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Contemporary Art?","Discover the world of Contemporary Art from Basquiat to Beeple, starting with a general understanding of what, exactly, is Contemporary Art. ",[37,110,169],{"id":38,"data":39,"type":26,"version":26,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":41},"35b31508-aff6-4b18-9eba-7ca0a736fd20",{"type":26,"title":40},"Defining Contemporary Art",[42,57,71,87],{"id":43,"data":44,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":26,"reviews":48},"9e71e203-5155-433c-ae9a-9051c54c75e1",{"type":25,"title":45,"markdownContent":46,"audioMediaId":47},"Defining Contemporary Art - the Problem","![Graph](image://942ea982-dc23-4031-910e-24c98a00f4d5 \"An example of a contemporary art exhibition from the Southeby's Institute of Art\")\n\nYou might think that defining Contemporary Art would be easy. Surely you can just look up a definition, right? Unfortunately, when it comes to Contemporary Art, understanding what counts and what doesn’t is not always straightforward nor agreed upon.\n\n**Some art critics define Contemporary Art as work that is created by artists living today**. This definition works because it keeps the identity moving forward, staying truly contemporary. But what happens when an artist dies? Does their work suddenly stop being contemporary?\n\n![Graph](image://a3d07781-9030-47bb-aec4-52c5fad09bb5 \"Kara Walker's sculpture A Subtelty, or the Marvelous Sugar Baby\")\n\nOther critics, using the designation of ‘contemporary’ as synonymous with ‘post-modern,’ **consider Contemporary Art to be any art created since the 1960s**. This certainly brings in a wider range of artists and does away with the ‘living artist’ problem, but it also means that the definition continues to broaden and become less truly contemporary as time moves forward.","329c4b35-f4d9-4a45-a41a-2b80303f20af",[49],{"id":50,"data":51,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"72941d38-438c-471a-828f-a7f1ead75106",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":53,"clozeWords":55},11,[54],"Contemporary Art has no universally accepted definition.",[56],"definition",{"id":58,"data":59,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":26,"reviews":63},"d5bb8a76-e36c-4883-9ae7-bdab139840e9",{"type":25,"title":60,"markdownContent":61,"audioMediaId":62},"Defining Contemporary Art - a Solution","![Graph](image://78ae0446-e13f-4b1f-b5cb-f52bb653a1e9 \"Alexey Titarenko City of Shadows photograph\")\n\nSome artists and critics have chosen to take the middle road when defining Contemporary Art, concluding that the field includes any art created since 1980. Although much of the art of the 80s and 90s was heavily influenced by ideas and works of the 60s and 70s, these movements often saw their height at the end of the 20th century.\n\nOf course, this designation will not work forever, and already, the influences of digital art have created a large gap between the art styles and movements of the 80s and 90s compared to today. For now, however, considering any art created since 1980 as contemporary offers a good working definition for discussing the art of today and its major influences.","8b04dfe6-3584-4338-ad60-b3aede89944e",[64],{"id":65,"data":66,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"826fa575-7d71-4373-bf77-f83be1fd80a5",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":67,"activeRecallAnswers":69},[68],"A good working definition of Contemporary Art would include works produced from what decade?",[70],"1980s",{"id":72,"data":73,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":26,"reviews":77},"eeae7968-308d-4458-8fb3-a97fe7bb4b2a",{"type":25,"title":74,"markdownContent":75,"audioMediaId":76},"Defining Contemporary Art - What It’s Not","Although defining what Contemporary Art is can be difficult, it is easier to discuss what it is not. Notably, the classification of ‘contemporary’ deals purely with the time in which a piece of art was created.\n\n**There are many different subgenres, movements, and themes to Contemporary Art**. Because much of the art from these decades is influenced by the past, and because artists sometimes work in collaborative schools or groups, large portions of Contemporary Art can hold certain similarities. However, those similarities are not required for a piece to be considered contemporary.\n\nFor example, many people think of Contemporary Art as being abstract – but this isn’t the case. Photographic realism, portraiture, Neoclassicism, and many other genres are far from abstract, and even more movements blend elements of abstraction, expressionism and figurative art into their finished pieces.\n\n**Contemporary Artworks are also not connected by any through-line of ideology or school of thought**.\n\n![Graph](image://1c553ee1-bdc0-4bd2-a1b4-b0ac10ed1213 \"A piece of computer generated abstract art\")","b3dc34d5-bb81-46a1-94b8-3eda5501a6be",[78],{"id":79,"data":80,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"b9edfbe2-41da-48b5-86b3-a16694c1b4e8",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":81,"binaryCorrect":83,"binaryIncorrect":85},[82],"Can Photographic Realism be considered Contemporary Art, even though it isn't abstract?",[84],"Yes",[86],"No",{"id":88,"data":89,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":26,"reviews":93},"b8de6a5a-bc26-4d17-b883-e5580b17558f",{"type":25,"title":90,"markdownContent":91,"audioMediaId":92},"Contemporary Art & Postmodernism","![Graph](image://609e4ea2-1f24-4ed3-a028-7d3a7a722387 \"Jeff Koons, Three Ball Equilibrium Tank\")\n\nSometimes the label ‘**Contemporary Art**’ is used interchangeably with ‘**Postmodern Art**,’ which can lead to confusion. The transition between Modern and Postmodern art occurred largely in the 1960s, a time of social and political upheaval. Though most Postmodern Art is Contemporary (depending on one’s definition), not all Contemporary Art should be considered Postmodern.\n\nPostmodern Art has specific touchstones, particularly in terms of theme and purpose. The prefix ‘post’ in postmodern does not just mean after modern. Instead, **it identifies art that is created as a response to Modern Art movements**. The making of Postmodern Art generally includes an intentional pushback against Modern Art. In particular, Postmodern Art often focuses on the process of art and the artists’ intentions, and it is less concerned with longevity.\n\nAdditionally, some confuse Modern Art with Contemporary. Modern Art museums often include Modern, Postmodern, and Contemporary Art, leading to this misunderstanding.","af05606a-c1a1-4be6-99b8-2f4be30a1bd0",[94,103],{"id":95,"data":96,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"ad16d26e-2b6b-4b43-8f0d-11dbe0b4d2eb",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":97,"binaryCorrect":99,"binaryIncorrect":101},[98],"In what decade did the transition between Modern and Postmodern art mostly occur?",[100],"1960s",[102],"1970s",{"id":104,"data":105,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"cf852144-f2a4-4419-9d03-db9fe5770999",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":106,"activeRecallAnswers":108},[107],"What does the prefix 'post' mean in 'postmodern'?",[109],"It identifies art that is created as a response to Modern Art movements.",{"id":111,"data":112,"type":26,"version":26,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":114},"a3679e5c-790b-40b4-8e0a-affc73386840",{"type":26,"title":113},"Influences and Influential Artists",[115,138,163],{"id":116,"data":117,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":26,"reviews":121},"7aba2ccf-6037-40fc-99b9-d5e8ef62b1e4",{"type":25,"title":118,"markdownContent":119,"audioMediaId":120},"Influences on Contemporary Art","Although there are no requisite themes, ideals, or styles that define Contemporary Art, pieces made in the last 50 years do tend to have some thematic similarities. Art is often created as a response to styles that came before or to current events, or they can be a desire to return to previous artistic movements.\n\nFor example, much of the Contemporary Art created in the 1980s and 90s was born out of a rejection of 60s and 70s art, which was in turn created in response to its predecessors.\n\n**Each movement also responds to issues of the time**; for the 60s, it was revolutions in culture, post-WWII reconstruction, and the Vietnam war, to name a few. Early Contemporary Artists of the 80s were creating art in the context of the AIDS epidemic, the Berlin Wall, urbanization, and the rise of new musical styles, including Punk and HipHop.\n\n![Graph](image://9470454d-9620-41e4-a55e-ab5ec5d57b7e \"The Berlin Wall\")","36bb601b-9e2f-415f-b69b-4e4a05ed1ee9",[122,131],{"id":123,"data":124,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"3ab8bc7e-382c-48ec-92f9-236c5f12cd19",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":125,"binaryCorrect":127,"binaryIncorrect":129},[126],"A lot of Contemporary Art created in the 1980s and 90s was born out of a _________ 60s and 70s art.",[128],"rejection of",[130],"respect for",{"id":132,"data":133,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"827be988-0b6e-455a-9e12-d6de4a2f486b",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":134,"activeRecallAnswers":136},[135],"What war inspired a response from Contemporary Artists in the 1960s?",[137],"The Vietnam War",{"id":139,"data":140,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":26,"reviews":144},"f1744d47-982b-4046-8478-f063d844504f",{"type":25,"title":141,"markdownContent":142,"audioMediaId":143},"Influential Artists","In addition to contemporary artists creating their work in conversation with previous movements and current and past events, there are particular artists that were notably influential on the generations that followed.\n\n**Andy Warhol** inspired **Pop and Neo-Pop** artists alike, and he continued to play an integral role in the art world – bringing new artists into the spotlight – until his death in 1987.\n\n![Graph](image://a20100f8-c129-4815-a6a2-df37203811cd \"Andy Warhol Campbell’s Soup Cans\")\n\nThe French-American artist **Marcel Duchamp** helped move both painting and sculpture forward, and his readymade pieces in the early 1900s had a clear impact on later artists.\n\n![Graph](image://2e0baa09-72f2-4535-a77e-048851c49720 \"Fountain by Marcel Duchamp at the Tate Modern\")\n\n**Pablo Picasso** and other Cubists helped give contemporary artists a new way to express their feelings of fractured reality and paved the way for the acceptance of increasingly abstract art.\n\n![Graph](image://ffa6f854-113d-4b1f-881d-d8cb1fd3074a \"Les Demoiselles d'Avignon by Pablo Picasso, which hangs in the Museum of Modern Art in New York\")\n\nThese artists and many others helped to create the artistic conversation into which Contemporary Art was born, and the products of Contemporary Art contain clear echoes of these influential creators.","191a53c6-f1f1-4031-9fdb-5da0031fdd47",[145,156],{"id":146,"data":147,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"84d8a420-3942-4d2f-ad01-6340a5542347",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":148,"multiChoiceCorrect":150,"multiChoiceIncorrect":152},[149],"Which artist played a role inspiring the Pop and Neo-Pop movements?",[151],"Andy Warhol",[153,154,155],"Rembrandt","Rubens","Masaccio",{"id":157,"data":158,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"d49a6687-686a-4dab-bcce-b2e249271f01",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":159,"clozeWords":161},[160],"The Cubists helped give contemporary artists a way to express their feelings of fractured reality.",[162],"Cubists",{"id":164,"data":165,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":26},"211af79d-78ea-40c5-b37f-49200efed4f4",{"type":25,"title":166,"markdownContent":167,"audioMediaId":168},"Contemporary Art Mediums","Contemporary Art is often equated with experimentation, and for good reason. In the past 50 years, the number of mediums used to create art has grown exponentially. Long gone are the days of canvas and marble. Now art can be created using almost any materials one can imagine – or none at all.\n\nWhile **painting** and **sculpture** still hold an important place in the art world, **installations, performance art, land art, digital art, and even light projections** have come to hold important places in the art world.\n\nThis massive expansion of artistic tools and mediums makes Contemporary Art difficult to discuss in broad terms or to cover without overlooking interesting and important experimental elements. Ultimately, perhaps Contemporary Art can be defined not by what the art has in common but by its **variety**.\n\n![Graph](image://381aca16-2435-4fa5-b140-e7bf84008c29 \"An example of digital projection art from the 'Tagtool' community\")","f1612055-7dc7-4d84-bcea-9e31865df806",{"id":170,"data":171,"type":26,"version":26,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":173},"3a7da68f-1cff-47e1-9742-aaa9695014b9",{"type":26,"title":172},"Experiencing Contemporary Art",[174,188],{"id":175,"data":176,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":26,"reviews":180},"98328451-de02-46f1-a7c1-33cae158edcf",{"type":25,"title":177,"markdownContent":178,"audioMediaId":179},"Contemporary Fine Art","When discussing Contemporary Art, you can’t go far without discovering the tension between artists and the world of fine art. Originally, **Fine Art is defined as art that is created purely for its aesthetic value** and not for any functional purpose.\n\nSince the 1900s, however, this distinction has blurred. Today, Fine Art has no clear definition. In some sense, Fine Art is defined from other works as something you might see in a museum or gallery. These decisions are made by members of the art world, such as museum and gallery curators, art critics, and auction houses.\n\nSometimes the quality of a piece of art speaks for itself. Sometimes the line between art and capital-A Art is less clear. Professional, amateur, folk, trained, avant-garde, classical: these are all descriptors that help us to understand what Fine Art is, yet there are also always exceptions to the rule.\n\n![Graph](image://87a76933-e628-442f-893c-2cf9ff2849df \"Christie’s Auction House\")","17ba2433-309b-4996-941c-7683b5c1c0e7",[181],{"id":182,"data":183,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"8faca48d-0ecc-4888-8eff-2f521c955f7c",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":184,"clozeWords":186},[185],"Fine Art's original definition–art created purely for its aesthetic value–has been increasingly blurred since the 1900s.",[187],"1900s",{"id":189,"data":190,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":26,"reviews":193},"a3ff6a9d-991c-49fe-9a8d-978adcda187a",{"type":25,"title":172,"markdownContent":191,"audioMediaId":192},"When it comes to art, sometimes you have to see it for yourself. In particular, performance and installation are meant to be experienced. There are many ways to come into contact with Contemporary Art.\n\nMany Modern Art museums have Contemporary wings, show traveling exhibits from contemporary artists, and host installations and performances. **MoMa, the Tate Modern, LAMOCA, the Whitney, the Guggenheim Bilbao, and the Centre Pompidou** are all world-renowned for their collections of Contemporary Art.\n\n![Graph](image://a560c1ac-4bf5-4bdb-b320-952c3b2dde7c \"Photo of Centre Pompidou in Paris\")\n\nThere are also many global Contemporary Art events and biennials, the most famous of which is **Art Basel**.\n\nFor immersive experiences, one might attend an event such as **Burning Man** or visit a permanent or traveling art production such as **Meow Wolf** or **Infinity Mirrors**.\n\nFinally, contemporary art can be seen out in the real world, particularly in urban centers. From statues to street art, works by timeless artists may be right around the corner.\n\n![Graph](image://e855d730-6c12-469a-8086-4b3ab0f9024a \"Meow Wolf\")","6d5e341c-401e-4fdb-a089-8db5bb04bf22",[194],{"id":195,"data":196,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"703c630e-96a9-4691-ab0d-c8137bbefc4a",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":197,"activeRecallAnswers":199},[198],"What is the most famous Contemporary Art event?",[200],"Art Basel",{"id":202,"data":203,"type":28,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"orbs":206},"568b3e9b-214b-4382-a49d-197c41cab0d5",{"type":28,"title":204,"tagline":205},"Neo-Pop and Its Pop Art Origins","Learn the history of one of contemporary art’s most popular styles and be introduced to some of the movement’s greatest players.",[207,316],{"id":208,"data":209,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":211},"70202363-2fd0-44f2-ba35-7ee760ad262b",{"type":26,"title":210},"Introduction to Neo-Pop Art",[212,243,268,293],{"id":213,"data":214,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":218},"5aad945c-04b0-4eda-82fa-d0a14e683afe",{"type":25,"title":215,"markdownContent":216,"audioMediaId":217},"Introduction","**Pop art** and its contemporary counterpart **Neo-Pop** both originate from the artistic inclination to draw inspiration from popular culture and to eschew traditional – some may say ‘elitist’ – definitions of art.\n\n**Pop art began as a modern art movement in the 1950s that utilized the imagery, styles and themes of popular, everyday culture**. In particular, pop artists draw inspiration from the recognizable imagery of commercial art, the mass media and popular entertainment such as comic books. Pop art can often be recognized by its bright colors and bold, distinct lines. \n\nAlthough the word ‘pop’ comes from the word ‘popular’, it doesn’t necessarily mean that pop artists set out to create popular pieces of art. Instead, they draw from popular culture and commercialism, often to offer a critique or commentary on these styles. \n\n ![Graph](image://84162d90-0300-4886-969f-b539ff99a7bc \"An example of pop art from Karen Arnold\")\n\n","4c0f4c9c-0edd-46b7-8f7d-fdf3a4254e72",[219,228,236],{"id":220,"data":221,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"1ce81aff-f1be-48b6-b192-877c7fb47248",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":222,"binaryCorrect":224,"binaryIncorrect":226},[223],"The 'pop' in Pop Art means artists:",[225],"Draw from popular culture",[227],"Want to create popular art",{"id":229,"data":230,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"279b1d23-43c2-4fd4-a08b-bedd36cb832a",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":231,"activeRecallAnswers":233},[232],"What 2 things do Pop Art and Neo-Pop Art have in common?",[234,235],"They draw inspiration from popular culture","They reject 'elitist' definitions of art",{"id":237,"data":238,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"9f6efb16-1d00-4123-93d9-2b9a8b681945",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":239,"activeRecallAnswers":241},[240],"Pop Art began in what decade?",[242],"1950s",{"id":244,"data":245,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":249},"36a42118-8908-4748-b226-dbccbe753db1",{"type":25,"title":246,"markdownContent":247,"audioMediaId":248},"Neo-Pop Art’s History","**Neo-Pop**, sometimes called ‘Post-Pop,’ is a style that emerged in the 1980s and 90s, inspired by the Pop Art movement of the 1950s. The term ‘Pop Art’ was first coined by the British curator **Lawrence Alloway** in 1955. Alloway was looking for a way to describe this emerging artistic style.\n\n ![Graph](image://7da319cb-a92f-417f-8b2e-6259c99675c3 \"Roy Lichtenstein - Interior with Waterlilies\")\n\nPop Art began to ‘pop up’ in both London and New York City around the same time, partly in response to Abstract Expressionism, and inspired by previous movements, including Dadaism and Cubism. Notable Pop artists of this emerging genre in the 1950s and 60s include **Roy Lichtenstein, Andy Warhol, and Robert Rauschenberg**. These artists and others would serve as inspiration for the Neo-Pop movement at the end of the century.\n\n ![Graph](image://00fd050e-cf99-443c-931f-59e269c46864 \"Roy Lichtenstein 'Crying Girl'\")","724943d4-d62c-4ac4-a853-58410ce03017",[250,261],{"id":251,"data":252,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"20b52f31-1358-4e85-8b60-e993aa3ab235",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":253,"multiChoiceCorrect":255,"multiChoiceIncorrect":257},[254],"Which of these wasn't a notable Pop artist in the 50s and 60s?",[256],"Modigliani",[258,259,260],"Lichtenstein","Warhol","Rauschenberg",{"id":262,"data":263,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"c56c1d00-1c8f-4aa0-9493-0315822e2262",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":264,"activeRecallAnswers":266},[265],"Neo-Pop, sometimes called “Post-Pop,” emerged in what decades?",[267],"1980s and 1990s",{"id":269,"data":270,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":274},"1809745d-a887-4b10-932c-f33888eedf98",{"type":25,"title":271,"markdownContent":272,"audioMediaId":273},"What is Neo-Pop?","**Neo-Pop is the resurgence of Pop Art styles and ideas beginning in the 1980’s**, and developed in response to 70s minimalism. It draws on the vibrant and bold styles of Pop Art, as well as pulling inspiration from similar areas of life including celebrities, popular culture, and advertisements. Also similar to the original Pop Art movement, Neo-Pop uses the style of the dominant culture, and capitalism/commercialism in particular, in order to critique, question, and present irony.\n\nBecause Neo-Pop emerged as a desire to return to Pop Art, the two movements have very many similarities. In fact, there are even artists, such as **Claes Oldenburg**, whose works span the two. The greatest contrasting factors between Pop Art to Neo-Pop are the decades in which the works are created, the content matter (based on contemporary popular culture), and a greater number of sculptural and 3-dimensional pieces in Neo-Pop.\n\n ![Graph](image://bf562dfd-8c78-4ce2-8e1f-e379aa8f2484 \"An example of Neo-Pop art in Brazil by Romero Britto\")\n\n","f636b755-c0df-46ea-8831-07c5f43b3c50",[275,284],{"id":276,"data":277,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"0245b412-5a29-4344-85b0-eff35cafa1a2",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":278,"activeRecallAnswers":280},[279],"What are the 3 main differences between Pop Art and Neo-Pop Art?",[281,282,283],"Time period","Content matter","Neo-Pop had more sculpture and 3D pieces",{"id":285,"data":286,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"05b8a578-2ad4-48d5-826c-9b36489c49ab",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":287,"binaryCorrect":289,"binaryIncorrect":291},[288],"Neo-Pop was a response to what movement?",[290],"Minimalism",[292],"Baroque",{"id":294,"data":295,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":299},"058cc48f-dab4-40f4-9804-ff234606827c",{"type":25,"title":296,"markdownContent":297,"audioMediaId":298},"Defining Characteristics of Neo-Pop","**Neo-Pop is most often recognizable because of its bright colors, high contrast, clean lines, and use of popular media**. It is uncommon to see visible brushstrokes, shading, or the use of natural or muted colors in Neo-Pop art. Whether it is intentionally designed to appeal to viewers or it is a byproduct of its reference material, Neo-Pop art is appealing to many viewers. Its designs are described as fun and youthful, but can also be garish or childish.