect":1839},[1836],"What does the name Brutalism refer to?",[1838],"The French word for concrete",[1840],"The latin word for dull",{"id":1842,"data":1843,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"819de420-3cd0-415c-8b8d-9cd1ce9dc7cf",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1844,"clozeWords":1846},[1845],"Key elements of Brutalism are its heavy, blocky appearance and its use of simple graphic lines without ornamentation",[1828],{"id":1848,"data":1849,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1853},"f4041708-cadf-45e0-af5e-51ce12ef1ce5",{"type":24,"title":1850,"markdownContent":1851,"audioMediaId":1852},"Internationalism","**The term ‘Internationalism’ covers several architectural styles that emerged in the early 20th century as designers wrestled with how to incorporate new technologies and materials into traditional forms in order to solve new social needs**. Used interchangeably with ‘modernism’ or ‘functionalism,’ the term implies simplification, clean lines, and uncluttered interiors. Le Corbusier, a noted Brutalist, and Walter Gropius, head of the Bauhaus school, are leading Internationalists. \n\nInternationalism is defined by 3 principles: **volume of space, regularity, and flexibility**. Its stylistic characteristics include simplification of form, rejection of ornamentation, and use of glass, steel and concrete. \n\nWith the rise of Nazism, many architects fled from Germany to Palestine and to the Soviet Union, spreading their influence. Gropius himself traveled to the US and taught in the Harvard Graduate School of Design. Some familiar examples of Internationalist architecture are the United Nations Building, the campus of the United States Air Force Academy, and the Toronto-Dominion Center. \n\n ![Graph](image://7c40d2cb-1852-48b2-a0d5-33e96c2a24ea \"A photograph of the United Nations Building in New York\")\n\n","bce7967f-2203-421e-932d-7953b7bb7aed",[1854,1863],{"id":1855,"data":1856,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"0de1b4fe-1718-4a52-99a0-30d28e83a1d6",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1857,"binaryCorrect":1859,"binaryIncorrect":1861},[1858],"How did internationalists feel about ornamentation?",[1860],"Rejection",[1862],"Acceptance",{"id":1864,"data":1865,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"2706b5d7-31d6-4d95-8970-d398b856d97d",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1866,"activeRecallAnswers":1868},[1867],"What are the three principles of internationalism?",[1869,1870,1871],"Volume of space","Regularity","Flexibility",{"id":1873,"data":1874,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1878},"5a631746-a3bf-4196-8b75-f9ad0a4d1ddf",{"type":24,"title":1875,"markdownContent":1876,"audioMediaId":1877},"Postmodern Architecture","**Postmodern Architecture is a reaction against the austerity and uniformity of the modernists**, extending from the 1950s through the 1990s. **Robert Venturi** and **Denise Scott Brown** codified principles of Postmodern architecture, arguing that buildings should reflect the history and culture of their setting and should prioritize the needs of the individual people using them. This belief was in response to some modernist constructs that did not prioritize the end-user – for example apartment buildings that met an aesthetic goal but did not take into equal account its usability for tenants. \n\n ![Graph](image://a17711d3-7c63-4c1a-9e76-b717426c89c3 \"550 Madison Avenue, New York (image - David Shankborne)\")\n\nSimultaneously, Italian architect **Aldo Rossi** led opposition to rebuilding war-ravaged Italian cities with modernist structures that ignored their historic settings. Although Postmodern architects do not attempt to revive previous styles, they often include elements from earlier periods to acknowledge the history of the site. Modernist architecture schools eliminated history from their curriculum, but Postmodernists consider it essential. \n\n**Postmodern buildings express irony and humor through their decorative elements**, bright colors and asymmetry, and architects express awareness of the building’s surroundings. Postmodernists strive to meet the human need for comfort both for the body and for the eye.