\n\n ![Graph](image://f56d1843-4ddb-474c-b851-5b006e8f065a \"Takashi Murakami - An Homage to Monogold, 1960 B\")\n\nIn addition to Pop-Art, **Neo-Pop draws distinctly from Dada’s use of ‘readymades’ and found objects**. This genre of art uses pre-fabricated objects – sometimes altered, sometimes not – to communicate a message. This type of art is quite controversial and invites many questions about the limitations of what can be defined as art; however, it is generally accepted by the artistic community, and examples can now be found in museums around the globe. \n\n ![Graph](image://fa48ec65-a8f2-4259-9d87-dedd32a7f7c4 \"Marcel Duchamp 'Fountain'\")\n\n\n","2f9a34b7-40f5-43e5-93fe-979b8095366e",[300,309],{"id":301,"data":302,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"34f254f8-5de7-411b-b24a-30a1c0b2693c",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":303,"binaryCorrect":305,"binaryIncorrect":307},[304],"Which describes Neo-Pop Art better?",[306],"Bright lines, high contrast, use of popular media",[308],"Visible brushstrokes, dull colours",{"id":310,"data":311,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"3f3488f9-3867-42b4-9368-7e30810a4e4f",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":312,"clozeWords":314},[313],"Neo-Pop art often uses pre-fabricated objects to communicate a message, which can be controversial.",[315],"pre-fabricated",{"id":317,"data":318,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":320},"aa6869b1-70b7-4858-b663-c834f671b8d8",{"type":26,"title":319},"Prominent Neo-Pop Artists",[321,335,359,389,410],{"id":322,"data":323,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":327},"70c51a8c-25e4-4609-aff1-9f807e73db95",{"type":25,"title":324,"markdownContent":325,"audioMediaId":326},"Neo-Pop Artist: Yayoi Kusama"," ![Graph](image://6e9813ea-2fc7-411f-aaea-e7e3f6753d66 \"Yayoi Kusama 'Infinity Mirrors'\")\n\n**Yayoi Kusama** is one of the most famous Neo-Pop Artists today. The international tour of her exhibit Infinity Mirrors sold out at every stop, and some blame the rise of ‘insta-worthy’ immersive experiences like selfie museums on the exhibit’s success.\n\n ![Graph](image://f8da27bc-3230-4f7b-a19c-dc4a70e20c67 \"Yayoi Kusama\")\n\nKusama is a Japanese contemporary artist who is best known for her **installations and sculptures**, but also works in paint, video, fashion, and more. Kusama first emerged on the art scene in the 1960s as a Pop artist, and her work continues to be wildly popular today.\n\nKusama’s style is defined by its **bright, playful colors** and an abundance of **polka dots**. She also experiments with scale and the repetition of images caused by mirrors. Although Kusama’s art is fun and exudes a childlike wonder, Kusama has also been open about her battle with mental illness and the role her art plays in the daily fight.\n","6769afb7-e821-4073-ae38-589a355b2282",[328],{"id":329,"data":330,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"815a6d97-7293-4f2a-8aca-b40c7c9d6448",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":331,"activeRecallAnswers":333},[332],"What's the name of a Japanese Neo-Pop artist, famous for her use of polka dots?",[334],"Yayoi Kusama",{"id":336,"data":337,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":341},"3cfc22a5-7fb2-43b5-8f2c-0f109a947b31",{"type":25,"title":338,"markdownContent":339,"audioMediaId":340},"Neo-Pop Artist: Takashi Murakami"," ![Graph](image://7b33bf36-9f02-4953-9237-622489e69f4f \"Takashi Murakami 'Flower Bubble'\")\n\n**Takashi Murakami** is another contemporary Japanese artist. Born in 1962, Takashi Murakami (not to be confused with the writer Haruki Murakami) draws influence from both traditional and contemporary Japanese culture. **Murakami defines his style as ‘superflat’**. Referencing historic Japanese art, as well as manga and anime, Murakami emphasizes surface and flat planes of color, which he differentiates from the 3-dimensional style of Western art.\n\n ![Graph](image://0be1fca1-743f-4eff-ae5e-1cd210e40040 \"Takashi Murakami (right)\")\n\nThrough his work, **Murakami transcends the boundaries between high and low culture** – it is another element of his ‘superflat’ theory that these delineations are false. He produces paintings and sculptures (traditionally considered fine art), as well as commercial works in fashion, animation, and merchandise, and he has collaborated with world-famous designers and musicians.\n\nNotable characteristics of Murakami’s art include colorful, smiling flowers presented in repetition, and cartoonish figures with large teeth or other violent features that are designed to appeal to and repel viewers simultaneously.\n\n\n","002594e6-e26f-4cf1-9b30-2fd2fb2b1f38",[342,350],{"id":343,"data":344,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"45e9a853-9793-452a-81ea-2f326bb7ffc9",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":345,"clozeWords":347},[346],"Notable characteristics of Murakami’s art include colorful, smiling flowers presented in repetition, and cartoonish figures with large teeth.",[348,349],"Murakami’s","smiling flowers",{"id":351,"data":352,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"d9051ee0-81d0-44e4-a4dd-a43303585d19",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":353,"binaryCorrect":355,"binaryIncorrect":357},[354],"Which Japanese artist defines their style as \"superflat\"?",[356],"Murakami",[358],"Kusama",{"id":360,"data":361,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":365},"8ab3b793-e8c5-45fa-8368-c68bf54c3338",{"type":25,"title":362,"markdownContent":363,"audioMediaId":364},"Neo-Pop Artist: Damien Hirst"," ![Graph](image://1fc5e976-ea2f-47c4-ba1c-7ac599d872bc \"Damien Hirst 'The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living'\")\n\n**Damien Hirst** dominated the art scene in the 1990s as a member of the group referred to as the Young British Artists (YBA). The YBA are formally trained but eschew Classic styles and compositions, turning instead to readymades and found art paired with shock tactics. They are described by Artforum as “both oppositional and entrepreneurial.” This is certainly true of Hirst, who is currently the UK’s richest living artist.\n\nDeath is a central theme in Hirst’s work. It takes two main forms: the first of which is the use of preserved animal carcasses, often suspended in **formaldehyde**. The second is his use of brightly-colored pills and other drug paraphernalia. He utilized both the image of these items and the objects themselves. Hirst’s most famous work is arguably _The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living_, which features a tiger shark suspended in formaldehyde.","f46b0a72-1c79-4a14-bf99-2e7de719a203",[366,373,381],{"id":367,"data":368,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"854d312e-6c50-47df-b4fc-72b7d154c75e",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":369,"activeRecallAnswers":371},[370],"What was the name of the group Damien Hirst was an influential member of?",[372],"The YBA (Young British Artists)",{"id":374,"data":375,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"a6d49070-c410-427f-b9f2-5902bd9350f1",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":376,"clozeWords":378},[377],"Hirst's most iconic piece, The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living, features a shark suspended in formaldehyde.",[379,380],"shark","formaldehyde",{"id":382,"data":383,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"ab7016bf-c670-4923-8dc3-641c1496bc46",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":384,"binaryCorrect":386,"binaryIncorrect":388},[385],"What is the name of the wealthiest living artist in the UK?",[387],"Damien Hirst",[334],{"id":390,"data":391,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":395},"9b23944f-a437-420a-ab23-4e001118e1d1",{"type":25,"title":392,"markdownContent":393,"audioMediaId":394},"Neo-Pop Artist: Jeff Koons"," ![Graph](image://d03d1404-d02a-43f0-87c8-5e4c413fb69f \"Jeff Koons 'Balloon Dog'\")\n\n**Jeff Koons** is another entrepreneurial artist and two of his works hold records for being the first and third highest-priced pieces by a living artist ever to be sold. Born in 1955, Koons is an American artist working and residing in both New York City and York, PA.\n\nKoons is well known for his larger-than-life stainless steel balloon animals featuring mirror-smooth surfaces. His most notable works are _Balloon Dog_ (Orange) and _Rabbit_.\n\nDespite Koons’ popularity, he has also come under much criticism. He has stated that **there are no secondary meanings to his work, nor are they created with any intention of critique or social commentary**. Pairing this lack of depth with his large amount of financial success has turned some members of the art world against him. Additionally, some of Koons’ works are completed by teams of staff, not Koons himself, which has also drawn criticism. ","e1132c2f-e5ba-44a9-847a-49f40cecb382",[396,403],{"id":397,"data":398,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"5d09cdf6-f9ca-41b9-8308-5e8c3461798a",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":399,"activeRecallAnswers":401},[400],"Why is Jeff Koons a controversial artist?",[402],"The 'lack of depth' in his sculptures coupled with his financial success",{"id":404,"data":405,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"d4e383fa-d2ab-4cbf-99e6-f64cc76d9d51",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":406,"activeRecallAnswers":408},[407],"What sculptures is the American artist, Jeff Koons, most known for?",[409],"Large, metal balloon animals with mirror-smooth surfaces",{"id":411,"data":412,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":416},"00f3b240-019a-41c4-ac22-f673230a31c7",{"type":25,"title":413,"markdownContent":414,"audioMediaId":415},"Neo-Pop Artist: Keith Haring"," ![Graph](image://d32563f4-0f8f-4e5a-a0b1-33919fc3a448 \"Keith Haring\")\n\n**Keith Haring**, who died in 1990 of complications from AIDS, emerged as an artist amidst New York City’s graffiti subculture of the 1980s. What began with spontaneous drawings of people, animals and other stylized images done on blank advertising spaces in New York subways has now become one of the most recognizable art styles in the world. Haring’s work later took on more intentional themes, most notably advocating for safe sex, homosexuality and AIDs awareness. In 1986, Haring opened the first of his Pop Shops with a desire to make his art accessible to a wide audience.\n\nKeith Haring’s distinct style is often instantly identifiable. Its **simplicity, flat, bold coloring and heavy, clean lines are partnered with a sense of movement that results in dynamic and energetic images**. Although Haring began his career as part of the graffiti movement, his style has little in common with general graffiti aesthetics.\n\n ![Graph](image://85136831-dd29-4ef0-af1c-2c9e8bea00c9 \"Keith Haring 'Ignorance = Fear'\")\n","2938ba01-e3c2-454e-a21c-fbc2d5285bc0",[417],{"id":418,"data":419,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"800ee053-c401-41a2-92b3-679c9fd7d199",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":420,"clozeWords":422},[421],"Keith Haring emerged as an artist in New York City’s graffiti subculture in the 1980s.",[423,70],"graffiti",{"id":425,"data":426,"type":28,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"orbs":429},"ae2fcf9f-7d75-4dbb-8dc6-6fb926f1beca",{"type":28,"title":427,"tagline":428},"Come and Gone: Performance & Process Art","Discover more about these impermanent forms and their popularity in contemporary artistry.",[430,513,568],{"id":431,"data":432,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":434},"79719878-0f07-4160-960e-25a1896ce845",{"type":26,"title":433},"Introduction to Performance and Process Art",[435,459,473,498],{"id":436,"data":437,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":440},"6e76e084-ce61-4b24-b056-fac6ab0225ca",{"type":25,"title":215,"markdownContent":438,"audioMediaId":439},"**Process Art & Performance Art** are two genres that emerged in their current forms in the 1960s and continue to be popular today. \n\nWhile some of the style and theory behind these two art types have evolved, the art itself continues to be made. It’s important to note that Process and Performance represent new ways of creating art; **they are not artistic movements** with cohesive styles and philosophies.\n\nBoth Process and Performance Art are ephemeral. The art is, by and large, not designed to last. Instead, it’s made to exist for an amount of time and then end or otherwise become completed. \n\nThe life-cycle of a piece varies and is sometimes defined, sometimes undefined. The artifacts that are left, whether it is a video, photograph or a painting, are not the art itself but records of a piece of art that has already come and gone.\n\n ![Graph](image://44c2c542-4b4f-4e1b-8075-2e6023803a46 \"Yoko Ono performing in a piece of performance art entitled _Cut Piece_ in 2003\")\n\n","59eb2f50-fc8a-47f4-979a-ebc805cdba6c",[441,450],{"id":442,"data":443,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"52f3d136-ad1f-4f98-9a54-13986995a0d0",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":444,"binaryCorrect":446,"binaryIncorrect":448},[445],"What best describes Process and Performance Art?",[447],"HOW the art is created",[449],"WHERE the art is created",{"id":451,"data":452,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"98c98df8-3893-4b4c-acf1-683af056b326",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":453,"binaryCorrect":455,"binaryIncorrect":457},[454],"Process and Performance Art can be described as ephemeral: what does that mean?",[456],"It doesn't last",[458],"It doesn't have mass appeal",{"id":460,"data":461,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":465},"36e8e90c-b78a-4ef8-8a44-fdc2ae922aab",{"type":25,"title":462,"markdownContent":463,"audioMediaId":464},"Performance Art: Definition & History","**Performance Art is an experimental art form that arose in Europe and the United States in the 1960s**, though its origins can be traced all the way back to 1910s’ dada cabarets. The defining feature of Performance is its **live** nature. Often artists communicate directly with the audience, though they may also make themselves or others only available for viewing, or the artist may perform the art privately and record it.\n\n ![Graph](image://23414079-b877-4a4e-99ff-f86036423227 \"A photograph of Märta Brogren in a Dada Cabaret in about 1910\")\n\nDetermining whether or not something is Performance Art can be difficult, and it often comes down to the intent of the creator. Performance Art is a narrow field of artistic creation that does not include every type of performance. Instead, Performance Art is “a set of questions and concerns about how art relates to people and the wider social world,” according to art theorist **Jonah Westerman**. It is often shocking, unnerving, or avante-garde. \n\n","181e3695-106b-47b2-8a12-a740426721cd",[466],{"id":467,"data":468,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"eaaa62c6-bfa7-494c-b275-6a08cadb3d82",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":469,"clozeWords":471},[470],"The defining feature of Performance Art is its live nature.",[472],"live nature",{"id":474,"data":475,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":479},"8fa473d1-ae27-4daf-b8ff-fa7bcfa14f17",{"type":25,"title":476,"markdownContent":477,"audioMediaId":478},"Process Art"," ![Graph](image://04beb16b-e85a-472f-bf86-26e7d625b31a \"Jackson Pollock 'Convergence'\")\n\n**Process Art distinguishes itself from Performance through its emphasis on the creative process**. Where Performance takes the world-at-large as its subject matter, Process’ central focus is on art and **how** it is made. Therefore, process art is defined as an art style in which the process of creation is made to be a prominent aspect of the completed work.\n\nBecause of its emphasis on art as a subject, finished works that come from process art are a larger part of the holistic art experience, compared to performance. **Process artists often endeavor to communicate the process of artistic creation through the finished piece** – sometimes by leaving elements unfinished.\n \nThe birth of Process Art is most often attributed to **Jackson Pollock** and his abstract expressionist works of the 1960s and 70s. The layers of dripped and poured paints in Pollock’s work allow the viewer to envision the artistic process.\n\n","897b0b51-ada2-4333-9ebb-8e6d6754e8fc",[480,490],{"id":481,"data":482,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"aff2a9a8-c970-4f6f-a173-eaab7e56b277",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":483,"multiChoiceCorrect":485,"multiChoiceIncorrect":487},[484],"Which of these is considered an exponent of Process Art?",[486],"Jackson Pollock",[488,489,334],"Jeff Koons","Keith Haring",{"id":491,"data":492,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"bddd312d-ebce-4d49-8050-cf262c6a240a",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":493,"binaryCorrect":495,"binaryIncorrect":496},[494],"Which type of art could be described as emphasising the creative process and how it's made?",[476],[497],"Performance Art",{"id":499,"data":500,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":504},"969b0a7e-3127-4913-b12c-cd925351d347",{"type":25,"title":501,"markdownContent":502,"audioMediaId":503},"Origins in Post-Minimalism"," ![Graph](image://b5ec3249-d90f-45fb-a69a-7bba5a6cbc6b \"Eva Hesse - Ennead\")\n\n**Post-minimalism is a term coined by Robert Pincus-Witten to describe the artistic reaction against popular 1960s and 70s Minimalism**. Post-minimalism (not to be confused with Maximalism), emphasizes **process, expression, nontraditional materials**, and “the **demystification of the artistic process** through an element of chance.” Contemporary versions of Process and Performance Art, as well as the related fields of **Body Art, Site-Specific Art, and Concept Art** were all born from post-minimalism (although the creation of genres such as Performance Art can be traced farther back).\n\nThe 1966 artist showcase **Eccentric Abstraction** was a key moment in the development of post-minimalism and its subsequent influence on other genres. It featured works from 9 different artists, and emphasized the use of tactile, often organic materials in soft, flowing forms. Also in contrast to Minimalism, which stated that a piece of art “is what it is,” post-minimalism invites the multiplicity of interpretation.\n\n ![Graph](image://30aa29d3-c29b-4131-a5a4-28cb9a1f6b09 \"Robert Ryman 'Untitled'\")","39603850-e31d-477c-9de7-3d672ae1ce1c",[505],{"id":506,"data":507,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"ec0a46a3-79bb-44c6-bfa8-5db9199b8438",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":508,"binaryCorrect":510,"binaryIncorrect":512},[509],"Which movement would invite different interpretations of a work and reject a “it is what it is” view?",[511],"Post-minimalism",[290],{"id":514,"data":515,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":517},"01dd3bfc-9eb8-4941-9c8a-70905e12b7f5",{"type":26,"title":516},"Explorations in Endurance and Body Art",[518,538,552],{"id":519,"data":520,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":524},"a50992cc-05df-4333-8799-e87ef775acc8",{"type":25,"title":521,"markdownContent":522,"audioMediaId":523},"Endurance Art","**Endurance Art** is a particular type of performance art that includes an artist or artists undergoing **some form of hardship**. **Pain, solitude, starvation, and exhaustion** are some of the discomforts artists have chosen to endure as part of their work. Depending on the type of action involved, a piece of Endurance Art can last anywhere from hours to years. Particularly long types of Endurance Art are also called durational art or durational performances.\n\nOne of the earliest performance artists was **Chris Burden** who, for different works, lived for 22 days in an art gallery (1972), was confined to a locker for 5 days (1971), and shot himself (1971).\n\n**Benjamin Bennett**’s _Sitting and Smiling_ is an ongoing work of Endurance Art that began in 2014. In it, Bennett records himself sitting on the floor and smiling at the camera in four-hour installments that he uploads to YouTube weekly.\n\n\n ![Graph](image://68dc3e9c-849a-48ef-9511-bad88b3438fa \"Benjamin Bennett 'Sitting and Smiling 300'\")\n\n","b7218854-c2ab-441a-aea2-b7ef24ce3bf5",[525,531],{"id":526,"data":527,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"67687543-1ab8-47a0-8c3b-7caaa8622d7a",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":528,"clozeWords":530},[529],"Endurance Art is a type of performance art that includes an artist or artists suffering, such as pain or starvation.",[521],{"id":532,"data":533,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"8065c164-a514-4b4c-a3c8-c92bdd29e71c",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":534,"activeRecallAnswers":536},[535],"Describe Benjamin Bennett’s most famous Durational Performance",[537],"He records himself sitting on the floor and smiling at the camera for hours.",{"id":539,"data":540,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":544},"093d8e60-d861-4a2e-8044-68e52f7b4b04",{"type":25,"title":541,"markdownContent":542,"audioMediaId":543},"Body Art","![Graph](image://64fe042c-7239-413f-b1d0-bc0f2c1a91ea \"Yves Klein 'Anthropometry'\")\n\n**Body Art** is a subgenre of both Process or Performance Art in which a work of art consists of or is **created on or with a human body**. Body painting and molding, as well as tattoos, piercings, and scarification, may all be included in Body Art. **A work of Body Art may also be Performance, Process, or Endurance Art**, or it can include elements of multiple genres.\n\n**Yves Klein**’s series of paintings in a style he invented and called anthropometry is an early example of Body Art. In it Klein directed models covered in blue paint to press their bodies against sheets of plain gauze, leaving behind the imprint of bodies’ forms and motions. While much of Body Art uses the body as a canvas, Klein in contrast used the bodies of his subjects as “living brushes” drawing attention to the process of artistic creation.\n\n ![Graph](image://814a8435-9164-440c-8284-20923f3c0379 \"Yves Klein - Untitled Anthopometry (ANT 132)\")","6f570f07-672d-4b65-b384-7fe59bc77852",[545],{"id":546,"data":547,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"5eb7ddfb-3656-4402-9973-21be235a9e23",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":548,"activeRecallAnswers":550},[549],"Which exponent of Body Art famously used his subjects' bodies as 'living brushes'?",[551],"Yves Klein. \n\nHe had models covered in blue paint press their bodies against gauze, leaving imprints of their bodies.",{"id":553,"data":554,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":558},"aaecaf3e-9f55-415e-aaff-6c38899f5357",{"type":25,"title":555,"markdownContent":556,"audioMediaId":557},"Land Art ","**Land Art** is a type of Site-Specific Art in which a work is **created to exist in a particular place.** While Site-Specific Art may be designed to be permanent and/or static, the nature of Land Art includes an inherent element of process. Land Art, which is also known as Earth Art, environmental art, and Earthworks, first came to prominence in the 1960s and 70s.\n\nThis genre utilizes natural materials including soil, rocks, vegetation and water and often relies on natural changes such as weather, tides, and seasons to bring the piece of art to completion. Likewise, **Land Art is usually created far from population centers but will then be photographed or filmed for audiences to view in a gallery or public space**. Land Art often deals with themes such as the rejection of commercialism or urban living and embraces the rural and ecological.\n\n ![Graph](image://169b995a-f47d-4529-9971-55339aedeb0f \"Robert Smithson 'Spiral Jetty'\")\n\n","512c63ee-d48e-468f-bdb3-a74811353ce3",[559],{"id":560,"data":561,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"8c4fbbd5-ad53-444b-8662-5b70f3cba4ba",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":562,"binaryCorrect":564,"binaryIncorrect":566},[563],"What site-specific type of art would typically deal with embracing the rural and ecological facets of life?",[565],"Land Art",[567],"Found Art",{"id":569,"data":570,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":572},"ba1801ea-148a-4fcf-b275-a35876ffd3f0",{"type":26,"title":571},"Fluxus and Avant-Garde Movements",[573,586,608,638],{"id":574,"data":575,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":579},"64cadd7b-4a25-4d73-b26c-5471d8e11fb1",{"type":25,"title":576,"markdownContent":577,"audioMediaId":578},"Fluxus","**Fluxus** was an important avant-garde art movement of the 1960s that paved the way for many artists and movements to follow. Although Fluxus itself was short-lived, it left an important mark on the world of Contemporary Art. **The Fluxus movement came out of Western Europe and then spread across European cities and to New York**, which ultimately became the hub of its influence.\n\nFluxus focuses on **collaboration, experimentation and process,** and it rejects conventional art. The name Fluxus means ‘to flow,’ and fluidity and boundlessness are at the center of the movement. Fluxus artists often worked together across mediums to create installations and organize artistic events that would include a variety of ideas and media. Fluxus has been described as “the most radical and experimental art movement of the sixties.” The 1963 Fluxus Manifesto is a key piece of Fluxus art.\n\n ![Graph](image://1bef0cbf-7259-4ae0-9b39-24b458de2f20 \"The Fluxus Manifesto\")\n\n","4a547c2b-f2a1-4127-83ca-9e613ba24ab7",[580],{"id":581,"data":582,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"324ca279-de07-43c6-83b9-643899312fd9",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":583,"activeRecallAnswers":585},[584],"What was the name of the fluid, boundless Performance Art movement whose name means 'to flow'?",[576],{"id":587,"data":588,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":592},"7640064b-26ea-4565-9b0c-b6f8a733d55d",{"type":25,"title":589,"markdownContent":590,"audioMediaId":591},"Performance Artist: Marina Abramović"," ![Graph](image://9d4aaef5-db81-48d5-9a57-43eb07953ded \"The Artist is Preset, at the Museum of Modern Art in 2010\")\n\n**Marina Abramović** is one of the highest-regarded performance artists alive today. She is a Serbian artist known for her **high-risk and endurance art pieces**. In her performance pieces, Abramović literally confronts **discomfort, pain, and even her own mortality**. Often her Performance Art intersects with Body Art, exploring themes of sexuality, autobiography, and the relationship between audience and artist. Abramović’s endurance works are so intense that she began a boot camp in 2012 to train artists that would perform with her.\n\nArguably Abramović’s most famous performance work is _Rhythm 0_, which occurred in 1974. The audience was invited to choose from a variety of objects – from perfume, honey, and wine to a thorny rose, a knife, and even a loaded pistol – and to apply the object to Abramović’s body. The performance ended when a viewer held the pistol to the artist’s head, and a physical altercation between participants broke out.\n\nIn 2010 Abramović performed _The Artist is Present_ in which she sat at a table, engaging in direct eye contact with over 1,500 viewers.\n\n ![Graph](image://bff353d3-9c1b-46e3-93d4-c9310f923bc5 \"Marina Abramović\")","f905ac81-38f0-49aa-acf2-74242d683dfd",[593,601],{"id":594,"data":595,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"895cd77f-3778-48cf-9904-c26beb87259f",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":596,"activeRecallAnswers":598},[597],"What's the name of Marina Abramović most famous piece? What did it entail?",[599,600],"Rhythm 0","Participants applied objects such as honey and even a loaded pistol to Marina's body (the latter resulting in an altercation)",{"id":602,"data":603,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"f90b4f18-f500-4e33-bcf2-687ac3615972",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":604,"activeRecallAnswers":606},[605],"What is the Performance Artist Marina Abramović famous for? ",[607],"High-risk and endurance pieces",{"id":609,"data":610,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":614},"781b8a36-aee3-4f6b-bbdc-7a21be7fffe4",{"type":25,"title":611,"markdownContent":612,"audioMediaId":613},"Activist Artist: Ai Weiwei","![Graph](image://5951b76c-561c-4702-8b11-6fd1cf883ed5 \"Ai Weiwei ‘Dropping a Han Dynasty Urn’\")\n\n**Ai Weiwei** is a Chinese documentarian and visual artist whose work is grounded in activism, particularly in opposition to the Chinese Government. His art has been foundational for the development of Chinese modernism, and he is often referred to as China’s most famous artist.\n\nAi Weiwei brings his different artistic pursuits together, blending **installation, performance, video, and photography**. His 1995 performance _Dropping a Han Dynasty Urn_ and the three still-frame photos that captured the event are some of his most notable works. He also works in statuary and wood carving.\n\nAi Weiwei grew up in exile with his father, a famous Chinese poet. The harsh conditions of his upbringing led him to be openly critical of the Chinese government, focusing on democracy and human rights. In 2011, Ai Weiwei was arrested and held without charge for 81 days before being released.\n\n ![Graph](image://f3f7658c-4125-4982-b6c4-a5436c63551c \"Ai Weiwei\")","11ba14b8-aaf2-4c6d-af93-e94a958bf8d2",[615,622,630],{"id":616,"data":617,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"06129766-ad9a-4355-8d32-4789770cd8a0",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":618,"activeRecallAnswers":620},[619],"Describe Ai Weiwei's master work, Dropping a Han Dynasty Urn",[621],"It's composed of 3 still frame shots of the artist destroying an antique urn",{"id":623,"data":624,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"0d699767-32cf-4246-be85-9ea8873817c8",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":625,"activeRecallAnswers":627},[626],"Where is the activist artist Ai Weiwei from? What does his work typically oppose?",[628,629],"China","The Chinese government",{"id":631,"data":632,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"40831a75-29a7-4b9f-8f62-fd086df5b8a9",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":633,"clozeWords":635},[634],"In 2011, Ai Weiwei was arrested and held without charge for 81 days before being released.",[636,637],"arrested and held without charge","released",{"id":639,"data":640,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":644},"33f98fd8-b42c-47f7-84a9-1db64d5fc96b",{"type":25,"title":641,"markdownContent":642,"audioMediaId":643},"Site-Specific Artists: Christo & Jeanne-Claude"," ![Graph](image://72f24dd6-af82-4271-bdba-7328809a244d \"Christo - L'Arc de Triomphe, Wrapped\")\n\n**‘Christo and Jeanne Claude’** is the collective name of artistic partners known for their **large-scale environmental installations**. The two met and married in Paris, working first under the name Christo, before later becoming Christo and Jeanne-Claude. Christo continued the pair’s work after Jeanne-Claude’s death in 2009. Christo died in 2020, and their work _L’Arc de Triomphe, Wrapped_ was presented posthumously in 2021.\n\nChristo and Jeanne Claude are best known for their series of monumental wrappings. Their work is notable for its scale and use of fabrics; the wrappings were also quite controversial and often took decades of planning and political negotiating.\n\nThough Christo and Jeanne-Claude’s monument wrappings took years to plan, they were often in place only for a few days. In addition to themes of joy, beauty, and new perspectives on the familiar, the couple considered the complexity of the planning as an integral part of their artwork.\n\n ![Graph](image://f05853e2-44ca-4f03-8fdd-6cfb30b87fc6 \"A photograph of wrapped trees by Christo and Jeanne-Claude\")","657afd04-fa5c-408e-9bd9-c16c3267f555",[645,653],{"id":646,"data":647,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"244f1ca3-b678-4628-a366-6f70b482196d",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":648,"activeRecallAnswers":650},[649],"What famous monument did Christo 'wrap'? In what French city?",[651,652],"L’Arc de Triomphe","Paris",{"id":654,"data":655,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"b03e5aad-8dbe-4762-929a-91634172ca03",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":656,"binaryCorrect":658,"binaryIncorrect":660},[657],"The site-specific artists Christo & Jeanne-Claude work under what collective name?",[659],"Christo",[576],{"id":662,"data":663,"type":28,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"orbs":666},"032f42a3-b546-4da2-a668-008d935fa26b",{"type":28,"title":664,"tagline":665},"Art in 3D: Installation Art & Sculpture","Find out more about Installation Art and Sculpture, and subgenres Found Object, Large-Scale, and Non-Representational Sculpture, plus learn about some of the movement’s key creators.",[667,714,766],{"id":668,"data":669,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":671},"91a6e7b8-8a19-4183-a270-a9953d1901ba",{"type":26,"title":670},"Introduction to Installation Art",[672,677,698],{"id":673,"data":674,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25},"84b54f04-06df-41b5-a00f-29030cccda4f",{"type":25,"title":215,"markdownContent":675,"audioMediaId":676},"\n ![Graph](image://6d3f3e99-4b8e-4455-8ca9-8d0c0b8df145 \"A walkway over an oil pool by Richard Wilson at the Saatchi Gallery is one of the most famous examples of installation art\")\n\n**Installation Art engulfs the viewer in a three-dimensional experience in a specific space**, evoking a mood or feeling and seeking an emotional commitment. An installation fills an entire designated area and usually incorporates elements from other 3D art forms such as sculpture, Found Objects, and Large Scale. Installation Art pieces may also include **performance, painting, digital media, lights, and film**. Because of this breadth, Installation Art is sometimes produced by a group rather than an individual.\n\nAlthough installations are typically temporary, an increasing number are permanently installed and replicated in a variety of spaces. Installation Art is also venturing away from the gallery and into outdoor, public spaces including parks, gallery gardens and even lakes. Even though individual examples of installations may differ, the central purpose of this genre is to **provide an intense experience for the viewer**, and Installation Art has become one of the most widespread genres of contemporary art.\n\n ![Graph](image://8625000a-7490-4614-9d90-edf6054175c6 \"Fiona Banner - Harrier and Jaguar\")","b9a37437-7bac-45f8-bc20-5aa55d600185",{"id":678,"data":679,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":683},"3297b5f8-bb37-44dd-b814-246515670833",{"type":25,"title":680,"markdownContent":681,"audioMediaId":682},"History of Installation Art","Growing out of Surrealist exhibitions in the 1920s, **Installation Art became an established form in the US by the 1960s**. Perhaps the first example of Installation Art was the Proun Room created by **El Lissitzky** in 1927. Lissitzky transformed his two-dimensional works into an ‘abstracted room’ to capture the transformation he believed the Russian Revolution would bring about. Over the next two decades, **Dada artists also ventured into the realm of three-dimensional, all-encompassing works**, redefining the spaces within the gallery.  For example, in 1943, **Marcel Duchamp** placed A Mile of String throughout the gallery to experiment with how visitors would navigate through it; and in 1957, **Alan Kaprow** filled a gallery space with randomly found objects. \n\nBy the 1960s, the term Installation Art was widely used to describe created environments. The advent of digital technology impacted Installation Art’s capacity for viewer interaction and opened whole new avenues of experience.\n\n ![Graph](image://aaaa8abd-ded8-4072-b607-392406b83685 \"El Lissitzky 'Proun Room'\")\n\n","0a832aa9-d125-424b-b565-a9f0a5888c19",[684,691],{"id":685,"data":686,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"3a6589e3-0965-4687-9a2b-e2f95766b2e4",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":687,"activeRecallAnswers":689},[688],"Which artist famously wove a mile of string throughout a gallery?",[690],"Marcel Duchamp",{"id":692,"data":693,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"748372e0-9cd6-407c-82fc-1766893c4bf9",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":694,"clozeWords":696},[695],"Installation Art grew out of the Surrealist exhibitions in the 1920s,",[697],"Surrealist exhibitions",{"id":699,"data":700,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":704},"95e5e9c8-d5de-4230-83b0-248ee1c1e4ff",{"type":25,"title":701,"markdownContent":702,"audioMediaId":703},"Relationship to Process and Performance Art"," ![Graph](image://a1501d93-674f-4740-8d26-62d5be8fdbc2 \"Ai Weiwei - Sunflower Seeds\")\n\nIn Contemporary Art, genres often overlap. This is particularly true of Installation and its relationship to Process and Performance Art. **Process Art creators focus on making art rather than on the end result, and artists may invite the audience into this experience through installation**. Sculpture is also a popular form of process art.\n\n**Performance Art is also related to Installation Art**. Because it is presented live, its impact is created at the moment, and change and transience are the core themes. Installation Art may include performances, but they are not the point. Likewise, performance may be part of the installation’s experience, but it will not be the whole. In both instances, the audience is often invited to be an active participant in some way. In the end, the distinction lies in the intention of the creator and in the response of the viewer.","5e782482-d08f-42bf-8d84-3b9658e3c9da",[705],{"id":706,"data":707,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"559bdc12-17bb-49be-956e-875fbd08a187",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":708,"binaryCorrect":710,"binaryIncorrect":712},[709],"In both Installation Art and Performance Art, audiences are invited to:",[711],"Be active participants",[713],"Remain outside observers",{"id":715,"data":716,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":718},"5f5c40ee-66bc-4735-9a21-a55d6ac6d500",{"type":26,"title":717},"Exploring Art Forms",[719,734,752],{"id":720,"data":721,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":725},"fe5ab1b7-a64f-4b15-ad1c-eebdb067898a",{"type":25,"title":722,"markdownContent":723,"audioMediaId":724},"Found Object Art and Large Scale Art"," ![Graph](image://baa05c20-ab44-4a6e-a3b5-a18a4512ba80 \"Marc Quinn Infant Sculpture in Singapore\")\n\n**Found Objects or Readymades are a type of sculpture that centers on ordinary objects** – not created by the artist – that are elevated to art by their selection and placement. **Found Object Artists focus on defining art rather than creating it** and push the boundaries of what qualifies as art. Found Objects can stand on their own, but they are also a common aspect of installations. They contribute to the overall experience as they are incorporated into the space and joined to other elements.\n\n**Large-Scale Art is a type of sculpture that took on new popularity and meaning in the first half of the 20th century century**. Starting with **Dadaism**, large-scale sculpture became a popular form in Contemporary Art. In this genre, scale can be used to display power and prestige, dominate the space and impress the viewer, or draw attention to everyday objects or critique bourgeois ideas of importance.\n\n ![Graph](image://26a38e7b-952e-4bbf-895b-c795ccf02952 \"Claes Oldenburg 'Lipstick (Ascending) on Caterpillar Tracks'\")\n\n","2a580e34-d39e-4ab1-aa8e-d6aeaf101a33",[726],{"id":727,"data":728,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"48a51b91-96c6-48c5-9742-9e3d68fe9af5",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":729,"clozeWords":731},[730],"Found Objects or Readymades are a type of sculpture that use ordinary objects not created by the artist.",[732,733],"Found Objects","Readymades",{"id":735,"data":736,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":740},"e84b768d-495e-4eef-ac84-8e8faf5a44f7",{"type":25,"title":737,"markdownContent":738,"audioMediaId":739},"Non-Representational Sculpture"," ![Graph](image://946cf49d-632b-421e-9b51-87df6549c546 \"Joseph Beuys 'The End of the 20th Century'\")\n\n**Non Representational art does not begin with a subject or represent anything specific in the real world**.  Such art is ‘nothing’ (according to the artist) outside of what the artist intends and what the viewer experiences.  _The End of the 20th Century_ by **Joseph Beuys** (1983) is a good example, consisting of 31 basalt rocks distributed across the gallery floor. Each rock has a cylindrical hole stuffed with clay and felt. It doesn’t look like or represent anything.\n\nIn contrast, **Random International**’s _Rain Room_ (2013) is highly representational. Consisting of torrents of rainwater gushing into the room,  it only comes to life when someone enters the space. Visitors can pass through the rain without getting wet due to the motion sensors in the water spouts. The installation quite literally represents rain, so **Installation Art can be either representational or non-representational**, but either way, it calls on the viewer to respond emotionally and intellectually.","e9dbd7b9-fb42-48df-ae01-daf2aa8e0e58",[741],{"id":742,"data":743,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"99196d23-400a-4885-a42a-08a227de31da",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":744,"multiChoiceCorrect":746,"multiChoiceIncorrect":748},[745],"The 31 basalt rocks in Joseph Beuys 1983 piece 'The End of the 20th Century' represent what?",[747],"Nothing",[749,750,751],"The origins of the universe","Man's dominion over nature","The inevitability of death",{"id":753,"data":754,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":758},"0ddfc258-519b-45ca-9a9d-ccbfaa292959",{"type":25,"title":755,"markdownContent":756,"audioMediaId":757},"Sculpture & Installation Artist: Louise Bourgeois"," ![Graph](image://509a227c-fb0c-4d24-84a2-5b32134dfefa \"Louise Bourgeois 'Maman'\")\n\nFrench-American artist **Louise Bourgeois** (1911-2010) was a contemporary sculptor who explored themes of **motherhood, sexuality, fragility, and insecurity**. All Bourgeois’ images are personal and relate to her private experiences going back to childhood. An accomplished painter and printmaker, **Bourgeois transitioned to sculpture because it appealed to her need for concrete stability**. Her radical sensibilities led her to push against the established boundaries of art, and many of her subjects seem harsh and negative, but she says, “I translate hate into love.”\n\n**Bourgeois is perhaps best known for her series of gigantic spider sculptures**, Maman, which are permanently installed in Canada, Japan, Qatar, Russia, South Korea, Spain, the UK and the US. Although they look threatening, Bourgeois contends that they represent both joy and benevolence. The smallest three-dimensional spider was a four-inch brooch, and the largest was 30 feet tall. Most of them are installed outside because of their size.\n\n ![Graph](image://63476ea7-8c2d-42de-84e8-011fc5e708b0 \"Louise Bourgeois Spider Sculpture\")\n\n","7a469372-0dd3-49ad-baa5-19739070891a",[759],{"id":760,"data":761,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"7586fe2b-5ee0-44e9-b91f-3062f5f157f7",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":762,"activeRecallAnswers":764},[763],"Louise Bourgeois's sculpture series 'Maman' depicted what creatures?",[765],"Spiders",{"id":767,"data":768,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":770},"0eba53b4-81ae-4637-80a4-89fcba0e1a14",{"type":26,"title":769},"Notable Installation Artists",[771,793,815,837],{"id":772,"data":773,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":777},"78b0bece-d0b2-4c49-902e-3f80c3a51963",{"type":25,"title":774,"markdownContent":775,"audioMediaId":776},"Installation Artist: Olafur Eliasson"," ![Graph](image://6b85e658-6f9b-452e-b0a0-58a221831c5a \"Olafur Eliasson 'Weather Project'\")\n\nA Danish-Icelandic artist, **Olafur Eliasson** creates fully immersive installations on a grand scale, centered around elemental materials including air temperature, light and water. The terrain of his childhood sparked his early interest in natural materials as sources of art. **Eliasson’s works are complex and call on the expertise of architects and engineers as well as collaborative artists**.\n\nEliasson’s art often plays on and challenges the senses. In his 1996 work, _Your Strange Certainty Still Kept_, a perforated hose and strobe lights gave the impression of droplets of water freezing in mid-air. He played with perceptions of color in _Room for One Colour_ (1997) and _Room for All Colours_ (2002). His most famous work, _The Weather Project_ (2003), was hailed as a milestone in contemporary art. Staged at London’s Tate Modern, this installation perfectly combined technology and art to create a sun rising out of the mist.","1e88663d-63be-4dc2-89ed-2e9845cd43b2",[778,786],{"id":779,"data":780,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"2fdc80af-825a-48ff-83ea-1ae8aed884ee",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":781,"clozeWords":783},[782],"The Danish-Icelandic artist, Olafur Elliasson creates art that often plays on and challenges the senses.",[784,785],"Danish-Icelandic","senses",{"id":787,"data":788,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"61cc68bd-5908-4184-857e-979bb168dce0",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":789,"activeRecallAnswers":791},[790],"What illusion did Eliasson's 2003 piece 'The Weather Project' magically create?",[792],"A sun rising out of the mist",{"id":794,"data":795,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":799},"19a86560-fc8a-49a9-b587-2a165977549a",{"type":25,"title":796,"markdownContent":797,"audioMediaId":798},"Sculpture & Installation Artist: Maurizio Cattalan"," ![Graph](image://38d6afa5-a6f0-4109-899b-fe981a025213 \"Maurizio Cattelan 'America'\")\n\nBorn in Italy into a working-class family, **Maurizio Cattalan** dropped out of school and had no art training. After working at menial jobs, he moved to Milan and ventured into art. In his first work, he created a house of cards from copies of an art magazine, photographed the sculpture, and made a fake magazine cover. He pasted his version on actual copies and sold them to shops and galleries, establishing himself as an artist with a sense of humor and irony.\n\nHe had a very strong fear of failure and escaped from his first solo showing by closing the gallery and putting a “Be back soon” sign on the door. He is best-known for _A Perfect Day_ (1999) where he duct-taped a friend to a gallery wall for two hours, and for _America_ (2016), a solid gold, fully functioning toilet installed in a restroom at the Guggenheim.","5cc6be37-b589-42b6-a7cf-2ce1327e31dc",[800,808],{"id":801,"data":802,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"1421732f-d711-44a3-916b-b3f1f2f91a61",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":803,"activeRecallAnswers":805},[804],"Describe Maurizio Cattalan's 2016 piece 'America'. Where was it displayed?",[806,807],"A solid gold toilet","The Guggenheim",{"id":809,"data":810,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"4c3dc6ad-e08b-44b2-916e-12d3fb6e1fcf",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":811,"activeRecallAnswers":813},[812],"Which artist famously escaped from his first solo showing by closing the gallery and putting a “Be back soon” sign on the door?",[814],"Maurizio Cattalan",{"id":816,"data":817,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":821},"f155adc9-b284-4b94-a709-490931c3cf51",{"type":25,"title":818,"markdownContent":819,"audioMediaId":820},"Glass Sculpture Artist: Dale Chihuly"," ![Graph](image://402e7c30-35d2-4fd2-8570-6e3676cf0951 \"Dale Chihuly 'Fiori di Como'\")\n\nA native of Tacoma, Washington, **Dale Chihuly** is an internationally known glass artist who changed the view of glass as a medium and revolutionized how glass blowing and design are taught. He blew his first glass at age 34 and knew he had discovered his calling. After studying in Venice, he co-founded the **Pilchuck Glass School**, focusing on the communal nature of artistic creation. Working with a team, he has created installations too complex for a single artist, including the largest glass sculpture in the world, Fiori di Como (1970)  in Las Vegas, made of 20,000 tons of hand-blown glass.  