\n","26420695-20b4-4e06-8fd8-8a206557c53d",[1879,1887],{"id":1880,"data":1881,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"5bfb493a-d015-4099-b40c-cbbf10bb5ff4",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1882,"clozeWords":1884},[1883],"Postmodern architecture was a reaction against the austerity and uniformity of the modernists. It prioritized the needs of the people using a building.",[1885,1886],"needs","modernists",{"id":1888,"data":1889,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"ac4383e0-0cc9-4d60-a228-e36db05589ff",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1890,"clozeWords":1892},[1891],"While modernist architecture schools eliminated history from their curriculum, postmodernists consider it essential",[1893],"history",{"id":1895,"data":1896,"type":25,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":1898},"6fc8d901-5f43-44b5-a946-d1e227c0cd98",{"type":25,"title":1897},"Key Figures and Locations in Modern Architecture",[1899,1920,1945,1968,1985],{"id":1900,"data":1901,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1905},"0de73a98-0650-4df8-8b80-1097c6635b9f",{"type":24,"title":1902,"markdownContent":1903,"audioMediaId":1904},"High-tech","**High-tech Architecture originated in Britain in the 1970s but grew out of early Modernism**. Also known as ‘structural expressionism,’ it attempts to display the interior construction of the building, emphasizing transparency in design.  Buildings are made of aluminum, steel, and glass with some concrete. Shunning references to the past, High-Tech avoids using materials from previous periods, such as marble and stone. \n\n**Buildings are designed to be adaptable**, leading to greater usability, and interior spaces, therefore, can often be easily reconfigured. Hanging or overhanging floors, absence of interior load-bearing walls, bright colors, and focus on factory aesthetics are common features of High-tech buildings. They also feature a large central space that exposes mechanical services without attempting to mask their purpose. A key concern is the thoughtful use of space and the overall impact of the building on the neighboring environment. For example, the World Trade Center in Hong Kong is built over a public plaza to save valuable space. \n","dad6e633-a0d6-4a05-b8ce-90e5cb4b8703",[1906,1913],{"id":1907,"data":1908,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"5c8fb26b-84d3-484d-8324-d3573ea94f8f",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1909,"activeRecallAnswers":1911},[1910],"What architectural movement, which originated in 1970s Britain, shuns references to the past by avoiding marble and stone?",[1912],"High-Tech",{"id":1914,"data":1915,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"7ba21b80-14e5-42d9-82c9-c856a83a2e63",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":1916,"clozeWords":1918},[1917],"High-Tech buildings are designed to be adaptable, leading to greater usability so interior spaces can be easily reconfigured",[1912,1919],"reconfigured",{"id":1921,"data":1922,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1926},"0c6c31d1-f837-4327-820c-9c10f50a8251",{"type":24,"title":1923,"markdownContent":1924,"audioMediaId":1925},"Key Location, Early Modern: Eiffel Tower","The **Eiffel Tower**, built for the 1889 World's Fair, was the first structure to demonstrate the strength of wrought iron as a building material, making it an Early Modern masterpiece. More than **300 meters tall**, it was then the tallest structure in the world when it was built. \n\nGustave Eiffel and his associates designed the tower in competition with 106 other proposals as the hallmark of the fair. \n\nClearly departing from the styles of the time, it has sleek vertical lines and no ornamentation. It is an **open-lattice structure** with 4 arched legs that curve inward and meet in the tapered tower. The construction includes 18,000 pieces of iron connected by 2,500,000 rivets. The intention was to tear it down after the fair, but Eiffel added a radio and telegraph tower to make it useful as well as decorative. Despite originally being a temporary structure, it still stands more than 130 years later as an iconic symbol of Paris. \n\n ![Graph](image://502da755-4e9c-4e12-b8cd-fb412c74f750 \"The Eiffel Tower\")","6062c487-7fa3-44c7-853f-791445eccfbe",[1927,1938],{"id":1928,"data":1929,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"10bc1bd9-acbd-4aef-8ae7-4ab951e84fc3",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1930,"multiChoiceCorrect":1932,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1934},[1931],"What was the Eiffel Tower built for?",[1933],"1889 World's Fair",[1935,1936,1937],"1900 Paris Olympics","Victory in the Franco-Prussian War","Anniversary of Bastille Day",{"id":1939,"data":1940,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"6cc790b1-b07c-482a-8aa0-5251ed0d6027",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1941,"activeRecallAnswers":1943},[1942],"How many pieces of iron were used for the Eiffel Tower?",[1944],"18,000",{"id":1946,"data":1947,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1951},"9c471853-a1d9-4a46-8455-90771268475f",{"type":24,"title":1948,"markdownContent":1949,"audioMediaId":1950},"Key Figure, Modernism: Frank Lloyd Wright","In the late 1890s, **Frank Lloyd Wright** and several young colleagues formed the Prairie School, inspired by the Arts and Crafts Movement. In his early career, Wright built single-family homes, developing and extending the Prairie School aesthetic, but, by 1909, he had rejected the upper-middle class market for his designs and turned to more the democratic architecture of shared spaces such as churches and public buildings.