He has **400 permanently installed collections** with **permanent exhibitions in 200 museums**.\n\nAlthough much has been written about the meaning of Chihuly's work, he is more focused on light and the possibilities of glass as a medium, fascinated with the breath that creates the work from a substance that is both fragile and permanent.","c75ca5bf-c1cf-4536-be78-09c544f28e09",[822,831],{"id":823,"data":824,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"0fecffc2-e983-4488-9eb6-73e5850ea9ab",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":825,"clozeWords":827},[826],"The largest glass sculpture in the world, Fiori di Como (1970) by Dale Chihuly, was made from 20,000 tons of hand blown-glass.",[828,829,830],"Dale Chihuly","Glass","20,000",{"id":832,"data":833,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"c5120b9e-a7f9-4f69-9625-792673d92320",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":834,"activeRecallAnswers":836},[835],"Dale Chihuly was famous for his work with what medium?",[829],{"id":838,"data":839,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":843},"aa38b989-c304-4737-907b-c4b5e47a9d6e",{"type":25,"title":840,"markdownContent":841,"audioMediaId":842},"Post-Minimal Sculpture Artist: Anish Kapoor"," ![Graph](image://8704700c-5a6b-4037-b390-8b78e0941bcd \"Anish Kapoor - Sky Mirror\")\n\n**Anish Kapoor** is a British-Indian sculptor who specializes in post-minimalist installation art and conceptual art. Kapoor’s art is recognizable by its simplicity of style and use of geometric and organic shapes. He is also known for his experimentation with light, reflection, and void.  \n\nSome of Kapoor’s most famous works include _Sky Mirror_, a 35ft mirror of stainless steel, and Cloud Gate, located in Chicago, IL and more popularly referred to as ‘The Bean.’ Although both of these pieces are permanent objects, their beauty comes not from the items themselves but from the changing nature of what they reflect.\n\nAnish Kapoor is also known for the controversy over his **exclusive licensing of the substance Vantablack**, sometimes called the ‘blackest black.’ Though others have criticized Kapoor for his exclusivity, and one pigment developer created a ‘pinkest pink’ available to everyone but Kapoor, the artist insists the controversy is Performance Art.\n\n ![Graph](image://6045f7e4-3bfb-4984-8946-7a46582ea1ef \"Anish Kapoor 'Cloud Gate'\")\n\n","71d18f0b-61a9-43a6-9da7-b926309051ba",[844,852,859],{"id":845,"data":846,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"14be9099-1a22-4987-8064-63c94ca1dc7f",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":847,"activeRecallAnswers":849},[848],"Kapoor created controversy by acquiring exclusive license over what substance? What is that substance famous for?",[850,851],"Vantablack","It's the 'blackest' substance known to man",{"id":853,"data":854,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"48608ce3-ca44-418e-b22c-54e714ef5f5f",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":855,"activeRecallAnswers":857},[856],"Kapoor’s works 'Cloud Gate' and 'Sky Mirror' play on what property of light?",[858],"Reflection.",{"id":860,"data":861,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"6c74f785-92a8-4d29-97ec-edd879453e3a",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":862,"clozeWords":864},[863],"Anish Kapoor, the British-Indian artist, specializes in post-minimalist installation art and conceptual art.",[865,866],"post-minimalist","conceptual",{"id":868,"data":869,"type":28,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"orbs":872},"f6702902-25d1-4fb9-991d-811c79eca185",{"type":28,"title":870,"tagline":871},"The Changing Focus of Contemporary Photography","Explore the expanding world of Contemporary Photography, and see how changes in the 60s and 70s continue to affect photography today. ",[873,950],{"id":874,"data":875,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":877},"7744943a-9da9-4ab5-bc27-32e8e29943a5",{"type":26,"title":876},"The Evolution of Photography",[878,883,906,928,944],{"id":879,"data":880,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25},"5397d58d-49f3-4f5e-92e5-4e086d554218",{"type":25,"title":215,"markdownContent":881,"audioMediaId":882},"While photography as a craft and fine art form has been around since the early 1800s, the 1960s saw a significant shift in the subject matter and style of photography, particularly when it comes to what is considered art. **Up until the 60s, photographic art was dominated by portrait photography and pictorialism, a style of art that emphasizes the ‘picturesque’ as opposed to reality.**\n\n ![Graph](image://31de364d-06b3-44e5-9a48-f443888a4008 \"A  photograph of Princess Margaret by Cecil Beaton in 1949\")\n\nIn contrast, **documentary photography, complex fashion photography, and street photography** all began to take root in the second half of the 20th century and continue to be major influences in art photography today. The lines between photojournalism and fine art also began to blur, with many photojournalists and fashion photographers being featured in galleries and museums.","9470c1ff-9c84-4483-a90f-1f2d0ccd4b91",{"id":884,"data":885,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":889},"07be8ad0-5d48-43ba-a728-505776f03e69",{"type":25,"title":886,"markdownContent":887,"audioMediaId":888},"Documentary Photography","The first person to use photography as a way to document important events was British photographer **Philip Delamotte** (1821-1889). However, documentary photography as an art form did not gain traction until 100 years later. In the 60s, documentary photography and photojournalism blended with postmodernism to become a new field of Fine Art: Contemporary Documentary Photography.\n\nThis contemporary version addressed photography not just as a means of documentation but as an integral part of the process of artistic creation. Stylistically, camerawork became more **varied and experimental**, color and light became critical elements, and artistic documentary photography became unconstrained by journalism’s ethical requirements of unaltered representation.\n\nSubject matter and values also began to shift: **globalization, changing moral views, and social fragmentation** became common themes. Additionally, Contemporary Documentary Photography moved away from big moments and toward people and events that would otherwise go unnoticed. \n\n ![Graph](image://32d043fe-7026-4e5c-b954-9575c4dcd5b2 \"Philip Delamotte '[Carving a Sphinx]'\")\n\n","b155206f-ed9f-4fdc-a4a5-7c23b1600626",[890,898],{"id":891,"data":892,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"0a06ea06-d40f-4ab4-a51b-4b599a421721",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":893,"clozeWords":895},[894],"Contemporary Documentary Photography moved away from “big moments” and towards people and events that would otherwise go unnoticed.",[896,897],"big moments","unnoticed",{"id":899,"data":900,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"49b0f07b-d88c-4127-9954-ac00ba3c1824",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":901,"binaryCorrect":903,"binaryIncorrect":905},[902],"In the 1960s, documentary photography and photojournalism blended with ________ to create Contemporary Documentary Photography",[904],"Post-modernism",[511],{"id":907,"data":908,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":912},"17f58159-7e79-4e47-be86-e861dadd900d",{"type":25,"title":909,"markdownContent":910,"audioMediaId":911},"Fashion Photography"," ![Graph](image://74e3fa12-70a4-4635-b119-a6b44bd5d586 \"Man Ray - Noire et Blanche\")\n\nWhile closely aligned – and sometimes overlapping – with portrait and pictorial photography, fashion photography has a unique history and complex relationship with the world of Fine Art. **Fashion photography was first employed in the 1860s in order to document works by leading Parisian fashion houses**. To this day, fashion photography continues to have a strong connection to designers and a foundation in commercialism. Fashion photographers rarely work exclusively in Fine Art circles, photographing instead for advertisements and magazines.\n\n**Fashion photography takes many artistic approaches and risks that are not accepted in other advertising forms**. This creates a complex mix of high and low art, and a photographer’s commercial work may still be seen in gallery collections.\n\nAmerican photographer **Man Ray** (1890-1976) was one of the first to blend the boundaries between commercial photography and art. By disregarding conventions and experimenting with surrealism and expressionism, Man Ray paved the way for a new art form. \n\n ![Graph](image://b98294ac-cab9-48b7-bd23-fe4798ae54a8 \"Man Ray 'Glass tears'\")\n\n","88dad802-489c-4888-a1cf-45468b5a9f19",[913,920],{"id":914,"data":915,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"437b4c9d-1684-45c7-a971-4cdf783a3338",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":916,"clozeWords":918},[917],"American photographer Man Ray (1890-1976) helped blend the boundaries between commercial photography and art to create a new art form.",[919],"Man Ray",{"id":921,"data":922,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"df0fa6f1-13e7-4007-a463-44dcccda3171",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":923,"activeRecallAnswers":925},[924],"Where was the origin of Fashion Photography? In what decade?",[926,927],"Parisian fashion houses","1860s",{"id":929,"data":930,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":934},"ced8c2a6-d970-49e3-be40-b3c34c13e70f",{"type":25,"title":931,"markdownContent":932,"audioMediaId":933},"Street Photography"," ![Graph](image://a4a140db-c448-4d02-93fe-700469f0a861 \"Henri Cartier-Bresson 'Brussels'\")\n\nStreet photography is a sub-genre of fine art photography that emphasizes **chance occurrences** and public, often urban, scenes. Unlike documentary photography, street photography takes ordinary people and events as the center of its focus. The goal of street photography is that the images can speak for themselves: viewers do not need to know who someone is or where the photo was taken to understand the meaning or intention of the piece. In this way, street photography often exhibits strong, raw emotions in its subjects.\n\nAlthough the history of street photography begins with documentation, street photography came into its own during the 1920s and 30s with Parisian artists like **Brassai** and **Henri Cartier-Bresson**. Today, some critics view street photography as an art form on the decline. Though traditionally a photo must be candid in order to be considered ‘street,’ many street artists today blur the line between purely spontaneous and contrived.","78464914-62a1-4191-829d-55aebe1cc974",[935],{"id":936,"data":937,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"d6537398-9c39-4927-977c-48239ddccc66",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":938,"binaryCorrect":940,"binaryIncorrect":942},[939],"What does street photography typically use as its subject?",[941],"Ordinary people and events",[943],"Models in pre-planned settings",{"id":945,"data":946,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25},"8bc4e6d6-3b5e-472f-94ef-6b69814ddecb",{"type":25,"title":947,"markdownContent":948,"audioMediaId":949},"Collage and Found Photography","Traditionally, **collage is an artistic technique in which paper, photographs, and other (usually flat) items are arranged and affixed to a supporting surface**. This mixture can create a new figurative image, create something abstract, or place two or more images together in order to bring them into conversation. The original design and purpose of the component parts may be maintained fully or partially, or they may be completely obscured and the component parts repurposed. In contemporary art, collages can also be created digitally. In digital collage, artists layer together variously sourced digital images to create a new work of art.\n\nFound Photography as an art form often incorporates collage. Like the Found Objects genre of sculptural art, Found Photography centers on pre-existing photographs. While exhibits of Found Photography (called ‘snapshot shows’) do exist where artists recontextualize otherwise everyday photographs (much like Found Object artists), Found Photograph Art usually alters the photographs in some way.\n\n ![Graph](image://10d70474-fd14-4175-9a06-153334dfd0c3 \"A computer generated collage\")\n\n","3918db15-2281-42a9-9dd6-08ce42905c2e",{"id":951,"data":952,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":954},"db4d0e79-78ad-4753-8249-78c3ddd2e8b8",{"type":26,"title":953},"Contemporary Portraiture",[955,977,1000,1014,1035],{"id":956,"data":957,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":961},"27295a18-abab-4a53-b980-98d84bd5c85f",{"type":25,"title":958,"markdownContent":959,"audioMediaId":960},"Contemporary Portrait Photography"," ![Graph](image://a413120e-dc90-4e1a-93b8-ece233e396f3 \"Dorothea Lange - Migrant Mother\")\n\n**Portraiture is one of the most important and oldest artistic traditions**. The invention of the camera had an incredible impact on the form and continues to lead the conversation in contemporary Fine Art portraiture. At its best, portraiture depicts not just the physical characteristics of its subject but also some insight into their psychology or disposition.\n\nHowever, portraiture has come under scrutiny and claims of being passé in the contemporary art world. If the central purpose of portraiture is to depict an individual’s image, do we have a need for it in a world of selfies and profile pics?\n\nPortraiture, and portrait photography in particular, has worked to adapt to a changing art world. **Many portrait artists experiment with outmoded photographic practices, using anything from silverplate to polaroids**, while integrating the influence of other contemporary movements such as abstract art, minimalism, and postmodernism. \n","9ec74720-9efa-409d-858f-014fc40799f6",[962,970],{"id":963,"data":964,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"54706d4f-6f9e-45e2-ae4a-0d31434a27d5",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":965,"clozeWords":967},[966],"When done well, portraiture depicts subjects' psychology and disposition, not just their physical characteristics.",[968,969],"psychology","disposition",{"id":971,"data":972,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"5e2ee8de-96fc-4ffc-99d2-a5acbf34efc6",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":973,"activeRecallAnswers":975},[974],"Why has portraiture come under recent claims of being passé in the art world? ",[976],"Because of the ubiquity of selfies and profile pics",{"id":978,"data":979,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":983},"1e0c34f7-37ba-4ff7-bb57-5ede63f3f07b",{"type":25,"title":980,"markdownContent":981,"audioMediaId":982},"Portrait and Street Photographer: Nan Goldin","American photographer **Nan Goldin** is one of the most prolific and recognized contemporary fine art street photographers. She specializes in a combination of **portrait, semi-candid, and candid photography**. Goldin’s work highlights feminist and LGBTQIA+ issues, bringing to public view the lives of socially marginalized people groups. Goldin came into prominence in the 1980s with her depictions of New York subcultures, displaying themes of love and loss in a time of uncertainty, particularly when it came to gender, sexuality, and the AIDS epidemic.\n\nGoldin’s work focuses on people and the body in particular. Her work is recognizable for its candid or near-candid style that often features everyday people alone or in couples or groups. Her most famous work is _The Ballad of Sexual Dependency_, a collection of 700 photos taken in New York’s Lower East Side between 1979 and 2004.\n\n ![Graph](image://6df549c2-79dd-4953-9b51-80cbccae7189 \"An image from The Ballad of Sexual Dependency\")\n\n","57bf1950-3d9d-4df0-a642-1f4921e0b706",[984,991],{"id":985,"data":986,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"3e6bc7e3-36e2-4587-a8f9-4f1c7dd4f9c1",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":987,"activeRecallAnswers":989},[988],"Which New York portrait and street photographer famously deals with feminist and LGBTQIA+ issues?",[990],"Nan Goldin",{"id":992,"data":993,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"cdeb10ed-59c7-4672-abbf-32ecbb066728",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":994,"binaryCorrect":996,"binaryIncorrect":998},[995],"What is a defining trait of Nan Goldin's work?",[997],"Candid",[999],"Contrived",{"id":1001,"data":1002,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1006},"e8efc081-49ee-4ba8-8488-42c5af770e03",{"type":25,"title":1003,"markdownContent":1004,"audioMediaId":1005},"Portrait Photographer: Annie Liebowitz","It is likely that **Annie Liebowitz** is the most famous photographer working today. She is well-known for her portraiture, and in particular her photos of celebrities in intimate settings and poses. Liebowitz began her career as a photographer for Rolling Stone magazine, and her 1980 photo of John Lennon and Yoko Ono is one of Rolling Stone’s most famous covers.\n\nLiebowitz’s photography is known for its unique, **chiaroscuro** (or heavily contrasted) lighting style and use of bold colors. She has photographed a wide variety of celebrities and notable figures from Kim Kardashian and Kanye West to Queen Elizabeth II.\n\nLiebowitz’s work transcends the boundaries between commercial and fine art. Although much of her photography is either solicited by or reprinted in magazines – particularly Vogue – Liebowitz is widely accepted in the world of Fine Arts. She has had gallery exhibits as recently as 2019 and has been awarded the Library of Congress recognition of Living Legend.\n\n ![Graph](image://a91bf03d-7886-4852-8cb5-94fa6b5e7e40 \"Annie Leibovitz 'Queen Elizabeth II'\")\n\n","346c2535-73ba-47b8-a997-92bd0ce22fc0",[1007],{"id":1008,"data":1009,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"25b6933e-84fe-4167-ae7e-5f5f6dd0d1fc",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1010,"activeRecallAnswers":1012},[1011],"Which artist's depiction of John Lennon and Yoko Ono famously featured on the cover of Rolling Stone magazine?",[1013],"Annie Liebowitz",{"id":1015,"data":1016,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1020},"a3eb6110-672c-435f-b2b8-7c0c155ac46c",{"type":25,"title":1017,"markdownContent":1018,"audioMediaId":1019},"Portrait Photographer: Cindy Sherman","![Graph](image://1136d1de-c124-45e5-8de3-4d686e1992cc \"A self-portrait by Cindy Sherman - 574\")\n\nAmerican photographer **Cindy Sherman** is best known for her bold portraiture, and self-portraits in particular. Coming of age in the 1970s, Sherman is considered a member of the Pictures Generation, a loosely defined group of young artists who were **disillusioned both by the world at large and the art world in particular**, and steeped in images from media culture.\n\nSherman’s work explores themes of **identity and its personal and social construction**, as well as **collective memory.** Her portraits and self-portraits often appropriate and bring into question social codes of gender, art and celebrity. Sherman is known for experimenting with various identities in her self-portraiture, and her contemporary work is distinct in its brightly colored, sometimes garish, images. Although she sometimes collects her photos into themes, all Sherman’s images are untitled and identified only by number.\n\n ![Graph](image://5d236b20-940d-40d4-b721-f2ec58a3894f \"Cindy Sherman\")\n\n","f51003e3-f8d0-4e14-99c9-92340d19f280",[1021,1028],{"id":1022,"data":1023,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"6f18e4fd-0975-4748-b518-8a1bb676c2b0",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1024,"activeRecallAnswers":1026},[1025],"What was the Pictures Generation group of artists particularly disillusioned with?",[1027],"The art world ",{"id":1029,"data":1030,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"b059a544-5d28-44e7-945c-155084eaa161",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1031,"activeRecallAnswers":1033},[1032],"How is Cindy Sherman's work best described?",[1034],"Bold portraiture that questions social codes of gender, art and celebrity",{"id":1036,"data":1037,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1041},"3d3c71ee-209f-443d-b410-2732656b735f",{"type":25,"title":1038,"markdownContent":1039,"audioMediaId":1040},"Collage Artist: Barbara Kruger","**Barbara Kruger** is an American digital collage artist known for her **bold style and political focus**. Kruger developed her signature style in the late 1970s and continues to use it today: **black and white found images juxtaposed with printed phrases**. For the lettering, Kruger uses Futura Bold or Helvetica Extra Bold typeface with a red, black, or white background.\n\nKruger’s best-known works are _I Shop Therefore I Am_ (1987), a photo of a hand layered with the eponymous phrase, and _Your Body is a Battleground_ (1998), which features a black and white photo of a woman with the title words across her face.\n\n ![Graph](image://fed8c029-8147-4200-9347-55f19c1c480f \"Barbara Kruger's _Your Body is a Battleground_\")\n\nThe popular logo for the lifestyle brand Supreme (1994) carries many similarities to Kruger’s style. While Kruger has never spoken against the company outright, asserting “I don’t own a font,” two of her most recent projects seem to be directed at least towards the consumer culture Supreme represents.\n\n ![Graph](image://d1979498-acbe-4107-b49c-5908975eff44 \"The logo of the popular lifestyle brand 'Supreme'\")\n\n","ef902234-292b-44d4-8872-b5b5f1cda133",[1042,1050],{"id":1043,"data":1044,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"1a4ef618-4905-4d60-97d8-5d44e2a60e13",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1045,"binaryCorrect":1047,"binaryIncorrect":1049},[1046],"The logo of the brand 'Supreme' appropriated the look and feel of which artist?",[1048],"Barbara Kruger",[990],{"id":1051,"data":1052,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"aabb21e9-0bdb-447d-b9a2-7ef75e60d552",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1053,"activeRecallAnswers":1055},[1054],"What characterises the photographer Barbara Kruger's work? ",[1056],"Black and white found images juxtaposed with printed phrases",{"id":1058,"data":1059,"type":28,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"orbs":1062},"da9f9f73-6316-40bc-a1fe-2ea6ecadea60",{"type":28,"title":1060,"tagline":1061},"Painting People: Figurative Art and Stuckism","Discover the role of the human form in Contemporary Art and uncover the full range of representational art from abstract to portraiture.",[1063,1139,1201],{"id":1064,"data":1065,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":1067},"5bc78704-1cb3-4a2c-a03a-b5654898d777",{"type":26,"title":1066},"Introduction to Figurative Art",[1068,1083,1104],{"id":1069,"data":1070,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1073},"40acd5b4-0e84-485d-8838-a94f3324fa9f",{"type":25,"title":215,"markdownContent":1071,"audioMediaId":1072}," ![Graph](image://2defb3fa-3b05-4129-836b-bb761dbf11bc \"An image depicting Stuckism by Paul Harvey\")\n\nWhile the name **Figurative Art** can refer to all art prior to the introduction of Abstract Impressionism, this discussion will focus on its role in the contemporary art scene. **Figurative Art pushes back against Conceptual Art**, in which the artist’s idea is prioritized above execution, by insisting that a painting’s subject should have some reference to the real world, especially in the creation of human figures. In short, **Figurative Art is thoroughly representational**.\n\nAlthough Figurative Art has much in common with Modern Realism in that both represent figures in the real world, Figurative Art uses more modern idioms and runs parallel to the general current of Expressionism. Contemporary Realism, in contrast, incorporates styles that predate post-impressionism. However, to the casual gallery observer, they are strikingly similar when placed in contrast to Conceptual and Abstract Art. **An important sub-genre of Figurative Art is Stuckism, founded in 1999**.","a197d2ea-c45e-4b44-be3e-ac0e3fc2b459",[1074],{"id":1075,"data":1076,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"f7b1483a-5b3f-4f16-8dbc-ecb840e7250e",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1077,"binaryCorrect":1079,"binaryIncorrect":1081},[1078],"Which of these stresses that art should represent something in the real world?",[1080],"Figurative Art",[1082],"Conceptual Art",{"id":1084,"data":1085,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1089},"c1afd2be-4ac3-43a4-b365-927912bbd7bf",{"type":25,"title":1086,"markdownContent":1087,"audioMediaId":1088},"Stuckism"," ![Graph](image://b7492f9f-b468-46e5-9811-62eab98ca9ed \"Billy Childish 'Walking in Gods Buti'\")\n\nFirmly grounded in Figurative Art, Billy Childish and Charles Thomson founded Stuckism to oppose the trend toward Conceptual Art. Tracey Emin, an award-winning Conceptual artist and former girlfriend of Childish, inadvertently gave the movement its name by telling Childish he was “Stuck! Stuck! Stuck!” in his traditional art form. To explain their abhorrence for Conceptual Art, Childish and Thomson wrote a series of manifestos, addressed to the director of the Tate Modern, protesting the Tate’s acquisitions and the protocols by which it awarded prizes.\n\nSir Nicholas Serota Makes an Acquisition Decision (2000) by Charles Thomson is considered the signature piece of the movement.  It depicts the acquisitions director of the Tate looking at a pair of women’s underpants trying to decide whether they are a valuable Emin original or merely a pair of underwear. The style is that of a graphic novel illustration. Stuckist works are satirical, ironic, and humorous.","eb769638-2b88-4383-ad09-3d5316a97e1b",[1090,1097],{"id":1091,"data":1092,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"84291e68-730d-494c-9287-cf756b7bd7bb",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1093,"activeRecallAnswers":1095},[1094],"What does the iconic piece by Charles Thomson, 'Sir Nicholas Serota Makes an Acquisition Decision' depict?",[1096],"The director of the Tate looking at a pair of women’s underpants trying to decide their value",{"id":1098,"data":1099,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"f2d23c1c-3863-48af-887d-74c83324b011",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1100,"activeRecallAnswers":1102},[1101],"Who founded Stuckism? What was it a reaction towards?",[1103,1082],"Billy Childish and Charles Thomson",{"id":1105,"data":1106,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1110},"60b4b083-204c-4528-a968-7bd908ef697b",{"type":25,"title":1107,"markdownContent":1108,"audioMediaId":1109},"Contemporary Realism"," ![Graph](image://cad1b6fa-1b3e-4344-a0cd-0b72d015020e \"Edward Hopper - Nighthawks\")\n\n**Contemporary Realism** emerged in Europe following World War I as an attempt to ‘return to order’ following the chaos of the war and the tumult in art that preceded it. Reflecting influences of the 19th-century realists, Contemporary Realists portrayed an **edgy reality rather than ideal forms**, and many artists backed away from the abstract experimentation of the previous decade.  Even **Pablo Picasso** abandoned cubism for something more ordered and literal, and **Classicism strongly influenced some Contemporary Realists**. Although insisting on representational art, most realists came from backgrounds in abstract painting and brought many of its techniques into their work.\n\nIn the US, the great realist **Edward Hopper** exemplified the return to order. **Norman Rockwell** and **Andrew Wyeth**, though often criticized for sentimentality, represented a regional strain of this new realism. Most Contemporary Realism was accessible to less sophisticated consumers, and artists, particularly Rockwell, enjoyed significant commercial and popular success.\n\n ![Graph](image://878b1835-0403-4739-a92a-9c39e801a47d \"Norman Rockwell 'Triple Self-Portrait'\")\n\n","a597fcea-f350-4afc-af03-d803048d6ad5",[1111,1117,1128],{"id":1112,"data":1113,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"75394b0b-27b3-49b6-b32b-c26e85375833",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1114,"clozeWords":1116},[1115],"Contemporary Realism emerged in Europe as an attempt to ‘return to order’ following the chaos of the WWI. ",[1107],{"id":1118,"data":1119,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"947e0080-1059-4bcd-90c7-2a80d80497f3",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1120,"multiChoiceCorrect":1122,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1124},[1121],"Which of these would not be considered exponents of Contemporary Realism?",[1123],"Olafur Eliasson",[1125,1126,1127],"Norman Rockwell","Edward Hopper","Andrew Wyeth",{"id":1129,"data":1130,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"fad2edec-9417-4c78-abb3-1cbf9a718cdd",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1131,"multiChoiceCorrect":1133,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1135},[1132],"How does Contemporary Realism portray reality?",[1134],"Edgy forms",[1136,1137,1138],"Ideal forms","Abstract depictions","With chromatic music",{"id":1140,"data":1141,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":1143},"86def6aa-fd75-41b6-b715-360f1d5cbc73",{"type":26,"title":1142},"Global Realism Movements",[1144,1172,1187],{"id":1145,"data":1146,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1150},"5fc9e165-ec63-49e1-b8a6-7ae3e3a8012e",{"type":25,"title":1147,"markdownContent":1148,"audioMediaId":1149},"Chinese Cynical Realism","During the Cultural Revolution in the 1960s and 1970s, the only art the Communist Party allowed in China was **Socialist Realism, depicting an idealized world of chubby, cheerful peasants** Pushing back on that starkly false idealization, Chinese Cynical Realism emerged in 1990 following the government crackdown on the Democracy Movement in Tiananmen Square and the forced closing of the Chinese Avant-Garde exhibition in Beijing.  Works in this genre focus on socio-political issues beginning with the Chinese Revolution and continuing through the immense cultural transformation of the past three decades.\n\nThe movement represents a brave stance for Chinese artists who are expressing an unprecedented level of individualism. **Cynical Realism has been strongly criticized within China because it is seen to incorporate Western ideology**. Despite their serious purpose, these works are highly humorous and satirical. Ironically, they are extremely successful commercially and draw the highest prices of any art in China.\n\n ![Graph](image://e6e7150f-1127-45bd-93d6-04333fa20008 \"Yue Minjun 'Free Sky No 1.'\")\n\n","6fa2a3ad-48e7-406d-b9fc-68251bac1518",[1151,1157,1165],{"id":1152,"data":1153,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"459fb882-52a0-4252-b1fb-6ee6aada9020",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1154,"clozeWords":1156},[1155],"The satirical work of the Chinese Cynical Realism movement emerged following the events at Tiananmen Square.",[1147],{"id":1158,"data":1159,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"477e5d12-dfcc-40dc-b2cd-5c103daa86d6",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1160,"binaryCorrect":1162,"binaryIncorrect":1163},[1161],"Despite their controversy, works in this genre of Chinese art demand very high prices.",[1147],[1164],"Chinese Socialist Realism",{"id":1166,"data":1167,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"be480986-174f-4b1e-bd7f-d76a141e255b",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1168,"activeRecallAnswers":1170},[1169],"What was the name of the only art form in 1960s and 1970s allowed by the Communist Party in China?",[1171],"Socialist Realism",{"id":1173,"data":1174,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1178},"dfa6a7e3-cb28-4dd1-b446-151d385855c2",{"type":25,"title":1175,"markdownContent":1176,"audioMediaId":1177},"Abstract Figurative Art and Figurative Portraiture"," ![Graph](image://4802b853-619f-4629-a5ea-52745777d7c0 \"Kehinde Wiley - President Barack Obama\")\n\n**Figurative Art** ranges from almost photographic to nearly non-objective, and **Abstract Figurative** is at the far end of that continuum. While figures are still recognizable, they are **shaded, exaggerated, blurred, or distorted** in some way. Like abstract art, Abstract Figurative Art draws on emotions, and the subject of the painting is often blended into a background that obscures or distorts it in an evocative way. Nevertheless, paintings start with and depict a real subject.\n\n**Figurative portrait artists insist that the portrait resembles its subject**, but not in the specific and exact details of a photograph. A Figurative portrait attempts to capture more of the individual’s inner life, sacrificing superficial likeness to delve more deeply. The Presidential Portrait of Barack Obama by Kehinde Wiley is a quintessential example of a Figurative portrait.  While it portrays an unquestionable likeness of Obama, it also includes ample symbolism and is not strictly realistic.\n\n\n","9e9cae8d-a4cf-4c36-b1ea-860c24def97e",[1179],{"id":1180,"data":1181,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"abab81a3-c153-4794-acf9-bc50b12bf4b5",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1182,"clozeWords":1184},[1183],"Kehinde Wiley's portrait of Barack Obama is a quintessential example of a Figurative portrait. While it possess a clear likeness of Obama, it is employs symbolism and is not strictly realistic.",[1185,1186],"Figurative","realistic",{"id":1188,"data":1189,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1193},"bb1603f4-0dda-4207-b2ab-8fbadf05f5ee",{"type":25,"title":1190,"markdownContent":1191,"audioMediaId":1192},"Figurative Art Today"," ![Graph](image://3f5b8def-31bd-4c34-96e6-12f1836f4cf0 \"An example of new figurative art by Martin Leyer-Pritzkow\")\n\nWithin the past 10 years, the popularity of Figurative Art has made a distinct resurgence. This newest-of-the-new Contemporary Figurative Art is heavily influenced by previous artists like **David Hockney** while featuring unique styles and subject matter. This art is also created in response to and influenced by contemporary culture, resulting in pieces that are distinct from anything that has come before.\n\nFigurative art from the 2010s and ongoing is often characterized by its **bright and garish colors, crude brush strokes, and mixed imagery**. It also regularly features a greater diversity of figures, responding to the previous marginalization of many people and their exclusion from the world of Fine Art. This new wave of Figurative Art is sometimes criticized as ‘bad figurative painting,’ due to its crude style as well and sometimes strange or crass imagery.","afc0178d-30cb-4e00-ac2f-b031f88c2dde",[1194],{"id":1195,"data":1196,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"0684de3e-7dd2-4cb7-a524-6ae7d1066205",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1197,"activeRecallAnswers":1199},[1198],"How is Figurative Art from the 2010s on often characterized? ",[1200],"Bright & garish colors, crude brush strokes, and mixed imagery.",{"id":1202,"data":1203,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":1205},"05d0f58f-107f-4e8f-a333-c4e071bc8b5c",{"type":26,"title":1204},"Contemporary Figurative Artists",[1206,1212,1235,1264,1288],{"id":1207,"data":1208,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25},"b0ff4271-7ae6-450a-b859-eaa8a17bc966",{"type":25,"title":1209,"markdownContent":1210,"audioMediaId":1211},"Portrait Artist: Kehinde Wiley","![Graph](image://a13451f2-4822-4629-b080-991914000748 \"Kehinde Wiley 'Napoleon Leading the Army over the Alps'\")\n\n**Kehinde Wiley** was born in Los Angeles to an African American mother and a Yoruba father who returned to Africa after completing school, leaving Wiley’s mother to raise six children. She noticed Kihende’s artistic gifts early and committed to art lessons. After attending San Francisco Art Institute and Yale, Wiley served as Artist in Residence at the Studio Museum in Harlem.\n\nDrawn to Figurative Portraiture, Wiley focuses on black men, particularly from Harlem, as the subjects of his work. Although his figures wear contemporary attire, **he poses them in Renaissance settings**, thus questioning the traditional symbols of power. In 2016, President Barack Obama chose Wiley to paint his official portrait. In it, Obama perches on the edge of an ornate chair against an extravagant background of plants from every setting of his life. The background challenges viewers, depicting the competition for prominence between Obama-as-President and his compelling history.","24db0e4c-8f27-4f1e-82ac-cd38f2ec8c10",{"id":1213,"data":1214,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1218},"76c20944-0479-45ae-9eb9-1f909491ff54",{"type":25,"title":1215,"markdownContent":1216,"audioMediaId":1217},"Figurative Artist: Francis Bacon"," ![Graph](image://f5008216-7cee-48d3-8743-8b90f85bfc32 \"Francis Bacon 'Three Studies for a Crucifixion'\")\n\nBorn to a wealthy British family in Ireland in 1909, **Francis Bacon** became one of the most significant painters of the 20th century. Disowned at age 16 because he was gay, Bacon worked at menial jobs and moved from England to Germany and Paris, learning about art and becoming a life-long gambler. He began painting in his late twenties, and his first show was such a disaster that he destroyed all his work, a self-editing method he applied all his life.\n\n_Crucifixion_ (1933), his first mature work, drew on themes that became trademarks: Picasso’s biomorphs, interpretations of the crucifixion, and the Greek Furies. Though Bacon’s work is early to be considered Contemporary Art, his subjects and style left an indelible mark on modern Figuratism. Bacon’s paintings are characterized by disturbing images which range from surreal to abstract, and his style continued to evolve throughout his lifetime.\n\n ![Graph](image://0d079997-9b47-4999-92eb-64d2ea9e5df9 \"Francis Bacon - Study after Velazquez's Portrait of Pope Innocent X\")","5b5b9e80-eb38-4803-b5ad-e89220372905",[1219,1226],{"id":1220,"data":1221,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"c764b07a-f8a7-4a49-960f-214a77ac5c9f",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1222,"activeRecallAnswers":1224},[1223],"What British artist would become famous for their depictions of the crucifixion and Greek furies?",[1225],"Francis Bacon",{"id":1227,"data":1228,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"eca4e244-e53a-4a90-a6f0-ccc5c46d40ef",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1229,"binaryCorrect":1231,"binaryIncorrect":1233},[1230],"What would best describe Francis Bacon's choice of imagery?",[1232],"Surreal, disturbing",[1234],"Calming, pastoral",{"id":1236,"data":1237,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1241},"6985cb63-0292-49cf-afdd-905b28acde22",{"type":25,"title":1238,"markdownContent":1239,"audioMediaId":1240},"Portrait Artist: Lucien Freud"," ![Graph](image://e57e2b90-a166-41b4-ad38-a5addf666d4a \"Lucien Freud 'Self-Portrait'\")\n\nHailed as the foremost 20th-century British portraitist, **Lucian Freud**, grandson of Sigmund Freud, was born in Germany in 1922 but fled to England to avoid the rise of Nazism.  Freud’s early work was influenced by **German Expressionism and Surrealism**, but he soon joined a loosely connected group of Figurative painters known as **The School of London**.\n\nFrom the 1950s on, Freud focused almost exclusively on portraits, primarily nudes. He painted from live sittings and spent as much as 2000 hours on each painting. _Benefits Supervisor Sleeping_ (1995) demonstrates Freud’s use of flesh tones and the typical pose of the reclining nude. Although they are mostly of friends and family, some portraits imply a tension between the subject and the painter. Toward the end of his career, Freud painted a series of self-portraits. His work saw great commercial success with his _Boy’s Head_ (1952) selling for $4 million.","a86af62c-c3eb-44c0-8082-0498122b90ff",[1242,1250,1257],{"id":1243,"data":1244,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"3f159d83-2074-4d92-8027-f0376cfa197c",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1245,"activeRecallAnswers":1247},[1246],"What are the signature elements of Lucian Freud's paintings?",[1248,1249],"His use of flesh tones","live sittings lasting up to 1000s of hours",{"id":1251,"data":1252,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"41ddf4f7-a194-47ba-b0e8-0ce62750ea7b",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1253,"activeRecallAnswers":1255},[1254],"Which famous British painter was the grandson of a renowned psychoanalyst?",[1256],"Lucian Freud",{"id":1258,"data":1259,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"9f3e61c3-8318-465c-8e62-257f27f175ac",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1260,"activeRecallAnswers":1262},[1261],"Lucien Freud was a member of which group of Figurative painters?",[1263],"The School of London",{"id":1265,"data":1266,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1270},"a7eaa8c6-d7b0-4bd2-b517-1ff62a60f83b",{"type":25,"title":1267,"markdownContent":1268,"audioMediaId":1269},"Portrait Artists: David Hockney"," ![Graph](image://cdd5cd7b-6836-4e36-aefe-353e198531a6 \"David Hockney 'Portrait of an Artist (Pool with Two Figures)'\")\n\nBritish artist **David Hockney** has worked in painting, photography, watercolors, faxed images, computer art and iPad drawing. Best known for his portraiture, Hockney drew and painted friends and family and completed more than 300 self-portraits. Most of his portraits are realistic and many are nearly life-sized. For several years, Hockney used the camera lucida, a 19th-century device, as a starting point for his portraits and landscapes.\n\nOne of Hockney’s more innovative techniques is the **photo collage composed of polaroid shots or commercially developed film**. Taking pictures of a face from different angles, he fuses the pictures to form something approaching cubism. Although he created hundreds of photographic works, he became frustrated with the limitations of photography and returned to painting.\n\nHockney has created hundreds of portraits and landscapes on his iPhone and iPad, including a design for the Queen Elizabeth II window at Westminster Abbey (2018).","98c33bbb-4f52-4edf-9bed-33c7a6ed09ee",[1271,1280],{"id":1272,"data":1273,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"aa573669-34b7-4919-a48d-2e4daa3b64e7",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1274,"binaryCorrect":1276,"binaryIncorrect":1278},[1275],"David Hockney famously painted Queen Elizabeth II using what unorthodox device?",[1277],"iPad",[1279],"Radioactive microwave",{"id":1281,"data":1282,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"defa4c8c-99b8-4c34-ad43-bb049a38a7dd",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1283,"clozeWords":1285},[1284],"British artist David Hockney is best known for his portraiture, some of which are nearly life-sized.",[1286,1287],"portraiture","life-sized",{"id":1289,"data":1290,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1294},"26012498-89e8-4e1b-9095-084449217109",{"type":25,"title":1291,"markdownContent":1292,"audioMediaId":1293},"Figurative Artist: Lynette Yiadom-Boakye"," ![Graph](image://7ad2e952-95f0-469e-899a-bccea00011a7 \"An example of a painting by Lynette Yiadom-Boakye\")\n\n**Lynette Yiadom-Boakye** is a London-based figurate artist who is best known for her large-scale oil paintings; her art centers on themes of timelessness and Blackness. Although Yiadom-Boakye is a figurative artist, **she is distinctly not a portraitist**; none of Yiadom-Boakye’s figures are modeled from real life, instead, they are born from her memory and imagination.\n\nYiadom-Boakye paints figures individually as well as in pairs or groups, and she intentionally excludes many items and fashions that would tie her figures to a specific era. Yiadom-Boakye’s art is recognized for its **flat or abstract backgrounds, broad brushstrokes, and muted color palettes, as well as featuring Black society**. Yiadom-Boakye also emphasizes the importance of process for her completed pieces.\n\nHer exhibit _Fly in the League of the Night_ is currently on an international tour, having already been showcased at the Tate Britain. She was nominated for the Turner Prize in 2013.","2dc31bae-9682-4943-a2c9-c3872efebd48",[1295],{"id":1296,"data":1297,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"c70fe3ba-c241-48ec-80e4-d538a1d39b73",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1298,"activeRecallAnswers":1300},[1299],"What are common traits of Yiadom-Boakye’s art?",[1301,1302,1303],"flat backgrounds","broad brushstrokes","muted color palettes",{"id":1305,"data":1306,"type":28,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"orbs":1309},"69c99a1f-2633-4e40-b740-0cac76c11dd1",{"type":28,"title":1307,"tagline":1308},"Neo-Expressionism: Once More with Feeling","Learn key elements of 1980s Neo-Expression and its origins as a revolt against Minimalism, and become familiar with the many subgroups that brought Neo-Expressionism to the world.",[1310,1364,1436],{"id":1311,"data":1312,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":1314},"d3776abd-92b1-4ee1-91bb-6e12d084bcea",{"type":26,"title":1313},"Introduction to Neo-Expressionism",[1315,1336,1358],{"id":1316,"data":1317,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1320},"076640e1-bad3-44c4-aecb-0931af0dadcd",{"type":25,"title":215,"markdownContent":1318,"audioMediaId":1319},"![Graph](image://d2b842fa-ccdf-4b20-9c55-336c612724ce \"Basquiat - Untitled Skull\")\n\n**Neo-Expressionism** has much in common with Figurative Art. Its difference lies in **portraying recognizable objects generally**, including but not limited to the human body. It also emphasizes a particularly **expressive and colorful** art style.\n\nLike contemporary Figurative Art, Neo-Expressionism was **born out of growing frustration with the artistic movements of the 1970s**, including minimalism, non-representational art, and an overall tendency toward highly abstracted, highly intellectualized art. Neo-expressionism sought to close the gap between the world of Fine Art and everyday audiences by using recognizable figures while maintaining an emotive, expressionist (as opposed to realist) style that often bordered on the violent.\n\nNeo-Expressionism found its height of popularity and creation in the mid-1980s. Although there are some notable American artists in the genre, the iconic pieces of the movement came out of Europe and the UK.