\n\nIn the 1930s, he again turned his attention to single-family dwellings, in what is sometimes referred to as his Usonian period – Wright utilized the term ‘Usonian’ in preference to ‘American’ to describe the landscape and culture of the United States. Wright developed communities of Usonian houses in response to changes in American culture, which led to smaller single-family units without servants. Open floor plans and small bedrooms encouraged families to share spaces, and Wright made the homes affordable, providing the prototype for much modern home construction. \n\nWright’s body of work reflects the many shifting phases of his career, thus making it difficult to pinpoint any particular aesthetics that are universal to his style. However, he continued to design buildings according to his philosophy of **Organic Architecture**; and ultimately, this theory that all components of a building should appear unified is the most consistent identifying marker of Wright’s work.\n","811f76d4-093e-4ef0-866b-8e65986ce408",[1952,1959],{"id":1953,"data":1954,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"29cc744f-1d33-4558-8fac-4119f9c338cb",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":1955,"activeRecallAnswers":1957},[1956],"What school of art did Frank Lloyd Wright build?",[1958],"Prairie",{"id":1960,"data":1961,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"73f3c6fb-a349-4b98-b923-33ff45d8fdc8",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1962,"binaryCorrect":1964,"binaryIncorrect":1966},[1963],"What movement was Frank Lloyd Wright part of?",[1965],"Modernism",[1967],"Postmodernism",{"id":1969,"data":1970,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1974},"8eb64985-cf81-46d8-b104-f274939b7889",{"type":24,"title":1971,"markdownContent":1972,"audioMediaId":1973},"Key Figure, Modernism: I. M. Pei","Ieoh Ming Pei moved from Shanghai to the U.S. to study architecture at the University of Pennsylvania, but he quickly transferred to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology because of his distaste for Beaux-Arts, which was the style taught at the University of Pennsylvania. He later joined the Harvard School of Design where he met Bauhaus architect Walter Gropius. \n\nRelatively early in his career, he was recruited to design important public buildings such as the John F. Kennedy Library, the National Gallery of Art’s East Building, and the Louvre Pyramid.\n\n ![Graph](image://5606ceee-26c8-4506-b93a-3a700cca07c3 \"A photograph of the Louvre Pyramid in Paris, France\")\n\nPei’s work throughout his career was highly controversial and plagued with problems of cost overruns and public disapproval. Nevertheless, he won a multitude of accolades and built some of the Western world’s most iconic buildings. \n\nPei’s modernist style uses simple geometric shapes combined with traditional architectural principles. There is no Pei school of architecture and no finite list of characteristics because his analytic approach makes each project unique to its purpose and setting.\n\n ![Graph](image://e8a44473-fdfd-4813-9efc-ef6aa00a76ff \"The John F. Kennedy Library\")","c438c84e-5f26-4665-a396-2fc418f61974",[1975],{"id":1976,"data":1977,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"a19d4594-1066-46b8-878a-ce741d5408de",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":1978,"multiChoiceCorrect":1980,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1982},[1979],"Who designed the Louvre Pyramid?",[1981],"I.M. Pei",[1551,1983,1984],"Walter Gropius","Frank Gehry",{"id":1986,"data":1987,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":1991},"46b072dd-cbe5-40c3-a6ee-854abdb20ae0",{"type":24,"title":1988,"markdownContent":1989,"audioMediaId":1990},"Key Location, Postmodernism: Centre Pompidou"," ![Graph](image://59fbf54e-73fc-4eb3-ad14-0f2e1cc165ba \"The Centre Pompidou in Paris\")\n\n**Centre Pompidou** is a complex building, opened in 1977, which exemplifies the High-Tech architectural style. Designed by **Richard Rogers** and **Renzo Piano**, it is located in the heart of Paris between **the Louvre** and **Notre Dame**. **The Centre Pompidou**, also sometimes referred to as the **Beaubourg**, is a museum and culture center, and its design resulted from a competition announced by then President George Pompidou, for “an architectural and urban