\n","8551c60f-5433-4445-af08-dff0a7320081",[1321,1328],{"id":1322,"data":1323,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"1063923c-6239-4eb1-a14a-56a4ed53062a",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1324,"clozeWords":1326},[1325],"Neo-expressionism was more accessible to everyday audiences than abstract expressionism, since it used more recognizable figures and subjects.",[1327],"Neo-expressionism",{"id":1329,"data":1330,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"5f3df6d1-3c3a-4b15-aa0d-e92b8f9e59fe",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1331,"binaryCorrect":1333,"binaryIncorrect":1334},[1332],"Neo-Expressionism has much in common with what other form of art?",[1185],[1335],"Minimalist",{"id":1337,"data":1338,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1342},"36ac712e-6987-4a6d-b615-4788bf6acffc",{"type":25,"title":1339,"markdownContent":1340,"audioMediaId":1341},"Style & Themes","Although **Neo-Expressionism does not have a single unifying style**, there are many elements particular to the movement. Common identifying factors include **a rejection of traditional composition and pictorial ideals**, primitivistic presentation of objects and use of color (particularly primary colors), and a brittle emotionalism.\n\nIn terms of theme, **much of the Neo-Expressionist movement was born largely in response to modern urbanism**. Variations of Neo-Expressionism were cropping up across the Western art world throughout the 1970s and 80s, and **only later did they begin to be discussed as a single entity**. Because of this, there is no single definition or reason for Neo-Expressionism. However, Neo-Expressionist movements commonly came into existence as a response to the unique contemporary social and political troubles of an area. Therefore, **most Neo-Expressionist art exhibits disillusionment with current systems and traditions both from the art world and the world at large**.\n\n ![Graph](image://6703b99a-52b9-45cc-afda-a04425d0b214 \"A world-weary portrait by Jean-Michel Basquiat\")\n\n","f1081f82-eb65-4c08-9934-bef6b7b1a0cb",[1343,1351],{"id":1344,"data":1345,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"b557b426-9bc9-44be-a54b-f5b88a50ed42",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1346,"clozeWords":1348},[1347],"Neo-Expressionist art exhibits disillusionment with current systems and traditions both from the art world and the world at large.",[1349,1350],"disillusionment","art world",{"id":1352,"data":1353,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"d6c264c5-5ff2-4c64-b1e0-72a027f628d5",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1354,"activeRecallAnswers":1356},[1355],"Neo-Expressionism was inspired by a return to what movement of the early 1900s?",[1357],"Expressionism",{"id":1359,"data":1360,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25},"5cf7b45c-d40f-46a9-9d6d-09dd6af7a54c",{"type":25,"title":1361,"markdownContent":1362,"audioMediaId":1363},"History and Inspiration","**Neo-Expressionism was envisioned as a return to the Expressionist movement of the early 1900s**. Though the resulting dominant style of contemporary Neo-Expressionism is quite different from many of its predecessors, these artists looked at painters such as **Edvard Munch, Pablo Picasso**, and **Willem de Kooning** as their inspiration.\n\nIn the US, Neo-Expressionism was preceded and greatly influenced by Abstract Expressionists and figurative artists, including **Philip Guston** and **Francis Bacon**, respectively.\n\nTwo international exhibits helped to define and solidify Neo-Expressionism as a movement. These were _A New Spirit in Painting_ at the London Royal Academy in 1981 and _Zeitgeist_ in Berlin in 1982. Following these shows, other similar movements across Europe began to be included under the umbrella of Neo-Expressionism.\n\n ![Graph](image://6b16122b-ab72-4edc-8416-b981ff2811b6 \"Edvard Munch 'The Scream'\")\n\n","3f197037-03cd-4590-b2ef-7e217371f60a",{"id":1365,"data":1366,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":1368},"c2260ee9-1305-4462-b27c-6f655110d672",{"type":26,"title":1367},"Key Movements in Neo-Expressionism",[1369,1396,1419],{"id":1370,"data":1371,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1375},"7f65c6d0-ffe0-4c39-ad08-699977f34a4e",{"type":25,"title":1372,"markdownContent":1373,"audioMediaId":1374},"Neue Wilden / New Fauves / Junge Wilden"," ![Graph](image://b5abeb14-efe0-4697-a001-da30b31e5c20 \"Georg Baselitz 'The Big Night Down the Drain\")\n\nAcross the Western art world, a wide range of neo-expressive movements arose in the late 1970s to early 80s. One of the earliest – and most critical to the movement at large – was the loose-knit group of German artists known as the **Neue Wilden**. At the head of the movement was artist **Georg Baselitz** whose work a decade earlier served as an impetus for Neo-Expressionism when in 1963 Baselitz opened an exhibition in West Berlin. **Baselitz’s art was confiscated by the government**, causing international attention.\n\nIn East Germany in particular, the Neue Wilden saw their expressive style as a response to WWII and their divided nation. In particular, they cited Nazi hostility towards original German Expressionists as a reason for their style, utilizing it to highlight the country’s troubled present. \n\nTheir name, ‘new wild ones,’ is a reference to their style, evocative of 1900s Fauvism. ‘Les fauves’ is French for ‘wild beasts.’\n\n![Graph](image://c3e218ea-1e73-412c-959f-18d9500024a9 \"George Baselitz\")","dc0b71eb-1c3d-4c6a-bd7d-bdf95ce6d93d",[1376,1387],{"id":1377,"data":1378,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"13768de9-718f-4af8-9b2f-e248ac19ddf7",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1379,"multiChoiceCorrect":1381,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1383},[1380],"What was the group of artists critical to the German Neo-Expressionist movement called?",[1382],"Neue Wilden",[1384,1385,1386],"The Objectivists","The Dadaists","Young Germans",{"id":1388,"data":1389,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"66a342cb-55c6-4ff8-8d57-84f01ee3f636",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1390,"binaryCorrect":1392,"binaryIncorrect":1394},[1391],"The 'Neue Wilden' saw their art as a response to what event?",[1393],"World War II",[1395],"The Bolshevik Revolution",{"id":1397,"data":1398,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1402},"4875731e-11e1-47ab-bf51-aea1ad79d74b",{"type":25,"title":1399,"markdownContent":1400,"audioMediaId":1401},"Figuration Libre & the ‘Bad Painters’"," ![Graph](image://9be0866a-6412-4f6b-a27f-cf6d0337a150 \"Robert Combas 'Martin Gale'\")\n\n**Figuration Libre** was the French arm of the Neo-Expressionist movement. Meaning ‘free figuration,’ this movement typically incorporated figurative elements paired with comic book and graffiti art styles, bright colors, and caricature-like figures. Forming in 1981, founding members of Figuration Libre included **Robert Combas, Remi Blanchard, François Boisrond**, and **Herve Di Rosa**. Many French Street Artists, though not formally a part of Figuration Libre, have become associated with the movement, including the popular graffiti artist **Blek le Rat**. \n\nAmerican Neo-Expressionism gained the name Bad Painting from Marcia Tucker’s 1978 eponymous exhibit, with practitioners labeled ‘bad painters.’ Tucker identified this trend “in opposition to the canons of classical good taste.” Subsequently, artists that were not in Tucker’s original show came to identify themselves with the same label.\n\nFiguration Libre worked closely with its American countermovement; **Keith Haring, Jean-Michel Basquiat**, and **Kenny Sharf** all exhibited alongside Figuration Libre members during the mid-80s.\n","3b4e4347-6f91-43d2-8b6c-9e9c455e7b06",[1403,1410],{"id":1404,"data":1405,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"1429d0b0-0cd3-4ea7-bdab-e989ffb6fdb4",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1406,"activeRecallAnswers":1408},[1407],"How did the 'Bad Painters' group, who rejected the canons of classical good taste, get their name?",[1409],"From Marcia Tucker’s 1978 exhibit called 'Bad Painters.'",{"id":1411,"data":1412,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"54105bd9-169d-475f-9216-763f7067f4c4",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1413,"activeRecallAnswers":1415},[1414],"What were the key traits of the Figuration Libre movement?",[1416,1417,1418],"Figurative elements","Comic book and graffiti styling","Bright colors",{"id":1420,"data":1421,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1425},"a7b027a0-90d1-435f-946f-7b8dd0f2ee7f",{"type":25,"title":1422,"markdownContent":1423,"audioMediaId":1424},"Transavanguardia"," ![Graph](image://3971dede-e075-411c-ad44-e62d11340da4 \"Nicolo de Maria - Festival dell'atmosfera che brilla\")\n\n**Transavanguardia**, meaning ‘beyond the avant-garde,’ is a term coined by Italian art critic Achille Bonito Oliva in 1979. Although it originally referred to the entirety of Neo-Expressionism, the term came to represent specifically the **Italian artistic movement of the 1980s and 90s**. Each sub-group of Neo-Expressionism models unique stylistic elements and inspirations, and Transavanguardia is no different.\n\nThe Italian iteration employed nostalgic references to **Renaissance painting and iconography**. Specializing in figurative work with a free style, members of Transavanguardia often created large-scale oil paintings. While representational and figurative, Transavanguardia includes a wide range of subject matter including **portraits, self-portraits, and imaginative portraits**, as well as **symbolism, religious allegory, and touches of Surrealism**. ","d927a2d4-8fd6-43de-aa7d-d3d59ffbd379",[1426],{"id":1427,"data":1428,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"e63e2ca0-7478-4c8a-a73f-44935d4cac1f",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1429,"multiChoiceCorrect":1431,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1432},[1430],"What is the name of the Italian artistic movement of the 1980s and 90s that means 'beyond the avant garde'?",[1422],[1433,1434,1435],"Post-garde","Ultraexpressionism","Gli Futuri Artisti",{"id":1437,"data":1438,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":1440},"a892bca8-72a8-44d6-8861-e89c669297f7",{"type":26,"title":1439},"Notable Neo-Expressionist Artists",[1441,1478,1493,1511],{"id":1442,"data":1443,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1447},"e3d173c5-aca1-4be8-a2a3-ce0b34dd6d9e",{"type":25,"title":1444,"markdownContent":1445,"audioMediaId":1446},"Neo-Expressionist: Jean-Michel Basquiat"," ![Graph](image://2a851611-2db9-4374-bd1d-7eb4a8128c40 \"Jean-Michel Basquiat 'Untitled'\")\n\n**Jean-Michel Basquiat**’s art is well known today, attracting popularity in the 1980s, during the height of Neo-Expressionism. Basquiat died of a heroin overdose in 1988 at age 27, cutting short the potential of one of the era’s most renowned artists.\n\nBasquiat lived and died in New York City, developing his art in the early days of hip-hop. He began his career as a street poet and graffiti artist under the tag **SAMO** (meaning ‘same old’). \n\nBasquiat sold his first painting in 1981, and he quickly rose in popularity and fame. By the mid-80s, Basquiat was exhibiting regularly, appearing on MTV, and partying with other celebrities. Today, for better or worse, his art can be found reproduced on a wide variety of items from boots to scented candles.\n\nBasquiat’s work is known for its **bright colors and flat figures.** His work regularly focuses on ‘**suggestive dichotomies’**: wealth/poverty, integration/segregation, and inner/outer experience.\n","cdedeb46-b28b-4135-aeb5-e8646432cd6a",[1448,1456,1463,1471],{"id":1449,"data":1450,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"7f2e08dd-2a86-43f9-942f-42ec54fefe25",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1451,"clozeWords":1453},[1452],"The great artist Basquiat died of a heroin overdose in 1988 at age 27",[1454,1455],"heroin overdose","27",{"id":1457,"data":1458,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"a1858e11-27c7-4ba8-9c49-94f5d717cba2",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1459,"clozeWords":1461},[1460],"Basquiat’s work regularly focuses on ‘suggestive dichotomies’ such as wealth / poverty, integration / segregation, and inner / outer experience.",[1462],"suggestive dichotomies",{"id":1464,"data":1465,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"b8433b2d-2571-401e-9329-7200c211bdb6",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1466,"activeRecallAnswers":1468},[1467],"As a street poet and graffiti artist, Basquiat used a particular tag - what was it? What did it stand for?",[1469,1470],"SAMO","Same Old",{"id":1472,"data":1473,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"f48106ca-1742-402d-9555-77a0a974b1a9",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1474,"activeRecallAnswers":1476},[1475],"The Neo-Expressionist Basquiat lived and died in what city? When did he become well known?",[1477,70],"New York City",{"id":1479,"data":1480,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1484},"6cc70f2b-64f1-4c9b-be29-9c0e84cf05c1",{"type":25,"title":1481,"markdownContent":1482,"audioMediaId":1483},"Transavanguardia Artist: Francesco Clemente"," ![Graph](image://c6b3cba3-7c6e-479a-b262-319e499ece4f \"Francesco Clemente 'Mother, Lover, Daughter'\")\n\n**Francesco Clemente** is an Italian Neo-Expressionist who worked at the forefront of the movement and was a key member of Transavangaurdia. Although he works in a variety of artistic media including **mosaic, sculpture, and drawing**, he is best known for his use of oils on a large canvas. Clemente’s work often includes portraiture, both of others and himself.\n\nLike many Neo-Expressionists, his works feature a rejection of Formalism with obvious figures and symbolism. Clemente utilizes a full range of color in his works with a style evocative of Cubism and Post-Impressionism. Clemente spends much of his time in India, which has influenced his work and where he now has a studio. Clemente continues to work today, with his most recent solo shows occurring in 2016 and 2017.","0aa7a269-c2fd-40bc-aefc-43037e4f0d05",[1485],{"id":1486,"data":1487,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"629c1d75-da34-4839-9aa2-389c8a56c019",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1488,"activeRecallAnswers":1490},[1489],"The Transvanguardia artist Francesco Clemente, has a style that evokes what 2 movements?",[1491,1492],"Cubism","Post-impressionism",{"id":1494,"data":1495,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1499},"0058c59f-28db-4649-a028-b2488a8b98f1",{"type":25,"title":1496,"markdownContent":1497,"audioMediaId":1498},"Neue Wilden Artist: Anselm Kiefer"," ![Graph](image://df6c1ca7-83e8-4f54-83c4-2dd61b61c0fb \"Anselm Kiefer 'Parsifal'\")\n\n\n**Anselm Kiefer** is a pre-eminent German Neo-Expressionist. He began his artistic studies in the 1960s, and his career was well underway by the height of Neo-Expressionism in the 1980s. Despite this, he has become known as one of the movement’s signature artists and an important figure in the German Neue Wilden group.\n\nKiefer’s body of work is recognizable for its **large scale, expressive brushwork and representational figures**. In breaking with most Neo-Expressionists, **Kiefer’s works are largely neutral colors**, often shades of black and white on wood or brown backgrounds. He increasingly integrates other objects into his works such as broken glass, dried flowers, and bodily fluids. Thematically, Kiefer addresses taboos and the dark history of his country, particularly the horrors of the Holocaust, as well as Germany’s unrealized potential. He is also heavily inspired by the works of the poet **Paul Celan**. ","02e72427-339b-48e7-a108-4fdbfd98b097",[1500],{"id":1501,"data":1502,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"6272a9d9-6b48-47c6-9514-cc82edb57a75",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1503,"multiChoiceCorrect":1505,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1507},[1504],"Which German Neo-Expressionist is famous for large works with expressive brushwork and neutral colours?",[1506],"Anselm Kiefer",[1508,1509,1510],"Ansel Adams","Georg Schneider","Martin Koffler",{"id":1512,"data":1513,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1517},"5f17e3ef-cb10-4541-b532-865bdd10801b",{"type":25,"title":1514,"markdownContent":1515,"audioMediaId":1516},"Neo-Expressionist: David Salle"," ![Graph](image://f0b57e1e-7262-429b-a55b-546caa225b4f \"David Salle 'Pastel'\")\n\n**David Salle** (pronounced ‘Sally’)  is an American Neo-Expressionist who is considered a member of the Pictures Generation, a moniker given to a group of artists whose work was included in a 2009 Met exhibit of the same name. The Pictures Generation includes artists who were, for all purposes, the stars of the art world of the 1980s. Salle’s inclusion speaks to both the popularity of his work and its impact on the world of art.\n\nSalle is a **printmaker, photographer, and stage designer**, though he is best known for his paintings, which utilize various media and images from a wide variety of sources – from Donald Duck to works by Caravaggio – juxtaposed in a single piece. He uses **bright colors and bold linework** with a style influenced by both **cubism and comic books**, layering images on top of each other, with dynamic and expressive end results.","b6fe7725-a476-4aae-919a-d65c88795387",[1518,1526],{"id":1519,"data":1520,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"405b3ac1-1564-4038-929b-a19f3456fdaa",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1521,"clozeWords":1523},[1522],"David Salle's expressive style uses bright colors and bold line work and is influenced by both cubism and comic books.",[1524,1525],"cubism","comic books",{"id":1527,"data":1528,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"534af59a-c3af-4fa3-99b0-4d52ab4dd5d9",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1529,"clozeWords":1531},[1530],"David Salle's work often features disparate images (such as Caravaggio and Donald Duck) juxtaposed in a single piece.",[1532],"David Salle",{"id":1534,"data":1535,"type":28,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"orbs":1538},"f1ca904b-b025-466a-8fb9-b4a558e3abd5",{"type":28,"title":1536,"tagline":1537},"The Message, not the Medium: Feminist, Postcolonial, and LGBTQ+ Art","Explore a variety of artistic styles brought together by a drive for social awareness. ",[1539,1623],{"id":1540,"data":1541,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":1543},"aa022ec3-ed31-4859-82e3-7a4b1011aefa",{"type":26,"title":1542},"Introduction to Art Movements",[1544,1558,1579,1602],{"id":1545,"data":1546,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1549},"9588b269-0b64-4e45-8e92-eace12c49024",{"type":25,"title":215,"markdownContent":1547,"audioMediaId":1548}," ![Graph](image://c1ecfa19-0c57-4af1-b06c-c667518bfd7c \"An example of LGBTQ+ art by Raphael Perez\")\n\nArt in this tile focuses on intention rather than style. Addressing women’s roles, the aftermath of colonialism, and the socio-cultural restraints on the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, and Queer Plus (LGBTQ+) community, these artists brought **fresh new perspectives, subjects and materials**, further broadening the definition of art.\n\n**Feminist Art, created by artists of any gender, challenges the dominance of men** in both art and society. Artists question assumptions about womanhood and attempt to reverse historic gender barriers. Members of the Black Womanist artistic movement, although part of this  group, have much in common with Postcolonial Artists. **Postcolonial Art is a response to the legacy of colonialism** wherever it has existed around the world. It examines the human consequences of cultural subjugation and addresses national and cultural identity, race and ethnicity.\n\n ![Graph](image://cf7d699a-30f3-4917-beb5-2c62e27d836a \"An example of feminist art by Marilyn Artus\")\n\nLGBTQ+ Art challenges established norms of gender and sexuality and creates art that broadens perspectives on gender identity. Coming to prominence during the HIV/AIDS pandemic, LGBTQ+ art has become mainstream.\n\n ![Graph](image://1f6c71a5-cbad-4aff-90ef-9362c4cb9c03 \"Frantz Fanon\")","ff2cb98d-dfa5-450e-b5a3-e3c444be2e58",[1550],{"id":1551,"data":1552,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"87beed61-0399-454f-a305-5d83e49ad273",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1553,"clozeWords":1555},[1554],"LGBTQ+ Art challenges established norms of gender and sexuality and creates art that broadens perspectives on gender identity.",[1556,1557],"established norms","gender identity",{"id":1559,"data":1560,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1564},"a63ed174-609c-4538-abeb-48489b6a331f",{"type":25,"title":1561,"markdownContent":1562,"audioMediaId":1563},"Feminist Art"," ![Graph](image://bde69b12-2a6d-4786-8762-2da97b6c0e87 \"Betye Saar - Liberation of Aunt Jemima\")\n\nIn 1971, ARTnews published the article _Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?_ by art historian **Linda Nochlin**. Her contention that **women lacked opportunity** rather than talent shocked the art world and jump-started Feminist Art. Prompted by her essay, women around the world created pieces that broadened the definition of art, including feminine crafts and adding new subjects and perspectives. This first wave of Feminist Art centered on **women’s experiences and anatomy including menstruation, childbirth and vaginal imagery**. The second wave considered the social construct of womanhood and portrayed femininity as a series of poses in a masquerade.\n\nLargely excluded from traditional feminism, Black artists formed the Womanist Movement with key artists **Betye Saar**, _Liberation of Aunt Jemima_ (1972); **Howardena Pindell**, _Free, White and 21_ (1970 &1972); and **Carrie Mae Weems**, _Kitchen Table Series_ (1990). The Brooklyn Museum show _We Wanted a Revolution_ highlights the work of Black women artists from 1965 to 1985.\n\n ![Graph](image://a100b37d-b2db-421c-9e63-e9421abe1045 \"Howardena Pindell 'Free, White and 21'\")\n\n","03f40515-cb79-430d-8c2f-e286b0f78b52",[1565,1572],{"id":1566,"data":1567,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"6f9785bf-1c27-4686-888f-ae8c8f5aacf8",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1568,"clozeWords":1570},[1569],"The second wave of Feminist art concerned itself with the the social construct of womanhood",[1571],"second",{"id":1573,"data":1574,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"d1cc466f-b7d8-4274-bdaa-5d931cb488ae",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1575,"activeRecallAnswers":1577},[1576],"What was the 'first wave' of Feminist art concerned with?",[1578],"Women’s experiences and anatomy including menstruation and childbirth",{"id":1580,"data":1581,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1585},"175f9282-194e-473d-9dc4-a2f9b19413c5",{"type":25,"title":1582,"markdownContent":1583,"audioMediaId":1584},"Postcolonial Art","While colonizing cultures have much in common, colonized people differ widely, and reducing them to one, homogeneous group erases significant distinctions. **Postcolonial Art, therefore, takes many different forms**. This art responds to the cultural legacy of colonization and the human consequences of being both controlled and exploited. While it focuses on the perspective of those exploited, **it also includes a consideration of how native people and their culture were seen from the Western perspective**.\n\nIn many cases, colonizers intended to destroy and replace the ‘inferior’ native culture, so colonization had economic, religious, and linguistic consequences. An interpretation of the oppression of the individual under imperialism underlies much of this art. Martinique-born **Franz Fanon** provided the theoretical background for Postcolonial analysis.  Despite its dark origin and serious purpose, Postcolonial Art can be humorous, ironic, and satirical.  Significant contributors include Nigeria-born **Njideka Akunyili Crosby**, Guyanese **Donald Locke**, and Afro-Caribbean **Sonia Boyce**.\n\n ![Graph](image://f451a6a3-1870-48da-a376-076689880586 \"An example of postcolonial art by Nijdeka Akunyili Crosby\")\n\n","050244e8-5c58-4072-a18d-ff72643263cb",[1586,1595],{"id":1587,"data":1588,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"1a2a9dbb-ebbc-4735-8315-d449d628ce64",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1589,"binaryCorrect":1591,"binaryIncorrect":1593},[1590],"Despite its serious nature, Postcolonial Art can often be:",[1592],"humorous and satirical",[1594],"elitist and inaccessible",{"id":1596,"data":1597,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"db6ca635-0a64-4bd9-ada3-c3e45a34f4bd",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1598,"activeRecallAnswers":1600},[1599],"What is the focus of Postcolonial Art?",[1601],"The cultural legacy and human consequences of colonization",{"id":1603,"data":1604,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1608},"2b23b125-a329-45a1-a3ac-163fd0883dda",{"type":25,"title":1605,"markdownContent":1606,"audioMediaId":1607},"LGBTQ+ Art","Members of the LGBTQ+ community have made an incalculable contribution to contemporary art by challenging normative understandings of gender and sexuality. Although art by members of this community is as old as art itself, it was only in the 1960s that LGBTQ+ artists became explicit about their themes and issues in the mainstream. \n\nLGBTQ+ art became more overtly political in response to the HIV/AIDS pandemic in the 1980s, and **artists emerged who pushed the boundaries of visual culture** by refuting the heteronormative male gaze. They have stayed at the forefront of the art world in pressing for change.\n\nIncorporating a wide range of media and styles, LGBTQ+ art is identified by its themes and message: It explores **hopeful and positive ways of living outside the dominant sexual paradigm**, and it explores non-binary, fluid sexuality. LGBTQ+ artists work thoughtfully to both respect the suffering of the past and invite viewers to consider the freedom and joy of embracing one’s identity.\n\n ![Graph](image://e9596f05-2eb4-43bd-8e23-f6f71e375bc0 \"Catherine Opie 'Dyke'\")\n\n","a7af6ba5-8fcd-4049-b68b-f902fe94e287",[1609,1615],{"id":1610,"data":1611,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"a9e7e88e-ed6b-4c24-9f88-a1bcc0807983",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1612,"activeRecallAnswers":1614},[1613],"In what decade did LGBTQ+ artists come to the fore?",[100],{"id":1616,"data":1617,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"e79ae11f-896b-4cc8-9aaa-666cb2a70a00",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1618,"clozeWords":1620},[1619],"The HIV/AIDS pandemic in the 1970s led artists to become more political and refute the heteronormative male perspective.",[1621,1622],"HIV/AIDS","heteronormative",{"id":1624,"data":1625,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":1627},"37110948-3e43-49a6-b909-104d4324d254",{"type":26,"title":1626},"Key Artists in LGBTQ+ and Feminist Art",[1628,1645,1666,1687],{"id":1629,"data":1630,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1634},"48095585-a3f6-412e-98da-b4ec594a42bc",{"type":25,"title":1631,"markdownContent":1632,"audioMediaId":1633},"Key LGBTQ+ Artist: Robert Maplethorpe"," ![Graph](image://6c6de692-e8fd-4b35-97ed-375b4fa4be38 \"Robert Mapplethorpe 'Ajitto'\")\n\nBorn to a Catholic family in Queens in 1946, **Robert Maplethorpe** became the quintessential photographer of the LGBTQ+ Art movement. In the late 1960s, he took his first photograph using a Polaroid camera. \n\nBy the mid-1970s he began photographing his wide circle of friends. He met New Orleans artist **George Dureau** who influenced his work so strongly that some of his pictures from this period are restaging of Dureau’s paintings.  He also became the official photographer for the Mineshaft, a members-only gay club in Manhattan.\n\nThroughout the 1980s, he focused on **statuesque nudes, still lifes and formal portraits** of celebrities. He worked mostly in the studio and concentrated primarily on black and white photography. Because of its eroticism, **much of Maplethorpe’s work sparked heated criticism and raised questions about public funding for the arts and the limits of free speech**. He died of HIV/AIDS at the age of 42.","c131cc4a-7b9a-43ab-8316-e6167d9914d0",[1635],{"id":1636,"data":1637,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"c80fdfc4-a696-412e-8975-5ee2cac20d02",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1638,"multiChoiceCorrect":1640,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1642},[1639],"Who was the quintessential photographer of the LGBTQ+ movement, famous for their monochrome, erotic style?",[1641],"Robert Maplethorpe",[1643,1532,1644],"Roger Moreton","Marcia Tucker",{"id":1646,"data":1647,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1651},"0ce1b529-ecdb-4b0d-8e36-1a3811028df9",{"type":25,"title":1648,"markdownContent":1649,"audioMediaId":1650},"Key Feminist Artist: Judy Chicago "," ![Graph](image://2834d790-cad8-4036-b8c7-26125db1d7e0 \"Judy Chicago 'Power Play'\")\n\n**Judy Chicago** created one of the first iconic works of Feminist Art, _Dinner Party_ (1979). A massive triangular table set for 39 guests, the work incorporates embroidery, painted porcelain, and tapestry. The 39 place settings are designated for women who impacted the world from Sojourner Truth to Eleanor of Aquitaine. The white tile floor includes the names of 999 other notable women.\n\nIn the early 1980s, Chicago created two starkly contrasting works, _The Birth Project_ and _Power Play_. Realizing that birth was almost completely ignored as a subject of art, she created a massive set of needlework pieces depicting the various stages of birth. She was simultaneously working on _Power Play_, a combination of drawings, paintings, weavings, cast paper, and bronze that focuses on the male figure and male violent behavior.\n\nOther notable contemporary feminist artists include **Ana Mendieta, Anita Stekel, Louise Bourgeois, Emma Amos, Elizabeth Catlett, Lorna Simpson**, and **Martha Rosler**.\n\n ![Graph](image://017600ad-78ec-467e-9bde-6fe8ed1e5ac7 \"Judy Chicago - Dinner Party\")","4983e94e-ac61-44a9-be3a-38673fab3dfc",[1652,1659],{"id":1653,"data":1654,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"c0a24f73-c2a2-496a-b2e2-cc277c553868",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1655,"activeRecallAnswers":1657},[1656],"Which Feminist Artist was struck by the human process of birth being ignored as an artistic subject?",[1658],"Judy Chicago",{"id":1660,"data":1661,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"de1f1746-c24c-44d1-9698-a6f36b68850f",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1662,"activeRecallAnswers":1664},[1663],"Describe Judy Chicago's iconic 1979 work Dinner Party",[1665],"A large triangular table set for 39 guests, using embroidery and painted porcelain",{"id":1667,"data":1668,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1672},"8b7c0e56-1ea8-4beb-aa8e-7f6c3b32288f",{"type":25,"title":1669,"markdownContent":1670,"audioMediaId":1671},"Key Black Feminist Artist: Betye Saar"," ![Graph](image://e2b34c5e-41fb-4c03-8c02-57cdc2bcca77 \"Betye Saar 'The Liberation of Aunt Jemima'\")\n\n**Betye Saar** emerged on the contemporary art scene in the 1970s as an adherent of both the Civil Rights and Feminist Movements. An accomplished printmaker, she transitioned to **assemblage art, which is more or less 3-dimensional collage**, and which has primarily been created by men. Her signature technique is to sculpturally combine found items. In her work **she explores the intersectionality of being Black, female and spiritual**, investigating her own identity and the more generalized identity of women in an ever-evolving technological world. Her assemblages often include symbols of women’s work such as washboards and ironing boards as well as totems with magical significance.\n\nThe _Liberation of Aunt Jemima_ (1972), her signature work, is an assemblage built around a notepad holder shaped like Aunt Jemima, flanked by a broom and a gun. She holds the picture of a black woman with a white child. Saar’s first overtly political assemblage was prompted by Martin Luther King’s murder.\n\n![Graph](image://65fdb29b-24a3-4689-8431-6acd1dce018c \"Betye Saar \")","81733f48-2ae4-473a-9ef0-468e59937942",[1673,1680],{"id":1674,"data":1675,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"8220fde3-598a-4aab-af68-176f076e765a",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1676,"activeRecallAnswers":1678},[1677],"What is the Black Feminist Artist Betye Saar's signature technique?",[1679],"To combine found items in sculpture",{"id":1681,"data":1682,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"89100fca-bbae-4494-98a6-f83b08a4ee37",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1683,"clozeWords":1685},[1684],"Betye Saar's signature 1972 work, The Liberation of Aunt Jemima, depicts Aunt Jemima flanked by a broom and a gun, holding a picture of a black woman with a white child.",[1686],"Aunt Jemima",{"id":1688,"data":1689,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1693},"7407d6c2-57c2-4771-9fe3-5d6c0210d9b2",{"type":25,"title":1690,"markdownContent":1691,"audioMediaId":1692},"Key Postcolonial Artist: Njideka Akunyili Crosby","Nigerian-born LA artist **Njideka Akunyili Crosby** combines painting with collage, printmaking, and drawing to create intricate, layered scenes. Her work focuses on the syncretism between her two worlds of Nigeria and the US. Using photos she has taken herself, family photos, and pages from Nigerian magazines, she creates a fabric of images that includes photo transfers, acrylic paint, fabric and colored pencil.\n\nCrosby moved to the US at age 16 and took her first painting class at a community college before entering Swarthmore where she changed her major from pre-med to art during her senior year. She completed an arts degree at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Art and received an MFA from Yale. Crosby was awarded a MacArthur Foundation Genius Grant in 2017, and her work Thriving and Potential, Displaced (Again and Again and…) was featured at The Met in 2021.\n\n ![Graph](image://65e10f04-b283-427c-a5e6-905179744c57 \"Njideka Akunyili Crosby 'Nwantinti'\")\n\n","22c9c45e-6e20-4f89-a8af-66fc67e25af4",[1694],{"id":1695,"data":1696,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"6684394a-8953-459e-9191-3f3c53f5e1c4",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1697,"clozeWords":1699},[1698],"Njideka Akunyili Crosby's work uses collage and photography to show the merging of her 2 'worlds' of Nigeria and the US.",[1700,1701],"Crosby","Nigeria",{"id":1703,"data":1704,"type":28,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"orbs":1707},"8503e566-c0c6-4982-bee5-4772994fc0fe",{"type":28,"title":1705,"tagline":1706},"Seen in Public: Street Art and Graffiti","Learn about history of street art and graffiti, from its early beginings to its tricky relationship with the art world.",[1708,1831],{"id":1709,"data":1710,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":1712},"494f1467-c502-4ec8-aadc-a7888574267e",{"type":26,"title":1711},"Introduction to Street Art",[1713,1742,1763,1769,1810],{"id":1714,"data":1715,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1718},"77e460af-f88c-450f-8d60-966893e7901e",{"type":25,"title":1711,"markdownContent":1716,"audioMediaId":1717}," ![Graph](image://bb810b37-8841-4720-8f3a-205d5246f540 \"Kilroy was Here\")\n\nAlthough **street art comes in many different styles and forms**, it all (usually) has one thing in common: it is created in **public** locations and for **public** visibility. There are many different genres and movements that fall under the category of street art including varieties of **graffiti, independent art, guerrilla art, post-graffiti and neo-graffiti**, some kinds of mural and statuary, and even **flash mob performances, guerilla gardening** and **yarn bombing**.\n\nAlthough public art – as well as guerrilla and public protest art – can be traced back to ancient Mesopotamia, the terms ‘street art’ and ‘graffiti’ generally refer to art created since the 1960s. While it occurs around the world, many art critics contend that the form was born in New York City and continues to be the heart of Street Art. Besides NYC, many notable street art pieces have been created by French artists in the streets of Paris. \n","f0a4b3b4-ffb3-4787-bb95-fec8aec8f42c",[1719,1726,1736],{"id":1720,"data":1721,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"12d184ca-25b3-4ea4-862c-51d84e48e039",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1722,"activeRecallAnswers":1724},[1723],"What do all forms of street art have in common?",[1725],"They are created in public locations",{"id":1727,"data":1728,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"2036e118-5929-40b4-94bd-10e09177d650",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1729,"multiChoiceCorrect":1731,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1732},[1730],"What city do art critics generally agree is the birthplace of street art?",[1477],[1733,1734,1735],"Berlin","Stockholm","Tokyo",{"id":1737,"data":1738,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"4a4a4758-43e2-46ea-929a-4c9d8cc95415",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1739,"activeRecallAnswers":1741},[1740],"The terms ‘street art’ and ‘graffiti’ generally refer to art created since what decade?",[100],{"id":1743,"data":1744,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1748},"4844289c-0656-44e0-9fe5-4c00578774d1",{"type":25,"title":1745,"markdownContent":1746,"audioMediaId":1747},"History of Street Art"," ![Graph](image://99b891ce-4734-4d5f-85cd-d2811e910d59 \"A stencil artwork by the British artist Banksy on the Southbank in London\")\n\n**Street Art grew into its current form out of a long tradition of public political and social protest art**. An early example, and sometimes thought to be a starting point of contemporary street art, is the _Killroy Was Here_ graffiti of World War II. Germany’s Berlin Wall (1961-1989) was also an important target of street artists and has become an iconic symbol of the power and resilience of protest art.\n\nNew York became the center of the graffiti boom, starting in the 1960s and reaching critical mass in the 80s. Artists such as **Keith Haring** and **Jean-Michel Basquiat** (SAMO) were critical to the movement, in particular, a shift away from text-based works to imagery and figures.\n\nStencil art, a central graffiti style, took root with John Fekner in 1968 and was perfected and popularized by artists including **Blek le Rat, Banksy,** and **Shepard Fairey** in the decades to follow.\n\n","11f05d82-e945-4e1f-a925-3bc2086d1191",[1749,1756],{"id":1750,"data":1751,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"cc9b3119-cbfc-4c2b-add6-0ed0392b25ae",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1752,"clozeWords":1754},[1753],"The Killroy Was Here graffiti of WWII is often considered the starting point of street art",[1755],"Killroy Was Here",{"id":1757,"data":1758,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"e5a15591-aa60-445e-8a5e-3ca2c0742d22",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1759,"activeRecallAnswers":1761},[1760],"Name 2 artists key to the 'graffiti boom'",[489,1762],"Jean-Michel Basquiat",{"id":1764,"data":1765,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25},"acf643a9-b87e-44cd-9c83-30304486469f",{"type":25,"title":1766,"markdownContent":1767,"audioMediaId":1768},"Street Art’s Controversy and Acceptance"," ![Graph](image://6d75c855-7a39-462b-9712-3c269dd08442 \"David Choe graffiti pieces\")\n\nThere is no doubt that **Street Art continues to have a complicated relationship both with the world of Fine Art and with the general public**, particularly governments and law enforcement. As some artists and styles of art have become more accepted, these struggles have also begun to cause tension within creator communities, especially between paid artists who utilize a graffiti style and guerilla artists.\n\nThe situation is made more complex when we examine definitions of Fine Art and why some artists are embraced by the Fine Arts community while others are not. The answer to this question continues to be contentious and is far from settled.\n\nWhile there is no formula for fame, one reason certain artists receive wider recognition is for **their participation in public discourse**, gaining power through popular opinion. Another source of “value” comes from the art market and what collectors are willing to pay. ","687f8130-425f-4307-9c44-ee7d05784336",{"id":1770,"data":1771,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1775},"16ffb818-47bd-4073-b2f1-f2ece2536ada",{"type":25,"title":1772,"markdownContent":1773,"audioMediaId":1774},"Graffiti"," ![Graph](image://65594cad-d6d6-478d-9274-d02e083894c0 \"Keith Haring street art \")\n\n‘Graffiti’ is an umbrella term that encompasses a wide range of artistic styles and media, and blurs the line between high and low art. Graffiti generally falls into three categories: **lettering, stencil, and slap and paste-up**.\n\nGraffiti lettering comes in all shapes and sizes, and it is the most common style of graffiti. There are levels of skill and complexity to lettering, starting with **tagging, throw-ups**, and **Blockbuster**, with **Wildstyle** as the most complex – **it’s often large, colorful, and features interlocking letters**.\n\nStencil is the most globally popular and can have lettering and/or images. Using a stencil makes the art easy to put up and reproduce. Arguably **stencil played the largest role in bringing graffiti into the mainstream**.\n\nPaste-up and slap are images that are produced off-site, usually digitally. Paste-up utilizes posters applied with wheatpaste, and Slap uses stickers, either mass-produced or hand-drawn.\n\n ![Graph](image://f18cc878-ebfb-4364-b7af-6488d8e016ae \"Wildstyle Graffiti\")\n\n","f5f7f138-7e28-4e42-9323-f244a5614789",[1776,1785,1794,1804],{"id":1777,"data":1778,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"393c829e-b69d-4e66-84ee-c07a40e787d8",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1779,"binaryCorrect":1781,"binaryIncorrect":1783},[1780],"What style of graffiti typically involves 'pasting up' printed posters?",[1782],"Paste-Up",[1784],"Wildstyle",{"id":1786,"data":1787,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"97d1d98e-0a96-471b-b901-4225c7ea86db",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1788,"activeRecallAnswers":1790},[1789],"What are the 3 main types of graffiti?",[1791,1792,1793],"Lettering","Stencil","Slap and paste-up",{"id":1795,"data":1796,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"a34083e9-6703-4809-b30c-98e5a1c79cd7",{"type":52,"reviewType":29,"spacingBehaviour":25,"multiChoiceQuestion":1797,"multiChoiceCorrect":1799,"multiChoiceIncorrect":1800},[1798],"What style of lettering graffiti features large, colorful, and interlocking letters?",[1784],[1801,1802,1803],"Streetwild","Freestyle","Urbanwild",{"id":1805,"data":1806,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"e427d888-8132-4381-a6e0-ece344e0b1b7",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1807,"activeRecallAnswers":1809},[1808],"Which style of graffiti brought it into the mainstream?",[1792],{"id":1811,"data":1812,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1816},"216861d5-95de-4074-be22-fe16de3c25bf",{"type":25,"title":1813,"markdownContent":1814,"audioMediaId":1815},"Street Art and Money-Making","![Graph](image://c125b92c-0cba-425c-998b-e9dc57f72233 \"Classic graffiti styles\")\n\n**Street art and artists have a complicated relationship with capital**. Many street artists go financially unrewarded for their work, especially as most guerilla artists create under pseudonyms. Other artists including muralists, 3D artists and graphic artists may garner recognition and fame, leading to exhibitions, collaborations, or commissions.\n\nThere can be significant tension between anonymous artists who consider their work more authentic for its rebellious resistance to commercialism and artists who ‘sell out’ their work to paying customers.\n\nOn the other hand, some artists (and artists’ estates), choose to market their work, due to the inaccessibility of street art (while it is created for public consumption, audiences have to travel to a specific place to view it). **Keith Haring**, for example, opened a storefront to sell reproductions of his work, and Basquiat’s estate has expanded the artist’s legacy through a variety of collabs. Some street artists also sell their work at auction.\n\n ![Graph](image://a07640dc-4699-47e9-8878-48bd78a47bf4 \"Keith Haring Pop Shop\")","fcffe09d-0d16-4d88-8dad-aaea431c55c2",[1817,1824],{"id":1818,"data":1819,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"05c02a56-400a-4560-9099-c81d2051ce94",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1820,"activeRecallAnswers":1822},[1821],"Are all street artists commercially successful, like Banksy? What do the anonymous artists think about their own work?",[86,1823],"They view their work as more authentic, having not 'sold out'",{"id":1825,"data":1826,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"e9b48f87-4b51-49be-9726-4e017f47bf7a",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1827,"activeRecallAnswers":1829},[1828],"How did Haring and Basquiat increase the reach of their street art?",[1830],"By making reproductions of their work",{"id":1832,"data":1833,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":1835},"7fabb927-bda6-4b44-b2a6-d08b8088597e",{"type":26,"title":1834},"Prominent Street Artists",[1836,1858,1880,1908],{"id":1837,"data":1838,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1842},"be4ebf7b-081d-4fc1-b6cd-8513dadb6464",{"type":25,"title":1839,"markdownContent":1840,"audioMediaId":1841},"Stencil Graffiti Artist: Blek le Rat"," ![Graph](image://7beaad2e-e35e-466f-8057-c358489b7f18 \"Blek le Rat 'The Warrior'\")\n\n**Blek le Rat**, whose real name is Xavier Prou, was born in the Paris suburbs in 1952. He is recognized as one of the first French graffiti artists and has been described as the “father of stencil”. His work has had an indelible impact on Banksy and other graffiti artists to follow. \n\nProu began his career as Blek le Rat in 1981, painting stencils of rats, which he called “the only free animal in [Paris]”. Blek was inspired to begin his work by a trip to New York City, though he adapted from spray paint (NYC’s unofficial medium of choice) to using stencil because he thought it better fit Paris’ architecture. **Blek worked anonymously until 1991 when he was arrested and police made the connection between him and his art.