complex which will mark our century.” \n\nThe designers’ goal was to allow **flexibility** with an open plaza to serve as an extension of the interior functions. To create greater interior space, the architects placed the building’s entire structural, mechanical, and circulation systems on the exterior, with color coding: green for plumbing, blue for climate control, yellow for electrical, etc. According to Piano, they intended the design to be “not a building but a town where you find everything.” Although the general consensus was that they succeeded, the building has undergone extensive renovations to account for aging systems and will be partially closed for construction again in 2023.","55cc9e65-7bf6-4cb2-8025-bc450a7c350a",[1992],{"id":1993,"data":1994,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"5b61899c-a152-4a26-9523-18b4c314856e",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":1995,"binaryCorrect":1997,"binaryIncorrect":1998},[1996],"What movement was the Centre Pompidou part of?",[1967],[1965],{"id":2000,"data":2001,"type":27,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"orbs":2004},"7d01eb4e-24fc-46d3-9383-8d854bd9688c",{"type":27,"title":2002,"tagline":2003},"Where Are We Now? Contemporary Architecture","Conclude with a review of Contemporary architecture and discover what the future may hold.",[2005,2105],{"id":2006,"data":2007,"type":25,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":2009},"d7b2a56e-38d4-4193-a02a-3c87ac16e74e",{"type":25,"title":2008},"Contemporary Architectural Movements",[2010,2026,2046,2060,2082],{"id":2011,"data":2012,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":2016},"aa5a5c9f-137c-4ed2-8cb1-8e3e041fcd67",{"type":24,"title":2013,"markdownContent":2014,"audioMediaId":2015},"Overview of Contemporary Architecture"," ![Graph](image://1bfefcf1-19bb-408d-a9d5-80b62cc568a2 \"The Louis Vuitton Foundation in Paris\")\n\n**Contemporary architecture is not defined by any one style or school; instead, it is simply what is being built ‘now.’** Unfortunately, what we mean by ‘now’ can differ depending on one’s thinking. For some, Contemporary architecture is anything built by someone alive today or by their company. For others, anything built since 1950 is considered contemporary. The most common delineation for Contemporary architecture, however, is that a structure was completed in the 21st century. Eventually this definition will, by necessity, shift, but, for now, it is a good benchmark for what to consider contemporary. \n\nThe architecture of today covers a variety of styles and sources. **Architects have continued to embrace classic designs**, with a full classical resurgence happening currently, while **others have rejected classicism** altogether, embracing new expressive forms that are intentionally unlike anything to come before. New materials, technique, and technology have helped to drive the century’s architectural innovation.","047857b5-8b0a-47ca-8b0e-4d0f31c1f06c",[2017],{"id":2018,"data":2019,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"938f0510-2671-465e-ac77-d02b91f8abbb",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2020,"binaryCorrect":2022,"binaryIncorrect":2024},[2021],"What is contemporary architecture defined by?",[2023],"Date of completion",[2025],"Style of building",{"id":2027,"data":2028,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":2032},"83c37e29-6e31-49f7-a4a0-2a5f9a651520",{"type":24,"title":2029,"markdownContent":2030,"audioMediaId":2031},"Neo-Futurism","**Neo-Futurism is a movement of art, design, and architecture that began in the 1960s and is still active today**. It centers on a futuristic re-thinking of functionality, design, and style, particularly in terms of urban centers and growing cities. It has roots in Expressionism, Futurism, Art Deco, and High-tech architectural movements. \n\n**Neo-Futurism took a dip in popularity at the turn of the millennium**, but a 2007 publication titled The Neo-Futuristic City Manifesto, written by designer Vito Di Bari and included in the candidature presented to the Bureau International des Expositions (BEI), helped to reignite interest in the form, defining Neo-Futurism as the “cross-pollination of art, cutting edge technologies and ethical values.”\n\nVisually, **Neo-Futurism is characterized by its form and balance**. It utilizes both organic shapes, or shapes inspired by nature, and geometric shapes, symmetry and asymmetry, angles and smooth curves; however, these opposites are unified through simplicity and a cold purity. **The Museum of Tomorrow** in Rio de Janeiro is an example of Neo-Futurist architecture.