**\n\nBlek’s work, often in black and white, is known for its **social commentary**; it regularly depicts portraits of individuals alone or **standing against an oppressor**.","67206c2d-597c-491c-8f82-973d7fe0b013",[1843,1850],{"id":1844,"data":1845,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"da53f66b-cccc-4dde-8ba3-2455bc240356",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1846,"clozeWords":1848},[1847],"Blek le Rat, was born in Paris in 1952 and has been described as the “father of stencil.”",[652,1849],"stencil",{"id":1851,"data":1852,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"f23edf42-6677-4a05-a5fc-e0d9ade97154",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1853,"activeRecallAnswers":1855},[1854],"Blek le Rat's work often features what black and white stencilled animals? What did he call them?",[1856,1857],"Rats","the only free animal in Paris",{"id":1859,"data":1860,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1864},"660c8050-d6bf-4806-abc3-58624becdd9b",{"type":25,"title":1861,"markdownContent":1862,"audioMediaId":1863},"Stencil Graffiti Artist: Banksy"," ![Graph](image://1150b40d-d8c7-4fe1-bda6-4775ee655630 \"Banksy - Love is the Air\")\n\n**Banksy** is both an acclaimed and notorious figure in today’s art world. Their work is recognized and reproduced across the world, and original pieces sell for millions. Their true identity remains a mystery, although some history is known. Banksy has been active since the 1990s, originating in the Bristol underground scene in England. Banksy often creates surprise in their works through the **juxtaposition of objects and symbols**, and their style is recognizable by its use of stencil, and black and white paint with pops of red.\n\nBanksy has a complex relationship with the fine art world. Although they create works for auction and have received millions in compensation, their antagonism towards commodifying art is renowned. In 2018, while in the midst of an auction, Banksy activated a hidden shredder, destroying their work **Girl With Balloon**. This actually made the piece more popular, and the shredded work sold in 2021 for $25M.\n\n ![Graph](image://1f41a43f-1a00-4585-9fa9-d3e7f95861ff \"Banksy 'Girl with Balloon'\")\n\n\n","3bb1c0c3-bd13-4ba7-8db0-b2d75c0235c9",[1865,1872],{"id":1866,"data":1867,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"add41954-b04e-41c9-a5fd-dfc85b83575b",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1868,"activeRecallAnswers":1870},[1869],"Describe the unique feature of Banksy's work 'Balloon Girl'",[1871],"The piece had a shredder that began destroying the work mid auction. The shredded work increased its value.",{"id":1873,"data":1874,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"f7f11c77-0347-4854-a26d-0abd9d6cb1e0",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1875,"activeRecallAnswers":1877},[1876],"Where did the artist Banksy have their origins? In what decade?",[1878,1879],"Bristol","1990s",{"id":1881,"data":1882,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1886},"d106e6d9-8c5f-4cd4-9318-7c2cff10a738",{"type":25,"title":1883,"markdownContent":1884,"audioMediaId":1885},"Poster Graffiti Artist: Shepard Fairey"," ![Graph](image://f05c7ef3-5b2d-4157-a80a-6725dac74a0c \"Shepard Fairey 'OBEY'\")\n\n**Shepard Fairey** is an American artist and activist whose work originated in the skateboarding scene of the 1980s. He is known for his _OBEY_ Giant images, from which he launched the clothing line _OBEY_, and for designing the Hope poster used for Barack Obama’s 2008 presidential campaign. Fairey creates his designs digitally, then prints them to be pasted up by himself or others. His distinctive style uses **bold, high contrast imagery paired with a word or phrase**.\n\n ![Graph](image://891361bf-77c0-4183-b14d-03e0830ed32d \"The campaign poster designed for Barack Obama by Shepherd Fairey\")\n\nFairey’s OBEY works originated in 1989 with a sticker design titled Andre the Giant Has a Posse. Fairey designed the sticker, while in art school, to be easily distributed through the skater community and by graffiti artists. The popularity of the piece led Fairey to create a complete OBEY Giant campaign that simplified the image and utilized a text style reminiscent of Barbara Kruger. His later work HOPE sparked national interest in Fairey’s art.","c8d8c853-6cac-42d6-9123-2661578a0582",[1887,1894,1901],{"id":1888,"data":1889,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"060f8142-2d8f-4dc8-8824-cd5db241e1f2",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1890,"activeRecallAnswers":1892},[1891],"Who is the famous US artist known for his OBEY Giant images?",[1893],"Shepard Fairey",{"id":1895,"data":1896,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"3222cf02-7175-495a-be4d-084ce8ec2853",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":1897,"binaryCorrect":1899,"binaryIncorrect":1900},[1898],"Who is Shepard Fairey's work often compared to?",[1048],[1658],{"id":1902,"data":1903,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"6a552600-fdae-4313-9ed5-839d9cc518a4",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1904,"clozeWords":1906},[1905],"Shepard Fairey designed the Hope poster used for Barack Obama’s presidential campaign",[1893,1907],"Barack Obama",{"id":1909,"data":1910,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1914},"d1eb96a8-16fa-4b9c-9080-1febf2256663",{"type":25,"title":1911,"markdownContent":1912,"audioMediaId":1913},"The Future of Street Art","![Graph](image://8a9daa4d-4a27-4939-a837-9043a3a2cf4d \"Barry McGee Houston Mural\")\n\n**Street Art and Graffiti are active and evolving art forms**. While some of the movements’ biggest names today have become part of the institution of Fine Art, there are many young and growing artists that are redefining the field and pushing back against art’s formal institutions and definitions. At the same time, **Street Art, and mural work in particular, is becoming a more accepted art form**, and many artists are finding ways to display their art legally and for a commission.\n\nSome neighborhoods, such as Bushwick in Brooklyn, Shoreditch in London, and Belleville in Paris, are awash in colorful art. A new generation of artists including **Barry McGee, Swoon**, and the **Os Gêmeos twins** are paving the way for an exciting shift in street art that blends classical styles of art with the tools and wit of the street. \n\n ![Graph](image://e0d3a813-a381-4023-b1be-e5d8d0ec3f68 \"Swoon, Mural\")\n","9e979ed5-01f7-485d-bbbb-371247ee8470",[1915],{"id":1916,"data":1917,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"4d075a5e-dfef-4e31-b6ef-b0f9e59027b3",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1918,"activeRecallAnswers":1920},[1919],"What are 3 urban areas in the US, England, and France that are famous for their street art?",[1921,1922,1923],"Bushwick in Brooklyn","Shoreditch in London","Belleville in Paris",{"id":1925,"data":1926,"type":28,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"orbs":1929},"54b8971b-e977-4f9e-aefc-33e39900a064",{"type":28,"title":1927,"tagline":1928},"NFTs and Beyond: 21st-Century Digital Art","Learn about the growing world of digital art and what the changing face of Contemporary Art may look like in the future.",[1930,1976,2035],{"id":1931,"data":1932,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":1934},"3df9f4a2-fc8d-4911-8e36-86e4b49f2207",{"type":26,"title":1933},"Introduction to Digital Art",[1935,1948,1962],{"id":1936,"data":1937,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1940},"58f9bcfd-248b-48f0-b179-5ee015324938",{"type":25,"title":1933,"markdownContent":1938,"audioMediaId":1939}," ![Graph](image://11cdf203-e1db-46a2-8bcb-1d5dfc198491 \"Paul Henry Computer Art\")\n\nWhat is now widely considered Digital Art or New Media Art, began with the designation Computer Art. This label was given to any art in which computers played a significant role, including art made digitally as well as other types of art in which the role of the computer was emphasized. In the 1960s when Computer Art began, this definition was narrow enough to encompass the whole genre. Today, **Digital Art is created using a variety of technology and is at the forefront of art production**. However, its place in the art world has yet to be fully defined.\n\n**Desmond Paul Henry**’s Henry Drawing Machines created the first machine-generated pieces of art in 1961-62. The first exhibition of Computer Art, _Generative Computergrafik_ occurred in 1965. In the years after, digitization touched every part of the art world, and digital art can be found in every form and style. \n\n ![Graph](image://99df0016-87af-4cb3-958d-f3cd5c3362c3 \"Desmond Paul Henry 'Serpent'\")\n\n\n","0966f55a-5c93-4250-93f4-c6656cf1fe5a",[1941],{"id":1942,"data":1943,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"a6118b9a-79c7-44b5-9b64-32db2d4740e1",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1944,"activeRecallAnswers":1946},[1945],"Which artist created 'drawing machines' in the 1960s to create machine-generated art?",[1947],"Desmond Paul Henry",{"id":1949,"data":1950,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1954},"f7bcf96b-44f6-43d1-bfb8-2a36c306270e",{"type":25,"title":1951,"markdownContent":1952,"audioMediaId":1953},"What is Digital Art?","There is much disagreement about what is Digital Art versus digital design, making Digital Fine Art a surprisingly narrow field.\n\nSome argue that the designation of Fine Art comes from monetary value and scarcity. This presents a problem for digital artists: **digital art separates art from its physical form**. When oil is applied to canvas, the artistic process is intrinsic to the finished piece. When art is created digitally, the process is separated from the product – **a product that can be reproduced indefinitely**. Therefore, there’s no real piece of art to sell, and there’s no scarcity.\n\nEmerging from the latest developments in blockchain technology, **NFTs** (non-fungible tokens) in some ways solve both these problems. Yet, while sentiment is slowly shifting, NFTs are also largely rejected by the Fine Art world.\n\nOthers believe that Fine Art should push boundaries and Digital Art can only be Fine Art if it is groundbreaking or avant-garde.\n\n ![Graph](image://a7333312-d683-47cb-8c82-681a008b57ee \"Bored Ape NFT\")\n\n","461b8a3b-618c-4b9f-b785-d16838851bab",[1955],{"id":1956,"data":1957,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"9cefa08c-8cc8-49a1-857f-17c2adb7b5f9",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1958,"activeRecallAnswers":1960},[1959],"What property of digital art makes defining its value controversial?",[1961],"It costs nothing to reproduce",{"id":1963,"data":1964,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1968},"c12ec37c-baea-4968-bbd0-429bd701f316",{"type":25,"title":1965,"markdownContent":1966,"audioMediaId":1967},"Net Art"," ![Graph](image://3cf8501a-842c-46da-a95d-49acf8440799 \"M.River & T.Whid Art Associates 'The Simple Net Art Diagram'\")\n\n**Net Art, or Internet Art, is a subgenre of Digital Art that is distributed on the internet**. Though the earliest examples of Net Art can be traced to the mid-1970s and the genre is still ongoing, the height of Net Art occurred in the 1990s and 2000s.\n\nFor a piece to be considered Net Art, **the internet has to be an intrinsic part of the piece**; this genre does not include art, even digital art, that has been simply copied and uploaded to the internet. **Net Art is usually interactive or participatory** in some way and is often based in multimedia. Net Artists are often drawn to this genre because it offers a way to work around the regular confines of Fine Art, both in terms of medium and community ‘gatekeeping’.\n\nMany Net Art pieces are saved on the collaborative art archive site **Rhizome ArtBase**.","a58eb74e-7731-4cab-9767-31a53c3c9f6c",[1969],{"id":1970,"data":1971,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"3a1144ff-788e-4898-8d18-5d8ddad6eff6",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":1972,"clozeWords":1974},[1973],"Internet Art or Net Art doesn't refer to normal uploaded art - rather, pieces that use the internet itself and is usually interactive.",[1965,1975],"interactive",{"id":1977,"data":1978,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":1980},"75cc0e8e-0297-4848-8db5-85b2156402c5",{"type":26,"title":1979},"Digital Art Subgenres",[1981,1994,2007],{"id":1982,"data":1983,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":1987},"230f7691-aab5-45cf-96ad-44567c368e8c",{"type":25,"title":1984,"markdownContent":1985,"audioMediaId":1986},"Post-Internet Art"," ![Graph](image://e4f3fe0c-f276-4b9b-9147-716c9f014f20 \"Daniel Oliva Barbero 'Evolution'\")\n\n**Genres and movements of art often become better understood and more well-defined after the fact.** That is why Contemporary Art, and especially ongoing genres, can be difficult to nail down. Such is the case with Post-Internet Art, a term coined in 2008. This term is still highly controversial within the art world, where some do not accept it as a genre, and some do not accept the works coming out of the genre as Fine Art.\n\n**Post-Internet Art is art that utilizes digital media as fluidly as any other medium**. It often integrates elements of internet culture and aesthetics – particularly the early internet. Post-Internet uses the internet less intrinsically than Net Art, but also more naturally. Most Post-Internet Artists are Millennials or Gen Z. There are also many microgenres and subcultures within Post-Internet Art such as **vaporwave** and **seapunk**. The musician Grimes uses the label ‘post-Internet’ to describe her work.\n\n","3bbd78d0-993b-4329-a9b4-70f16be3aded",[1988],{"id":1989,"data":1990,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"cf95aa97-fea2-48c8-9bd5-9be8eaed207e",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":1991,"activeRecallAnswers":1993},[1992],"Vaporwave, Seapunk and the work of Grimes would be considered exemplars of what early-internet-inspired genre?",[1984],{"id":1995,"data":1996,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":2000},"b0c2d5dd-a475-45e5-99a0-94fcfae9cf2b",{"type":25,"title":1997,"markdownContent":1998,"audioMediaId":1999},"Projection Art"," ![Graph](image://8849f038-0bb9-41cc-89ac-3f05f9eaf993 \"James Turrell 'Aten Reign'\")\n\n**Projection Art, projection mapping, video mapping**, and **spatial augmented reality** are all terms that describe the contemporary artistic means of utilizing digital projection technology to map an image onto a particular surface. Projection Art usually integrates the intended surface, be it a building, mountain, or screen, into the digital planning stage.\n\nLike much Contemporary Art, **Projection Art has a complicated relationship with the Fine Art world**. Projection Art is often created commercially by brands to foster spectacle and promote anything from sodas to new TV shows; in these cases, the art is often made by paid creative teams. **Projection Art is also increasingly used as a means of protest**. And others have utilized projection mapping to re-envision classic works of art, creating surround-style experiences for the audience, such as the immersive art exhibition Imagine Picasso.","a4c7ff94-b40e-4e32-84cc-9ab11be5d315",[2001],{"id":2002,"data":2003,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"f62b87b9-e2ce-4150-8305-043fdc63c014",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":2004,"clozeWords":2006},[2005],"Projection Art describes using technology to digitally project an image onto a particular surface, such as buildings or mountains.",[1997],{"id":2008,"data":2009,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":2013},"ee9f42aa-0df2-4567-a8e1-16ecc2e23402",{"type":25,"title":2010,"markdownContent":2011,"audioMediaId":2012},"NFTs Today"," ![Graph](image://5e6e80cf-a3e4-4792-a94f-a1d8a14432ab \"Cryptopunk NFTs\")\n\n**Non-Fungible Tokens, or NFTs, are probably the most controversial field of art today**. NFTs are a unique digital representation, often of a work of art, the authenticity of which is recorded, or ‘minted,’ on a blockchain. Although there are distinct popular styles of NFTs, they can be made from any digital object.\n\n**Creating art NFTs solves many of the criticisms from the Fine Art world about digital art**. NFTs ensure rarity, which in turn creates value; they’re collectible and able to be authenticated. But while some people see NFTs as poised to take over the art world, there is also a lot of pushback.\n\nOne problem is that, as of yet, **NFTs aren’t regularly collected or sold** by the Fine Arts community but instead by cryptocurrency entrepreneurs, who value NFTs in large part not for the quality of the art but for their rarity.","f3660edd-92ba-4556-ba88-fcd5a2df27d0",[2014,2021,2028],{"id":2015,"data":2016,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"1ac9f07e-ed0d-40dc-8625-f4940c57d789",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":2017,"activeRecallAnswers":2019},[2018],"In an NFT, where is the proof of authenticity stored?",[2020],"On the blockchain",{"id":2022,"data":2023,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"624d879e-e469-4ec3-9313-f7dae568203d",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":2024,"activeRecallAnswers":2026},[2025],"What does NFT stand for?",[2027],"Non-Fungible Token",{"id":2029,"data":2030,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"c098d754-b040-4dc2-93e3-6832ea0ad306",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":2031,"activeRecallAnswers":2033},[2032],"What unique property of NFTs solves some of the open problems critics have with digital art?",[2034],"They can be authenticated and thus ensure their rarity",{"id":2036,"data":2037,"type":26,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"pages":2039},"dad5c5ae-2276-4b5f-adcc-b01d816fe0b2",{"type":26,"title":2038},"NFTs and Digital Art",[2040,2077,2083],{"id":2041,"data":2042,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":2046},"6e24f226-5b56-41af-b1c0-326cccf0ca98",{"type":25,"title":2043,"markdownContent":2044,"audioMediaId":2045},"History of NFTs","NFTs, and their predecessor CryptoArt, began with ‘colored coins’ issued by Bitcoin in 2012. In 2014 Kevin McCoy, a Digital Artist whose work is on display in the Met, created the first blockchain art NFT.\n\n**NFTs as we understand them today evolved from a desire to use a blockchain for digital assets**. Starting with more conventional things like company shares, ‘tokens’ became used for a wide variety of assets including playing cards, followed by collectible memes. In 2017 CryptoPunks dropped 10,000 unique 8-bit characters, helping to kick off NFTs’ current popularity. Today, these tokens can sell for over $10M.\n\nOne of the most iconic NFT styles is the _Bored Ape_, featuring a chimpanzee with heavy-lidded eyes. There are thousands of iterations of Bored Ape, minted by the **Bored Ape Yacht Club**. Asian-American artist **Seneca** created the original image, though she has seen little of the NFTs’ financial success.","3d4bf764-96c9-428e-ba9c-4f536f2f209a",[2047,2055,2062,2070],{"id":2048,"data":2049,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"7b9c2bc6-a0c8-4dea-99d2-d6ab7260c3e1",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":2050,"activeRecallAnswers":2052},[2051],"Who created the first blockchained art NFT? In what year?",[2053,2054],"Kevin McCoy","2014",{"id":2056,"data":2057,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"8295bfb9-ea6f-4251-adea-7422d543aea9",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":2058,"clozeWords":2060},[2059],"In 2017, CryptoPunks dropped 10,000 unique 8-bit characters, spurring the popularity of NFTs.",[2061],"CryptoPunks",{"id":2063,"data":2064,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"a3a00b30-7249-442d-a2f7-7a5c87d8c1f6",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":2065,"clozeWords":2067},[2066],"The artist Seneca drew the original template for the now infamous Bored Ape NFTs, though she enjoys little of the project's financial success.",[2068,2069],"Seneca","financial success",{"id":2071,"data":2072,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"af468776-8254-449a-a86e-422969991e4b",{"type":52,"reviewType":25,"spacingBehaviour":25,"activeRecallQuestion":2073,"activeRecallAnswers":2075},[2074],"How much did a CryptoPunk NFT sell for?",[2076],"over $10m USD",{"id":2078,"data":2079,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25},"17b1a312-3b85-49b6-95f4-012c06511e59",{"type":25,"title":2080,"markdownContent":2081,"audioMediaId":2082},"Net Artists: Alexei Shulgin and Rafaël Rozendaal","**Alexei Shulgin is a Russian visual artist and a member of a group of artists called net.art**. net.art is a specific group of Net Artists that have been a part of the movement since 1994; the group was formed as a parody of earlier avant-garde movements, and there is otherwise little cohesive style or theme to the group’s work. In 1994, Shulgin established WWW-Art-Lab, an online collaborative forum for Net Artists.\n\n**Rafaël Rozendaal** is a Dutch-Brazilian visual artist who is well-regarded as a pioneer of Internet Art. He founded BYOB (Bring Your Own Beamer), an open-source exhibition concept that bridges the gap between the physical and digital. With BYOB, one can have an art exhibit anywhere with the use of a projector. Since 2010, there have been over 150 BYOB events around the world.","789ae6ba-3134-4834-9d64-3cebb82a3ecf",{"id":2084,"data":2085,"type":25,"maxContentLevel":29,"version":25,"reviews":2089},"6ab75fc9-fe69-4ce8-8f90-dd0acb9f5a96",{"type":25,"title":2086,"markdownContent":2087,"audioMediaId":2088},"NFT Artist: Beeple"," ![Graph](image://164c1d72-df27-4824-9b4c-68baf99eb4b9 \"Mike Winklemann - Everydays: the First 5000 Days\")\n\nThe NFT artist Mike Winklemann, professionally known as **Beeple**, is one of the most recognized digital artists working in the NFT space. Beeple has been able to accomplish what very few others have: bridge the divide between NFTs and the Fine Art world. Beeple first began working in NFTs in late 2020, and he is the first artist to have his non-fungible tokens sold by Christie’s Auction House.\n\nBeeple’s best-known work is _Everydays: the First 5000 Days_, a digital collage of 5000 images. It sold at Christie’s for over $69M.\n\nBeeple’s works are known for **regularly including pop culture icons** as well as political and social commentary. Deriving inspiration from a variety of styles from Fine Art to memes, Beeple’s work can look quite different from one piece to the next. Many images, however, evoke a **haunting dystopian far future** with unsettling elements of contemporary culture.\n\nOne of the key concerns associated with NFTs is their energy consumption. The most commonly used blockchain for NFTs is Ethereum, which relies on a consensus mechanism called proof-of-work. In this mechanism, powerful computers compete to solve complex mathematical problems, consuming vast amounts of energy in the process. The energy consumption of Ethereum has raised concerns about its carbon footprint and contribution to climate change.","d67c7c0f-b8eb-4e70-9f76-40262bcca68f",[2090,2099],{"id":2091,"data":2092,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"45cd844d-e7f5-447e-ba0f-6b871a0a467e",{"type":52,"reviewType":26,"spacingBehaviour":25,"binaryQuestion":2093,"binaryCorrect":2095,"binaryIncorrect":2097},[2094],"Beeple is one of the few digital artists to bridge NFTs with:",[2096],"The Fine Art world",[2098],"Cryptographic auctions",{"id":2100,"data":2101,"type":52,"version":25,"maxContentLevel":29},"9873751b-86cd-4e06-99d1-a4e93976f9b5",{"type":52,"reviewType":21,"spacingBehaviour":25,"clozeQuestion":2102,"clozeWords":2104},[2103],"Beeple’s best-known work is Everydays: the First 5000 Days, a digital collage of 5000 images. It sold at Christie’s for over $69M.",[2105,2106],"Beeple","$69M",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":2108,"height":2108,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":2109},24,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"/>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":2108,"height":2108,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":2111},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M12.586 2.586A2 2 0 0 0 11.172 2H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v7.172a2 2 0 0 0 .586 1.414l8.704 8.704a2.426 2.426 0 0 0 3.42 0l6.58-6.58a2.426 2.426 0 0 0 0-3.42z\"/>\u003Ccircle cx=\"7.5\" cy=\"7.5\" r=\".5\" fill=\"currentColor\"/>\u003C/g>",1778179474016]