\n\n ![Graph](image://2432b4a0-8d2e-45ff-8497-6ecabd72b450 \"The Museum of Tomorrow in Rio de Janeiro\")\n\n","dc71078c-fbef-4b5a-9a96-6074379d7624",[2033,2039],{"id":2034,"data":2035,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"ac940ab5-1b06-4cb0-ad28-be2584244a7e",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":2036,"clozeWords":2038},[2037],"Visually, Neo-Futurism is characterized by form and balance to use both organic and geometric shapes in a cold purity",[2029],{"id":2040,"data":2041,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"e19e79fc-f789-4592-9186-e4ff42bebf15",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":2042,"activeRecallAnswers":2044},[2043],"Who wrote the Neo-Futuristic City Manifesto?",[2045],"Vito Di Bari",{"id":2047,"data":2048,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":2052},"56a98d46-f906-4f06-bc92-9ce21306486b",{"type":24,"title":2049,"markdownContent":2050,"audioMediaId":2051},"Deconstructivism","**Deconstructivism is a subsection of Postmodern architecture that began in the 1980s and continues to be prevalent in new constructions into the 21st century**. In its design, Deconstructivism aims to give an impression of fragmentation, usually through an absence of harmony, continuity, or symmetry. Deconstructivism also experiments with a structure’s surface, using non-linear shapes that distort or dislocate otherwise established, ‘fundamental’ architectural design principles. The result is an appearance of unpredictability and controlled chaos. \n\nAs a school of thought, Deconstructivism is not derived from the word ‘deconstruction;’ instead, this movement was developed in contrast to Russian Constructivism of the early 20th century, a form of modern architecture particular to the Soviet Union. However, the style and the philosophy do not always go hand in hand, and many architects whose works are described as Deconstructivist deny the label.  \n","6a0f57d3-ed2b-4c9c-b0b6-a833b5605429",[2053],{"id":2054,"data":2055,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"32c3d91a-2607-4876-b222-e7015bffd5f8",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":2056,"clozeWords":2058},[2057],"Deconstructivism aims to give an impression of fragmentation, usually through an absence of harmony, continuity or symmetry",[219,2059],"symmetry",{"id":2061,"data":2062,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":2066},"4b2cbf04-d173-49b2-b879-ff288b94e8a9",{"type":24,"title":2063,"markdownContent":2064,"audioMediaId":2065},"New Classical"," ![Graph](image://70ea1e91-2618-4121-bcb1-a6c12f776998 \"The Schermerhorn Symphony Center in Nashville\")\n\n**New Classical architecture, sometimes called New Classicism or the New Classical movement, is a contemporary movement that is founded in classical architecture**. Like most movements that draw inspiration from classical design, New Classicism draws heavily from ancient Greek and Roman architecture. However, it may also include aspects of Gothic, Renaissance, and Baroque styles.\n\nAs a contemporary movement, New Classical originated from a rejection of the Modernist movement and its extreme prevalence in architecture of the 20th century, what English architect Donald McMorran called “a dictatorship of taste.”\n\nElements of New Classical are sometimes mixed with other Postmodernist styles to create ironic critiques of Modernism.\n\nAs a movement, New Classicism seeks to create ‘timeless’ designs and structures, made from modern and environmentally-friendly resources. With an eye to sustainability and longevity, New Classical architects aim to build well-crafted, high-quality structures that are ecologically responsible.  In 2018, Architectural Digest wrote about the New Classical ‘boom.’","55cdaa3f-1366-4ef1-89af-6a54f3dcf413",[2067,2074],{"id":2068,"data":2069,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"02bd62d3-dae0-46e4-bcdb-b306053f7827",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":2070,"activeRecallAnswers":2072},[2071],"What movement, according to Donald McMorran, stemmed from a rejection of the Modernist \"dictatorship of taste\"?",[2073],"New Classicism",{"id":2075,"data":2076,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"651eddde-ea8a-44dc-8d65-999b7df27e89",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":2077,"activeRecallAnswers":2079},[2078],"What are two features of the New Classicist movement?",[2080,2081],"Sustainability","Greek and Roman inspiration",{"id":2083,"data":2084,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":2088},"b1ddb5fb-d3b3-4caf-8cbc-dd51d9b22122",{"type":24,"title":2085,"markdownContent":2086,"audioMediaId":2087},"Key Figure, Postmodernism: Frank Gehry"," ![Graph](image://92529f32-807a-454c-a129-708a687af475 \"Frank Gehry's Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles\")\n\n**Frank Gehry**, one of the most celebrated architects in the world, received his degree from the University of Southern California, but withdrew from Harvard’s graduate program because of philosophical differences with the school’s modernists.  \n\nAlthough his works vary widely, a few characteristics emerged early in his career: beams protruding from exterior sides, Douglas fir details, and exposed unfinished beams. Some buildings are whimsical, like the Chiat/Day Building in Venice, California, which includes a giant pair of binoculars.\n\n**Gehry joins other Postmodernists in not following specific stylistic guidelines except to avoid the tropes of Modernism**. He has, at times, incorporated elements of the California ‘funk’ movement, using found objects and nontraditional media such as clay. He has also designed some Deconstructivist buildings, pushing the boundaries of architecture. Gehry has famous buildings on multiple continents including the world’s tallest residential skyscraper in Toronto, Canada and the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain.\n\n ![Graph](image://1e73313c-a6e9-4cc2-b642-93c5f4d57298 \"A photograph of the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao\")","90e6fdcb-9a49-4238-843f-c852c464dcab",[2089,2098],{"id":2090,"data":2091,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"3408213c-b1e7-41af-8108-09e387daf728",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":24,"binaryQuestion":2092,"binaryCorrect":2094,"binaryIncorrect":2096},[2093],"What movement did Frank Gehry follow?",[2095],"Postmodernist",[2097],"Modernist",{"id":2099,"data":2100,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"6e422161-5d86-47e1-97e7-ce7c88591ee8",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2101,"multiChoiceCorrect":2103,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2104},[2102],"Who designed the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao?",[1984],[1551,1983,1981],{"id":2106,"data":2107,"type":25,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"pages":2109},"6d3c6857-b2fc-44d3-91f3-ee5e57fcb8e4",{"type":25,"title":2108},"Iconic Structures of the 21st Century",[2110,2125,2138,2160],{"id":2111,"data":2112,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":2116},"66ee7d99-9185-4282-8063-e2ac0d34c615",{"type":24,"title":2113,"markdownContent":2114,"audioMediaId":2115},"Key Location: One World Trade Center","**One World Trade Center**, built in 2012-2013 after the 2001 terrorist-caused destruction of the original twin towers, is a premiere example of Contemporary architecture. The design of the tower utilizes geometric shapes, simple symmetry, and modern materials to create an enormous edifice that nonetheless fits into the overall landscape of the city. \n\nAlthough it is the tallest building in New York at 1,776ft, its mirrored exterior helps keep the building from feeling oppressive to the viewer and maintains aesthetic balance with the surrounding structures. The One World Trade Center was also the first major construction project to use **Building Information Modeling (BIM) software**.\n\nThe Oculus, sometimes known as ‘The Hub’ and part of the One World Trade Center campus, is a Neo-Futurist design consisting of white metal-clad steel ribs that reach up and out in an organic shape. The design of the Oculus is intended to be symbolic of a hand releasing a dove.  \n\n ![Graph](image://31fe7a98-110e-4251-8eda-47c021e2ad01 \"The One World Trade Centre building\")","73583300-d0ea-468b-8c7b-7ca803e61d5f",[2117],{"id":2118,"data":2119,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"722fbd1e-331c-4463-ba16-2e65e236973d",{"type":52,"reviewType":28,"spacingBehaviour":24,"clozeQuestion":2120,"clozeWords":2122},[2121],"One World Trade Centre utilizes geometric shapes, simple symmetry and modern materials",[2123,2124],"geometric","modern",{"id":2126,"data":2127,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":2131},"7f4f2cde-f8f8-4d3f-88f6-9626b256c0ea",{"type":24,"title":2128,"markdownContent":2129,"audioMediaId":2130},"Key Location: Beijing National Stadium","**The Beijing National Stadium**, also called the Bird’s Nest, was designed for the 2008 Summer Olympics and Paralympics and was used again in the 2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics. The building is called the Bird’s Nest because of its **saddle-shaped elliptical structure** and its **frame made of a web of intersecting steel**. \n\n ![Graph](image://3475ecac-27ea-4390-8924-4d8c7ee85110 \"The Beijing 'Bird's Nest' Olympic stadium\")\n\n\nThe Beijing National Stadium is most often considered a work of Deconstructionism. Its cross-hatched steel webbing gives it a fragmented appearance, and its interior design also features steel bars that, in part, fragments the view from within. \n\nIn addition to Deconstructivist elements, the building also features an organic, asymmetrical design evoking **Neo-Futurism**. The plan for the stadium additionally draws from classical Chinese architecture, and is inspired by Chinese ceramic art in particular. This interaction of design inspirations, brought together and made possible by advanced technology, makes the Birds Nest a quintessential example of Contemporary architecture. ","6c35fd75-c51d-4ad9-b486-51915a2a8b56",[2132],{"id":2133,"data":2134,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"a1374bc2-e196-410f-a00f-725900cea20f",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":2135,"activeRecallAnswers":2137},[2136],"What two movements does Beijing's National Stadium demonstrate?",[2029,2049],{"id":2139,"data":2140,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":2144},"44e91654-e793-45fa-a907-c8ec2e2a7912",{"type":24,"title":2141,"markdownContent":2142,"audioMediaId":2143},"Key Location: Burj Khalifa","The **Burj Khalifa**, previously known as the Burj Dubai until 2010, is the tallest structure in the world and has been so since its completion in 2009. It stands at 2,722 ft tall, just over half a mile. The design of the building was led by the same architectural team responsible for the One World Trade Tower, as well as the Chicago Sears Tower. \n\n ![Graph](image://09a6ab7b-e477-4d2a-b979-457a9fbd0b01 \"The Burj Khalifa, the world's tallest building\")\n\nThe Burj Khalifa is **Neo-Futurist in design**, with additional inspiration drawn from Islamic architecture, particularly the **Great Mosque of Samarra**. It uses a Y-shaped footprint and bundled-tube design. This design allowed the builders to reduce the amount of steel used in the construction. The form of the Burj Khalifa was also inspired by Frank Lloyd Wright’s vision for a mile-high skyscraper called **The Illinois**. The height of the building is sustained by wings and a buttressed central core. \n","6161fa7d-7ce8-4e21-ba3e-8319fa05faf5",[2145,2153],{"id":2146,"data":2147,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"4194b8ac-afb7-4d68-be3c-13149e1e894a",{"type":52,"reviewType":35,"spacingBehaviour":24,"multiChoiceQuestion":2148,"multiChoiceCorrect":2150,"multiChoiceIncorrect":2151},[2149],"What architectural movement is the Burj Khalifa part of?",[2029],[2152,1802,1828],"Neoclassicism",{"id":2154,"data":2155,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"d814124e-9b3d-468f-bf17-b201aaac8beb",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":2156,"activeRecallAnswers":2158},[2157],"What is the tallest building in the world?",[2159],"Burj Khalifa",{"id":2161,"data":2162,"type":24,"maxContentLevel":35,"version":24,"reviews":2166},"7c9d8a7f-13ac-4ce6-b5ad-b5c9eb1b97d5",{"type":24,"title":2163,"markdownContent":2164,"audioMediaId":2165},"What’s Next?","When it comes to architecture, the only certainty is that eventually taste and style will shift. However, there are some changes that forward-thinkers are predicting, based largely on advancing technology and a desire for more ecologically-friendly structures. \n\n**Eco-friendly architecture**, with more green spaces and integrated ecological elements like living exteriors and water catchment systems, is already growing in popularity. Similarly, ‘**smart cities**’ and other structures or campuses that integrate sustainability with technology may be on the horizon. Also, **Enabling Architecture**, in which accessibility is at the heart of the design, may grow in popularity, as early examples have been well-received.\n\nIf architectural design and public interest continue on the current path, we are likely to see more architecture in the near future that highlights sustainability, efficiency, and diversity. \n","3a7edc08-4969-47ba-9d80-3565448f4c35",[2167],{"id":2168,"data":2169,"type":52,"version":24,"maxContentLevel":35},"ed49bf5f-192e-40bd-9175-2ce518034c8e",{"type":52,"reviewType":24,"spacingBehaviour":24,"activeRecallQuestion":2170,"activeRecallAnswers":2172},[2171],"What is the movement that emphasizes green space and integrated ecological elements?",[2173],"Eco-friendly Architecture",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":2175,"height":2175,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":2176},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":2175,"height":2175,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":2178},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M12.586 2.586A2 2 0 0 0 11.172 2H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v7.172a2 2 0 0 0 .586 1.414l8.704 8.704a2.426 2.426 0 0 0 3.42 0l6.58-6.58a2.426 2.426 0 0 0 0-3.42z\"/>\u003Ccircle cx=\"7.5\" cy=\"7.5\" r=\".5\" fill=\"currentColor\"/>\u003C/g>",1778179474772]